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2.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar maniammai university, Tamil Nadu, India. 3.Department of physics, Nehru Memorial College, Puthanampatti, trichirapalli,Tamilnadu,India 4.Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT Nanofluids are quasi single phase medium containing stable colloidal dispersion of ultrafine or nanometric metallic or ceramic particles in a given fluid. Nanofluids possess immense potential of application to improve heat transfer and energy efficiency in several areas including vehicular cooling in transportation, power generation, defense, nuclear, space, microelectronics and biomedical devices. In the present contribution, a brief overview has been presented to provide an update on the historical evolution of this concept, possible synthesis routes, level of improvements reported, theoretical understanding of the possible mechanism of heat conduction by nanofluid and scopes of application. According to this review, the future developments of these technologies are discussed. In order to put the nanofluid heat transfer technologies into practice, fundamental studies are greatly needed to understand the physical mechanisms.
KEY WORDS: NanoFluids, Nano particles, Heat transfer enhancement, Applications of Nanofluids. iNTRODUCTION
Nanofluids are a new class of fluids engineered by dispersing nanometer-sized materials (nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheet, or droplets) in base fluids. Common base fluids include water, organic liquids (e.g. ethylene, tri-ethylene-glycols, refrigerants, etc.), oils and lubricants, bio-fluids, polymeric solutions and other common liquids. Materials commonly used as nanoparticles include chemically stable metals (e.g. gold, copper), metal oxides (e.g., alumina, silica, zirconia, titania), oxide ceramics (e.g. Al2O3, CuO), metal carbides (e.g. SiC), carbon in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerene) and functionalized nanoparticles. Much attention has been paid in the past decade to this new type of composite material
because of its enhanced properties and behavior associated with heat transfer , mass transfer, wetting and spreading and antimicrobial activities and the number of publications related to nanofluids increases in an exponential manner. In this paper, experimental and theoretical studies are reviewed for nanofluid thermal conductivity and heat transfer enhancement. Specifically, comparisons between thermal measurement techniques and optical measurement
techniques are discussed. Researchers have also tried to increase the thermal conductivity of base fluids by suspending micro or larger-sized solid particles in fluids since the thermal conductivity of solid is typically higher than that of liquids, seen from Table 1. In this review paper, the recent trends on nanofluid heat transfer technologies and their applications are comprehensively reviewed. Through this review, the future technology development and research requirements have been identified.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
The published data of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids are mostly obtained at room temperature with two methods, namely the hot-wire method and the conventional heat conduction cell method.. The 3w method is relatively new and accurate, and uses a metal wire suspended in nanofluids. The wire acts as both a heater and a thermometer. A sinusoidal current at frequency is passed through the metal wire and generates a heat wave at frequency 2 w. The temperature rise at frequency 2 w in the metal wire can be deduced by the voltage component at frequency 3 w. The thermal conductivity of the fluid is determined by the slope of the 2 w temperature rise of the metal wire. Fig. 1 summarises the room temperature data from our own work (Wen and Ding 2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006; Ding et al. 2006; He et al. 2007) and those reported in the literature (Lee et al. 1999; Eastman et al. 2001; Choi et al. 2001; Xie et al. 2002a & 2002b; Biercuk et al. 2002; Das et al. 2003a; Patel et al. 2003; Kumar et al. 2004; Assael et al 2004; Zhang X. et al. 2007). The data shown in Fig. 1 include aqueous, ethylene glycol, minerals oil and polymerbased composite materials and are classified according to the material type of nanoparticles. One can see a significant degree of data scattering. In spite of the scatter, the presence of nanoparticles in fluids can substantially enhance the thermal conductivity and the extent of enhancement depends on the nanoparticle material type and volume fraction.
