Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Bioremediation 2 Thermal Treatment 3 Groundwater Treatment/Purification 3.1 In-situ-Bioremediation (pump and treat) 3.2 Permeable Barriers (Sorption, Reaction), Funnel & Gate 4 Monitored Natural Attenuation
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Umwelttechnisches Labor
groundwater table
unsaturated zone pollution pool nitrate reducing zone iron sulfate reduction reduction methanogenic zone
aerobic zone
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
MTBE is very well soluble in water and is seen as nontoxic. But it is influencing the water quality by unpleasant odour and taste (>100 g/l). It is microbiologically hardly degradable. It is virtually not adsorbed at activated carbon. So it is not adhered to soil particles but washed out.
Soil contaminations with anorganic pollutants (heavy metals, cyanides) seldom result in greater groundwater contaminations because they are badly soluble and they have typically high affinity for adsorption at soil particles.
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Perchloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) Cis + trans Dichloroethylene Benzene Vinyl chlorid Trichloromethane 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Xylene trans-Dichloroethylen Toluene Ethylbenzen Dichloromethane Dichlorbenzene Monochlorobenzen Tetrachloromethane 1.2-Dichloroethylene 1.1-Dichloroethane 1.2-Dichlorethane Phenol Acetone
2 1 3 14 15 4 7
12 6
5 8 9 10 11
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
1 2 3 4 5
Contamination takes place: Dissolution and spreading of contaminants Beginning of biological degradation: The plume is expanding slower Steady state: Balance between input and degradation Steady state over a long period: The contaminant mass in the source decreases but the emission remains on a high level Decrease of the contaminant emission
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
12
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
13
- Adsorption at activated carbon - Stripping by means of air - activated sludge process Biological Contactor (where appropriate nutrient supply, addition of microorganism culture)
biological
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
14
receiving water
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
15
treatment
infiltration well
extraction well
contamination
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
16
unsaturated zone
groundwater
saturated zone
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
17
aquiclude
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
18
The pumped groundwater can be treated physically by means of different processes and corresponding plants:
Adsorption filter
Activated carbon filters are further on incomparable for the removal of a broad spectrum of organic substances in relative small concentrations because of their broad sorption range and high sorption capacity. The plants are wide maintenance free. Their effectivity is well controllable.
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
19
air inflow
outflow
sewer system
well pump
VDI-Richtlinie 3897
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
20
Schematic: Trickle film apparatus (Corrugated sheet column) for Groundwater Stripping
VDI-Richtlinie 3897
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
21
Schlammbehlter
sludge tank
activated
Filter 2
Aktivkohle carbon
Sandfilter 1 Sandfilter 2
Filter 1
Spllwasserbehlter
Splluftgeblse
control tank
Kontrollbehlter
extraction well
Frderbrunnen
Grundwasser
groundwater
Infiltrationsbrunnen
infiltration well
Kollau
groundwater
Grundwasser
Bocian, B.-O.: Grundwassersanierung Industriegebiet Eidelstedt/Stellingen, altlasten spektrum, 05.2009, S. 238, Verfahrensschema der Grundwasseraufbereitungsanlage Jtlnder Allee
to Tierpark Hagenbeck
to the university
Zu Hagenbecks Tierpark
zur Universitt
22
Groundwater Treatment/Purification
In-situ-Bioremediation
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
23
Groundwater Treatment/Purification
Brief Description Thermally Enhanced Techniques Steam-enhanced extraction, mobilization and stripping of volatile contaminants Hot air injection by steam or hot air injection into the saturated or unsaturated zone In-situ thermal desorption + heating of soil or aquifer with several methods soil vapour extraction (Thermo Lance, electrical resistance heating, dielectric heating) for accelerated mobilization and evaporation of contaminants Thermally enhanced heating of soil or aquifer for chemical conversion of hydrolysis and oxidation contaminants Thermally enhanced moderate heating of soil or aquifer with the aim to biodegradation adjust optimal temperatures (30 ... 40 C, for thermophilic microorganisms 50 ... 70 C) for the microbial degradation of contaminants Oil flushing flushing of aquifer with tensides, microemulsions or cosolvents In-situ chemical treatment injection of chemical agents (e. g. oxidants like H2O2, KMnO4) for chemical conversion of contaminants
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Process
24
Groundwater Treatment/Purification
Sorption or reactive barriers installed in the aquifer are the simplest in-situ remedial action. The decontamination is performed by sorption resp. by complex biological or other conversions. A wall is introduced in the aquifer across to the groundwater flow direction (e. g. by slit excavating) from material which has a small hydraulic resistance and reacts with the contaminants transferring them into harmless products.
