Experiment 4: Friction Nathaniel Timothy S. Ravelo, Adriel Mikael V. Reyes, Danielle Karol H. Reyes and Karlo Jonathan A.

Salem Department of Sports Science College of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Santo Tomas Espaa, Manila Philippines Abstract Friction is force acting on an object that is in contact with a surface. The area of contact, normal force, and nature of surfaces in contact were correlated with friction in this experiment. The air resistance and the effect of lubricant were also discussed. 1. Introduction Friction is the resistive force acting between bodies that tends to oppose and damp out motion. Friction is usually distinguished as being either static friction (the frictional force opposing placing a body at rest into motion) and kinetic friction (the frictional force tending to slow a body in motion). In general, static friction is greater than kinetic friction. There are two types of friction, static friction and kinetic friction. Kinetic (or dynamic) friction occurs when two objects are moving relative to each other and rub together (like a sled on the ground). The coefficient of kinetic friction is typically denoted as k, and is usually less than the coefficient of static friction for the same materials. Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as s, is usually higher than the coefficient of kinetic friction. Air resistance, also called drag, is the forces that are in opposition to the relative motion of an object through the air. Drag forces act opposite to the

oncoming flow velocity. Drag, unlike other resistive forces, depends directly on velocity. Drag is the component of the net aerodynamic force acting opposite to the direction of the movement and the forces working perpendicular are called lift. Drag is overcome by thrust. In astrodynamics, atmospheric drag is both a positive and a negative force depending on the situation. It is a drain on fuel and efficiency during lift-off and a fuel savings when a spacecraft is returning from to Earth. A lubricant is introduced to a substance

of an inch, it is sufficient to not only minimize contact, but in many cases, eliminated it altogether. In this experiment, the group should be able to achieve the following objectives: (1) to verify the laws of friction (2) and to observe the effect of air resistance on falling bodies. 2. Theory Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other. Force is an energy applied to an object in order to create motion. It is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Forces exist because of an interaction and it is directly proportional to acceleration. There are two categories of Force. The force that result when the two interacting objects are physically contacting each other is called the Contact Force, while Action at a distance forces are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other and are still able to exert a

reduce friction between

moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. The reduction of friction is the primary goal behind the purpose for lubrication. Though there are many ways to reduce friction, the most common method is through the use of a fluid or semi-fluid material. When placed between two components in contact, these fluid materials will attempt to maintain a layer of separation. This occurs because such fluid materials are not readily compressible. Though the separation may be only a few millionths

push or pull. Example of the latter part is the gravitational pull. The Laws of Friction embodies the discussion on the force of friction. The first law states that when the surface of two objects are in rough contact, and have a tendency to move relative to each other, equal and opposite frictional forces act, one on each of the objects, so as to oppose the potential movement. The second law states that until it reaches its limiting value, the magnitude of the frictional force F is just sufficient to prevent motion. The third law states that when the limiting value is reached, F= uR, where R is the normal reaction between the surfaces and u is the coefficient of friction for those two surfaces. Law four states that for all rough contacts 0 < F < IiR and if a contact is smooth a = 0 as stated in the fifth law. Newtons first law states that a body will continue in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless an external force is applied to it. Once an object is pushed and set in motion it continues to move in a straight line until some other force intervenes. Newtons second law states the relationship

between force, mass and acceleration. The acceleration of an object is directly proprtional to the force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the object. This verifies that the force F is proportional both to the acceleration a and to the mass m. F = M X A Newtons third law states that the action and reaction are equal and opposite. This means that if a body A exerts a force on a body B, B then exerts an equal force in the opposite direction on A. This is true whether the two bodies are in contact or are some distance apart, whether stationary. The ma gives: W=MxA Air friction is an example of fluid friction. forces are to velocity. Unlike friction, velocity the standard such friction Air dependent. model of surface force producing the they are moving or are

acceleration is the Weight (W). Using F =

resistance is approximately proportional

Static frictional force is the friction between two objects in contact that are not moving. Static friction is generally greater than kinetic friction and must be overcome before an object can be set in motion. Kinetic frictional force is when two surfaces are moving with respect to one another. Kinetic friction is generally less than static friction. These can be calculated using the equations: The formula for the coefficient of kinetic friction is Uk = Fk / Fn The formula for the coefficient of static friction is Us = Fs max / Fn 3. Methodology

for 3 different surfaces of the wooden block. In Activity 2: Friction and Normal Force, the same block of wood is used. The block of wood was weighed. 100g was added on the block, the normal force is now equal to the weight of the block plus the 100g added. The maximum static friction and the kinetic friction was determined ine the same way as in Activity 1. 3 more trials were made and 100g was added in each of the trials. The results were tabulated and the coefficient of both the static friction and kinetic friction was determined in each trial using a formula. In Activity 3: Friction and Nature

In Activity 1: Friction and Area of Contact, a wooden block connected to a spring scale is place on top of a wooden board. The minimum force required for the wooden block to be moved is recorded. This force is numerically equal to the maximum static friction. The force required to set the block at a constant velocity was recorded as well. This force is numerically equal to the kinetic friction. These procedures were repeated

of Surfaces in Contact, The wooden block was placed on the tiled floor of the laboratory and the maximum static friction and kinetic friction was determined the same way as in Activity 1. The same procedure was repeated 3 more times with each trial having the wooden block on top of a different surface as the last, namely, sand paper, plastic cover, and Carolina.