Fig. 4.1 Thermal conductivity of nanofluids: data taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Choi et al. (2001), Xie et al. (2002a & 2002b), Biercuk et al. (2002), Das et al. (2003a), Patel et al. (2003), Kumar et al. (2004), Wen and Ding (2004a, 2004b, 2005a, 2005b, 2006), Assael et al. (2004), Ding et al. (2006), He et al. (2007) and Zhang X et al. (2007).
and
where g = 0.5772 is Eulers constant. Hence, if the temperature of the hot wire at time t1 and t2 are T1 and T2, then by neglecting higher-order terms the thermal conductivity can be approximated as:
For the experimental procedure, the wire is heated via a constant electric power supply at step time t. A temperature increase of the wire is determined from its change in resistance which can be measured in time using a Wheatstone-bridge circuit. Then the thermal conductivity is determined from Eq. 4, knowing the heating power (or heat flux q) and the slope of the curve ln(t) versus T. The advantages of THW method are low cost and easy implementation. However, the assumptions of an infinite wire-length and the ambient acting like a reservoir (see Eqs. 1 and 2c) may introduce errors. In addition, nanoparticle interactions, sedimentation and/or aggregation as well as natural convection during extended measurement times may also increase experimental uncertainties.
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THE ROLE OF BROWNIAN MOTION The Brownian motion of nanoparticles could contribute to the thermal conduction enhancement through two ways, a direct contribution due to motion of nanoparticles that transport heat, and an indirect contribution due to micro-convection of fluid surrounding individual nanoparticles. The direct contribution of Brownian motion has been shown theoretically to be negligible as the time scale of the Brownian motion is about 2 orders of magnitude larger than that for the thermal diffusion of the base liquid. The indirect contribution has also been shown to play a minute role by theoretical analysis. Furthermore, nanoparticles are often in the form of agglomerates and/or aggregates. The Brownian motion should therefore play an even less significant role. In the following text, further experimental evidence of the minor role of the Brownian motion is presented. Fig. 4.2 shows the thermal conductivity enhancement as a function of temperature for nanofluids made of three types of metal-oxide nanoparticles.The thermal conductivity enhancement is a very weak function of temperature. The weak temperature dependence suggests that the Brownian motion of nanoparticles is not a dominant mechanism of the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids under the conditions of this work. Fig. 4.3 shows the results of alumina nanofluids made from three base liquids with very different viscosities. No clear trend in the dependence of the thermal conductivity enhancement on the base liquid viscosity again suggests the minor role of the Brownian motion.
Table:2 A list of the most frequently used models for effective thermal conductivity
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Fig. 4.2 Effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity enhancement: data source see the legend
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Fig.4. 3 Effect of base liquid property on thermal conductivity enhancement for alumina nanofluids: data taken from Lee et al. (1999), Eastman et al. (2001), Xie et al. (2002a), Das et al.(2003b) and Wen and Ding (2004b)
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Fig 5.1 Comparison of experimental data for Cuo water Nano fluids
Fig 5.2 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids
Fig 5.3 Comparison of experimental data for Al2o3 water based Nano fluids
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Fig 5.4 Thermal conductivity ratio (ke/kf ) as a function of nanoparticle volume percent of Al70Cu30 dispersed water and ethylene glycol based nanofluid
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households). The associated emissions reductions would be approximately 5.6 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, 8,600 metric tons of nitrogen oxides, and 21,000 metric tons of sulfur dioxide . Experiments were performed using a flow-loop apparatus to explore the performance of polyalphaolefin nanofluids containing exfoliated graphite nanoparticle fibers in cooling . It was observed that the specific heat of nanofluids was found to be 50% higher for nanofluids compared with polyalphaolefin, and it increased with temperature. The thermal diffusivity was found to be 4 times higher for nanofluids. The convective heat transfer was enhanced by 10% using nanofluids compared with using polyalphaolefin. Ma et al. proposed the concept of nanoliquid-metal fluid, aiming to establish an engineering route to make the highest conductive coolant with about several dozen times larger thermal conductivity than that of water . The liquid metal with low melting point is expected to be an idealistic base fluid for making superconductive solution, which may lead to the ultimate coolant in a wide variety of heat transfer enhancement area. The thermal conductivity of the liquid metal fluid can be enhanced through the addition of more conductive nanoparticles.
MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS.
Why nanofluids have great friction reduction properties? Nanoparticles in nanofluids form a protective film with low hardness and elastic modulus on the worn surface can be considered as the main reason that some nanofluids exhibit excellent lubricating properties. Magnetic fluids are kinds of special nanofluids. Magnetic liquid rotary seals operate with no maintenance and extremely low leakage in a very wide range of applications, and it utilizing the property magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles in liquid.
