Eng-Math-3, ch-1, 1st Order ODE

20122013
[APPLIEDENGINEERINGMATHEMATICS-III, CH1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARYDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS; part-1]

[CH-1: FIRST-ORDER-ORDINARYDIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS;] [ADVANCEDENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS, 7th-EDITION , BY ERWIN-KREYSZIG ]
[TOPICS ARE--> 1.1 Basic concept and ideas, 1.2 separable differential equations, 1.3 modeling: separable equations, 1.4 reduction to separable form[Optional], 1.5 exact-differential equations,1.6 integrating-Factors[I.F], 1.7 linear-differentialequations, 1.8 Modeling: Electric-circuits, 1.9 Orthogonal-Trajectories of curves, 1.10 approximate-solutions: direction fields, Iteration; 1.11 existence & uniqueness of solutions, BOOK: Advanced-engineering-mathematics,7th edition by Erwin-Kreyszig ] My blog for Bio-medical Eng courses : -> www.medical-imageprocessing.blogspot.com MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI, BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC [ B I O - M E D I C A L - E N G I N E E R I N G - G U I D E . I N C B Y S I K A N D E R - L O D H I ] , 1/21/2013 Page 1 www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [
----------------------------There are no sources in the current document.
Table of Contents
[1.1] START HERE; ......................................................................................................................................... 4 GENERAL-SOLUTION:- ...................................................................................................................... 4 PARTICULAR-SOLUTION:- ................................................................................................................. 4
Q 1 ) state the order of differential equation and verify that the given function is a solution ? ........... 5 Q4 ) state the order of differential eq and verify that the given function is a solution ? ........................ 7 INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM:- .............................................................................................................. 8
[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com
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Q 15 ) verify that the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equations, and determined c so, that the resulting particular solution satisfied the given initial conditions ? ............ 9 Q 20 ) find a 1st-order-differential equation involving both y and y for which the given function is a solution ? .............................................................................................................................................. 12 [ 1.2 ] start here .......................................................................................................................................... 14 SEPARABLE-EQUATION:- ................................................................................................................ 14 METHOD-TO-SOLVE-SEPARABLE-EQUATIONS :- .......................................................................... 15
Q 6 ) find a general solution , check your answer by substitution ? ....................................................... 16 Q 3 ) find a general solution , check your answer by substitution? ...................................................... 17 Q 23 ) solve the following initial value problem, and check your answer? ............................................ 19 INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM [I.V.P]: .................................................................................................. 19
[ 1.4 ] start here .......................................................................................................................................... 25 EQUATION OF THE FORM :- ........................................................................................................... 25 HEMOGENEOUS-EQUATION:- ........................................................................................................ 25 Q 3 ) find the general solution of following eq ? ................................................................................ 26 EX # 1.5 [ START-HERE ] ............................................................................................................................. 39 EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION: ................................................................................................. 39 METHOD-FOR-SOLVING-EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION:- ................................................... 39 EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION:- ................................................................................................ 40 Derivation:- we remember from calculus that if function U(x,y) is constant and if it has continuous Partial-derivatives ,then it total or exact differential is , that is ,.............................. 40 Q 7 ) given {U(x,y)} , find the exact differential equation [ d(u)=0 ] , what knid of curves are the solution curve [ U(x,y)=constant ] ? ........................................................................................................ 42 [ 1.6 ] start here .......................................................................................................................................... 60 INTEGRATING-FACTORS [I.F = F(x,y) ]:-.................................................................................................. 60 Example # 1 :- ...................................................................................................................................... 61 Example # 2 :- ...................................................................................................................................... 64 USED-OF-INTEGRATING-FACTORS [I.F]:- ....................................................................................... 67 METHOD FOR FINDING INTEGRATING-FACTORS [IF] :- ............................................................. 67
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[1.1] START HERE; Explicit-solution=> [y=f(x)]; Implicit-solution=>[x2 + y2 = c ]; GENERAL-SOLUTION:When the number of Arbitary-constant *c+ in the solution is equal to the order of the differential-equation; Example:[-> y = tan [x+c] ]; Where , y is the general-solution of the following differential equations : [9yy + yx = 0 ]; ----------------------- PARTICULAR-SOLUTION:When we assign a Particular-value of the Arbitraryconstant *c+ in the general-solution then this type of solution is called Particular-solution; Example: General solution => y = tan[ x + c ] ;
[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com Page 4-OF-80
So assigning a value of Arbitrary-constant * c = 2 + ; Then, our above general solution becomes, a particular solution that is => y = tan [ x + 2 ] ; where [ c = 2 ]; --------------finished ------Q 1 ) state the order of differential equation and verify that the given function is a solution ? Given :[ [ Solution: [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
By using differential on both side w.r.t x on above eq-B. [ [ ]; ];
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. . [ ];
Now, by placing the value of eq-C and B in eq- A, then eq-A becomes, [ [ [ [ . [ -> 8x = 8x ]; L.H.S = R.H.S Hanced proved CONCLUSION :The given differential equations is the 1st order of differential-equation, and also the given function [y = 8x 4y] is a solution.
]; ]; ]; ];
----------finished here -----------Q4 ) state the order of differential eq and verify that the given function is a solution ? Given :[-> y = 6 ]; Where [-> y = x3 + a.x2 + bx + c ]; SOLUTION:[[eq-A ]-> y = 6 ]; [[eq-B ]-> y = x3 + a.x2 + bx + c ]; Note: we take 3 time differential on eq-B to get the y equation, So by applying differential on eq-B 3 times we get. [eq-B-> [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
Now applying 2nd differential w.r.t. x on eq-c , [ ];

