REVT

E
X 4 Authors Guide
American Physical Society

Ridge, Woodbury, Washington, DC

(Dated: 16 December 1999)
CONTENTS
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Choosing REVT
E
X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Historical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Design Principles of REVT
E
X 4 . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Status of REVT
E
X 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Documentation Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Quick Start 3
3 Getting Started With REVT
E
X 4
3.1 Site Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Installation of REVT
E
X . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Your First REVT
E
X Document . . . . . . . . 4
4 Creating Your REVT
E
X Document 5
4.1 Class options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Front matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Author and Afliation, Other Front Matter
4.3 Section headings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4 General Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.5 Math in text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.6 Text in math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.7 Displayed equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Numbering displayed equations,
Cross-referencing displayed equations
4.8 Special characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.9 Citations and References . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Using BIBT
E
X, References by Hand,
The reftest Tool
4.10 Figures and Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Artwork, Figure Placement
4.11 Tables and Alignments . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Some special table considerations, Table Placement
4.12 Cross-referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.13 Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Bold symbols in math,
Extra typefaces in math: amsfonts option,
Extra symbols in math: amssymb option,
AMS fonts
5 A REVT
E
X Command Reference 13
5.1 Document Class Declaration and Options . . 13
The Document Substyle, Type Size Options,
Media Size Options, AMS Font Options,
Author and Address Options,
One- or Two-Column Layout,
Preprint and Other Options,
Footnote and Bibliography Options,
Equation numbers, Section Numbering Option,
Floats Option, Title Page Options,
Formatting for Duplex Printing, Hypertext Option,
Job Macro Package
5.2 Frontmatter Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Data Commands,
Author/Afliation Data Commands,
Table of Contents
5.3 Body Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Bibliographies with BibT
E
X, Acknowledgments,
Float processing, Tables,
REVT
E
X 4 symbols and the revsymb package,
Bold Math, widetext environment
5.4 Using L
A
T
E
X packages with REVT
E
X . . . . . 18
Required Packages, Compatible Packages,
Deprecated Packages
6 Troubleshooting and Other Questions 19
7 The Compuscript Program 20
8 Contact Information 20
References 20
Appendices
A Differences From REVT
E
X 3.1 20
B Converting a REVT
E
X 3.1 Document to REVT
E
X 4 21
C Differences between REVT
E
X 4 and the standard
L
A
T
E
X article class 21
D Specifying Authors and Afliations 24
E Adding New Journal Styles 24
F Character Set Listing 24
G Markup List 29
Index 32
2
1. INTRODUCTION
This is the authors guide to REVT
E
X, a system for prepar-
ing journal submissions in both print and electronic form,
which is implemented as a document class for the L
A
T
E
X doc-
ument preparation system. An electronic document created in
REVT
E
X can be typeset in formats suitable for journal sub-
mission or for circulation by the author as a manuscript or
reprint, but most importantly, it can be used for direct submis-
sion as an electronic manuscript, or compuscript.
1.1 CHOOSING REVT
E
X
You will want to use REVT
E
X to prepare a paper for sub-
mission to an academic journal, if:
The journal or its society is a participant in the REVT
E
X
project.
The journal has a compuscript submission program that is
consistent with REVT
E
X.
Your paper makes signicant use of mathematical notation
or is highly technical in nature.
You are familiar with and use the T
E
X typesetting system,
or the L
A
T
E
X document perparation system for T
E
X.
Your documents intended use extends to electronic pub-
lishing.
Your document is destined to be translated to XML or an-
other descriptive markup system.
You wish to get the most value from your time and effort
as an author by focusing on the content and structure of
your paper without undue concern for format details such
as margins, fonts, and so on.
You wish to typeset your document in a number of different
formats depending on the requirements of the recipient.
You wish to get the most value from your computer system
in using it as a platform for document preparation.
Note that, although L
A
T
E
X is ultimately a required part of
the REVT
E
X system, you do not need to be an expert user of
L
A
T
E
X in order to be an effective user of REVT
E
X.
If you adopt REVT
E
X, you should expect to benet in the
following ways:
REVT
E
X provides all the markup elements needed for the
preparation of your manuscript, so you will not need to de-
velop special tags.
REVT
E
X markup is designed to be acceptable for
manuscript submission, so you will not need to be con-
cerned about proper format for editorial ofces (double
spacing, margin requirements, etc.).
REVT
E
X macros accommodate many presubmission distri-
bution needs: you can, for example, assign preprint num-
bers to your manuscripts or easily change to single-spaced
copy to save paper before submission to editorial ofces.
Since REVT
E
X macros are recognized by numerous
physics organizations as a T
E
X standard for manuscript
preparation, you can enjoy the benets of electronic sub-
mission programs.
REVT
E
X compuscript les can be used by a variety of pub-
lishers to create author proofs, giving you less proofread-
ing, accelerated production schedules, or reduced cost-per-
page.
