Madhu

WHAT IS C ?
C language is a general purpose and structured pragramming langauge developed by 'Dennis Ritchie' at AT &T's Bell Laboratories in the 1972s in USA. It is also called as 'Procedure oriented programming language.' C is not specially designed for specific applications areas like COBOL (Common BusinessOriented Language) or FORTRAN (Formula Translation). It is well suited for business and scietific applications. It has some various features like control structures, looping statements, arrays, macros required for these applications. The C language has following numorous features as:

Portability Flexibility Effectiveness and efficiency Reliability Interactivity
Execution of C Program :
C program executes in following 4 (four steps).
1. Creating a program : An editor like notepad or wordpad is used to create a C program. This file contains a source code which consists of executable code. The file should be saved as '*.c' extension only. 2. Compiling the program : The next step is to compile the program. The code is compiled by using compiler. Compiler converts executable code to binary code i.e. object code. 3. Linking a program to library : The object code of a program is linked with libraries that are needed for execution of a program. The linker is used to link the program with libraries. It creates a file with '*.exe' extension.
4. Execution of program : The final executable file is then run by dos command prompt or by any other software.
History of C :
Year of Establishment 1960 Language Name Developed By
ALGOL-60 CPL (Combined Programming Language) BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)
Cambridge University
1963
Cambridge University
1967
Martin Richard at Cambridge University Ken Thompson at AT & T's Bell Laboratories. Dennis Ritchie at AT & T' Bell Laboratory.
1970
1972
The development of C was a cause of evolution of programming languages like Algol 60, CPL (Combined Programming Langauge), BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B.
Algol-60 : (1963) : ALGOL is an acronym for Algorithmic Language. It was the first structured procedural programming language, developed in the late 1950s and once widely used in Europe. But it was too abstract and too general structured langauage.
CPL : (1963) :
CPL is an acronym for Combined Programming Language. It was developed at Cambridge University.
BCPL : (1967) : BCPL is an acronym for Basic Combined Programming Language. It was developed by Martin Richards at Cambridge University in 1967. BCPL was not so powerful. So, it was failed.
B : (1970) : B language was developed by Ken Thompson at AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1970. It was machine dependent. So, it leads to specific problems.
C : (1972) : 'C' Programming Langauage was developed by Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1972. This is general purpose, compiled, structured programming langauage. Dennis Ritchie studied the BCPL, then improved and named it as 'C' which is the second letter of BCPL
Structure of C Program
The basic structure of C program is as follow:
Document Section Links Section (File) Definition Section Global variable declaration Section void main() { Variable declaration section Function declaration section
executable statements; } Function definition 1 ----------------------------------------Function definition n where, Document Section : It consists of set of comment lines which include name of a program, author name, creation date and other information. Links Section (File) : It is used to link the required system libraries or header files to excute a program. Definition Section : It is used to define or set values to variables. Global variable declaration Section : It is used to declare global or public variable. void main() : Used to start of actual C program. It includes two parts as declaration part and executable part. Variable declaration section : Used to declare private variable. Function declaration section : Used to declare functions of program from which we get required output. Then, executable statements are placed for execution. Function definition section : Used to define functions which are to be called from main().
Character Set :
A character refers to the digit, alphabet or special symbol used to data represetation. 1. Alphabets : 2. Digits : A-Z, a-z 0-9
3. Special Characters : 4. White Spaces :
~!@#$%^&*()_+{}[]-<>,./?\|:;"' Horizontal tab, Carriage return, New line, form feed
Identifier :
Identifier is the name of a variable that is made up from combination of alphabets, digits and underscore.
Variable :
It is a data name which is used to store data and may change during program execution. It is opposite to constant. Variable name is a name given to memory cells location of a computer where data is stored. * Rules for varibales:

First character should be letter or alphabet. Keywords are not allowed to use as a variable name. White space is not allowed. C is case sensitive i.e. UPPER and lower case are significant. Only underscore, special symbol is allowed between two characters. The length of indentifier may be upto 31 characters but only only the first 8 characters are significant by compiler. (Note: Some compilers allow variable names whose length may be upto 247 characters. But, it is recommended to use maximum 31 characters in variable name. Large variable name leads to occur errors.)
Keywords :
Keywords are the system defined identifiers. All keywords have fixed meanings that do not change. White spaces are not allowed in keywords. Keyword may not be used as an indentifier. It is strongly recommended that keywords should be in lower case letters. There are totally 32(Thirty Two) keywords used in a C programming. int float double long
short if default register typedef goto void
signed else do extern enum union char
unsigned switch while static return auto continue
const break for struct sizeof case volatile
Escape Sequence Characters (Backslash Character Constants) in C:

C supports some special escape sequence characters that are used to do special tasks. These are also called as 'Backslash characters'. Some of the escape sequence characters are as follow:
Character Constant \n \b \t \f \a \r \v \? \' \'' \\
Meaning New line (Line break) Backspace Horizontal Tab Form feed Alert (alerts a bell) Carriage Return Vertical Tab Question Mark Single Quote Double Quote Backslash
\0
Null
Constants in C :
A constant is an entity that doesn't change during the execution of a program. Followings are the different types of constants :
1. Real Constant :
It must have at least one digit. It must have a decimal point which may be positive or negative. Use of blank space and comma is not allowed between real constants. Example:
+194.143, -416.41
2. Integer Constant :
It must have at least one digit. It should not contain a decimal place. It can be positive or negative. Use of blank space and comma is not allowed between real constants. Example:
1990, 194, -394

3. Character Constant :
It is a single alphabet or a digit or a special symbol enclosed in a single quote. Maximum length of a character constant is 1. Example:
'T', '9', '$'

4. String Constant :
It is collection of characters enclosed in double quotes. It may contain letters, digits, special characters and blank space.
Example:
"Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli"
Data Types in C :
"Data type can be defined as the type of data of variable or constant store." When we use a variable in a program then we have to mention the type of data. This can be handled using data type in C. Followings are the most commonly used data types in C.
Keyword
Format Specifier
Size
Data Range
char
%c
1 Byte
-128 to +127
unsigned char
<-- -- >
8 Bytes
0 to 255
int
%d
2 Bytes
-32768 to +32767
long int
%ld
4 Bytes
-231 to +231
unsigned int
%u
2 Bytes
0 to 65535
float
%f
4 Bytes
-3.4e38 to +3.4e38
double
%lf
8 Bytes
-1.7e38 to +1.7e38
long double
%Lf
12-16 Bytes
-3.4e38 to +3.4e38
* Qualifier :
When qualifier is applied to the data type then it changes its size or its size. Size qualifiers : short, long Sign qualifiers : signed, unsigned
* Enum Data Type :
This is an user defined data type having finite set of enumeration constants. The keyword 'enum' is used to create enumerated data type. Syntax: enum [data_type] {const1, const2, ...., const n};
Example: enum mca(software, web, seo);
* Typedef :
It is used to create new data type. But it is commonly used to change existing data type with another name. Syntax: typedef [data_type] synonym;
OR
typedef [data_type] new_data_type;
Example: typedef int integer; integer rno;
Operators in C :
"Operator is a symbol that is used to perform mathematical operations." When we use a variable in a program then we have to mention the type of data. This can be handled using data type in C. Followings are the most commonly used data types in C.
Operator Name Assignment Arithmetic Logical Relational Shorthand Unary = +, -, *, /, % &&, ||, !
Operators
<, >, <=, >=, ==, != +=, -=, *=, /=, %= ++, --
Conditional Bitwise
()?:; &, |, ^, <<, >>, ~
1. Assignment Operator
C
2. Arithmetic Operators
3. Logical Operators
C
4. Relational Operators
C
5. Shorthand Operators
C
6. Unary Operators
C
7. Conditional Operator
C
8. Bitwise Operators
It is used to assign a value to variable.