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[ [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
];
Now applying 3rd differential w.r.t. x on eq-D. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
Henced proved CONCLUSION:The given differential equation is the 3rd order differential equation, also the given function y=x3 + ax2 + bx + c is the solution. ---------finished --------- INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM:By an Initial value problem for an nth-order differential equation,
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[-> Function(x,y,dy/dx,..,dn[y]/[dx]n)=0 ]; We mean that: Find a solution to the differential equation on an Interval [ I ], that satisfies at [ro] the nth-Initial condition. Example : [ [ .. [ Where x0 ]; and y0, y1, . , y[ n-1 ] are constant; ]; ];
-----------finished -----------------------Q 15 ) verify that the given function is a solution of the corresponding differential equations, and determined c so, that the resulting particular solution satisfied the given initial conditions ? Given:[ ];
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Where, -> [ I.V.P:[ Solution:[ [ ];
];
]; given function. ];
FOR VERIFY THAT THE GIVEN FUNCTION IN EQUATION A IS THE SOLUTION OF CORRESPONDING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:Now, FOR y :[ ];
Using differential on both side w.r.t x . [ [ ]; ];
Now, placing the value of eq-c and eq-B, in eq-A, then eq-A becomes,
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[ [ [ [ [ ] ];
]; ]; ]; ];
L.H.S = R.H.S Henced proved, that the given function in eq-A, is the solution of corresponding differential equation. FOR DETERMINING THE VALUE OF C SO THAT THE RESULTANT PARTICULAR SOLUTION SATISFIED THE GIVEN INITIAL CONDITION:FOR C:[ {:. [ [ . [[ ]; ] }; ]; ];
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Its the value of Arbitrary constant or constant of integration is C ; FOR-PARTICULAR-SOLUTION-OF-EQUATION-B :[ ];
By placing the value of eq-D in eq-B for getting the particularsolution of eq-B, [ ];
[ ]; its the particular-solution of the eqB, which satisfied the initial condition. -----------finished ---------Q 20 ) find a 1st-order-differential equation involving both y and y for which the given function is a solution ? [ ]; given function; Solution:[ FOR y:[
];
];
. [ ];
FOR-1ST ORDER-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION :[ ];
Using 1st differential on both side w.r.t x [ ];
[ .. .. [ equation ,
];
]; its the 1st order differential
Also, the author ask us that to find out the 1st order differential eq involving both y and y ,
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So placing the value of eq-B in eq-C then eq-C becomes; So, [ Where :[:. [ ]; Answer ]; ];
Hence its the 1st order differential equation involving both y and y in it. --------------------- finished ------------[ 1.2 ] start here SEPARABLE-EQUATION:A first order differential equation, [dy/dx=f(x,y)] is called Separable-equation, if we can write the R.H.S of the equation in the form of [(eq-L) dy/dx= g(x). h(y) ]; Then the above equation is called separable-equation,
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------------- METHOD-TO-SOLVE-SEPARABLE-EQUATIONS :Write the terms involving x and y with their differentials That is , with dx and dy repectively and integrated on both side ; Eg. [ So, eq-A becomes [ [ ]; ]; ];
Its the separable form; now applying integration on eq-T; Then [ [ [ ]; ]; answer ];
--------- finished --------
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Q 6 ) find a general solution , check your answer by substitution ? GIVEN: [ [:. SOLUTION:[ ]; ]; is a non-zero constant ];
So, we used seperable rule in this solving method. So , [ +;its the separable form,
so, applying integration on both side w.r.t x in above eq FOR y :[ [:. . ]; ];
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[ of eq A; ------------finished ------------
]; answer , its the general solution
Q 3 ) find a general solution , check your answer by substitution? Given: [ Solution:[ So, [ [ [ ]; +; its the separable form ]; ]; ];
Applying integrations on both side w.r.t x [ [ ]; ];
Applying exponent on both side

