Transmission Systems, Pair Gain Systems, FDM

Lecture 4

Open Wire

Open wire
Relatively low attenuation Useful for long, rural customer loops Keeping wires separate is a problem Large diameter High copper consumption

Paired Cable

Paired Cable
Introduced in 1883 6-2700 wire pairs in a single cable. Underground cable distribution.

AWG
Lower gauge (Higher diameter) are used for longer distances. Cable pairs are capable of carrying much higher frequencies than required by a telephone quality voice signal (3.4 kHz)

 From economic point of view, subscriber loop lengths should be as large as possible to cover a large area. But two factors limit their length: Signaling and Attenuation limits. Exchanges are designed to accept a maximum loop resistance.

Example
An exchange uses a -40 V battery to drive subscriber lines. A resistance of 250 is placed in series with the battery to protect it from short circuits. The subscribers are required to use a standard telephone set which offers a dc resistance of 50 . The microphone requires 23 mA for proper functioning. Determine the farthest distance from the exchange at which a subscriber can be located if 26 AWG conductor is used.

Solution: 23 mA = 40/(250+50+R); R = 1439 Loop Length = 1439/133.89 = 10.74 km Farthest Distance = 10.74/2 = 5.37 km

DC resistance constraint is met by

Use of higher diameter (lower gauge) wire Use of equalized telephone sets. Unigauge design or Use of higher supply voltage.

Loading Coils improve frequency vs. attenuation characteristics.

Unigauge Design

48 V

72/96 V

Loading Coils
Attenuation constraint is usually overcome by the use of loading coils. Typical Inductance value = 88 mH and typical spacing interval is 1.8 km. Loading coil std convention: 26-H-88
Letter Code A B C D E F H X Y Spacing (Km.) 0.21 0.92 0.28 1.37 1.7 0.85 1.83 0.2 0.65

Loading coils

Single Wire Transmission with ground return

Two Wire Transmission

Single vs. Two wire

Single wire with ground return is too noisy for customer acceptance. Balanced pair of wires reject common mode signal. Thus, provides better circuit quality.

Balanced pair problem

If users on both ends talk simultaneously, their conversations are superimposed on the wire pair and can be heard at both sides. Wire-line transmission is best implemented over long distances (e.g. between switching offices), if transmission for both directions are separated on different wire pairs.

Long distance requirements

Amplification Multiplexing Easy implementation if two directions of transmission are isolated from each other. 2-wire to 4-wire, copper requirement increases?

Two-wire versus Four-wire

Two-Wire to Four Wire Conversion

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Pair Gain Systems

Providing service to rural subscribers has always been an expensive proposition due to length of routes and less number of subscribers to support installation and maintenance cost. Earlier party lines were used, which involved sharing of a wire pair among multiple households

Party Lines
Useful for satisfying new service requests on routes with no spare wires. Objectionable due to lack of privacy and lack of availability.

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Pair Gain Systems

A pair gain system is an alternate approach to share pairs of wires that is more acceptable to users. Three techniques are used to gain on number of pairs: Concentration Multiplexing TASI

Concentration Blocking M<N Conc./Exp. Control

Multiplexing Non-Blocking Wire pair < M No control

Drawback of multiplexing pair-gain systems?

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TASI
Time Assignment Speech Interpolation Dynamically assigns a channel after sensing voice activity on channel. A conversation is active for only 40% of time, which indicates that excess activity can be accommodate during inactive period in a direction. If a source becomes active when all channels are occupied, the speech segment is clipped until a channel becomes free.

TASI

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FDM
For long distance telephone connections, 20th century telephone companies used Lcarrier and similar co-axial cable systems carrying thousands of voice circuits multiplexed in multiple stages.

L-carrier
System Year Frequency Coax Distance per between cable repeaters 4 4 8 20 22 8 miles 16 miles 4 miles 2 miles 2 miles Capacity per coax

L-1 L-2 L-3 L-4 L-5

1941 1942 1953 1967 1972

3 MHz 840 kHz 8 MHz 17 MHz 57 MHz

600 voice circuits 360 voice circuits 5,580 voice circuits 32,400 voice circuits 132,000 voice circuits

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FDM Hierarchy
FDM is based on channel groups. The channel groups are based on multiples of the voice channel, as shown below: The basic channel is called the Voice Channel (VC) and it has a bandwidth of 0-4 kHz. Group is made of 12 Voice Channels. Supergroup (60 VCs) is made of 5 Groups. Mastergroup (600 VCs) = 10 Supergroups. Jumbogroup (3600 VCs) = 6 Mastergroups.

First Level Mux

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Second Level Mux

FDM Hierarchy
Multiplex Level Voice Channel Group Supergroup Mastergroup Jumbogroup VCs 1 12 60 600 3600 Freq Band(kHz) 0-4 60 - 108 312 - 552 564 - 3,084 564 - 17,548 BW(kHz) 4 48 240 2520 16984

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