/* Program to demonstrate assignment operator . Creation Date : 10:05 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b;
*/
clrscr(); a = 53; printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 53 b = a; // Interchange of value using assignment printf("\n\n\t Value of B : %d",b); // 53 getch(); }
It is also called as 'Binary operators'. It is used to perform arithmetical operations. These operators operate on two operands.
/* Program to demonstrate arithmetic operators . Creation Date : 10:03 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c,d,e,f,g; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter First Number :"); // 5 scanf("%d",&a); printf("\n\t Enter Second Number :"); // 2 scanf("%d",&b); c = a + b; printf("\n\n\t Addition is : %d",c); // 7 d = a - b; printf("\n\n\t Subtraction is : %d",d); // 3 e = a * b; printf("\n\n\t Multiplication is : %d",e); // 10 f = a / b; printf("\n\n\t Division is : %d",f); // 2 g = a % b; printf("\n\n\t Modulus is : %d",g); // 1 getch(); }
*/
Sometimes, we have to check more than one condition at a time then it is operator which is primarily used to check more than two conditions. This operator returns 1 if condition is true otherwise 0.
/* Program to demonstrate logical operators . Creation Date : 10:31 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h>
*/
void main() { int no1=2, no2=5; clrscr(); printf("\n\n %d",(no1 && no2)); printf("\n\n %d",(no1 || no2)); getch(); }
// returns 1 // returns 1
It is also used to check conditions. These operators return 1 if condition is true otherwise 0.
/* Program to demonstrate Relational operators . Creation Date : 10:09 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a=6, b=2; clrscr(); printf("\n\n A<=B : %d",(a<=b)); // 0 - False printf("\n\n A>B : %d",(a>b)); // 1 - True printf("\n\n A!=B : %d",(a!=b)); // 1 - True getch(); }
*/
It is used to perform mathematical operations at which the result or output can affect on operands.
/* Program to demonstrate shorthand operators . Creation Date : 10:42 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b; clrscr(); a = 18; b = 4; printf("\n\t Value of A : %d",a); // 18 printf("\n\t Using of B : %d",b); // 4 b += a ; // b = b + a printf("\n\n\t Using += (i.e b=b+a): %d",b); // 22 // Change the operator as -=, *=, /=, %= getch();
*/
It operates on a single operand. Therefore, this operator is called as 'unary operator.' It is used to increase or decrease the value of variable by 1.
/* Program to demonstrate Unary / Ternary operators . Creation Date : 10:57 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a=4, b; clrscr(); printf("\n\n a++; // Post printf("\n\n ++a; // Pre printf("\n\n b=--a; printf("\n\n printf("\n\n b=a++; printf("\n\n printf("\n\n b++; printf("\n\n getch(); }
*/
Value of A : %d",a); // 4 Value of A : %d",a); // 5 Value of A : %d",a); // 6 Value of A : %d",a); // 5 Value of B : %d",b); // 5 Value of A : %d",a); // 6 Value of B : %d",b); // 5 Value of B : %d",b); // 6
Conditional operator is also called as 'ternary operator.' It is widely used to execute condition in true part or in false part. It operates on three operands. The logical or relational operator can be used to check conditions.
/* Program to demonstrate conditional operator . Creation Date : 10:14 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() {
*/
int a, b=3; clrscr(); a = 5; printf("\n\n A is less than B ? "); // No getch(); }
Bitwise operators are used for manipulation of data at a bit level. They can be directly applied to char, short int and long.
/* Program to demonstrate bitwise operators . Creation Date : 10:01 AM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [ Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli ] ------ Not available -------
*/
C program executes program sequentially. Sometimes, a program requires checking of certain conditions in program execution. C provides various key condition statements to check condition and execute statements according conditional criteria. These statements are called as 'Decision Making Statements' or 'Conditional Statements.' Followings are the different conditional statements used in C. 1. 2. 3. 4. If Statement If-Else Statement Nested If-Else Statement Switch Case
If Statement :
This is a conditional statement used in C to check condition or to control the flow of execution of statements. This is also called as 'decision making statement or control statement.' The execution of a whole program is done in one direction only.
Syntax:
if(condition) { statements; }
In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the braces and executes the block of statements associated with it. If it returns false, then program skips the braces. If there are more than 1 (one) statements in if statement then use { } braces else it is not necessary to use.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate if statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 02:36:27 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a; a=5; clrscr(); if(a>4) printf("\nValue of A is greater than 4 !"); if(a==4) printf("\n\n Value of A is 4 !"); getch(); }
Output :
Value of A is greater than 4 !_
If-Else Statement :
This is also one of the most useful conditional statement used in C to check conditions.
Syntax:
if(condition) { true statements; } else { false statements; }
In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the braces and executes the block of statements associated with it. If it returns false, then it executes the else part of a program.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate if-else statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 02:45:12 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Number :"); scanf("%d",&no); if(no%2==0) printf("\n\n Number is even !"); else printf("\n\n Number is odd !"); getch(); }
Output :
Enter Number : 11 Number is odd !_
Nested If-Else Statement :

It is a conditional statement which is used when we want to check more than 1 conditions at a time in a same program. The conditions are executed from top to bottom checking each condition whether it meets the conditional criteria or not. If it found the condition is true then it executes the block of associated statements of true part else it goes to next condition to execute.
Syntax: if(condition) { if(condition) { statements; } else { statements; } } else { statements; }
In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the braces and again checks the next condition. If it is true then it executes the block of statements associated with it else executes else part.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate nested if-else statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 02:51:18 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Number :"); scanf("%d",&no); if(no>0)
{ printf("\n\n Number is greater than 0 !"); } else { if(no==0) { printf("\n\n It is 0 !"); } else { printf("Number is less than 0 !"); } } getch(); }
Output :
Enter Number : 0 It is 0 !_
Switch case Statement :

This is a multiple or multiway brancing decision making statement. When we use nested if-else statement to check more than 1 conditions then the complexity of a program increases in case of a lot of conditions. Thus, the program is difficult to read and maintain. So to overcome this problem, C provides 'switch case'. Switch case checks the value of a expression against a case values, if condition matches the case values then the control is transferred to that point.
Syntax: switch(expression) { case expr1: statements; break; case expr2: statements; break;
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' case exprn: statements; break; default: statements; }
In above syntax, switch, case, break are keywords. expr1, expr2 are known as 'case labels.' Statements inside case expression need not to be closed in braces. Break statement causes an exit from switch statement. Default case is optional case. When neither any match found, it executes.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate switch case statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 03:03:57 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any number from 1 to 3 :"); scanf("%d",&no); switch(no) { case 1: printf("\n\n It is 1 !"); break; case 2: printf("\n\n It is 2 !"); break; case 3: printf("\n\n It is 3 !"); break;
default: printf("\n\n Invalid number !"); } getch(); }

Output 1 :
Enter any number from 1 to 3 : 3 It is 3 !_
Output 2 :
Enter any number from 1 to 3 : 5 Invalid number !_
* Rules for declaring switch case :

The case label should be integer or character constant. Each compound statement of a switch case should contain break statement to exit from case. Case labels must end with (:) colon.
* Advantages of switch case :

Easy to use. Easy to find out errors. Debugging is made easy in switch case. Complexity of a program is minimized.
Looping Statements / Iterative Statements :

'A loop' is a part of code of a program which is executed repeatedly. A loop is used using condition. The repetition is done until condition becomes condition true. A loop declaration and execution can be done in following ways.
o o o o
Check condition to start a loop Initialize loop with declaring a variable. Executing statements inside loop. Increment or decrement of value of a variable.
* Types of looping statements :

Basically, the types of looping statements depends on the condition checking mode. Condition checking can be made in two ways as : Before loop and after loop. So, there are 2(two) types of looping statements.