];
[:. Constant^constant = constant ] [ A; answer 1; SATISFICATION: [ ]; +;its the general solution of eq-
By using differential on both side w.r.t x ; [ [ ]; ];
Now, placing the value of y and y in eq-A, then eq-A becomes. [ {:.[ [ ]; ]; } ];
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. .. [ L.H.S=R.H.S HENCED PROVED CONCLUSION : Henced the eq-B, is the general-solution of eq-A. ------------finished-here----------Q 23 ) solve the following initial value problem, and check your answer? GIVEN:[ {:. SOLUTION:[ Also, INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM [I.V.P]: ]; }; ]; ];
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{:. EITHER [ [ Now, [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
};
];
+; its a separable form of eq-A,
Also, using integrations on above eq-B; [ [ FOR v :[ [ [ [:. ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
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Using square root [ FOR-c1 :[ USING I.V.P :[ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
So, now placing the value of eq-i and ii in eq-D, then. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
So, now placing the value of C1 in eq-D , then [ [ [ Or ]; answer ]; ];
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[ solution of eq-A. --------finished here --------
]; answer, its a particular
Q 27 ) solve the following initial value problem and check your answer ? where ( L and R are constant ). Given : [ [ ]; ];
Solution :- {L= R=constant}; [ ];
INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM [ I.V.P ]:[ WHERE [ [ ----------[ ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ [ ];
];
]; its separable form of eq-A;
Applying integrations on eq-B, [ [ . {c/L=constant/constant=constant=c1}; [ [ [ [ {:. [ FOR c2 :[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com Page 23-OF-80
]; ];
]; ]; ]; ]; }; ]; its the general solution of eq-A;
];
By placing the I.V.P in eq-C we get. INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM [ I.V.P ]:[ WHERE [ [ [ [ [ then, [ [ ; ]; [ ]; ]; ]; ]; [ ]; ];
]; by placing the value of eq-D in eq-C
]; +; answer, its the Particular-solution of eq-A
----------finished here ------------Note: the exercise no 1.2 finished here
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-------------------[ 1.4 ] start here EQUATION OF THE FORM :[ ];
[:. Where g=any function]; This above eq is called homogeneous OR Reduction to separable form , HEMOGENEOUS-EQUATION:THOSE 1ST-ORDER SEPARABLE EQUATION WHOSE CAN NOT BE SEPARATED [Reduction TO separable form ] these type of equations is called homogeneous eq; So, [ ];
{:. Where sin (y/x) }; Let [ ];
Where {:. u= variable } ;
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----------finished ---Q 3 ) find the general solution of following eq ? Given: [ Solution:[ So , let, [ ]; ]; ];
So, using differential on both side w.r.t x on eq-i ; So, [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
Now, converted the term y and y into a u-form by placing eqi and eq-B in eq-A, then So, [ ];
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So, [ {:. [ [ [ [ .. [ +; its a separable form of eq-A; ]; ],[ ]; ]; ]; ]};
So, by using integration on eq-C; So, [ CONSIDER [ LET, [ ];

