Lecture 6

The Impedance model

and Z
bus
EEEN 4371
Power Systems
12/10/2012
2
The bus impedance matrix
The bus impedance matrix Z
bus
can be obtained by inverting the
bus admittance matrix Y
bus
:
1
=
bus bus
Y Z
For three independent nodes:
(
(
(

=
33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
3
2
1
3 2 1
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z
bus


Z
bus
is symmetrical about the principal diagonal
The elements on the diagonal Z
ii
are called the driving-point impedances
of the buses
The off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedances of the
buses.
The bus impedance matrix Z
bus
is important and very useful in making fault
calculations
Z
bus
contains much greater information than Y
bus
Y
bus
is useful for making power flow calculations
Node equations
3 23 2 22 1 21 2
bus
V Y I
V Y V Y V Y I + + =
=
: 2 bus at
If buses 1 and 3 are
shorted to the reference
node, so that V
1
=0 and
V
3
=0, and voltage V
2
is
applied at bus 2 so that
current I
2
enters at bus 2,
we have:

0
2
2
22
3 1
= =
=
V V
V
I
Y
0
2
1
12
3 13 2 12 1 11 1
3 1
= =
=
+ + =
V V
V
I
Y
V Y V Y V Y I
which from
1: bus at
Node equations
I Z V
:
V Y I
bus
1
bus
=
=
=
bus
-
Z Y
bus
by sides both ying premultipl by
3 33 2 32 1 31 3
3 23 2 22 1 21 2
3 13 2 12 1 11 1
I Z I Z I Z V
I Z I Z I Z V
I Z I Z I Z V
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
Recall that V and I are column vectors of the bus voltages and
the currents entering the buses from current sources.
For three independent nodes:
From the second equation, the driving-point impedance is
determined by open-circuiting the current sources at buses 1 and 3
and by injecting the source current I
2
at bus 2:
3
0
2
2
22
3 1
= =
=
I I
I
V
Z
Node equations
With current sources I
1
and I
3
open-circuited, the transfer impedances
can be obtained:
0
2
3
32
0
2
1
12
3 1
3 1
= =
= =
=
=
I I
I I
I
V
Z
and
I
V
Z


Thevenins theorem and Z
bus
AV
3
AV
2
AV
1
1
2
3
Original
network Z
bus
AV
n
n
AV
k
k
AI
k
0
Reference
0
bus
0 0
bus
I Z V I
Z
= : are voltages ing correspond the , currents initial
having and matrix impedance with network a For

V
bus
V
0
bus
0
bus
0 0
I Z I Z I) (I Z V
I I I
0
+ = + =
+ : are voltages bus new the to from change currents bus the when ,
AV represents the changes in the bus voltages from their original values
Thevenins theorem and Z
bus
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
0
0
0
2 1
2 1
2 2 22 21
1 1 12 11
2
1

k
NN Nk N N
kN kk k k
N k
N k
N
k
I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
V
V
V
V
k
Nk
kk
k
k
N
k
I
Z
Z
Z
Z
N
k
V
V
V
V
k
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A

2
1
2
1
2
1

which yields:
Original
network Z
bus
V
k
k
AI
k
0
Reference
+
-
+
_
o
k
V
Z
th
=Z
kk
The new voltage at bus k is:
k kk k k
I Z V V A + =
0

The circuit corresponding to this
equation is :
From the circuit, the Thevenin impedance Z
th
at a representative bus k of the system is:
kk th
Z Z =
Z
kk
is the diagonal entry in row k and column k of Z
bus
.
Thevenin impedance between any two buses j and k:
AV
3
AV
2
AV
1
1
2
3
Original
network Z
bus
AV
k
k
AV
j
j
AI
k
0
Reference
AI
j
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A + A
A + A
A + A
A + A
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

A
A
A
A
k Nk j Nj
k kk j kj
k jk j jj
k k j j
k
j
NN Nk Nj N
kN kk kj k
jN jk jj j
N k j
N
k
j
I Z I Z
I Z I Z
I Z I Z
I Z I Z
I
I
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
V
V
V
V

1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1 11
1
0
0
Voltages at buses j and k become:
k kk j kj k k
k jk j jj j j
I Z I Z V V
I Z I Z V V
A + A + =
A + A + =
0
0
k kj k kj k kk j kj k k
j jk j jk k jk j jj j j
I Z I Z I Z I Z V V
I Z I Z I Z I Z V V
A A + A + A + =
A A + A + A + =
0
0
k kj kk k j kj k k
j k jk j jk jj j j
I Z Z I I Z V V
I I Z I Z Z V V
A + A + A + =
A + A + A + =
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
0
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
k kj kk k j kj k k
j k jk j jk jj j j
I Z Z I I Z V V
I I Z I Z Z V V
A + A + A + =
A + A + A + =
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
0
0
jk kk jj th
Z Z Z Z 2 + =
The open-circuit voltage
seen between bus k and
bus j is: 0 0
j k
V V
The impedance
encountered by the short-
circuit current I
sc
from bus k
and bus j is:
This can be confirmed by putting I
sc
=AI
j
=-AI
k
in the above equations and
setting V
j
V
k
=0
When the branch Z
b
is connected between
buses j and k, the resulting current I
b
is:
b
j k
b jk th
j k
b
Z
V V
Z Z
V V
I

=
+

=
,
0 0
MODIFICATION OF AN EXISTING Z
bus
Four case are considered:
Case 1: Adding Z
b
from a new bus p to the reference node
Original bus voltages are not altered when
a current I
p
is injected at the new bus
Case 2: Adding Z
b
from a new bus p to an existing bus k:
A new row must be added to
Z
orig
in order to find voltage V
p
:
)
2 1 b kk kN k k
Z Z Z Z Z + (
Since Z
bus
must be square matrix around
the principal diagonal, a new column must
be added (transpose of the new row):
Case 3: Adding Z
b
from existing bus k to reference node:
Proceed the same way as Case 2 , creating a new node p and
then short-circuit this node to the reference node by letting
V
p
=0. Matrix is same as Case 2, but we then eliminate the
(N+1) row and (N+1) column by Kron reduction
Each element in the new
Matrix is:
b kk
i N N h
hi new hi
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
+
=
+ + ) 1 ( ) 1 (
,
Case 4: Adding Z
b
between two existing buses j and k :
Matrix equation
b jk kk jj
i N N h
hi new hi
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
+ +
=
+ +
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
,
Eliminating the row (N+1) and the (N+1) column of the
square matrix, each element of the new matrix is:
Summary