1.2 HISTORICAL
The REVT
E
X system for L
A
T
E
X, so named for the Physical
Review journals, began its development in 1986, was rst re-
leased in 1988, revised to version 2 in 1990, and to version 3.1
in 1996. In its earliest incarnations, it was both an authoring
tool and a production tool and was based on L
A
T
E
X2.09.
These earlier versions of REVT
E
X were restrictive of what
authors were allowed to do and were incompatible with pack-
ages that authors wanted to use. REVT
E
X 3 did not keep pace
with the advances of the L
A
T
E
X community and thus became
inconvenient to work with.
1.3 DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF REVT
E
X 4
REVT
E
X 4 is designed to bring REVT
E
X up to date and
make it a more valuable tool for the production process of the
American Physical Society and for authors who circulate their
work on their own. This version of REVT
E
X is a complete
rewrite, with the following set of design goals:
Make REVT
E
X fully compatible with L
A
T
E
X2

; it is now a
L
A
T
E
X2

document class, similar in function to the standard

article class.
Relax the restrictions in REVT
E
X that had only been nec-
essary for typesetting journal camera-ready copy.
Rely on standard L
A
T
E
X2

packages for common tasks, e.g,

graphicx, color, hyperref, and longtable.
Add macros to support translation to SGML.
Improve frontmatter macros for tagging author names and
afliations.
Improve back matter macros for tagging references; ac-
tively promote the use of BibT
E
X.
Provide a closer approximation of the pages of Physical
Review and other journals so authors can use REVT
E
X to
check their adherence to length requirements.
Incorporate new features, such as hypertext, to make
REVT
E
X a desirable e-print format.
The improved tagging will to aid the peer-review and pub-
lication process from the moment a REVT
E
X paper is submit-
ted.
3
1.4 STATUS OF REVT
E
X 4
REVT
E
X 4 is in beta testing. Papers that use REVT
E
X 4
are not yet eligible for the compuscript program (described in
REVT
E
X Input Guide for REVT
E
X 3.1). The Americal Phys-
ical Society is making this beta release to get feedback on
the features and to track down bugs. Please send any com-
ments and bug reports concerning REVT
E
X 4 to mailto:
revtex4@aps.org.
1.5 DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP
This manual applies to version 4 of the REVT
E
X document
class for L
A
T
E
X. In this manual:
We give a quickstart guide for experienced users in Sec-
tion 2.
We describe REVT
E
Xs system requirements and explain
how to get and use the REVT
E
X tools and documentation
in Section 3.
We give instructions on preparing a REVT
E
X compuscript
(i.e., an instance of the revtex4 document class) in Sec-
tion 4.
We provide a reference manual to the REVT
E
X markup sys-
tem and illustrate how it applies to scientic papers in Sec-
tions 5.15.3.
We describe how to add other L
A
T
E
X packages to the
REVT
E
X system, so you can exploit their capabilities in
your document in Section 5.4.
We give pointers for troubleshooting in Section 6.
We describe the requirements of the compuscript program
in Section 7.
We detail your resources for help in Section 8.
We list books on the use of T
E
X and L
A
T
E
X in the Bibliogra-
phy.
The appendices to this manual contain reference informa-
tion and information of interest to a restricted audience:
In Appendix A, we summarize the differences in the
markup between REVT
E
X 4 and the previous release,
REVT
E
X 3.1.
In Appendix B, we describe how to convert a REVT
E
X 3.1
document into a REVT
E
X 4 document.
In Appendix C, we summarize the differences in the
markup between REVT
E
X 4 and the standard L
A
T
E
X article
class.
In Appendix F, we list the special characters obtainable
through REVT
E
X.
In Appendix G, we summarize the REVT
E
Xmarkup needed
for a typical document.
2. QUICK START
This section is for readers impatient to create their rst
REVT
E
X 4 document. In order to jump right in, you must:
Be familiar with L
A
T
E
X and, ideally, BiBT
E
X.
Have available to you a working T
E
X installation, complete
with L
A
T
E
X, BiBT
E
X, makeindex, previewer, printer, etc.
Either have REVT
E
X installed, possess the distribution me-
dia, or have access to the Internet.
Either have natbib installed or have access to CTAN.
Furthermore, to use the sophisticated length-checking ca-
pabilities of REVT
E
X, you must either possess the requisite
fonts, or you must install whatever fonts are required.
To quickstart REVT
E
X, follow these steps:
1. Pick up the REVT
E
X document class for L
A
T
E
X and
associated les: see http://publish.aps.org/
revtex4/.
2. Install the necessary components by putting all of the
.cls, .sty, and .rtx les into a location within your
lesystem where they will be available to L
A
T
E
X.
Note: under the TDS, they would be placed into textmf/
tex/latex/revtex.
3. Put all .bst les where they can be found by BiBT
E
X;
under the TDS, this would be textmf/bibtex/bst/
revtex.
4. Make note of the .dvi and .pdf les in the distribution;
they are the REVT
E
X online documentation. Please make
yourself familiar with their contents.
If you wish to move these les into your documentation
tree under the TDS, put them in texmf/doc/latex/
revtex.