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]; :];
[ . .. [ The above integral becomes [ [ [ ]; ];
];
];
];
Placed the value of eq-E in eq-D, the eq-D becomes. So, [ [ [ {:. [ [ }; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ [ [ [ [ [ .. [ ]; ]; ]; ];
];
];
]; {:. u=y/x}; ];
{:. Constant= variable . constant; }; {:. constant=constant/variable =variable/constant}; {:. x/c0=cs } , by placing the cs in value of y we get . [ +; Answer , its a general solution of eq-A.
----------finished here ----------Note: start form ex # 1.4, p.g # 13 of 31, Q 9 -------------
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Q9 ) find the General-solution of the following equation? Given :-> [ Solution: [ Let, [ {:. u= any variable}; So, [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
So, by placing the eq [i] and [ii] in eq-A, we get ; [ {:.[ [ [ ],[ ]; ]; ]; ] };
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[ [ [ [ . [ [ [ [ form , ];
]; ];
];
]; ]; ]; ]; its the separable
Now, by applying integration on both side on eq-Z we get; [ [ ]; ];
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[ CONSIDER [ [ Let, [ ]; ]; ]:-
];
By applying differentiations w.r.t u. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
Placing the value of eq-E and D in eq-C, then eq-C become, [ [ [ Where: ]; ]; ];
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[ {:. [ ] };
];
By placing the value of eq-F , in eq-B , then eq-B becomes . [ [ ]; ];
{:. c1 (+/-) c2= c3 . a = c = constant; c1,2,3 = any constant ; a = any number ; }; [ [ [ By using exponential on both side ; [ [ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; {:. u = y/x }; ]; {:. e[constant]=constant}; ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ Taken common [1/x2]; [ [ [ [ [answer ]; The answer is correct . ----------finished here -------[ 1.4] ];
];
]; ]; Its the Answer[its correct ];
]; its the general solution
Q 13 ) solve the following initial value problem ? Given: -> [ ];
Initial-value-problem [ I.V.P ]: [ SOLUTION: [ ]; ];
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Initial-value-problem [ I.V.P ]: [ Where: [ y=0 , x=1 ]; So, [ [ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
FOR-CONVERTING-EQ-B-IN-A-SEPARABLE-FORMS:SO, Let, [ ];
[:. u = any variable = y/x ]; So,

