Civil War

Border States Union States

April 12,1861 Confederates attack Ft. Sumter Civil War begins Who will win? North Advantages: More people More factories More R.R. More food More money More supplies South Advantages: 1. More rural skills 2. Defensive War

1. 2. 3. 4. 4. Better generals 5. Ex: Robert E Lee 6. 3. Knew the territory 7. 8. Better navy Stonewall Jackson 9. Control of the Nat Gov. 5. South does not have to capture North 10. Northern improvements In warfare

**Northern Plan** Anaconda Plan: Blockade the South Divide the South in half at the Mississippi River Capture Richmond

Civil War , Eastern Theater of War 1861-1863 1st Bull Run (Manassas) Va. 30 miles south of Washington, DC July 21 1861 Leaders- Irvin McDowell (Union), PGT Beauregard (South) Background Jackson stands like a stonewall Results (Northerners were marching toward Richmond) Before this battle most people thought the war was going to be short, volunteers were only asked to serve for 90 days. Many members of Congress and spectators brought picnic baskets to watch the battle, they later clogged the roads as the bloody Union troops raced back to Washington, DC Events-

Both sides fought badly due to disorganization and inexperience but the Confederate leaders held reserves that turned the battle in their favor. A key point in the battle was when Union troops allowed Confederates to take control of artillery because they mistakenly held their fire on soldiers dressed in blue clothes. Southerners rejoice at the victory Northerners are sad Both sides prepare for a long war Stonewall Jackson becomes a hero in the South and Lees most important general Lincoln replaces McDowell with George B McClellan

McClellan Young arrogant leader, had graduated at the top of his class at West Point, hailed as a hero when he took command, Great organizer who drilled the army well, but very cautious and unwilling to accept blame for his mistakes, constantly fighting with Lincoln whom he called the Gorilla. Lincoln kept urging McClellan to get his army, the Army of the Potomac fighting Finally in May1862 McClellan was ready...his plan was to sail his troops south (and march overland to Richmond)

Name 7 Days Battles (Peninsular Campaign) Place, near James River in Va July 1862 Leaders, McClellan Yankees, Lee(takes over during this battle)Rebels,

Events, Constant rain made travel difficult, McClellan despite greatly outnumbering Lee, constantly over estimates the number of Lees troops Lee encouraged this by building Quaker guns, marching the same troops in and out but carry different colors and by sending fake spies into the Northern camp

Results Outnumbered only 6 miles from Richmond, McClellan is forced to retreat to Washington, he blames his failure on Lincoln McClellan trains is troops and organizes them for most of the summer (finally he is forced to fight and again defeated at the second Bull Run in August 1862) Lee decides to take the fighting into the north, hoping to win a decisive victory that would convince the European powers to help the South. He also wants to get the fighting out of Virginia during harvest time, also he is counting on support from the people of Maryland, (which is a slave state that only remained in the Union because the governor refused to call the legislature together to ask them if they wanted to join the Confederacy) (Baltimore is ruled by martial or military law) Name, Antietam, Maryland Sept. 1862 Events see http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/map7.html By a stroke of luck McClellan finds Lees plans for battle, With these papers I shall whip Bobbie Lee but McClellan acts to slowly, partly because he thinks it might be a trick almost 25,000 die at Antietam (more than all other American wars combined up until that point) Results Lee is forced to return to Va. the North claims victory

Lincoln dismisses McClellan for failing to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia, he is replaced by Ambrose Burnside See http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/biographies/burnside.html most importantly Lincoln uses this victory as an opportunity to change the focus of the war, up until this point the North was simply trying to save the Union now they are going to end slavery If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all of the slaves I would do it.. Sept. 22 1862 Lincoln issued the The Emancipation Proclamation in any state that did not return to the Union by Jan 1, 1863 slavery would be abolished The EP did not end slavery in the border states (outlawed by the 13th Amendment in 1865) but it prevented England, which outlawed slavery in 1830 from entering the war to help the South It also enabled African Americans to serve in the war many rushed to join the fight and about 200,000 served in the armed forces during the war most were given manual labor jobs like digging graves, cooking meals and driving wagons some saw combat and performed well, but they were discriminated against receiving less pay than whites, often given poorer equipment and most were denied the right to be promoted to officer, in battle they were killed if taken capture Burnside (Side burns are named for him) was unsure he was qualified to lead the Army of the Potomac, but urged by Lincoln, he attacked Lee at Fredericksburg in December 1862 poor Union leaders often attacked when the Confederates held the higher ground, or when they were protected by a stone fence Results Union losses 13000 men the Confederates 5,000 Burnside is replaced by Fighting Joe Hooker big gambler , didnt care what the men did as long as they fought, Hooker was defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville in May of 1863 Results 17, 000 losses for the Union 14,000 for the Confederates