5. The le template.aps is a boilerplate for creating a
REVT
E
X document. Under the TDS, it belongs in texmf/
doc/latex/revtex.
Clone this le under a new name, say mypaper.tex, in
your personal area of your lesystem, and typeset that new
le.
6. Alter the document to suit your purposes, using the sample
markup and embedded comments as a guide.
7. Ensure that your installation has the natbib
package installed, or intstall it yourself from
ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/
latex/contrib/supported/natbib.
8. You are on your way!
4
3. GETTING STARTED WITH REVT
E
X
3.1 SITE PREPARATION
To use REVT
E
X, you must have available to you a working
T
E
X installation, complete with L
A
T
E
X, BiBT
E
X, makeindex,
text editor, previewer, printer, and any ancillary applications
needed to operate it. Most new computers sold today are ca-
pable of serving your authoring needs.
Commercial and shareware T
E
Xdistributions for most com-
puters can be found through the T
E
X Users Group (http:
//www.tug.org), in particular, the very powerful and
convenient T
E
X Live CD-ROM (http://www.tug.org/
texlive) has runnable binaries for many UNIX avors,
Windows 9x and Windows 2000, and MacOS. All these distri-
butions contain the L
A
T
E
X document preparation system upon
which REVT
E
X is based.
Follow the installation instructions for your T
E
X software
included with the distribution. Conrm your T
E
X installation
by typesetting, previewing, and printing some sample docu-
ments. Then process the following short document to conrm
that your system will run REVT
E
X:
%This is la-test.tex
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1996/06/01]%
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, world!
\end{document}
3.2 INSTALLATION OF REVT
E
X
REVT
E
X 4 is incorporated into many commercial and
shareware T
E
X distributions, so you may nd it unnecessary
to install it. To determine if such is the case, create and type-
set the rev-test.tex document below. If it compiles suc-
cessfully, you have a working REVT
E
X and can skip the rest
of this section.
The denitive distribution point for REVT
E
X 4 is
http://publish.aps.org/revtex4/. It is also
available on the Comprehensive T
E
X Archive Network, at
ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/
latex/contrib/supported/revtex.
Full installation instructions for REVT
E
X are in the
README le distributed with REVT
E
X.
To conrm the integrity of your REVT
E
X installation, cre-
ate and typeset the following T
E
X document:
%This is rev-test.tex
\documentclass{revtex4}
\begin{document}
Hello, world!
\end{document}
Note: if you encounter difculties with REVT
E
X, the out-
put from the la-test.tex job in section 3.1 and the above
rev-test.tex can help diagnose installation problems.
3.3 YOUR FIRST REVT
E
X DOCUMENT
Lets create a REVT
E
X document that can ultimately be de-
veloped into a full-edged journal submission.
1. Start by making a copy of the REVT
E
X-distributed
le template.aps under a new name, such as
mypaper.tex. Put this le into a portion of your lesys-
tem where your own documents are stored.
2. Typeset and preview mypaper.tex and examine the for-
matted output. The document is almost devoid of content.
3. Open mypaper.tex in your text editor and locate the line
\title{}
Change this line so that it reads:
\title{%
A Proposal for the
Routing of Public Rail Service
}
4. Locate the line
\author{}
and change it to read:
\author{Hedley Lamarr}
(or insert your own name here).
5. Locate the line
\affiliation{}
and change it to read:
\affiliation{%
B. J. La Petomaine Institute,
Rock Ridge AZ 12345
}
(or insert your own institution here).
6. Locate the line
\section{}
and change it to read:
\section{%
A Cautionary Note About Quicksand
}
(or insert your own title here). Likewise insert titles into
the \subsection and \subsubsection commands
on the following lines.
7. Follow the \subsubsection command with some gen-
eral text of your own choosing.
5
8. Save the le and typeset it.
9. Congratulations, you have broken the ice with REVT
E
X.
4. CREATING YOUR REVT
E
X DOCUMENT
Your REVT
E
X document is a L
A
T
E
X document (specically
of the revtex class), and you create and process it like any
other L
A
T
E
X document.
This section takes you through the steps of creating a
REVT
E
X document in enough detail to allow you to create
a full journal submission.
If you are familiar with earlier versions of REVT
E
X, please
read Appendices A and B, which show how to convert from
that version. If you are familiar with the L
A
T
E
X article class,
upon which REVT
E
X is based, you can get a quick overview
of REVT
E
Xs distinctive features by reading Appendix C. If
you are unfamiliar with L
A
T
E
X, you are advised to obtain and
refer to the manual, the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Reference Man-
ual[2].
4.1 CLASS OPTIONS
Your document consists of preamble and body, the latter de-
limited by \begin{document} and \end{document}
statements, and the former consisting of all statements pre-
ceding the \end{document}.
Start your document with a basic shell as follows:
\documentclass[<options>]{revtex4}
\usepackage{<package>}
\begin{document}
<content> \end{document}
The document class is revtex4; class <options> are sep-
arated by commas and include eqsecnum (to number equa-
tions by section), preprint (to get double-spaced output
for submission purposes), tightenlines (to get single-
spaced output with the preprint style), and amsfonts and
amssymb (see Sec. 4.13).