[ [ ];
];
];
Placing the value of eq-D and C, in eq-B, then eq-B becomes; [ [ . [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
Now collecting like terms; [ ]; its a separable equations.
Now, using integrations on both side in eq-E , so, [ Then eq-E becomes,
];
[ [ [ [ {:. [ [ [ FOR C :Where : }; ]; ]; ];
];
]; ]; ];
Initial-value-problem [ I.V.P ]: [ Where: [ y=0 , x=1 ]; So, then, [ ]; ];
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By placing the value of [x=1] and [y=0] in eq-F, then eq-F, becomes , so, [ [ [ [ ]; ]; {:. e=exponent=+2.71}; ]; ];
Now, by placing the value of c in eq-G, then , eq-G becomes. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
[ ];its the correct answer, its a particular-solution of eq-A, --------finished here----------Exercise # 1.4 FINISHED HERE ------------------------------
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EX # 1.5 [ START-HERE ] EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION: An Equation is of the form [ Is called an Exact-differential-equation, then, [ ]; ];
METHOD-FOR-SOLVING-EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION:If given differential equation is an exact then these exist a function F(x,y) st , [ 1.. Integrate eq-i, w.r.t x then we get, [ [ Where , {:. g(y) = any constant }; 2.. to determine the value of g(y) then, take the Partialderivative of eq-3 w.r.t y and substitute *N+ for [ + , we can now solve for g(y) ; ]; ]; ];
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3 integrate g(y) to obtain g(y), substitute g(y) into eq-3 gives F(x,y) ; 4 the solution to the equation [ ]; is given Implicitly by {F(x,y)= C }, Alternatively starting with { Implicity by first integrating w.r.t y ; ------------------------- EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION:Derivation:- we remember from calculus that if function U(x,y) is constant and if it has continuous Partialderivatives ,then it total or exact differential is , that is , [ So, {:. ->if , So, eq-A , becomes , [ }; ]; ]; }, gives the solution
[ [ {:. dU(x,y)=0 };
]; ];
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By comparing eq-B & eq-C , then , [ ];
Using partial differential on both side, so, [ [ [ Also , [ [ Hence, [ Hence , eq A,B and C are exact , -----------------finished -------------[ 1.5 ] ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
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Q 7 ) given {U(x,y)} , find the exact differential equation [ d(u)=0 ] , what knid of curves are the solution curve [ U(x,y)=constant ] ? GIVEN : [ U(x,y)=ln(x2.y2) ] ; Solution :Solution :[ [ U(x,y)=constant, d{U(x,y)}=0 ]; FOR-DETERMINING-THE-VALUE-OF-EXACT-DIFFERENTIALEQUATION:FORMULA:[ Its Our exact differential equation . FOR-DETERMINE-THE-VALUE-OF-M(x,y)-AND-N(x,y):FORMULA:[ Compare eq A & B , then , where, [d{U(x,y)}=0]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ FOR M(x,y):[ [ FOR N(x,y):[ [
]; ];
]; ];
]; ];
So, placing the value of M(x,y) and N(x,y) in the eq-A , so eq-A , becomes. [ [ ]; ]; its our required exact-
differential-equation , correct-Answer, ; ----------finished -------[ 1.5 ]
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Q 25 ) a. ) Are following equation is exact ? b. ) solve the initial value problem ? Given :-> [ Initial value problem [I.V.P] :[ Solution :[ .. [ Now, so, [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
FOR-DETERMINEING-THAT-EQUATION-A-IS-EXACT-ORNOT:Formula:[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com Page 44-OF-80
];
Placing the value of eq-i & ii , in eq-A, then eq-A becomes, [ [ [-1 = +1]; yes eq-A , is exact , FOR-SOLVING-THE-INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM:[ USING SEPARABLE-METHOD:So, [ [ [ Now, FOR-y :]; ]; its our separable form of eq-A, ]; ]; ]; ]; {:. e[y/x]=e }
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];
Using integration on both side w.r.t [ [ [ [ [ [ [ FOR-c1 :-----------Initial value problem [I.V.P] :[ ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; {:. -> ec=c1 } ; ]; ];
-----------When [x=-2 , and y=-2 ] :-
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By placing the value of x and y in eq-Z , then [ [ [ [ ]; ] in eq-Z, then eq-Z , becomes, ]; ]; ];
Now, placing the value of [ [ [ [ ]; ];
]; its correct-Answer, Yes, good ,
---------------finished--------Q 15 ) Show that the following differential equation is exact and solve them ? GIVEN:-> [ SOLUTION: [ FORMULA: [ ]; ]; ];
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[ So, Let, [ [
];
]; , ];
So, by using partial differential on eq-i & ii , [ [ Also, [ [ Also, hence proved that, [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
So, now, we know that given differential equation-A, is exact, hence, the given differential equation-A, is exact, so it exist a function, [ F(x,y)], Then,
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[ [ CONSIDER-EQUATION-C :[
]; ];
];
By using integration in equation-C, w.r.t [r] ; [ [ ]; [ This eq-E , is our standard equation, {:. } ]; ];
So, now, we just want to find out the value of [ ] then, we put the value of [ ] at our standard equation-E, then we get, so, FOR-VALUE-OF-[ [ ] :];
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By using the partial differential on both side w.r.t [ E; Then, [ [ [ {:. {:. [ [ [ ]; }; }; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
],on eq-
SO, we cause to integrated [ value of [ ] w.r.t [ ];
] for getting the
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[ [ [ [
]; ]; ]; ]; ] in to the eq-E , ]; ]; ];
Now, by placing the value of [ then ; [ [ [ . [ Answer. -----------------finished here ---------];
Q 17 ) show the following differential equation are exact, and solve them ? GIVEN :-> [ Solution:[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com Page 51-OF-80
];
[ [
[
]; ];
];
{:. FOR M(x,y) AND N(x,y) :[ [ SO, ]; ];
};
FOR-FINDING-THAT-EQUATION-A-IS-EXACT-OR-NOT :[ [ So, [ . [ Also, ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ Hence, [
];
];
];
Henced proved that the eq-A,is Exact-differential-equation, FOR-SOLVING-ABOVE-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATION :Then, we know that eq-A , is exact, so then if its exact so then it exist a function F(x,y) , So, [ [ So, consider eq-i :[ Using integration in both side w.r.t x so, ]; ]; ];
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[ [ Its our standard equation,
]; ];
Now, we find the value of g(y) and tthen we placed it in eq-E, Where , {:. g(y)=constant of integrations }; [ Using partial differential on eq-E, w.r.t y ; [ [ [ . [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
Using integration w.r.t y . [ [ ]; ];

