Negative Ions + (Anions) any anion any anion any anion nitrate NO 3 acetate (CH 3 COO-) + + + + +

Positive Ions (Cations) alkali ions (Li ,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+) hydrogen ion [H+ (aq) ]

Solubility of = compounds in water = soluble

Example

Chloride (Cl-), + Bromide (Br-), Iodide (I-) +

Sulphate (SO 4 2-)

Sulfide S2-

+ + Hydroxide OH+

Phosphate, + PO 4 3-, Carbonate, CO 3 2-, sulphite, SO 3 2+

sodium fluoride, NaF, is soluble hydrogen chloride, = soluble HCl, is soluble ammonium amonium ion = soluble chloride, NH 4 Cl, is (NH 4 +) soluble potassium nitrate, any cation = soluble KNO 3 , is soluble sodium acetate, any cation = soluble CH 3 COONa, is soluble silver chloride, + 2+ silver (Ag ), lead (Pb ), mercury low solubility AgCl, forms a = (Hg2+), copper (Cu+), thallium (Tl+) (insoluble) white precipitate (a white solid) potassium bromide, any other cation = soluble KBr, is soluble barium sulphate, calcium (Ca2+), strontium (Sr2+), low solubility BaSO 4 , forms a barium (Ba2+), silver (Ag+), lead (Pb2+), = (insoluble) white precipitate (a radium (Ra2+) white solid) copper sulphate, any other cation = soluble CuSO 4 , is soluble alkali ions (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+), alkali earth metals magnesium sulfide, = soluble (Be2+,Mg2+,Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Ra2+), MgS, is soluble + + and H (aq) , NH 4 low solubility zinc sulfide, ZnS, is any other cation = (insoluble) insoluble strontium alkali ions (Li+,Na+,K+,Rb+,Cs+,Fr+), = soluble hydroxide, H+ (aq) ,NH 4 +,Sr2+,Ba2+,Ra2+,Tl+ Sr(OH) 2 , is soluble silver hydroxide, low solubility AgOH, is insoluble any other cation = (insoluble) (forms a precipitate) ammonium + + + + + + alkali ions (Li ,Na ,K ,Rb ,Cs ,Fr ), phosphate, = soluble H+ (aq) ,NH 4 + (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 , is soluble magnesium low solubility any other cation = carbonate, MgCO 3 , (insoluble) is insoluble

All compounds of the ammonium ion (NH 4 +), and of Alkali metal (Group IA) cations, are soluble. All nitrates and acetates (ethanoates) are soluble. All chlorides, bromides and iodides are soluble EXCEPT those of silver, lead and mercury(I). All sulphates are soluble EXCEPT those of silver, lead, mercury(I), barium, strontium and calcium. All carbonates, sulfites and phosphates are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium and Alkali metal (Group IA) cations. All hydroxides are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium, barium and alkali metal (Group I) cations. All sulfides are insoluble EXCEPT those of ammonium, Alkali metal (Group I) cations and Alkali earth metal (Group II) cations. All oxides are insoluble EXCEPT those of calcium, barium and Alkali metal (Group I) cations; these soluble ones actually react with the water to form hydroxides (hydrolyse)