Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Turbines
Hydraulic machines converts Hydraulic energy to mechanical energy
Efficiencies of a Turbine: Hydraulic efficiency: h = Power delivered to runner / Power supplied at inlet = Runner Power (R.P) / Water Power (W.P)
WC1 C2 u R.P = g
WC1u1 C2 u 2 = g
Where, C1, C2 whirl velocity at inlet and outlet u tangential velocity of vane W weight of water striking the vanes
W.P = W X H
Where, W = weight of water striking the vanes per sec. H = Net head of the turbine W=gQH, Q volume of water per sec.
Mechanical Efficiency: m = Power at the shaft of the turbine / power delivered by water to turbine
i.e., = Shaft Power (S.P) / Runner Power (R.P)
Overall efficiency: v = Power available at the shaft / Power supplied to the turbine = S.P / W.P o = P / g Q H Also, o = m X h
Pelton Wheel
Tangential flow, impulse turbine The pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmosphere Main Parts of Pelton turbine are,
Nozzle and flow regulating arrangement Runner and buckets Casing Breaking jet
Casing
Francis Turbine
Inward flow, reaction turbine Head ranges from 10 - 650 m Power O/P: 10 - 750 MW Speed: 83 - 1000 rpm Turbine mounted vertically keep away water from generator
Kaplan Turbine
Axial flow, reaction turbine head ranges from 1070 m Power output from 5 to 120 MW Runner diameters are between 2 and 8 meters range of the turbine is from 79 to 429 rpm
Pumps
Centrifugal pump
Pumps
Rotary pumps:
Scroll pump
Screw pump
Gear Pump
Cavity Pump
Peristaltic Pump
Main Parts: Impeller Casing Suction pipe, foot valve Delivery pipe
Types of casing
Volute casing Area of cross-section gradually increases towards the delivery pipe. The velocity of liquid decreases as area increases along the path of flow. This arrangement converts K.E. into pressure energy. The efficiency of this casing is less than others. Larger amount of energy is lost due to formation of eddies.
Vortex casing A circular chamber is introduced between the impeller and casing. In this case, the liquid from the impeller enters into the vortex chamber and then through the volute chamber The eddy loss is considerably reduced and the efficiency of conversion from K.E. into pressure energy is increased as compared with volute casing.
Casing with Guide Blades The impeller is surrounded by a series of guide vanes mounted on a ring known as diffuser The area of guide vane increases, thus reducing the velocity of flow through guide vanes and increases the pressure
Work done in the centrifugal pump per sec. per unit weight w = C2 u2 / g Workdone by impeller on water per sec. w = W C2 u2 / g W weight of water
Definition of Head
Suction Head (hs)
Vertical height of the centre line of the centrifugal pump above the water surface in the tank
Static Head
The sum of suction head and delivery head Hs = hs+hd
Manometric Head
The head against the centrifugal pump has to work.
Reciprocating Pump
Performance curves