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[ Placing [ [ [ [ {:. [ [ . [
]; ] in eq-E, then , ]; ]; ]; ] }; ];
];..Answer,
Its a correct answer , Yes, ----------------finished-------Start from Q 19 ) , ex # 1.5 , --------------------Q 19 ) show that the following differential equation are exact and solve them ? Given : [ ];
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Solution: [ Formula: [ FOR-VALUES-OF-M & N :[ ]; ]; ];
];
FOR-DETERMINING-THAT-[EQ-A]-IS-EXACT-OR-NOT:So, [ So, [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ Also, [ [ [ [ So , hence: [
];
]; ]; ]; ];
]; hence proved that
eq-A is exact differential equations , For Solving Above Differential Equations : We know that eq-A is exact differential equation then, its mean that it exist a function , that is F(x,y) ;
[ ];
CONSIDER-[EQ-i] :[ ];
USING INTEGRATIONS WITH RESPECT TO *w.r.t + x .

[ [
]; ];
{:. -> g(y) = constant of integration }; [ equation; ]; Its our standard
So, we determined the value of g(y) & then placed its value in equation-E , FOR-VALUE-OF-g(y) :[ [ [ [ equation . FOR - g(y) :[ ]; its our standard ]; ]; ];
];
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Now , by Using Partial-differential on both side w.r.t (y) on eq-E ; [ [ [ [ [ {:. [ [ [ [ FOR - g(y) :[ ]; ]; ]; ]; ] }; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
Using integrations on both side w.r.t y [ ];
{:. c = constant of integrations } ; [ ];

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];
Placing the value of eq-G in eq-E , so , [ [ ]; ]; Answer , its correct answer ,
---------------finished here----------------------Ex # 1.5 finished here ------------[ 1.6 ] start here INTEGRATING-FACTORS [I.F = F(x,y) ]:If we have the un-exact differential equation-A and it integrating factor F(x,y); (i-e) [ ]; its an unexact-differential-equations . Given Integrating-Factor F(x,y) :That is , -> [ F(x,y)=Integrating-Factor = IF ]; Then, for making eq-A as an exact differential equation, so, then we should multiply eq-A by its Integrating Factors [ F(x,y) ]. Then, we get an exact differential equation [i-e] [ our exact differential equation. ];its
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Then we can solved it by the method of section # 1.5, So, F(x,y) is called as Integrating factor of eq-A, ----------------------------Example # 1 :Show that following differential equation-A is not exact, but it has an Integrating factors F(x,y) and solve the new equation ? [ [ eq. ]; ];its not an exact differential
SHOW THAT THE EQUATION-A IS NOT AN EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION: So, [ Where, [M(x,y)= y = [ N(x,y) = - x = ]; ]; ];
Formula un-Exact differential equations : [ [ ]; ];
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Also, [ ];
By placing the above value in equation-N, [ ];
[ ]; It show that Eq-A is not exact differential equations . NOW MAKING EQ-A AN EXACT-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY MULTIPLYING EQUATION-A WITH ITS INTEGRATINGFACTORS[IF] F(x,y) :[ So, [ By multiplying F(x,y) with Eq-A , then Eq-A becomes, [ [ [ [ [ ]; ];
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]; ];
]; ]; ];
Where, [
]; [
];
Formula for exact differential equation: [ ];
Placing the above value in eq-M , we got , [ . . . [ equation. [L.H.S = R.H.S ]; CONCLUSION:- We make Eq-A which is Un-Exact-differentialEquation an exact-Differential equation-G by multiplying eq-A by its integrating factors [F(x,y) = 1/x2 ] and get an Exact differential equation [Eq-G+ . -----------------finished-here------];Its prove that [Eq-G+ is an Exact differential ];
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Example # 2 :Verify that F(x)= x3 = IF=Integrating-factors is an integrating factors of below Eq-A , and then find the general-solution ? Given : [ differential equation. Solution: F(x)= x3 = IF=Integrating-factors; [ differential equation. +; Its not an exact +; Its not an exact
FOR MAKING EQUATION-A AN EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY MULTIPLYING EQUATION-A BY F(x,y)=x3 :[ F(x)= x3 = IF=Integrating-factors; ];
We multiply eq-A with given Integrating factor, then.

