Question

Why does sound travel faster in solids than in liquids, and faster in liquids than in gases (air)? Asked by: Will K
Answer

Sound is nothing more than a local disturbance whose propagation is facilitated by the collisions between particles; this disturbance propagates in a logitudnal wave; imagine one molecule hitting the next molecule, and then that molecule hitting the next, and so forth. The distances between molecules in solids are very small, i.e., solids are more dense - as compared to liquids and gases. Because they are so close, than can collide very quickly, i.e. it takes less time for a molecule of the solid to 'bump' into its neighborough. Solids are packed together tighter than liquids and gases, hence sound travels fastest in solids. The distances in liquids are shorter than in gases, but longer than in solids. Liquids are more dense than gases, but less dense than solids, so sound travels 2nd fast in liquids. Gases are the slowest because they are the least dense: the molecules in gases are very far apart, compared with solids and liquids. Answered by: Jonathan Apple

If one solves the wave equation for the propagation of sound, one finds that the square of the sound velocity is proportional to the ratio of an elastic modulus to the mass density of the material. Therefore, by a simple density argument, one should conclude that the sound velocity is higher in gases than in solids and liquids which, of course, is not true. The reason why the sound velocity is usually larger in solids than in liquids and usually larger in liquids than in gases is because of the elastics constants of the material. What determines the elastic constants of a material is the interatomic bond strength. The stronger the bond, the higher the elastic constants. In gases, the atoms are very weakly bonded together and the elastic constants are very low. In solids, the atoms are more tightly bonded together, and the elastic constants are higher, ... that is most of the time. In some cases, some elastic constants of solids can drop to nearly zero and the (shear) sound velocity can reach nearly zero. This can happen, for example, near a structural phase transformation.

the reduction factor of tangent galvanometer is given by the expression K = 2 r Bh/ uo n. Here Bh is the horizontal component of earth's magnetic induction. uo is the permeability of air n- the number of turns. r - radius of the coil

So reduction factor depends on Bh. As far as pole is concerned then Bh will be almost zero, I hope so. Hence K will be the least at the pole.

Cutoff wavelength eU = h max = h c

min

min (10.2) hc 1 1.242 = = nm e U U (kV )

Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle. It is described as the apparent bending of waves around small obstacles and the spreading out of waves past small openings. ...

Revolutions per minute (abbreviated rpm, RPM, r/min, or rmin1) is a measure of angular velocity. When any object is rotated by a single turn around any axis the rotated object maps to the original object. By counting the number of such mappings in a given time interval an angular velocity can be calculated. The rate at which such mappings occur is known as frequency. It follows that when the angle is measured in rotations, frequency and angular velocity have the same numerical value, ie (rotations per second)=f(Hz). Due to the measurement of angle in radians we have the relation (rads1)=2f(s1). In many physical systems the centre of such a rotation is obvious, such as the central axis of a crankshaft for an engine. As a measure of angular velocity, it is not necessary to measure full rotations any more than one has to drive a kilometre to get a speed in km/h. Standards organizations generally recommend the symbol r/min, which is more consistent with the general use of unit symbols. This is not enforced as an international standard. In French for example, tr/mn (tours par minute) is commonly used, and the German equivalent reads U/min (Umdrehungen pro Minute).
Contents
[hide]

1 International System of Units 2 Examples

3 See also 4 References

[edit]International

System of Units

The corresponding basic SI unit is rads1. The conversion between an angular velocity measured rpm and one in radians per second is: 1 = 2 rad / revolution 1 = minute / 60 seconds Multiplying an angular velocity in rpm by both of these conversion factors will result in an answer in radians / second. Example: 2400 rpm = 2400 rpm * 1 * 1 = 2400 revolution/minute * 2 rad / revolution * minute / 60 seconds = (2400 * 2 /60) = 80 rad/s = 251 rad/s (rad/s)

When x-rays are scattered from a crystal lattice, peaks of scattered intensity are observed which correspond to the following conditions: 1. The angle of incidence = angle of scattering. 2. The pathlength difference is equal to an integer number of wavelengths. The condition for maximum intensity contained in Bragg's law above allow us to calculate details about the crystal structure, or if the crystal structure is known, to determine the wavelength of the x-rays incident upon the crystal.

Force between two parallel wires

An interesting effect occurs if we consider two long straight parallel wires separated by a distance d carrying currents I1 and I2 . Let us examine the case where the two currents are in the same direction, as in Fig. 1.9.

Figure 1.9: Force between two long straight parallel wires

Wire #2 will experience a magnetic field of Eq.(1.6) due to wire #1 given by

(10)

B1 = in the direction indicated, and hence will experience a force per unit length given by Eq.(1.4):

(11)

The direction of indicated shows that wire #2 will be attracted towards wire #1. In a similar manner, one can show that wire #1 will experience a force due

to the magnetic field of wire #2, and that this force will have a magnitude equal to that of F2 given in Eq.(1.11) but opposite in direction. Thus, wire #1 will be attracted towards wire #2.

It is a good exercise to show that if the wires were carrying currents in the opposite directions that the resulting forces will have the same magnitude as in Eq.(1.11) but are such as to cause a repulsion between the wires. This force between two current carrying wires gives rise to the fundamental definition of the Ampre: If two long parallel wires 1 m apart each carry a current of 1 A, then the force per unit length on each wire is 2 x 10- 7 N/m. This definition of the Ampre then gives rise to the basic definition of the unit of charge, the Coulomb: A wire carrying a current of 1 A transports past a given point 1 C of charge per second. This definition also explains the reason why the constant given exactly as 4 x 10- 7 T m/A. of Eq.(1.7) was