PUMP CLASSIFICATION

A hydraulic pump takes oil from a tank and delivers it to the rest of the hydraulic circuit. In doing so it raises oil pressure to the required level. Hydraulic pumps are generally driven at constant speed by a three phase AC induction motor rotating at 1500 rpm.
HYDRAULIC PUMPS

PUMP TYPES

There are essentially three different types of positive displacement pump used in hydraulic systems. Gear pumps The simplest and most robust positive displacement pump, having just two moving parts, is the gear pump. Its parts are non-reciprocating, move at constant speed and experience a uniform force. As the teeth come out of mesh at the centre, a partial vacuum is formed which draws fluid into the inlet chamber. Fluid is trapped between the outer teeth and the pump housing, causing a continual transfer of fluid from inlet chamber to outlet chamber where it is discharged to the system.
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP

 Pump displacement is determined by: volume of fluid between each pair of teeth; number of teeth; and speed of rotation. Note the pump merely delivers a fixed volume of fluid from inlet port to outlet port for each rotation. Performance of any pump is limited by leakage and the ability of the pump to withstand the pressure differential between inlet and outlet ports. The gear pump obviously requires closely meshing gears, minimum clearance between teeth and housing, and also between the gear face and side plates. Often the side plates of a pump are designed as deliberately replaceable wear plates. Wear in a gear pump is primarily caused by dirt particles in the hydraulic fluid, so cleanliness and filtration are particularly important. LOBE PUMP

Another variation called the internal gear pump, where an external driven gear wheel is connected to a smaller internal gear, with fluid separation as gears disengage being performed by a crescent-shaped moulding. Gerotor Gear Pump

The crescent moulding is dispensed with by using an internal gear with one less tooth than the outer gear wheel.

Internal gear pumps operate at lower capacities and pressures (typically 70 bar) than other pump types. The internal gear is driven by the prime mover and, in turn, drives the outer element in the same direction. There is no satisfactory gear pump design in which the displacement can be varied.

The external gear pump is the most prevalent .Note that there are two gears: a drive and a driven gear. The number of teeth, the pitch circle diameter, and the width of the gears are the dominant parameters which control the displacement. The gears are enclosed by the housing and a side plate. Fluid leakage in this type of pump occurs between the tips of the gears and across the side plate

Vane pumps The major source of leakage in a gear pump arises from the small gaps between teeth, and also between teeth and pump housing. The vane pump reduces this leakage by using spring (or hydraulic) loaded vanes slotted into a driven rotor.

 The rotor is offset within the housing, and the vanes constrained by a cam ring as they cross inlet and outlet ports. Because the vane tips are held against the housing there is little leakage and the vanes compensate to a large degree for wear at vane tips or in the housing itself. There is still, however, leakage between rotors faces and body sides. Pump capacity is determined by vane throw, vane cross sectional area and speed of rotation.

This features an elliptical cam ring together with two inlet and two outlet ports. Pressure loading still occurs in the vanes but the two identical pump halves create equal but opposite forces on the rotor, leading to zero net force in the shaft and

bearings. Balanced vane pumps have much improved service lives over simpler unbalanced vane pumps. Capacity and pressure ratings of a vane pump are generally lower than gear pumps, but reduced leakage gives an improved volumetric efficiency of around 95%. Variable displacement vane pump

Pumps are generally sold with certain fixed capacities and the user has to choose the next largest size. A vane pump with adjustable capacity set by the positional relationship between rotor and inner casing, with the inner casing position set by an external screw.

ailure.ure between outlet and inlet

PISTON PUMPS
A piston pump is superficially similar to a motor car engine, and a simple single cylinder arrangement. Such a simple pump, however, delivering a single pulse of fluid per revolution, generates unacceptably large pressure pulses into the system. Practical piston pumps therefore employ multiple cylinders and pistons to smooth out fluid delivery, and much ingenuity goes into designing multicylinder pumps which are surprisingly compact. The piston pump is manufactured in the axial, bent axis, and radial configurations. RADIAL PISTON PUMP. The pump consists of several hollow pistons inside a stationary cylinder block. Each piston has spring-loaded inlet and outlet valves. As the inner cam rotates, fluid is transferred relatively smoothly from inlet port to the outlet port.

Piston pump with stationary cam and rotating block

 This pump uses the same principle, but employs a stationary cam and a rotating cylinder block. This arrangement does not require multiple inlet and outlet valves and is consequently simpler, more reliable, and cheaper. Not surprisingly most radial piston pumps have this construction.

Axial pump with swash plate An alternative form of piston pump is the axial design. Where multiple pistons are arranged in a rotating cylinder. The pistons are stroked by a fixed angled plate called the swash plate. Each piston can be kept in contact with the swash plate by springs or by a rotating shoe plate linked to the swash plate.

 Pump capacity is controlled by altering the angle of the swash plate; the larger the angle, the greater the capacity. With the swash plate vertical capacity is zero, and flow can even be reversed. Swash plate angle (and hence pump capacity) can easily be controlled remotely with the addition of a separate hydraulic cylinder.

AXIAL PISTON PUMP (Bent axis) An alternative form of axial piston pump is the bent axis pump. Stroking of the pistons is achieved because of the angle between the drive shaft and the rotating cylinder block. Pump capacity can be adjusted by altering the drive shaft angle.

Piston pumps have very high volumetric efficiency (over 98%) and can be used at the highest hydraulic pressures. Being more complex than vane and gear pumps, they are correspondingly more expensive.

Bent-Axis Variable-Displacement Piston Pump.

Bent-Axis Fixed-Displacement Piston Pump

Axial Fixed-Displacement Piston Pump

Axial Variable-Displacement Piston Pump

 The major components of a piston pump are the pistons, the piston or cylinder block, valve plate, piston shoes, swash plate, and the drive shaft. In operation, the shaft drives the piston block, which, in turn, rotates the pistons. The pistons are held against the swash plate by springs and a retainer plate. The piston pump to produce a flow, the swash plate must be at some angle relative to the centerline of the shaft, which is also the axial center of rotation of the pistons. The pistons ride on the surface of the swash plate and the angle will force the pistons to move in and out of the piston or cylinder block.

The greater the swash-plate angle, the larger the piston stroke and the greater the displacement of the pump.