Entry controlled loop Exit controlled loop
1. Entry controlled loop : In such type of loop, the test condition is checked first before the loop is executed. Some common examples of this looping statements are :
o o
while loop for loop
2. Exit controlled loop : In such type of loop, the loop is executed first. Then condition is checked after block of statements are executed. The loop executed atleat one time compulsarily. Some common example of this looping statement is :
o
do-while loop
While loop :
This is an entry controlled looping statement. It is used to repeat a block of statements until condition becomes true.
Syntax: while(condition) { statements; increment/decrement; }
In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the loop and executes the block of statements associated with it. At the end of loop increment or decrement is done to change in variable value. This process continues until test condition satisfies.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate while loop.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 03:45:01 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a; clrscr(); a=1; while(a<=5) { printf("\n TechnoExam"); a+=1 // i.e. a = a + 1 } getch(); }
Output :
TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam_
For loop :
This is an entry controlled looping statement. In this loop structure, more than one variable can be initilized. One of the most important feature of this loop is that the three actions can be taken at a time like variable initilisation, condition checking and increment/decrement. The for loop can be more concise and flexible than that of while and do-while loops.
Syntax: for(initialisation; test-condition; incre/decre) { statements; }
In above syntax, the given three expressions are seperated by ';' (Semicolon) Features :
o o o o o o
More concise Easy to use Highly flexible More than one variable can be initilized. More than one increments can be applied. More than two conditions can be used.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate for loop.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 02:52:31 PM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a; clrscr(); for(i=0; i<5; i++) { printf("\n\t TechnoExam"); } getch(); }
Output :
TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam
// 5 times
TechnoExam_
Do-While loop :
This is an exit controlled looping statement. Sometimes, there is need to execute a block of statements first then to check condition. At that time such type of a loop is used. In this, block of statements are executed first and then condition is checked.
Syntax: do { statements; (increment/decrement); }while(condition);
In above syntax, the first the block of statements are executed. At the end of loop, while statement is executed. If the resultant condition is true then program control goes to evaluate the body of a loop once again. This process continues till condition becomes true. When it becomes false, then the loop terminates. Note: The while statement should be terminated with ; (semicolon).
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate do while loop.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 03:21:01 AM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a; clrscr(); a=1; do { printf("\n\t TechnoExam"); // 5 times a+=1; // i.e. a = a + 1 }while(a<=5);
a=6; do { printf("\n\n\t Technowell"); a+=1; // i.e. a = a + 1 }while(a<=5); getch(); }

Output :
TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam Technowell_
// 1 time
Break Statement :
Sometimes, it is necessary to exit immediately from a loop as soon as the condition is satisfied. When break statement is used inside a loop, then it can cause to terminate from a loop. The statements after break statement are skipped.
Syntax : break; Figure :
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate break statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 05:32:33 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i; clrscr(); for(i=1; ; i++) { if(i>5) break; printf("%d",i); } getch(); }
Output :
// 5 times only
12345_
Continue Statement :
Sometimes, it is required to skip a part of a body of loop under specific conditions. So, C supports 'continue' statement to overcome this anomaly. The working structure of 'continue' is similar as that of that break statement but difference is that it cannot terminate the loop. It causes the loop to be continued with next iteration after skipping statements in between. Continue statement simply skipps statements and continues next iteration.
Syntax : continue; Figure :
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate continue statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 07:44:43 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i; clrscr(); for(i=1; i<=10; i++) { if(i==6) continue; printf("\n\t %d",i); } getch(); }
Output :
// 6 is omitted
1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10_
Goto Statement :
It is a well known as 'jumping statement.' It is primarily used to transfer the control of execution to any place in a program. It is useful to provide branching within a loop. When the loops are deeply nested at that if an error occurs then it is difficult to get exited from such loops. Simple break statement cannot work here properly. In this situations, goto statement is used.
Syntax : goto [expr]; Figure :
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate goto statement.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 08:14:00 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i=1, j; clrscr(); while(i<=3) { for(j=1; j<=3; j++) { printf(" * "); if(j==2) goto stop;
} i = i + 1; } stop: printf("\n\n Exited !"); getch(); }

Output :
Exited_
Functions in C :
The function is a self contained block of statements which performs a coherent task of a same kind. C program does not execute the functions directly. It is required to invoke or call that functions. When a function is called in a program then program control goes to the function body. Then, it executes the statements which are involved in a function body. Therefore, it is possible to call fuction whenever we want to process that functions statements.
Types of functions :
There are 2(two) types of functions as:
1. Built in Functions 2. User Defined Functions 1. Built in Functions :
These functions are also called as 'library functions'. These functions are provided by system. These functions are stored in library files. e.g.

scanf() printf() strcpy strlwr strcmp strlen strcat
1. User Defined Functions :
The functions which are created by user for program are known as 'User defined functions'.
Syntax: void main() { // Function prototype <return_type><function_name>([<argu_list>]); // Function Call <function_name>([<arguments>]); } // Function definition <return_type><function_name>([<argu_list>]); { <function_body>; }
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate function.
Creation Date : 23 Nov 2010 11:31:20 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void add() { int a, b, c; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Any 2 Numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a + b; printf("\n Addition is : %d",c); } void main() { void add(); add(); getch(); }
Output :
Enter Any 2 Numbers : 23 6 Addition is : 29_
Function Call by Passing Value :

When a function is called by passing value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by passing values.'
Syntax: // Declaration void <function_name>(<data_type><var_nm>); // Calls <function_name>(<var_nm>); // Definition void <function_name>(<data_type><var_nm>); { <function_body>; - - - - - - - -; }
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate function call by passing value.
Creation Date : 24 Nov 2010 12:08:26 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void printno(int a) { printf("\n Number is : %d", a); } void main() { int no; void printno(int);
clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Number : "); scanf("%d", &no); printno(no); getch(); }

Output :
Enter Number : 21 Number is : 21_
Function Call by Returning Value :

When a function returns value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by returning values.'
Syntax: // Declaration <data_type><function_name>(); // Calls <variable_of_function>=<function_nm>(); // Definition <data_type><function_name>() { <function_body>; - - - - - - - -; return <variable_of_function>; }
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function call by returning value. Creation Date : 24 Nov 2010 12:18:56 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> int number() { int no; printf("\n Enter Number : "); scanf("%d",&no); return no; } void main() { int no; int number(); clrscr(); no = number(); printf("\n Number is : %d",no); getch(); }
Output :
Enter Number : 5 Number is : 5_
Function Call by Passing and Returning Value :

When a function passes and returns value of variables then that function is known as 'function call by passing and returning values.'
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function call by passing and returning value. Creation Date : 24 Nov 2010 12:31:10 AM
Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> int number(int n) { return n; } void main() { int number(int); int a = number(4); clrscr(); printf("\n Number is : %d",a); getch(); }
Output :
Number is : 4_
Advantages :

It is easy to use. Debugging is more suitable for programs. It reduces the size of a program. It is easy to understand the actual logic of a program. Highly suited in case of large programs. By using functions in a program, it is possible to construct modular and structured programs.
Recursion (Recursive Function) :

When a function of body calls the same function then it is called as 'recursive function.'
Example: Recursion() { printf("Recursion !");
Recursion(); }
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate function recursion. Creation Date : 24 Nov 2010 09:45:15 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> Recursion() { int no; printf("\nRecursion... "); printf("\n\n Enter Number : "); scanf("%d",&no); if (no==3) exit(0); else Recursion(); } void main() { clrscr(); Recursion(); }
Output :
Recursion... Enter Number : 2 Recursion... Enter Number : 1 Recursion... Enter Number : 3_
Features :

