PLANNING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Environmental scanning is the acquisition and use of information about events, trends, and relationships in an organization's external environment, the knowledge of which would assist management in planning the organization's future course of action. (information.net) Global scanning(PESTEL Method) PESTEL analysis The six environmental factors of the PESTEL analysis are the following: Political factors Taxation Policy

Product labeling labor laws etc.

Reverse engineering is the process of discovering the technological principles of a device, object, or system through analysis of its structure, function, and operation.[1] It often involves taking something (a mechanical device, electronic component, computer program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) apart and analyzing its workings in detail to be used in maintenance, or to try to make a new device or program that does the same thing without using or simply duplicating (without understanding) the original. (wikipedia.org) Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar, but more general term. (wikipedia.org) Forecasting Techniques Quantitative Time series analysis uses historical data for future outcome estimation

Trade regulations Governmental stability Unemployment Policy etc.

Economical factors Inflation rate

Growth in spending power Rate of people in a pensionable age Recession or Boom Customer liquidations

Regression models uses different methods to predict future outcomes Econometric models identifying underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. Economic indicators uses variables in economy in forecasting Substitution effect study of the effect of one variables price over the demand of another variable.

Socio-cultural age distribution.

education levels. income level. consumerism. diet & nutrition. population growth life expectancies Religion Social class expectation of society from the business

Technological factors Internet Social Media Environmental factors competitive advantage

E-commerce

Qualitative Jury of opinion Sales force composition Customer evaluation

Benchmarking is the search for the best practices among competitors or non-competitors that lead to their superior performance. BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS Assume that Pierres Photocopying Service charges P0.10 per photocopy. If fixed costs are P27 000 a year and variable costs are P0.04 per copy, Pierre can compute his break-even point as follows: P27 000 ($0.10 $0.04) = 450 000 copies, or when annual revenues are P45 000 (450 000 copies x P0.10). This relationship is shown graphically in Exhibit 8.10.

Waste disposal Energy consumption Pollution monitoring etc.

Legal factors Unemployment law

Health and safety Product safety Advertising regulations

APOM Inc. Cash Budget For the Year Ended December 31, 2013 Quarter Other budget ref. Cash balance, beginning Add receipts: Collections from customers See sales budget 230,000 480,000 740,000 520,000 1,970,000 1 P42,500 2 P40,000 3 P40,000 4 P40,500 Year P42,500

------------------------------------------------ -----------Total cash available 272,500 520,000 780,000 560,500 2,012,500

------------------------------------------------ -----------Less disbursements: Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing overhead Selling and Administrative Equipment purchases Dividends material budget Labor budget Overhead budget sell. & adm. budget 49,500 84,000 68,000 93,000 50,000 8,000 72,300 192,000 96,800 130,900 40,000 8,000 100,050 216,000 103,200 184,750 20,000 8,000 79,350 114,000 76,000 129,150 20,000 8,000 301,200 606,000 344,000 537,800 130,000 32,000

------------------------------------------------ -----------Total disbursements 352,500 540,000 632,000 426,500 1,951,000

------------------------------------------------ -----------Excess/deficiency of cash available over disbursements (80,000) (20,000) 148,000 134,000 61,500

Financing: Borrowings (at beginning)* Payments (at beginning) Interest** 120,000 60,000 180,000

(100,000) (80,000) (180,000) (7,500) (65,00) (14,000)

------------------------------------------------ -----------Total financing 1200,000 (60,000) (107,500) (86,500) (14,000)

------------------------------------------------ -----------Cash balance, ending P40,000 P40,000 P40,500 P47,500 P47,500

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