There are class options for specic societies, called the so-
ciety substyle, such as aps for a genera American Physical
Society, aip for the AMerican Institute of Physics, osa for
the Optical Society of America, and seg for the Society of
Exploration Geophysicists. There are class options for spe-
cic journals, called the journal substyle. Those relating to the
APS are pra, prb, prc, prd, pre, prl, prstab, and rmp
for Physical Review A, B, C, D, E, Letters, Special Topics
Accelerators and Beams, and Reviews of Modern Physics, re-
spectively.
Under the aps society substyle, the journal substyle pra
is the default. The prb journal substyle gives superscript ref-
erence citations, as is the style for Physical Review B. The
prl substyle yields the slightly different line spacing of Let-
ters (use for accurate length estimates). Other than this, there
are no substantial differences in the APS journal options.
The floats class option enables L
A
T
E
X-style oating g-
ures and tables. Alternatively, the endfloats class option
automatically moves the gures and tables to the end of the
formatted document. The twocolumn class option typesets
the document in a two-column layout for your convenience in
creating a reprint format.
Please refer to the le apssamp.tex for an example of
how to invoke these options. Numerous other class options
are available; please see Section 5.1 for details.
The document preamble can have any number of
\usepackage statements; see Section 5.4 for information
about REVT
E
Xs compatibility with other L
A
T
E
X packages.
4.2 FRONT MATTER
The document body begins with the frontmatter statements,
all of which absorb data for use by the \maketitle com-
mand that ends the frontmatter. Continue your document with
a \maketitle command, preceding that command with
frontmatter statements as described below.
\begin{document} \title{<title>}
\author{<author>}
<frontmatter> \maketitle
Enter the title with the \titlecommand:
short title{<title text>}
If your documents title is sufciently long, you may need to
provide a truncated title for the purposes of the page running
header; enter that as the optional argument to the \title
command.
Author and Afliation
Next enter the authors and afliations. For an article with a
single author, give the \author and \affiliation com-
mands, for example:
\author{Jackson P. Jones}
\affiliation{321 Main Street, Everville,
Illinois 12345-6789}
For multiple authors at a single institution, put each au-
thor into a separate \author command, and follow with the
\affiliation statement:
\author{Jackson P. Jones}
\author{Joan Q. Johnson}
\affiliation{321 Main Street, Everville,
Illinois 12345-6789}
This arrangement is called an author group; it has one
or more \author commands followed by one or more
\affiliation commands (each author is understood to be
afliated with all of the specied afliations).
Your frontmatter itself may have more than one author
group; this is how you accomodate a mixture of authors and
afliations.
For each individual author, you may give any com-
bination of \email, \homepage, \thanks, or
\altaffiliation statements:
6
\author{Jackson P. Jones}
\email{JackP@Jones.org}
\email{JPJ@ev.il.us}
\homepage{www.jones.org}
\thanks{Work supported by Jenny Jones}
\altaffiliation{Everville Institute}
\affiliation{321 Main Street, Everville,
Illinois 12345-6789}
These author attributes are formatted either as title page foot-
notes or in the title block itself, depending on the requirements
of the journal substyle.
Complex arrangements of authors and afliations are pos-
sible with REVT
E
X; see Appendix D for more details.
Other Front Matter
Enter the \date{<date>} command to have the date
printed on the manuscript. Using \today will cause L
A
T
E
X
to insert the current date whenever the le is run:
\date{\today}
Next enter your abstract in the abstract environment:
\begin{abstract}
In this paper we show the result of...
\end{abstract}
The nal element of the frontmatter data is the
\pacs{<pacs numbers>} command.
\pacs{23.23.+x, 56.65.Dy}
The \maketitle command must be entered last of all.
Note: If you omit this command, your formatted output will
have no title block at all. Furthermore, certain features, such
as the ability to refer symbolically to the rst page of your
document (via \ref{<FirstPage>}), will not work properly
in a document lacking a title block.
\maketitle
Please see Section 5.2 for more information about frontmat-
ter commands, and the author/afliation commands in partic-
ular.
4.3 SECTION HEADINGS
Section headings are input as in L
A
T
E
X. The output is simi-
lar, with a few extra features.
Four levels of headings are available in REVT
E
X:
\section[<short title>]{<title text>}
\subsection{<title text>}
\subsubsection{<title text>}
\paragraph{<title text>}
Provide the <short title> if needed for the sake of the run-
ning header (required only by some journal substyles).
Use the starred form of the command to suppress the auto-
matic numbering; e.g.,
\section*{Introduction}
To label a section heading for cross referencing use the
\label{<key>} command after the heading; e.g.,
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}
In the some journal substyles, such as those of the
APS, all text in the \section command is automat-
ically set uppercase. If a lowercase letter is needed,
use \lowercase{x}. For example, to use He for
helium in a \section{<title text>} command, type
H\lowercase{e} in {<title text>}.