There should be at least one if statement used to terminate recursion. It does not contain any looping statements.
Advantages :

It is easy to use. It represents compact programming strctures.
Disadvantages :
It is slower than that of looping statements because each time function is called.
Note :
It can be applied to calculate factorial of a number, fibonancci series.
Storage Class :
'Storage' refers to the scope of a variable and memory allocated by compiler to store that variable. Scope of a variable is the boundary within which a varible can be used. Storage class defines the the scope and lifetime of a variable. From the point view of C compiler, a variable name identifies physical location from a computer where varaible is stored. There are two memory locations in a computer system where variables are stored as : Memory and CPU Registers. Functions of storage class : To detemine the location of a variable where it is stored ? Set initial value of a variable or if not specified then setting it to default value. Defining scope of a variable. To determine the life of a variable.
Types of Storage Classes :

Storage classes are categorised in 4 (four) types as,
Automatic Storage Class
Register Storage Class Static Storage Class External Storage Class
Automatic Storage Class :

o o o o o
Keyword : auto Storage Location : Main memory Initial Value : Garbage Value Life : Control remains in a block where it is defined. Scope : Local to the block in which variable is declared.
Syntax : auto [data_type] [variable_name]; Example : auto int a;
Program : /* Program to demonstrate automatic storage class.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 11:05:11 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { auto int i=10; clrscr(); { auto int i=20; printf("\n\t %d",i); } printf("\n\n\t %d",i); getch(); }
Output :
20 10_
Register Storage Class :

o o o o o
Keyword : register Storage Location : CPU Register Initial Value : Garbage Life : Local to the block in which variable is declared. Scope : Local to the block.
Syntax : register [data_type] [variable_name]; Example : register int a;
When the calculations are done in CPU, then the value of variables are transferred from main memory to CPU. Calculations are done and the final result is sent back to main memory. This leads to slowing down of processes. Register variables occur in CPU and value of that register variable is stored in a register within that CPU. Thus, it increases the resultant speed of operations. There is no waste of time, getting variables from memory and sending it to back again. It is not applicable for arrays, structures or pointers. It cannot not used with static or external storage class. Unary and address of (&) cannot be used with these variables as explicitly or implicitly.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate register storage class.
Creation Date : 09 Nov 2010 11:50:55 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h>
void main() { register int i=10; clrscr(); { register int i=20; printf("\n\t %d",i); } printf("\n\n\t %d",i); getch(); }
Output :
20 10_
Static Storage Class :

o o o o o
Keyword : static Storage Location : Main memory Initial Value : Zero and can be initialize once only. Life : depends on function calls and the whole application or program. Scope : Local to the block.
Syntax : static [data_type] [variable_name]; Example : static int a;
There are two types of static variables as : a) Local Static Variable b) Global Static Variable Static storage class can be used only if we want the value of a variable to persist between different function calls.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate static storage class.
Creation Date : 10 Nov 2010 00:14:22 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i; void incre(void); clrscr(); for (i=0; i<3; i++) incre(); getch(); } void incre(void) { int avar=1; static int svar=1; avar++; svar++; printf("\n\n Automatic variable value : %d",avar); printf("\t Static variable value : %d",svar); }
Output :
Automatic variable value : 2 Automatic variable value : 2 Automatic variable value : 2
Static variable value : 2 Static variable value : 3 Static variable value : 4_
External Storage Class :

o o o
Keyword : extern Storage Location : Main memory Initial Value : Zero
o o
Life : Until the program ends. Scope : Global to the program.
Syntax : extern [data_type] [variable_name]; Example : extern int a;
The variable access time is very fast as compared to other storage classes. But few registers are available for user programs. The variables of this class can be referred to as 'global or external variables.' They are declared outside the functions and can be invoked at anywhere in a program.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate external storage class.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 11:15:04 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> extern int i=10; void main() { int i=20; void show(void); clrscr(); printf("\n\t %d",i); show(); getch(); } void show(void) { printf("\n\n\t %d",i); }
Output :
20 10_
Array :
Array is a collection of homogenous data stored under unique name. The values in an array is called as 'elements of an array.' These elements are accessed by numbers called as 'subscripts or index numbers.' Arrays may be of any variable type. Array is also called as 'subscripted variable.'
Types of an Array :
1. 2. One / Single Dimensional Array Two Dimensional Array
Single / One Dimensional Array :

The array which is used to represent and store data in a linear form is called as 'single or one dimensional array.'
Syntax: <data-type> <array_name> [size]; Example: int a[3] = {2, 3, 5}; char ch[20] = "TechnoExam" ; float stax[3] = {5003.23, 1940.32, 123.20} ; Total Size (in Bytes): total size = length of array * size of data type
In above example, a is an array of type integer which has storage size of 3 elements. The total size would be 3 * 2 = 6 bytes.
* Memory Allocation :
Fig : Memory allocation for one dimensional array

Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate one dimensional array.
Creation Date : 10 Nov 2010 11:07:49 PM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3], i;; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter three numbers : "); for(i=0; i<3; i++) { scanf("%d", &a[i]); // read array } printf("\n\n\t Numbers are : "); for(i=0; i<3; i++) { printf("\t %d", a[i]); // print array } getch(); }
Output :
Enter three numbers : 9 4 6 Numbers are : 9 4 6_
Features :
o o o o
Array size should be positive number only. String array always terminates with null character ('\0'). Array elements are countered from 0 to n-1. Useful for multiple reading of elements (numbers).
Disadvantages :
o o
There is no easy method to initialize large number of array elements. It is difficult to initialize selected elements.
Two Dimensional Array :

The array which is used to represent and store data in a tabular form is called as 'two dimensional array.' Such type of array specially used to represent data in a matrix form. The following syntax is used to represent two dimensional array.
Syntax: <data-type> <array_nm> [row_subscript][column-subscript]; Example: int a[3][3];
In above example, a is an array of type integer which has storage size of 3 * 3 matrix. The total size would be 3 * 3 * 2 = 18 bytes. It is also called as 'multidimensional array.'
Fig : Memory allocation for two dimensional array
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate two dimensional array.
Creation Date : 10 Nov 2010 02:01:09 PM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3], i, j; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter matrix of 3*3 : "); for(i=0; i<3; i++) { for(j=0; j<3; j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); //read 3*3 array } } printf("\n\t Matrix is : \n"); for(i=0; i<3; i++) { for(j=0; j<3; j++) { printf("\t %d",a[i][j]); //print 3*3 array } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter matrix of 3*3 : 3 4 5 6 7 2 1 2 3 Matrix 3 6 1 is : 4 7 2 5 2 3_
Limitations of two dimensional array :
o o
We cannot delete any element from an array. If we dont know that how many elements have to be stored in a memory in advance, then there will be memory wastage if large array size is specified.
Array in Structures :
Sometimes, it is necessary to use structure members with array.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate array in structures.
Creation Date : 23 Nov 2010 06:07:11 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct result { int rno, mrks[5]; char nm; }res; void main() { int i,total; clrscr(); total = 0; printf("\n\t Enter Roll Number : "); scanf("%d",&res.rno); printf("\n\t Enter Marks of 3 Subjects : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { scanf("%d",&res.mrks[i]); total = total + res.mrks[i]; } printf("\n\n\t Roll Number : %d",res.rno); printf("\n\n\t Marks are :"); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { printf(" %d",res.mrks[i]); } printf("\n\n\t Total is : %d",total);
getch(); }
Output :
Enter Roll Number : 1 Enter Marks of 3 Subjects : 63 66 68 Roll Number : 1 Marks are : 63 66 68 Total is : 197_
Structure With Array :