While returning near the end of the battle Stonewall Jackson was shot and lost his left arm, in a few days he would die Quote when told of the news Lee he may have lost his left arm but I have lost my right arm Hooker was replaced by George H. Meade

Robert E. Lee Born into famous VA family (both his father and uncle were leaders in the Revolution), his relatives), (he married the granddaughter of Washingtons stepdaughter), graduated at the top of his class at West Point, Asked to lead the Union Army at the start of the war he declined, not because he liked slavery, but because he could not fight against VA He is considered the greatest general of the Civil War and one of the reasons the South held on so long In July 1863 Lee wanted to end the war by winning some key battles in the North, he hoped this might encourage Britain to intervene or that it might lead to the election of Copperheads or peace Democrats in the North in Nov., it also might help the Confederacy gain some supplies, some of Lees soldiers heard of a supply of shoes in a town near Gettysburg, Pa, they ran into the Union Army Gettysburg, Pa July 1-3 1863 This time Lees troops were slow to get into position and despite several attempts they could not flank (go around the end) of the Union Army, on July 3 Lee sent George E Pickett into the center of the Union line, and lost 7,000 men and some say the war

results both sides lose a total of 51,000 men Lee was forced to retreat the war turns in the Northern favor, a happy July 4 in the North for failing to pursue Lee, Meade is replaced by US Grant who had been winning battles in the West

Lincoln goes to honor the battlefield at Gettysburg in Nov. and makes a short speech...the Gettysburg Address states Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth a great nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal... We are a nation created and dedicated to the idea that all men are equal This nation and these men who died here, are fighting to help that nation survive, it is up to us to complete the job ... so that these dead shall have not died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth Delivered at Gettysburg November 19, 1863 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that this nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that this government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from this earth. The War in the West 1861-1863

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ulysses S Grant isnt born from a wealthy family (Middle Class) His father was a tanner. A tanner is a person who make leather He goes to West Point which is unusual because only the wealthy go to West Point He gets a job once the Civil War starts as a leader of a small group in the West He wins at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in 1862

6. These were the first two wins for the north The South proposed surrender with terms, but US Grant said surrender with no terms earns the nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant 7. Grant moves south to Shiloh. 8. At Shiloh, the north camps in the middle of Shiloh 9. The South attacked the North while they were sleeping 10. On the first day at Shiloh, (April 6th 1862) Beauregard Confederates forces drove Grant far back to the Tennessee River 11. Grant counterattacks on the second morning comes reinforcements and attacks Beauregard winning the battle 12. Grant moves West through Shiloh and down the Mississippi river 13. The North controls everything around the Mississippi except Vicksburg 14. Siege-an army surrounds the enemy and waits for them to surrender 15. He does this for about a year 16. Admiral Farragut is a commander in the Union navy 17. He captures New Orleans in June of 1862 18. He paints his ships black and white so he could go through unseen 19. In March of 1862 the North have blockade, but a metal ship called the U.S.S. Virginia, takes down seven American ships in one day 20. The Union had a ship just like the Virginia, and turned the battle around 21. The weapons are useless because they are both made of metal 22. The U.S.S. Virginia was sunk the next day - By January 1863, the North control the entire Mississippi except Vicksburg - Grant cannot take the well defended Vicksburg - He lays siege to the city - July 4, 1863 ~ Vicksburg surrenders - Grant is made commander in the East - Grant decides to fight a war of attrition (slowly wear down the enemy) - Attack!!!!!!!! - Total War ~ destroy anything the enemy might use against you

Copied Topics Events on the homefront Number of soldiers North 25 million population South 5 million whites population Draft (conscription) North could pay for a substitute "rich man's war, poor man's fight" Draft riots (ex: NYC Draft Riot) Bounty jumpers

deserters a big problem South institute draft: Confederates Many states refuse to send troops Supplies North manufacture their own supplies guns grow their own food clothing cannons Corruption (graft) shoddy clothes South trade for some supplies, as blockade grows, this weakens capture some supplies smuggle supplies Finances North prints greenbacks taxes borrow money (war bonds) war is good for a manufacturing country South income tax print a lot of money, becomes worthless due to inflation take 10% of the crops Civil Rights North decreases civil rights (ex: freedom of speech) suspension of habeus corpus use martial law( Military takes over) South decreases civil rights (ex: freedom of speech) suspension of habeus corpus

Ending the War After Gettysburg U.S. Grant is made supreme commander of the Union Army Grant fights a war of attrition (wear down the enemy) His plan is to win, lose, or draw He is going to attack, attack, and attack Knows that he has more men than Lee and can replace his losses

In 1864 he surrounds Petersburg (siege) Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse April 9 1865 Employs Sherman and Sheridan to use "total war" Concept of total war is to destroy the enemy's ability and willingness to make war