[ [ [ [ differential equation. So, For M(x,y) And N(x,y) :[ ]; [ ]; ]; ]; ]; its our exact ];
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Then we know that ,
];
By placing the above value in eq-C , then eq-C becomes, So, then [ [ [ . .. [ +; it shows that the eq-B is our exact differential equation LHS=RHS; So, then eq-B is existing a function [ F(x,y) ] , So, [ [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
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CONSIDER-EQ-i :[ So, using integration on both side w.r.t x , So,

[ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
];
By using Partial differential on both side w.r.t y on eq-S , we get; [ [ ]; ];
[ . .. [ For g(y) :];
];
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[ ];
Using integrations w.r.t y . [ [ [ [ ]; ]; ]; ];
Now , by placing the value of eq-F in eq-S,then eq-S becomes,so, [ [ differential equation in eq-B, ---------------finished here------- USED-OF-INTEGRATING-FACTORS [I.F]:So, if any equation is not exact so, if we want to converted it into exact , then we should multiplying it by its integrating-factor [IF] then it cause to converted these equation in an exact form, METHOD :If given differential equation M(x,y).dx +N(x,y).dy = 0 is not exactdifferential equation, then multiplying it by an integrating factors *IF+ F(x,y) , Then it converting into an exact differential equation, [i.e] -> [F(x,y)M(x,y)dx + F(x,y)N(x,y)dy=0 ]; METHOD FOR FINDING INTEGRATING-FACTORS [IF] :]; ]; Its the solution of our exact
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THEOREM-1 :- If -> [
];
];
Then, FORMULA-OF-INTEGRATING-FACTOR[I.F] :[ Where: [ [ Where : p(x) is the function of x , ];
];
];
its called as Theorem-1 ;
-------------theorem-1 finished here --------------THEOREM-2 :- If -> [ ];
Then, Formula Of INTEGRATING-FACTOR[IF] :[ Where: [ [ Where : [ is the function of y, ]; its called as theorem-2 ]; ];
];
----------finished-here------------[ 1.6 ]
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Q 13 ) verify that the given function F(x,y) is an integrating factors [IF] of eq-A and solve the initial value problem [I.V.P] ? GIVEN: [ [ [ SOLUTION: Let, [ INITIAL-VALUE-PROBLEM [I.V.P] :[ [ Also, INTEGRATING-FACTOR:[ ]; ]; ]; =0 ]; ]; ]; =0 ];
Now hence the eq-A is not exact so we cause to multiplying eq-A with I.F to form it an exact differential equation, so, [ [ [ [ . =0 ]; = = = ]; .0 ]; .0 ];
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..
[ differential equation that is eq-A, For M(x,y) and N(x,y):[ [ FOR [ [ . [ FOR [ [ .. [ -------------------:. ]; ] :]; ] ] :] ]; ]; ]; its our exact
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Formula: [ [ [ ------------------------]; ]; ];
So, [ ]; so eq-A is an exact differential equation,
Where , F(x,y) is the integrating factor of eq-A , then henced proved that F(x,y) is the integrating factor of eq-A .
[ differential equation that is eq-A, ]; its our exact
If eq-A is exact then it must exit a function that is U(x,y) . So, [ [ Consider eq-a : [ For U(x,y) :Using integration on both side w.r.t x [ ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ [ --------------------:. Formula : [ ]; ]; ]; ];
__________________ So, [ Now, For g(y) :[ Using partial differential on both side w.r.t y So, [ . .. . ]; ]; ];
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[ [ For g(y) :[ ]; ]; ];
Using integration on both side then [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
Now placing value of g(y) in eq S [ [ Now, [ So, FOR VALUE OF C : Using initial value problem:[-> y=3 , x=3 ]; Place above value in eq-x , then [ [ ]; ];its our general solution . ];its our general solution . [answer-1 ] ]; ];
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. [ ];
Place the value of c=3 in eq-x . [ [ ];its our general solution . ]; its a particular solution [Answer-2].
--------------finished here---------Q7 ) verify that given function F(x,y) is an integrating factor and solve the Initial value problem? Solution: [ [ [ I.V.P -> Solution: [ Multiply eq-A with I.F , [ [ For M(x,y) and N(x,y): [ ]; ]; ]; its an exact differential equations. ]; its not an exact differential equation. ]; ]; ];
Page 74-OF-80

For [ For [ So, [ ]; it shows that eq-A is exact , so if eq-A is exact then it : ]; : ];
must exist a function U(x,y) .