We can create structures with array for ease of operations in case of getting multiple same fields.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate Structure With Array.
Creation Date : 23 Nov 2010 06:49:00 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct emp_info { int emp_id; char nm[50]; }emp[2]; void main() { int i; clrscr(); for(i=0;i<2;i++) { printf("\n\n\t Enter Employee ID : "); scanf("%d",&emp[i].emp_id);
printf("\n\n\t Employee Name : "); scanf("%s",emp[i].nm); } for(i=0;i<2;i++) { printf("\n\t Employee ID : %d",emp[i].emp_id); printf("\n\t Employee Name : %s",emp[i].nm); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter Employee ID : 1 Employee Name : ABC Enter Employee ID : 2 Employee Name : XYZ Employee Employee Employee Employee ID : Name ID : Name 1 : ABC 2 : XYZ_
Structures within Structures (Nested Structures) :

Structures can be used as structures within structures. It is also called as 'nesting of structures'.
Syntax: struct structure_nm { <data-type> element <data-type> element - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - <data-type> element
1; 2; n;
struct structure_nm { <data-type> element 1;
<data-type> - - - - - - - - - - <data-type> }inner_struct_var; }outer_struct_var; Example : struct stud_Res { int rno; char nm[50]; char std[10];
element - - - - - - element
2; n;
struct stud_subj { char subjnm[30]; int marks; }subj; }result;
In above example, the structure stud_Res consists of stud_subj which itself is a structure with two members. Structure stud_Res is called as 'outer structure' while stud_subj is called as 'inner structure.' The members which are inside the inner structure can be accessed as follow :
result.subj.subjnm result.subj.marks
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate nested structures.
Creation Date : 23 Nov 2010 04:04:01 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> struct stud_Res { int rno; char std[10]; struct stud_Marks { char subj_nm[30];
int subj_mark; }marks; }result; void main() { clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter Roll Number : "); scanf("%d",&result.rno); printf("\n\t Enter Standard : "); scanf("%s",result.std); printf("\n\t Enter Subject Code : "); scanf("%s",result.marks.subj_nm); printf("\n\t Enter Marks : "); scanf("%d",&result.marks.subj_mark); printf("\n\n\t Roll Number : %d",result.rno); printf("\n\n\t Standard : %s",result.std); printf("\nSubject Code : %s",result.marks.subj_nm); printf("\n\n\t Marks : %d",result.marks.subj_mark); getch(); }
Output :
Enter Roll Number : 1 Enter Standard : MCA(Sci)-I Enter Subject Code : SUB001 Enter Marks : 63 Roll Number : 1 Standard : MCA(Sci)-I Subject Code : SUB001 Marks : 63_
Pointer :
Pointer is a variable which holds the memory address of another variable. Pointers are represented by '*'. It is a derive data type in C. Pointer returns the value of stored address.
Syntax:
<data_type> *pointer_name;
In above syntax, * = variable pointer_name is a pointer variable. pointer_name requires memory location pointer_name points to a variable of type data type.
How to Use ? int *tot; Illustration : int tot = 95; Figure :
In above example, the statement instructs the system to find out a location for integer variable quantity and puts the values 95 in that memory location. * Features of Pointer : * Pointer variable should have prefix '*'. * Combination of data types is not allowed. * Pointers are more effective and useful in handling arrays. * It can also be used to return multiple values from a funtion using function arguments. * It supports dynamic memory management. * It reduces complexity and length of a program. * It helps to improve execution speed that results in reducing program execution time.
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate pointer.
Creation Date : 10 Nov 2010 11:41:20 PM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */
#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a=10; int *ptr; clrscr(); ptr = &a; printf("\n\t Value of a : %d", a); scanf("\n\n\t Value of pointer ptr : %d", *ptr); printf("\n\n\t Address of pointer ptr : %d", ptr); getch(); }
Output :
Value of a : 10 Value of pointer ptr : 10 Address of pointer ptr : -12_
Union :
Union is user defined data type used to stored data under unique variable name at single memory location. Union is similar to that of stucture. Syntax of union is similar to stucture. But the major difference between structure and union is 'storage.' In structures, each member has its own storage location, whereas all the members of union use the same location. Union contains many members of different types, it can handle only one member at a time. To declare union data type, 'union' keyword is used. Union holds value for one data type which requires larger storage among their members.
Syntax: union union_name { <data-type> element 1; <data-type> element 2; <data-type> element 3;
}union_variable; Example: union techno { int comp_id; char nm; float sal; }tch;
In above example, it declares tch variable of type union. The union contains three members as data type of int, char, float. We can use only one of them at a time.
Fig : Memory allocation for union
To access union members, we can use the following syntax.

tch.comp_id tch.nm tch.sal
Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate union.
Creation Date : 10 Nov 2010 09:24:09 PM Author :www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> union techno { int id;
char nm[50]; }tch; void main() { clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter developer id : "); scanf("%d", &tch.id); printf("\n\n\t Enter developer name : "); scanf("%s", tch.nm); printf("\n\n Developer ID : %d", tch.id);//Garbage printf("\n\n Developed By : %s", tch.nm); getch(); }
Output :
Enter developer id : 101 Enter developer name : technowell Developer ID : 25972 Developed By : technowell_
String : A string is a collection of characters. Strings are always enlosed in double quotes as "string_constant". Strings are used in string handling operations such as,

Counting the length of a string. Comparing two strings. Copying one string to another. Converting lower case string to upper case. Converting upper case string to lower case. Joining two strings. Reversing string.
Declaration :
The string can be declared as follow :
Syntax: char string_nm[size]; Example: char name[50];
String Structure :
When compiler assigns string to character array then it automatically supplies null character ('\0') at the end of string. Thus, size of string = original length of string + 1.
char name[7]; name = "TECHNO"
Read Strings :
To read a string, we can use scanf() function with format specifier %s.
char name[50]; scanf("%s",name);
The above format allows to accept only string which does not have any blank space, tab, new line, form feed, carriage return.
Write Strings :
To write a string, we can use printf() function with format specifier %s.
char name[50]; scanf("%s",name); printf("%s",name);
string.h' is a header file which includes the declarations, functions, constants of string handling utilities. These string functions are widely used today by many programmers to deal with string operations. Some of the standard member functions of string.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
strlen -
Returns the length of a string.
strlwr -
Returns upper case letter to lower case.
strupr -
Returns lower case letter to upper case.
strcat -
Concatenates two string.
strcmp -
Compares two strings.
strrev -
Returns length of a string.
strcpy -
Copies a string from source to destination.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate string.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 08:10:13 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h>
void main() { char str[50]; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter your name : "); gets(str); printf("\nLower case of string: %s",strlwr(str)); printf("\nUpper case of string: %s",strupr(str)); printf("\nReverse of string: %s",strrev(str)); printf("\nLength of String: %d",strlen(str)); getch(); }
Output :
Enter your name : Technoexam Lower case of string: technoexam Upper case of string: TECHNOEXAM Reverse of string: MAXEONHCET Length of String: 10_
Header File in C :
Header file contains different predefined functions, which are required to run the program. All header files should be included explicitly before main ( ) function. It allows programmers to seperate functions of a program into reusable code or file. It contains declarations of variables, subroutines. If we want to declare identifiers in more than one source code file then we can declare such identifiers in header file. Header file has extension like '*.h'. The prototypes of library functions are gathered together into various categories and stored in header files. E.g. All prototypes of standard input/output functions are stored in header file 'stdio.h' while console input/output functions are stored in 'conio.h'. The header files can be defined or declared in two ways as Method 1 : #include "header_file-name" Method 2 : #include <header_file-name> Method 1 is used to link header files in current directory as well as specified directories using specific path. The path must be upto 127 characters. This is limit of path declaration. Method 2 is used to link header files in specified directories only.
Standard Header Files :