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Table 4: Summary of the maximum measured thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids containing nanoparticles. Reference Base fluid Nano particle Size of Nano particle Masuda et al Eastman et al Water Water Water Pump oil Pak et al Wang et al Water Water Water Ethylene Glycol Pump Oil Engine Oil Water Ethylene Glycol Lee et al Water Ethylene Glycol Water Ethylene Glycol Das et al Xie et al Water Water Water Ethylene Glycol Decene Liu et al Synthetic oil Ethylene Glvcol A12O3 A12O3 CuO Cu A12O3 TiO2 A12O3 A12O3 A12O3 A12O3 CuO CuO A12O3 A12O3 CuO CuO A12O3 CuO A12O3 A12O3 MWCNTs MWCNTs MWCNTs 13nm 33nm 36nm 35nm 13nm 27nm 28nm 28nm 28nm 28nm 23nm 23nm 24.4nm 24.4nm 18.6nm 18.6nm 38nm 28.6nm 60nm 60nm Maximum Concentration (vol %) 4.3 5 5 0.055 4.3 4.35 4.5 8 7 7.5 10 15 4.3 5 4.3 4 4 4 5 5 1 2 1 Maximum Enhancement in k (%) 30 30 60 45 32 10.7 14 40 20 30 35 55 10 20 10 20 25 36 20 30 20 30 12.4
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CONCLUSIONS
Nanofluids, i.e., well-dispersed metallic nanoparticles at low volume fractions in liquids, enhance the mixtures thermal conductivity over the base-fluid values. Thus, they are potentially useful for advanced cooling of micro-systems. This paper presents an overview of the recent developments in the study of nanofluids, including the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for their stability, the ways to enhance their stability, the stability mechanisms, and their potential applications in heat transfer intensification, mass transfer enhancement, energy fields, mechanical fields and so for. The performance of nanofluid critically depends upon the size, quantity (volume percentage), shape and distribution of dispersoids, and their ability to remain suspended and chemically un-reacted in the fluid. In summary, the future scope in the nanofluid research cycle are to concentrated on heat transfer enhancements and determine its physical mechanisms, taking into consideration such items as the optimum particle size and shape, particle volume concentration, fluid additive, particle coating, and base fluid. Precise measurement and documentation of the degree and scope of enhancement of thermal properties is extremely important. Better characterization of nanofluids is also important for developing engineering designs based on the work of multiple research groups, and fundamental theory to guide this effort should be improved. Finally, it is pertinent to suggest that nanofluid research warrants a genuinely multidisciplinary approach with complementary efforts from material scientists (regarding synthesis and characterization), thermal engineers (for measuring thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient under various regimes and conditions), chemists (to study the agglomeration behavior and stability of the dispersoid and liquid) and physicists (modeling the mechanism and interpretation of results).
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1.Durairajan A is a Mechanical Engineering student from KSR College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal (DT), Tamil Nadu, India. He is a student member of professional bodies like International Nano science
Community, ISTE, Indian Society For Non-Destructive Testing (ISNT). He has more than 20 papers in the proceedings of the National conferences and several papers in the proceedings of the International conferences and Prestigious Journals in the field of Nanotechnology, Materials science, Alternative fuels, Automobile pollution control, IC Engines.
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2.Kavitha T is working as an assistant professor. She obtained her M.S.C (physics) from Nehru Memorial College and she has published a paper in various prestigious journals. She has presented several papers in the proceedings of the national and international conferences in the field of materials science, Thin Films, solar cell and bio-physics.
3.Suresh M is an assistant professor of Mechanical Engineering Department at periyar maniammai university, thanjavur, tamilnadu , India. He obtained his B.Tech (Mechanical Engineering) from Regional Engineering College, Trichy and M.tech (Manufacturing ) from PRIST university, Thanjavur. He has presented several papers in National conferences in the field of Renewable Energy, Alternative fuels.
4.Kumaraswamidhas LA is working as an assistant professor in National institute of technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India. He obtained his M.E (Engineering Design) from Bharathiyar University Coimbatore and Obtained Ph.D in vibaration from Anna University, Chennai. He was awarded as an International Gold Star Award and Mother Teresa Excellence Award. He published and presented more than 25 papers in national and international conferences in the field of vibration, vehicle dynamics, modeling and simulation.