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
25
Groundwater Treatment/Purification
Brief Description Permeable (Reactive) Barriers (PRB) retention of contaminants by sorption (e. g. at activated carbon, peat etc.) chem. reaction of contaminants during the passage through the barrier (e. g. dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons at Fe0) or enrichment of groundwater with a reagent (e. g. O2 from an ORC) Funnel & Gate
Reactive barriers
like PRB but with unpermeable guiding walls (funnel) instead of permeable barriers and treatment of focused groundwater flow in a permeable reactive zone or in a reactor (gate)
ORC: Oxygen Releasing Compounds
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
26
groundwater withdrawal
pollution plume
sorption/degradation
dissolved pollution
Advection
aquifer basis
Teutsch, G., Grathwohl, P., Schad, H., Werner, P. (1996): In-situ-Reaktionswnde Ein neuer Ansatz zur passiven Sanierung von Bodenund Grundwasserverunreinigungen; Grundwasser Zeitschrift der Fachsektion Hydrogeologie, Heft 1, S. 13 - 20
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
+ 2 OH + H2
2+ structural
+ OH + R-H + Cl
+ R-Cl +H 2Fe
3+ dissolved
+ R-H + Cl
The reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons seems to be directly connected to the metal oxidation at the surface. The reaction causes a pH-increase., Fe-hydroxides or Fe-carbonates can precipitate depending on the buffer capacity in the whole system. A reaction rate decrease because of this precipitation could experimentally not be observed. The H2-production has to take into consideration.
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Funnel
Gate
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
receiving water
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
32
gate, perforated
groundwater input
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Funnel-and-gate-system Edenkoben
Compounds treated: chlorinated VOCs (20 % Trichloroethylene, 50 % cisDichloroethene, 30 % 1,1,1-Trichloroethane) In 1994, a massive soil and groundwater contamination by cVOCs were detected on the premises of a supplier for car manufacturer in Edenkoben. The contamination was attributed to a former use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents for production processes. For remediation of cVOCs, in 1998, a pilot scale funnel and gate system was built for field test with zero valent iron (ZVI) as reactive material. Promising destruction rate of 99 % were observed during that term. Hence in 2001, the full scale funnel and gate were installed (length 440 m, depth 15 m and 6 gates). The total cost for pilot scale installation was 350,000 Euro and the full scale was 1,750,000 Euro.
Peschla and Rochmes GmbH (www.gpr.de)
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Sorptive/Reactive Barriers
Advantages: The contaminant source must not be exactly known with respect to position and dimension. There are as a rule no utilization limits for the site during the construction because the construction actions are carried out in the outflow zone and not in the reach of production plants or buildings. There are no utilization limits for the site surface after the construction because installations above ground are hardly necessary. Only the monitoring must be carried out during the lifetime of the adsorptive/reactive material. Lower costs can be expected in many cases with several years operation period compared to conventional processes (pump and treat).
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
43
Sorptive/Reactive Barriers
Disadvantages and risks: Design and positioning of the wall is of decisive importance for the hydraulic function of the whole system. Inadequate information on local flow patterns can lead to bypass or underflow of the wall. At present there are no sufficient experiences on the long time behaviour of the wall. The contamination source remains in the underground and has to be considered later in underground engineering. The single investment is high in comparison to conventional pump-andtreat-processes. This technology will be a technical and economical interesting alternative to conventional processes if the site specific conditions for the installation of a sorptive resp. reactive barrier are fulfilled.
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
44
Groundwater Treatment/Purification
Process Physical or chemical containment Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE), Airsparging, Bioventing
stripping of volatile contaminants by air flushing; flushing of the saturated or the unsaturated zone by air in order to stimulate the aerobic microbial degradation of contaminants
Intrinsic Bioremedation microbial degradation of contaminants without or with small (Monitored influence by engineered measures Natural Attenuation)
from: Kopinke et al., CIT (75) 4/2003, S. 329 ... 339
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
45
Adsorption by activated carbon Stripping (with post treatment) Biological clean up Advanced oxidation De-ironing
0.30 0.65 /m3 0.25 1.10 /m3 0.25 0.75 /m3 0.40 1.50 /m3 0.20 0.40 /m3
(source: Altlasten Fachinformation, Ministerium fr Umwelt und Verkehr Baden-Wrttemberg) from: Grundwasser-kologie, Griebler, Msslacher, Facultas Universittsverlag (2003), Seite 394
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Groundwater Treatment
Thermal Treatment floating matter (org. phases) contaminated GW mech. sep. Adsorption (act. carbon) waste air (VOC) Stripping waste air (CO2) bioprocess precipitation treated waste air
treated GW
solids
air
biomass (sludge)
sludge aeration
GW - Groundwater
treated GW
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida
Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute of Process Equipment and Environmental Technology Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Haida