Followings are the some commonly used header files which plays a vital role in C programming :
Assert.h Process.h String.h
Ctype.h Stdio.h Time.h
Math.h Stdlib.h Graphics.h
assert.h is a header file which defines C preprocessor macro as assert(). Macro uses assertion which is used to verify conditions or assumptions in a program. It prints message when it returnes false. The use of assert() can be defined as follow :
Program : /* Program to demonstrate assert.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 04:02:21 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <assert.h> void main() { clrscr(); assert(12 == 2); getch(); }
Output :
Assertion failed: 12==2, file ..\ASSERT.C, line 5 Abnormal program termination
process.h' is a header file which includes macros and declarations. These are especially used during work with thread and processes. There is no standard for process.h functions. They depend on compiler which we use. Some of the standard member functions of process.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
execle -
It loads & executes new child process by placing it in memory previously occupied by the parent process.
spawnv -
Parameters are passed as an array of pointers. It loads & executes new child process.
getpid -
It returns the process identifier.
execlp -
It loads & executes a new child process by placing it in memory previously occupied by the parent process.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate process.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 07:43:10 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <process.h> void main() { clrscr(); // under DOS PSP segment printf("\n\t Program's process identification"); printf(" number is : %X",getpid()); getch(); }
Output :
Program's process identification number (PID) number is : 8E01_
Function Name
Description
execle -
spawnv -
getpid -
execlp -
Output :
Function Name
Description
execle -
spawnv -
getpid -
execlp -
Output :
string.h' is a header file which includes the declarations, functions, constants of string handling utilities. These string functions are widely used today by many programmers to deal with string operations. Some of the standard member functions of string.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
strlen -
Returns the length of a string.
strlwr -
Returns upper case letter to lower case.
strupr -
Returns lower case letter to upper case.
strcat -
Concatenates two string.
strcmp -
Compares two strings.
strrev -
Returns length of a string.
strcpy -
Copies a string from source to destination.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate string.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 08:10:13 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h>
void main() { char str[50]; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter your name : "); gets(str); printf("\nLower case of string: %s",strlwr(str)); printf("\nUpper case of string: %s",strupr(str)); printf("\nReverse of string: %s",strrev(str)); printf("\nLength of String: %d",strlen(str)); getch(); }
Output :
Enter your name : Technoexam Lower case of string: technoexam Upper case of string: TECHNOEXAM Reverse of string: MAXEONHCET Length of String: 10_
It contains the declarations for character functions i.e. it contains information used by the character classification and character converstion macros. Some of the standard member functions of ctype.h header files are,
Function
Description
Name
isalnum -
checks for alphanumeric character.
isalpha -
checks for alphabetic character.
isxdigit -
checks for hexadecimal digit.
isupper -
checks for upper case character.
isspace -
checks for any whitespace character.
ispunct -
checks for punctuation character.
isdigit -
checks for digits.
islower -
checks for lower case characters.
isprint -
checks for printable character with space character.
isgraph -
checks for graphic character without space character.
Example : /* Program to demonstrate ctype.h header file working.
Creation Date : 05 Nov 2010 02:18:12 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <ctype.h> #include <string.h> void main() { int len, i; char *str = "TECHNOEXAM"; clrscr(); len = strlen(str); for(i=1;i<=len;i++) { str[i] = tolower(str[i]); //tolower() } printf("\n\t Using tolower() : %s"<,str); for(i=1;i<=len;i++) { str[i] = toupper(str[i]); //toupper() }
printf("\n\n\t Using toupper() : %s",str); getch(); }

Output :
Using tolower() : Technoexam Using toupper() : TECHNOEXAM_
stdio.h refers to standard input/output header file. it is header file in C's standard library which contains constants, macros definitions and declarations of functions. It includes types used for various standard input and output operations. The functions which are declared in stdio.h are very popular. Member Functions : Some of the standard member functions of stdio.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
scanf -
used to take input from the standard input stream
gets -
read characters from stdin while a new line is inserted
printf -
prints to the standard output stream
putc -
writes and returns a character to a stream
putchar -
It works as same of putc(stdout)
puts -
outputs a character string to stdout
fopen -
Opens a file to read or write
fwrite -
writes data to a file
fputs -
writes a string to a file
fread -
reads data from a file
fseek -
seeks file
fclose -
Closes a file
remove -
deletes or removes a file
rename -
renames a file
rewind -
adjusts the specified file so that the next I/O operation will take place at the beginning of the file. "rewind" is equivalent to fseek(f,0L,SEEK_SET);
Program : /* Program to demonstrate stdio.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 03:21:00 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter any number : "); scanf("%d",&no); // scanf() printf("\n\n\t Number is : %d",no); // printf() getch(); }
Output :
Enter any number : 122 Number is : 122_
The header file as 'time.h' is used to declare date and time functions which are primarily used to access date/time for manipulations. Some of the standard member functions of time.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
asctime -
Returns string : day month date hours:min:sec year
clock -
Returns time if exists otherwise -1.
ctime -
Returns current time.
difftime -
Returns the difference in seconds between two times.
gmtime -
Returns the Greenwitch Mean Time (GMT) / UTC.
localtime -
It returns local time.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate time.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 02:36:27 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <time.h> void main() { struct tm, *lcl; time_t t1; clrscr(); t1 = time(NULL); lcl = localtime(&t1); printf("\n\tLocal Date and Time: %s",asctime(lcl)); lcl = gmtime(&t1); printf("\n\n\tUTC Date and Time: %s",asctime(lcl)); getch(); }
Output :
Local Date and Time : Sat Nov 06 14:36:27 2010 UTC Date and Time : Sat Nov 06 19:36:27 2010_
math.h is a header file which is commonly used for mathematical operations. Some functions of this header file uses floating point numbers. The functions which accepts angle are accepted in terms of radians. Some of the standard member functions of math.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
acos -
Arccosine - Returns inverse cosine.
cos -
Returns cosine.
log -
Returns log of a number.
pow(x,y) -
Returns power of x raise to y. i.e. xy
sqrt -
Returns square root of a number.
tan -
Returns tangent.
ceil -
Ceiling - Small int not less than that of parameter.
exp -
Uses as an Exponential function.
floor -
Floor - Largest int not greater than parameter.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate math.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 03:36:27 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <math.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf("\n\t Log of 10 : %f",log(10)); printf("\n\n\t Square Root of 16 : %f",sqrt(16)); printf("\n\n\t Square of 4 : %f",pow(4,2)); printf("\n\n\t Sine of 10 : %f",sin(10)); getch(); }
Output :
Log of 10 : 2.302585 Square Root of 16 : 4.000000
Square of 4 : 16.000000 Sine of 10 : -0.544021_
'stdlib' is an acronym for Standard Library. It is header file of standard library in C which contains the functions like allocation of memory, conversions, process controls and other utilities. Some of the standard member functions of stdlib.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
abs -
It returns the absolute value of a number.
atof -
It converts string into double value.
atoi -
It converts string into integer value.
atol -
It converts string into long integer value.
abort -
It terminates execution as abnormally.
exit -
It terminates execution of a program.
malloc -
It allocates memory from heap.
realloc -
It reallocates the memory.
calloc -
It allocates specific memory to array of object of sizes.
free -
Releases the momory.
rand -
It creates the series of pseudo numbers.
qsort -
It sorts an array.
Program : /* Program to demonstrate stdlib.h header file working.
Creation Date : 06 Nov 2010 03:13:00 AM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <stdlib.h>
void main() { char no[10]; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Using abs(-194): %d",abs(-194)); // 1 printf("\n\n\t Enter any number : "); scanf("%s",no); printf("\n\t Using atof() : %lf",atof(no)); // 2 printf("\n\n\t Using atoi() : %d",atoi(no)); // 3 getch(); }
Output :
Using abs(-194) : 194 Enter any number : 12 Using atof() : 12.000000 Using atoi() : 12_
The 'graphics.h' header file is used to declare graphics functions. It declares prototypes for the graphics functins. Some of the standard member functions of graphics.h header files are,
Function Name
Description
initgraph -
Used to initilize graphics and load graphics driver.
line -
Used to draw a line as line(x1,y1,x2,y2).
bar -
Used to draw rectangle with diagonal, bar(x1,y1,x2,y2).
circle -
Used to draw circle, circle(x1,y1,radius).
cleardevice -
It clears the graphics screen.
closegraph -
Closes or shut downs graphics system.
rectangle -
Used to draw a rectangle.
setcolor -
It sets the current drawing color.
getcolor -
It returns the current drawing color.
floodfill -
Used to flood-fill bounded region.
settextstyle -
It sets current text features.
ellipse -
It draws ellipse, as ellipse(x,y,start,end,xrad,yrad).
Program : /* Program to demonstrate graphics.h header file working.
Creation Date : 6:12 PM 08/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #include <graphics.h> void main() { int gdriver=DETECT, gmode; clrscr(); initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"c:\\tc\\bgi"); circle(70,70,20); getch(); closegraph(); }
Output :
Simple C Program : TCH01.C :