[ ];
For U(x,y) :Using integrations on eq-a w.r.t x [ [ [ [ [ For g(y) :Using partial differential on both side in eq-S , w.r.t y [ ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ [ [ [ [ [ For g(y) :[ ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
Using integrations on both side with respect to y [ [ [ ]; ]; in eq-S , then . ]; ];its our standard equations; ]; ];
Now placing this [ [ [ For value of C: Using I.V.P :[ I.V.P -> ];
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[ y= 8 , x = 0.5 ]; [ So, henced we know that , [ -> ]; ];its our standard equations;
by placing value from I.V.P in eq-CAL we get ; [ -> [ -> ]; ];
Placing the value of c=2 in eq-CAL then eq-CAL becomes ; [ -> [ -> ]; ]; its a correct Answer ;
--------------finished here ------------Q 15 ) find an integrating factor and solve [ using inspection or theorem 1 and 2 ]? Given: [ Solution: [ [ [ Formula: ]; ]; ]; ];
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[ -For M(x,y) :[ For N(x,y) :[ For My :[ [ For Nx :[ .. . [ For p(x) :Formula: ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];
];
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Placed above value in eq-D
[
..
];
[
Now,
];
For I.F=F(x,y)=INTEGRATING FACTOR :[ [ [ [ correct answer. Now, FOR SOLVE THE ABOVE EQUATIONS-A :[ So, [ [ Using separable Method: ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];Answer-1, its the I.F of eq-A, its a ];
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[ [ ]; ]; its our separable form of eq-A,
Using integration on both side on eq-GG, then, [ [ [ ]; ]; ];
X
[ Using exponent on both side [ . . [ ]; Answer-2 , its a right answer, ]; ];
MUHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI OWNER OF MY PERSONAL NOTES
{:.-> ec =any constant value , where c=any constant ;} -------finished here--------------------CH-1 on Bio-Medical-Engineering Math-3[III] Finished here------------------------1st-Order Ordinary-differential equations[ODE]=CH-1--------------------
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Bibliography[VAC1]
There are no sources in the current document.
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Eng-Math-3, ch-1, 1st Order ODE

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Eng-Math-3, ch-1, 1st Order ODE

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20122013

[APPLIEDENGINEERINGMATHEMATICS-III, CH1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARYDIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS; part-1]

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

----------------------------There are no sources in the current document.

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

By using differential on both side w.r.t x on above eq-B. [ [ ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Now applying 2nd differential w.r.t. x on eq-c , [ ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Now applying 3rd differential w.r.t. x on eq-D. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Where, -> [ I.V.P:[ Solution:[ [ ];

Using differential on both side w.r.t x . [ [ ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Its the value of Arbitrary constant or constant of integration is C ; FOR-PARTICULAR-SOLUTION-OF-EQUATION-B :[ ];

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Using 1st differential on both side w.r.t x [ ];

]; its the 1st order differential

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

--------- finished --------

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

so, applying integration on both side w.r.t x in above eq FOR y :[ [:. . ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

]; answer , its the general solution

Applying integrations on both side w.r.t x [ [ ]; ];

Applying exponent on both side

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

By using differential on both side w.r.t x ; [ [ ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

{:. EITHER [ [ Now, [ [ [ ]; ]; ];

+; its a separable form of eq-A,

Also, using integrations on above eq-B; [ [ FOR v :[ [ [ [:. ]; ]; ]; ]; ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

Using square root [ FOR-c1 :[ USING I.V.P :[ [ ]; ]; ]; ];

So, now placing the value of eq-i and ii in eq-D, then. [ [ [ ]; ]; ];

So, now placing the value of C1 in eq-D , then [ [ [ Or ]; answer ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [

[ solution of eq-A. --------finished here --------

]; answer, its a particular

Solution :- {L= R=constant}; [ ];

INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM [ I.V.P ]:[ WHERE [ [ ----------[ ]; ]; ]; ];

[BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING-GUIDE.INC BY SIKANDER-LODHI], www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.com

[APPLIED-ENGINEERING-MATHEMATICS-III, CH-1 IN BME, FIRSTORDER-ORDINARY-DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; part-1] [