The \appendix command signals that all following
sections are appendices, so \section{<title text>} after
\appendix will set {<title text>} as an appendix head-
ing (an empty {<title text>} is permitted). For a single ap-
pendix, use a \section*{<title text>} command to sup-
press the appendix letter in the section heading.
Use \protect\\ to force a line break in a section head-
ing. (Fragile commands must be protected in section headings
and captions, and \\ is a fragile command.)
4.4 GENERAL TEXT
Paragraphs always end with a blank input line. Because T
E
X
automatically calculates linebreaks and word hyphenation in
a paragraph, you should not force linebreaks or hyphenation
in your document. Of course, you nonehteless continue to
explicitly hyphenate, e.g., author-prepared copy.
Use directional quotes for quotation marks around quoted
text (xxx), not straight double quotes ("xxx"). (For
opening quotes, this is two octal 140 (hexadecimal 60) char-
acters; for closing quotes, this is two octal 047 (hexadecimal
27) characters.)
You can control the width of the text across the page in two-
column layout: the widetext environment will set the text
across the full width of the typing area. This may be needed
to set very long equations. See Section 4.7. The widetext
environment has no effect on the output if you have invoked
the preprint class option. The preprint style is a uniform
width throughout.
Dont use \vspace, \smallskip, \bigskip, or any
other vertical motion commands. Likewise, horizontal motion
commands like \hspace, should be avoided.
L
A
T
E
Xs standard \footnote command is available in
REVT
E
X. Your target journal, however, may effectively in-
voke the endnotes class option; these notes will then be
placed at the end of the bibliography element.
Note that in such a case, the argument of the \footnote
command is a moving argument in the sense of the L
A
T
E
X
Users Guide &Reference Manual, Appendix C.1.3: any frag-
ile command within that argument must be preceded by a
\protect command.
4.5 MATH IN TEXT
REVT
E
X uses the T
E
X markup $ for math, e.g.,
7
the quantity a
z
is obtained from the input
the quantity $a{z}$
Within math mode, use {<math>} for superscripts (and
_{<math>} for subscripts), as you see in the source for this
guide. If you omit the braces after the , T
E
X will superscript
the next token (generally a single character or command), but
it is safest to use explicit braces {}.
As with text, your math should not require vertical or hor-
zontal motion commands, because T
E
X calculates math spac-
ing itself automatically. In particular, please do not insert
explicit spacing around relations (e.g., = ) or operators (e.g.,
+ ). These suggestions notwithstanding, some ne-tuning
of math is required in specic cases, see Chapter 18 in the
T
E
Xbook[1].
4.6 TEXT IN MATH
There are times when you need to insert text into math, but
there are more and less satisfactory ways of doing so.
The \rm command only switches to Roman font for
math letters. It does not, for example, let you print a
normal text hyphen: ${\rm e-p}$ gives e p. Us-
ing an \mbox{<text>} will give you normal text, includ-
ing a hyphen, but will not scale correctly in superscripts:
$x_{\mbox{e-p}}$ gives x
e-p
.
The \text{<text>} command is the preferred
method of setting text within math mode. It gives
you regular text and scales correctly in superscripts:
$y=x \text{ for } x_{\text{e-p}}$ gives
y = x for x
e-p
.
To use the \text command, you must load the amsmath
package: include a \usepackage{amsmath} command
in your document preamble.
4.7 DISPLAYED EQUATIONS
Equations are set centered in the column width or ush left
depending on the selected journal substyle.
For the simplest type of displayed equation, a numbered,
one-line equation, use the equation environment. REVT
E
X
takes care of the equation numberthe number will be set
below the equation if necessary. Use \[ . . . \] for a single,
one-line unnumbered display equation.
Use the eqnarray environment when more than one con-
secutive equation occurs, putting each equation in a separate
row of the environment, and using \nonumberbefore the
row end (\\) to suppress the equation number where neces-
sary. If the equations are related to each other, align each on
the respective relation operator (such as = ).
When an equation is broken over lines or is continued over
multiple relation operators, it is called a multi-line or con-
tinued equation, respectively; here, too, use the eqnarray
environment.
For a continued equation, align each row on the rela-
tion operator just as with multiple equations, and use the
\nonumber command to suppress auto-numbering on bro-
ken lines. Also, use the starred form of the row end (\\*) to
prevent a pagebreak at that juncture.
Short displayed equations that can appear together on a sin-
gle line separated by \qquad space, may be placed in a single
equation environment.
In two-column mode, if an equation needs to be broken into
many lines, for ease of reading set it in a wide column using
the widetext environment. Then return to the normal text
width as soon as possible. However short pieces of paragraph
text and/or math between nearly contiguous wide equations
should be incorporated into the surrounding wide sections.
In apssamp.tex, we illustrate how to obtain each of the
above effects.
Numbering displayed equations
The REVT
E
X macro package allows two methods for num-
bering equations: you can allow REVT
E
X to automatically
number for you, or you can assign your own equation num-
bers.