In Activity 4: Effect of Lubricant, a member of the group rubbed his hands together for 1 minute and then places his hands on his cheeks to observe what has happened. The same procedure was repeated but a small amount of alcohol was placed on the hand of the group member. In Activity 5: Experiment 13 Air Resistance (Physics with Computers), a folded piece of paper was released at a certain height and the terminal velocity was recorded by the use of the Logger Pro. Another piece of folded paper was added and the same procedure was repeated. The procedure was repeated until there were 5 pieces of paper together. Each terminal velocity was then squared to get the Square of Terminal Velocity 4. Results and Discussion Table 1: Friction and Area of Contact Area 1 2 3 Fsmax 0.6 N 0.7 N 0.7 N Fk 0.4 N 0.4 N 0.5 N

Table 1 shows the relationship of friction and the area where friction is applied. The results show that there is very little effect of the area on the amount of maximum static friction and kinetic friction. Table 2: Friction and Normal Force Normal Force 2.06 N 2.16 N 2.26 N 2.36 N 1N 1.3N 1.7N 1.9N 0.7N 0.8N 1.1N 1.2N 0.49 0.60 0.75 0.81 0.34 0.37 0.49 0.51 fsmax Fk us uk

Table 2 shows the relationship of friction and normal force. With the weight increasing, the normal force increases as well, and with greater normal force, the greater the maximum static friction and kinetic friction. This explains the increasing value of friction as the normal force increased. Table 3: Friction and nature of surfaces in contact Surfaces in Contact Wood and wood Wood and tiles 0.2N 0.2N 0.6N 0.5N fsmax Fk

Wood and sand paper Wood and plastic cover Wood and cartolina

0.8N 0.6N 0.7N

0.7N 0.5N 0.6N

Table 4: Air Resistance (Physics with computers) Number of Filters 1 2 3 4 5 Terminal velocity -0.94 m/s -1.22 m/s -1.38 m/s -1.51 m/s -1.60 m/s Square of terminal velocity 0.89 m2/s2 1.49 m2/s2 1.90 m2/s2 2.28 m2/s2 2.56 m2/s2

Table 3 shows the relationship between friction and the surfaces in contact. The greatest amount of friction was when the wooden block was on the sand paper and the least amount of friction was when the wooden block was on the tiles. This shows that surfaces with smoother surfaces needs less force to be moved surfaces. In Activity 4, the effect of a lubricant on friction was determined. With greater amount of friction, there is a greater amount of heat produced. The lubricant lessened the amount of friction causing in a lower amount of heat production when the hands were rubbed together; compared to when no lubricant was used, there was greater amount of friction causing a greater amount of heat to be produced. as compared with rougher

Table 4 shows the effect of air resistance. The least amount of filters (1) had the lowest terminal velocity and the most amounts of filters (5) had the highest terminal velocity. The amount weight increasing overpowered the filters, the the friction terminal produced by the air therefore with velocity increases as well. Figure 1: Air Resistance

Figure 1 shows the graphical analysis of air resistance by using the motion detector and pieces of paper. Five tests were done increasing the number of paper falling and following the descriptions given in Activity 4. 5. Conclusion When an object is moving, the friction is proportional and perpendicular to the normal force. Friction is independent of the area of contact so long as there is an area of contact. Friction depends upon the nature of the surfaces in contact. The air resistance effect varies itself with the object's mass, not the force itself exerted. For slower velocities, the air resistance is directly proportional to the speed. For greater velocities, the air resistance is directly proportional to the square of the speed. During Activity 5 activities, one can conclude that there a lot of factors affecting friction and air resistance. 6. Applications 1) Which will require a greater force: to start the motion of a heavy box or to keep the box moving with constant speed?

Keeping a box moving with constant speed would require a greater force compared to starting the motion of a heavy box. The time spent moving the heavy box at constant speed consumes more energy and requires greater force. Time, energy and force are interrelated concepts that could be directly applied with this matter. Naturally with more time involved, applying constant energy will require greater force due to the demands involved with pushing the box at constant speed as compared to starting the motion of a heavy box.

2) Why is it difficult to walk with new leather soles? It is difficult to walk with new leather soles on a polished floor because of the absence of friction on the floor. A polished floor is shiny thus reducing the amount of friction present. It is also difficult to walk with new leather soles because the surfaces of the ridges the new soles is still smooth as compared to those that are used heavily. This in turn makes it difficult to walk with new leather soles on a polished floor because it would be slippery due to the lack of normal friction.

amount friction that propels 3) How can an adjustable inclined plane be used to measure the coefficient of static friction and coefficient of kinetic friction? Coefficient of static friction is defined as the ratio of the maximum possible frictional force parallel to the surface of contact which acts to prevent two bodies in contact and at rest with respect to each other, from sliding or rolling over each other, to the force normal to the surface of contact with which the bodies press against each other. Coefficient of kinetic friction on the other hand is defined as the ratio of the frictional force, parallel to the surface of contact, that opposes the motion of a body which is sliding or rolling over another, to the force, normal to the surface of contact, with which the bodies press against each other. The use of the adjustable inclined plane would be to determine the 4) The coefficient of static friction and coefficient of kinetic friction between a refrigerator and the floor are 0.45 The and 0.38 the motion involved.

respectively.

refrigerator

weighs 1000 N. Find the horizontal force needed to a) Start the motion of the refrigerator b) To keep the refrigerator moving at constant speed once it started moving. If a horizontal force of 400N is applied, what will happen to the

refrigerator? In this situation, what is the value of friction? 7. References http://wiki.answers.com/ http://www.wikipedia.org/ http://answers.yahoo.com/ http://scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/Friction.html http://www.universetoday.com/7 3315/what-is-airresistance/#ixzz2IEcWzPFk