Program : /* Simple C Program .
Creation Date : 12:34 PM 07/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { clrscr(); printf("\n My first program in C !"); getch(); }
Output :
My first program in C !_
Program to print value of existing number : TCH02.C :

Program : /* Program to print value of existing number .
Creation Date : 12:38 PM 07/11/2010
Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no = 19; clrscr(); printf("\n Number is : %d",no); getch(); }
Output :
Number is : 19 !_
Program to demonstrate scanf() and printf() : TCH03.C :

Program : /* Program to demonstrate scanf() and printf().
Creation Date : 12:41 PM 07/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any number :"); scanf("%d",&no); printf("\n Number is : %d",no); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any number :12 Number is : 12_
Program to calculate addition of two numbers :

Program : /* Program to calculate addition of two numbers.
Creation Date : 09:51 PM 21/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any 2 numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a + b; printf("\n Addition is : %d",c); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any 2 numbers : 12 14 Addition is : 26_
Program to calculate subtraction of two numbers :
Program : /* Program to calculate subtraction of two numbers.
Creation Date : 10:43 PM 21/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any 2 numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a - b; printf("\n Subtraction is : %d",c); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any 2 numbers : 8 6 Subtraction is : 2_
Program to calculate division of two numbers :

Program : /* Program to calculate division of two numbers.
Creation Date : 10:58 PM 21/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr();
printf("\n Enter any 2 numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a / b; printf("\n Division is : %d",c); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any 2 numbers : 12 5 Division is : 2_
Program to calculate multiplication of two numbers :

Program : /* Program to calculate multiplication of two numbers.
Creation Date : 10:51 PM 21/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any 2 numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a * b; printf("\n Multiplication is : %d",c); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any 2 numbers : 8 12
Multiplication is : 96_
Program to calculate modulus of two numbers :

Program : /* Program to calculate modulus of two numbers.
Creation Date : 11:01 PM 21/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a,b,c; clrscr(); printf("\n Enter any 2 numbers : "); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); c = a % b; printf("\n Modulus is : %d",c); getch(); }
Output :
Enter any 2 numbers : 11 5 Modulus is : 1_
Program to print pyramid in C : Pattern 1 :

Output :
* * * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *
* * * *_
Program : /* Program to print pyramid pattern in C : Pattern 1
Creation Date : 12:36 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=0; i<5; i++) { for(j=0; j<5; j++) { printf(" * "); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
* * * * *
* * * * * * * * * *_
Creation Date : 12:43 AM 22/11/2010
Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=0; i<5; i++) { for(j=0; j<=i; j++) { printf(" * "); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
* * * * * * * * * *
* * * * *_
Creation Date : 12:28 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k; clrscr(); for(i=1; i<=5; i++) {
for(j=5; j>=i; j--) { printf(" "); } for(k=1; k<=i; k++) { printf("*"); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *_
Creation Date : 12:54 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,samp=1; clrscr(); for(i=5; i>=1; i--) { for(k=samp; k>=0; k--) { printf(" "); // only 1 space } for(j=i; j>=1; j--) {
printf("*"); } samp = samp + 1; printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *_
Creation Date : 01:08 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j; clrscr(); for(i=5; i>=1; i--) { for(j=1; j<=i; j++) { printf(" * "); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *_
Creation Date : 01:52 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,t=0; clrscr(); for(i=1; i<=5; i++) { for(k=t; k<5; k++) { printf(" "); } for(j=0; j< i; j++) { printf(" * "); t = t + 1; } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *_
Creation Date : 01:13 AM 22/11/2010 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k,samp=1; clrscr(); for(i=1; i<=5; i++) { for(k=samp; k<=5; k++) { printf(" "); } for(j=0; j< i; j++) { printf("*"); } samp = samp + 1; printf("\n"); } samp = 1; for(i=4; i>=1; i--) { for(k=samp; k>=0; k--) { printf(" "); } for(j=i; j>=1; j--) { printf("*"); }
samp = samp + 1; printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
Enter number of rows: 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15_
Creation Date : 02:39 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int rw, c, no=1 ,len; clrscr(); printf("Enter number of rows: "); scanf("%d," &len); for(rw=1; rw<=len; rw++) { printf("\n"); for(c=1; c<=rw; c++) { printf(" %2d ", no); no++; } } getch(); }

Output :
Enter number of rows: 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
2 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 5_
Creation Date : 03:19 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int no,i,y,x=35; clrscr(); printf("Enter number of rows: "); scanf("%d," &no); for(y=0;y<=no;y++) { goto(x,y+1); for(i=0-y; i<=y; i++) { printf(" %3d ", abs(i)); x=x-3; } } getch(); }
Output :
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5_
Creation Date : 03:14 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i, j=5, k, x; clrscr(); for(i=1;i<=5;i++) { for(k=1;k<=j;k++) { printf(" "); } for(x=1;x<=i;x++) { printf("%d",i); printf(" "); } printf("\n"); j=j-1; } getch(); }

Output :
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5_
Creation Date : 03:24 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int rw,c,no,spc; clrscr(); printf("Enter number of rows : "); scanf("%d", &no); for(rw=1; rw<=no; rw++) { for(spc=no; spc>=rw; spc--) { printf(" "); } for(c=1; c<=rw; c++) { printf("%2d",c); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 5 6 7 6 7 8 9_
Creation Date : 03:24 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,k; clrscr(); for(i=1; i<=5; i++) { for(j=1; j<=5-i; j++) { printf(" "); } for(k=1; k<=2*i-1; k++) { printf(" %d ",k); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

Output :
A B C D A B C A B A
E D C B A
F E D C B A
G F E D C B A
G F F E E D D C C B B A A_
E D C B A
D C B A C B A B A A
Creation Date : 04:24 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int i,j,asci,spc; clrscr(); for(i=7; i>=1; i--) { for(spc=6; spc>=i; spc--) { printf(" "); } asci=65; for(j=1; j<=i; j++) { printf("%2c",asci++); } for(j=i-1; j>=0; j--) { printf("%2c",--asci); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Program to all Combinations of characters A,B,C in C : Pattern 14 :

Output :
AAA AAB AAC ABA ABB ABC ACA ACB ACC BAA BAB BAC BBA BBB BBC BCA BCB BCC CAA CAB CAC CBA CBB CBC CCA CCB CCC_
Program : /* Program to print all Combinations of characters
A, B, C : Pattern 14 Creation Date : 11:33 PM 01/10/2011 Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { char ch1, ch2, ch3; clrscr(); for(ch1='A' ; ch1<='C' ; ++ch1) { for(ch2='A' ; ch2<='C' ; ++ch2) { for(ch3='A' ; ch3<='C' ; ++ch3) { printf(" %c%c%c", ch1, ch2, ch3); } } } getch(); }
Addition of two matrices :

Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate addition of two matrices.
Creation Date : 25 Nov 2010 11:35:00 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter First Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) {
for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n\t Enter Second Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j]; } } printf("\n\t Matrix Addition is : \n\n"); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("\t %d",c[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter First Matrix : 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 Enter Second Matrix : 2 1 0 2 3 0 1 1 2 Matrix Addition is : 4 5 3 2 5 4 2 1 5_
Subtraction of two matrices :

Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate subtraction of two matrices.
Creation Date : 25 Nov 2010 11:42:08 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter First Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n\t Enter Second Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { c[i][j]=a[i][j]-b[i][j]; } } printf("\n\t Matrix Subtraction is : \n\n"); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("\t %d",c[i][j]); }
printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter First Matrix : 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 Enter Second Matrix : 2 1 0 2 3 0 1 1 2 Matrix Subtraction is : 0 1 1 0 -1 2 2 1 1_
Multiplication of two matrices :

Program :
/*
Program to demonstrate multiplication of two matrices.
Creation Date : 25 Nov 2010 11:50:11 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],b[3][3],c[3][3],i,j,k; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter First Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } }
printf("\n\t Enter Second Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&b[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { c[i][j]=0; for(k=0;k<3;k++) { c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j]; } } } printf("\n\t Matrix Multiplication is : \n\n"); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("\t %d",c[i][j]); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter First Matrix : 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 Enter Second Matrix : 3 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 Matrix Multiplication is : 6 12 6 8 14 8 6 12 6_
Transpose of matrix :
Program :
/* Program to demonstrate transpose of matrix. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 12:03:59 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } printf("\n\t Transpose of Matrix is : \n\n"); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { printf("\t%d",a[j][i]); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }
Output :
Enter Matrix : 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 Transpose of Matrix is : 2 1 3 2 2 3
3_
Check matrix is lower triangular or not :

Program :
/* Program to check lower triangular matrix or not. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 01:14:54 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j,flg=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter 3*3 Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { if(a[i]<a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg=flg+1; } } } if(flg==3) printf("\n\n Lower triangular matrix !"); else printf("\n\n Not lower triangular matrix !"); getch();
}
Output :
Enter 3*3 Matrix : 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 Lower triangular matrix !_
Check matrix is upper triangular or not :

Program :
/* Program to check upper triangular matrix or not. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 01:14:54 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j,flg=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter 3*3 Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { if(a[i]>a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg=flg+1;
} } } if(flg==3) printf("\n\n Upper triangular matrix !"); else printf("\n\n Not Upper triangular matrix !"); getch(); }
Output :
Enter 3*3 Matrix : 1 2 3 0 1 1 0 0 3 Upper triangular matrix !_
Check matrix is unit/identity matrix or not :

Program :
/* Program to check unit/identity matrix or not. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 08:28:08 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j,flg=0,flg2=0,flg3=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter 3*3 Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
} } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { if(a[i]<a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg=flg+1; } if(a[i]>a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg2=flg2+1; } if(a[i][j]==1) { flg3=flg3+1; } } } if(flg==3 && flg2==3 && flg3==3) printf("\n\n Unit/Identity matrix !"); else printf("\n\n Not Unit/Identity matrix !"); getch(); }
Output :
Enter 3*3 Matrix : 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Unit/Identity matrix !_
Check matrix is zero/null matrix or not :

Program :
/* Program to check zero/null matrix or not. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 02:09:04 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j,flg=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter 3*3 Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { if(a[i][j]==0) { flg=flg+1; } } } if(flg==9) printf("\n\n Zero/Null matrix !"); else printf("\n\n Not Zero/Null matrix !"); getch(); }
Output :
Enter 3*3 Matrix : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zero/Null matrix !_
Check matrix is diagonal or not :

Program :
/* Program to check diagonal matrix or not. Creation Date : 26 Nov 2010 01:14:54 PM Author : www.technoexam.com [Technowell, Sangli] */ #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main() { int a[3][3],i,j,flg=0,flg2=0; clrscr(); printf("\n\t Enter 3*3 Matrix : "); for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { scanf("%d",&a[i][j]); } } for(i=0;i<3;i++) { for(j=0;j<3;j++) { if(a[i]<a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg=flg+1; } if(a[i]>a[j] && a[i][j]==0) { flg2=flg2+1; } } } if(flg==3 && flg2==3) printf("\n\n Diagonal matrix !"); else printf("\n\n Not Diagonal matrix !"); getch(); }
Output :
Enter 3*3 Matrix : 2 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 Diagonal matrix !_

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WHAT IS C ?

Portability Flexibility Effectiveness and efficiency Reliability Interactivity

3. Special Characters : 4. White Spaces :

~!@#$%^&*()_+{}[]-<>,./?\|:;"' Horizontal tab, Carriage return, New line, form feed

short if default register typedef goto void

signed else do extern enum union char

unsigned switch while static return auto continue

const break for struct sizeof case volatile

Escape Sequence Characters (Backslash Character Constants) in C:

Character Constant \n \b \t \f \a \r \v \? \' \'' \\

1990, 194, -394

'T', '9', '$'

"Technowell Web Solutions, Sangli"

* Enum Data Type :

Example: enum mca(software, web, seo);

typedef [data_type] new_data_type;

Example: typedef int integer; integer rno;

()?:; &, |, ^, <<, >>, ~

It is used to assign a value to variable.

int a, b=3; clrscr(); a = 5; printf("\n\n A is less than B ? "); // No getch(); }

Program to demonstrate if statement.

Value of A is greater than 4 !_

if(condition) { true statements; } else { false statements; }

Program to demonstrate if-else statement.

Enter Number : 11 Number is odd !_

Nested If-Else Statement :

Program to demonstrate nested if-else statement.

Switch case Statement :

Program to demonstrate switch case statement.

default: printf("\n\n Invalid number !"); } getch(); }

Enter any number from 1 to 3 : 5 Invalid number !_

* Rules for declaring switch case :

* Advantages of switch case :

Looping Statements / Iterative Statements :

* Types of looping statements :

Entry controlled loop Exit controlled loop

Program to demonstrate while loop.

TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam TechnoExam_

Syntax: for(initialisation; test-condition; incre/decre) { statements; }

Program to demonstrate for loop.

Program to demonstrate do while loop.

a=6; do { printf("\n\n\t Technowell"); a+=1; // i.e. a = a + 1 }while(a<=5); getch(); }

Program to demonstrate break statement.

Program to demonstrate continue statement.

Program to demonstrate goto statement.

} i = i + 1; } stop: printf("\n\n Exited !"); getch(); }

scanf() printf() strcpy strlwr strcmp strlen strcat

1. User Defined Functions :

Program to demonstrate function.

Enter Any 2 Numbers : 23 6 Addition is : 29_

Function Call by Passing Value :

Program to demonstrate function call by passing value.

clrscr(); printf("\n Enter Number : "); scanf("%d", &no); printno(no); getch(); }

Enter Number : 21 Number is : 21_

Function Call by Returning Value :

Enter Number : 5 Number is : 5_

Function Call by Passing and Returning Value :

Recursion (Recursive Function) :

Recursion... Enter Number : 2 Recursion... Enter Number : 1 Recursion... Enter Number : 3_

It is easy to use. It represents compact programming strctures.

It can be applied to calculate factorial of a number, fibonancci series.

Types of Storage Classes :

Register Storage Class Static Storage Class External Storage Class