For automatically numbered single-line and multi-line
equations, use the equation and eqnarray environ-
ments as described above. For unnumbered single-line equa-
tions, use the \[ . . . \] construction. The command
\nonumber will suppress the numbering on a single line of
an eqnarray. For a multi-line equation with no equation
numbers at all, use the eqnarray* environment.
If you wish a series of equations to be a lettered sequence,
e.g., (3a), (3b), and (3c), put the respective equation or
eqnarray environment within the subequations envi-
ronment. You must load the amsmath package for this capa-
bility; include the statement \usepackage{amsmath} in
your document preamble.
Use the command \tag{<number>} to produce an id-
iosyncratic equation number: (1
/
), for example. Num-
bers assigned by \tag are completely independent of
REVT
E
Xs automatic numbering. The package amsmath is
required if you use the \tag command: put the statement
\usepackage{amsmath} in your document preamble.
To have REVT
E
X number equations by section, use the
eqsecnum class option in your document preamble.
See apssamp.tex for examples.
Cross-referencing displayed equations
To refer to a numbered equation, use the \label{<key>}
and \ref{<key>} commands. The \label{<key>}
command is used within the referenced equation (on the de-
sired line of the eqnarray, if a multi-line equation):
input:
\begin{equation}
A=B \label{pauli}
\end{equation}
... It follows from Eq.(\ref{pauli})
8
that this is the case ...
\begin{eqnarray}
A & = &B,\label{pauli2}\\
A& = &B
\end{eqnarray}
output:
A = B (1)
... It follows from Eq. (1) that this is the case ...
A = B, (2)
A
/
= B
/
(3)
Please note the parentheses surrounding the \ref com-
mand. these are not provided automatically; you must incor-
porate them into your electronic document if you want them.
Numbers produced with \tag can also be cross-
referenced: follow the \tag command with a \label com-
mand.
Using a \label after \begin{subequations} will
allow you to reference the general number of the equations in
the subequations environment. For example, if
\begin{subequations}
\label{allequations} % notice location
\begin{eqnarray}
E&=&mc2,\label{equationa}
\\
E&=&mc2,\label{equationb}
\\
E&=&mc2,\label{equationc}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
gives the output
E = mc
2
, (4a)
E = mc
2
, (4b)
E = mc
2
, (4c)
then Eq.(\ref{allequations}) gives Eq. (4).
Note: incorrect cross-referencing will result if \label is
used in an unnumbered single-line equation (i.e., within the
\[ and \] commands), or if \label is used on a line of
an eqnarray that is not being numbered (i.e., a line that has a
\nonumber).
Please see Sec. 4.12 for further information about cross-
referencing.
4.8 SPECIAL CHARACTERS
If you intend to submit your document to a compuscript
program, it would be best to avoid the use of specially de-
ned characters; instead choose symbols from those shown in
the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Reference Manual or in Section F.
These characters are supported by the software that converts
your REVT
E
X document to SGML or other format.
See Appendix F for a list of standard L
A
T
E
X symbols, a list
of symbols available when the amsfonts and amssymb op-
tions are used, and a list of extra symbols made available by
REVT
E
X.
4.9 CITATIONS AND REFERENCES
References are cited in text using the \cite{<key>}
command and are listed in the bibliography using the
\bibitem{<key>} command. Put the list of references af-
ter the main body of the paper using one of two alternative
methods.
If you are using BIBT
E
X, give the command
\bibliography{<bib les>}
where <bib les> is a comma-separated list of BIBT
E
X bib-
liography database les, each with a .bib extension. See
Section 4.9 for further instructions on using BIBT
E
X.
Alternatively, you may use an explict
thebibliography environment:
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem[Tal(1982)]{tal82}
Y. Tal and L. J. Bartolotti,
J. Chem. Phys. {\bf 76}, 4056 (1982).
\end{thebibliography}
In either case output looks like:
REFERENCES

REVT
E
X 3.1 portions by APS; V4 notes by David Carlisle
(mailto:david@carlisle.demon.co.uk), March 31, 1999;
V4 guide by Arthur Ogawa (mailto:ogawa@teleport.com)
[1] Y. Tal and L. J. Bartolotti, J. Chem. Phys. 76, 4056 (1982).
The \bibitem commands optional argument species
information that is used to cite the reference when using au-
thor/year citation style. The required argument, here tal82
is a tag. If you compile your thebibliography environ-
ment by hand, you can chose the tag for each bibliographic
entry as any string of letters and numbers. If using BIBT
E
X,
the tag must match that of the desired entry in your biblio-
graphic database.
You use the tag in the \cite command to indicate which
reference you want to cite. For example,
input:
As has been noted previously\cite{tal82}.
output:
As has been noted previously [1].
In journal substyles using superscript reference cita-
tions, such as Physical Review B, you need an alter-
native command to get on-line citations; the command
\onlinecite{<key>} is available for this purpose. For
example, Ref.\onlinecite{tal82} will give the out-
put Ref. 1.
9
When the citation constitutes part of the grammar of the
sentence, you use the \textcite{<key>} command, for
example, \textcite{tal82} has shown will give the
output Tal [1] has shown.
A \cite command with multiple keys is formatted with
consecutive reference numbers collapsed; e.g., [1,2,3,5,7,8,9]
will be output as [13,5,79]. If you need to split the list over
more than one line, use a % character immediately following
a comma; thereby ensuring that the list will be processed cor-
rectly.
. . . as shown in \cite{a,b,c,d,e,f,%
g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z}
Note the % inserted after the comma on the rst line, which
avoids unwanted spaces.
Using BIBT
E
X
The BIBT
E
X application is an adjunct to T
E
X that aids in
the preparation of your bibliography.
To use BIBT
E
X with REVT
E
X, you must select an ap-
propriate journal substyle, optionally specify your own bib-
liography style (if you do not, REVT
E
X selects one based
on your journal substyle), issue the \bibliography com-
mand as described above, give \cite{<key>} commands
(using as <key> that of the desired entry in your bibliographic
database), and of course prepare your .bib bibliographic
databases. In this section, we use the \cite command to
stand also for \textcite and \onlinecite.
Selecting a journal substyle automatically invokes the nec-
essary \bibliographystyle command with the ap-
propriate argument. For instance, for APS journals in gen-
eral, this argument is apsrev, but is apsrmp in the partic-
ular case of the rmp (Reviews of Modern Physics) journal
substyle. Your selected jounal substyle must do likewise.
You may accept the bibliography style automatically
selected by the journal substyle. Alternatively, you
can issue the \bibliographystyle command ex-
plicitly, thereby specifying the bibliography style for
your document. Note that unlike standard L
A
T
E
X, your
\bibliographystyle command must appear before
the \begin{document} statement in order for it to take
effect.
As explained above, the \bibliography command per-
forms double duty by specifying both the location within
your document where the list of references is to appear, and
the set of BIBT
E
X bibliography database les to be used
when BIBT
E
X prepares your .bbl le.
Each \cite command in your document automatically
records its citation key in your documents .aux le, for
later use by BIBT
E
X.
An appropriate bibliographic database is required as well.
You may have created one of your own, or you may have
access to one of the compiled databases, depending on your
eld of research.
With the above requirements met, you carry out the fol-
lowing steps: (we take the name of your document to be
myfile.tex)
1. Process your document once under REVT
E
X as specied
elsewhere in this guide, and ignore any L
A
T
E
X reports of un-
dened citations. L
A
T
E
Xcompiles a list of needed references
in the myfile.aux le from each instance of a \cite
command in your document.
2. Run BIBT
E
X on the myfile.aux le, thereby creating
the myfile.bbl le. To run BIBT
E
X on a command-
line operating system, you might give a shell command like
bibtex myfile.
3. Process your document a second time under REVT
E
X, still
ignoring any L
A
T
E
X reports of undened citations. L
A
T
E
X
typesets the bibliography and, for each \bibitem state-
ment therein, records the meaning of each reference key in
the .aux le for use when the key is cited.
4. Process your document a third time under REVT
E
X. This
time a reports of an undened citation indicates that you
have either failed to correctly enter the citation key in your
\cite command that matches the key in the .bib le, or
that the .bib le lacks any entry with that key.
5. Repair any problems and repeat the whole process from
step 1.
6. If you have no reports of undened citations, your BIBT
E
X
work is complete.
For more information on using BIBT
E
X with L
A
T
E
X, see
Sections 4.3.1 and C.11.3 of the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Ref-
erence Manual[2], Section 13.2 of [3], or the online BIBT
E
X
manual http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/
biblio/bibtex/distribs/doc/btxdoc.tex.
References by Hand
If you are not using BIBT
E
X, please bear in mind the fol-
lowing when preparing your \bibitems.
The \bibitem[<bib text>]{<key>} command begins
each reference item.
References should be listed in the reference section in the
order in which they are rst cited in the text if using nu-
merical citations, in alphabetical order if using author/year
citations.
Numerical references are automatically numbered by
REVT
E
X in the order in which they occur in the reference
section.
10
The <key> in \bibitem{<key>} is a tag; you can
choose any string of letters and numbers to associate with
the reference. This tag is used with the \cite{<key>}
command when citing the reference.
The <bib text> in \bibitem[<bib text>] is only used
in the case of author/year citations; it should have the struc-
ture
\bibitem[<short-name>(<year>)<long-name>]
where <short-name> is the author name used in a paren-
thetical citation, <long-name> that used in a textual cita-
tion, and <year> is the year.
If you wish to prepare a bibliography that can serve as the
basis for a document using either author/year or numerical
citations, then prepare it for the former. If you later choose
a journal substyle using numerical citations you need make
no changes to your bibliography.
The reftest Tool
REVT
E
X includes a tool for authors who prepare their bib-
liographies by hand, called reftest.tex. It will check to
make sure that you have (1) no uncited references, (2) no un-
dened citations, and (3) your references are in the same order
as your citations. Using reftest, an author can put the ci-
tations in the correct order once, after writing the paper, by
using the correct order reported by reftest.tex.
This process only works if you use L
A
T
E
Xs
\bibitem{<key>} and \cite{<key>} mechanisms.
To check the references for the le myfile.tex,
1. Run myfile.tex through L
A
T
E
X as usual, thereby
creating an up-to-date auxiliary le myfile.aux.
(reftest.tex uses that le to analyze your references.)
2. Run L
A
T
E
X on reftest.tex: it prompts for the name of
the le you wish to check. Answer myfile at the prompt
(not myfile.tex or myfile.aux).
3. Note messages on your console and in the log le
(reftest.log) that tell you of any problems. Correct
them.
4. Preview or print the le reftest.dvi to see the correct
order of your references. Note that this information does
not appear in the log le.
4.10 FIGURES AND ARTWORK
Figures are part of the compuscript and should be input us-
ing the figure environment as illustrated below; L
A
T
E
X will
label and automatically number the captions FIG. 1, FIG. 2,
etc., or in whatever format required by the chosen journal sub-
style. Note how the \label{<key>} command is used to
cross-reference gures in text. The \label{<key>} com-
mand should be inserted inside or after the gure caption, be-
fore the end of the gure environment.
input:
\begin{figure}
\caption{Text of first caption.}
\label{fig1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\caption{%
This is the second caption:
comparison of the differential cross
sections for the subprocess
$qg \rightarrow qggg$ of our
approximation (dotted line)}
\label{fig2}
\end{figure}
output:
FIG. 1: Text of rst caption.
FIG. 2: This is the second caption: comparison of the dif-
ferential cross sections for the subprocess qg qggg of our
approximation (dotted line)
Figures are cited in text with the use of the \ref{<key>}
command:
input:
...It can be seen from Fig.\ref{fig1}
that the data are inconsistent...
output:
...It can be seen from Fig. 1 that the data are inconsistent...
Further information on cross-referencing can be found in
Sec. 4.12.
Artwork
Use the standard L
A
T
E
X \includegraphics command,
as enhanced by the graphicx package, to import an elec-
tronic art le into your document, most commonly into a
figure.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[<key-vals>]{<lename>}
\caption{<title text>}
\label{<key>}
\end{figure}
For more information on the enhancements of the
graphicx package, see [4] or ftp://ctan.tug.
org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/
graphics/grfguide.ps.
11
Figure Placement
As with tables (cf. Section 4.11), gures oat to the top
or bottom of the page if not otherwise specied, using the
standard L
A
T
E
X oat placement mechanism. Initially, you
should put each figure environment immediately following
its rst reference in the text; this will usually result in satis-
factory placement on the page. Use the optional argument of
the figure environment to make adjustments to your oat
placement
\begin{figure}[<placement>]
. . .
\end{figure}
where <placement> can be any combination of htbp!, sig-
nifying here, top, bottom, page, and as soon as pos-
sible. For more details about oat placement, please study
the instructions in the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Reference Man-
ual, Appendix C.9.1.
4.11 TABLES AND ALIGNMENTS
Tables are part of the compuscript and should be input us-
ing the table environment as detailed below; L
A
T
E
X will la-
bel and number the captions TABLE 1, TABLE 2, etc. or in
whatever format required by the chosen journal substyle.
Each table must begin with \begin{table},
end with \end{table}, and have a caption (using
the \caption{<text>} command). The optional
\label{<key>} command follows the \caption
and is used for cross-referencing. Use the \ref{<key>}
command to cite tables in text.
The content of the table environment should be a
tabular{<preamble>} environment. Please refer to Sec-
tion 3.6.3 and Appendix C.10.2 of the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide &
Reference Manual for more details about the tabular envi-
ronment.
Use the commands \toprule, \colrule, and
\botrule to structure your tabular into the column
heads (those rows between \toprule and \colrule)
and the alignment body (those rows between \colrule
and \botrule). Follow current journal style concerning
placement of other table rules.
input:
\begin{table}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
\toprule
Column 1&Column 2\\
\colrule
Cell 1&Cell 2\\
\botrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Text of table caption.}
\label{tab1}
\end{table}
output:
Column 1 Column 2
Cell 1 Cell 2
TABLE I: Text of table caption.
Some special table considerations
Use the correct number of descriptive column headings.
Numerical columns should align on the decimal point (or
decimal points if more than one is is present). The column
specier d, should be used for simple numeric data with a
single decimal point. Material without a decimal point is
simply set in math mode, centered.
To use the d column specier, you must load the dcolumn
package; put \usepackage{dcolumn} in your docu-
ment preamble. The entry of a d column is typeset in math
mode; do note insert any $ math shift characters into a d
column. If text is required in the column, use \text or
\mbox as appropriate.
If multiple decimal points are present then the last is
used for alignment. To escape from the d column use
\multicolumn as usual. See apssamp.tex for exam-
ples.
Use $ delimiters for all math in a table; do not put a dis-
played equation in a table.
Footnotes in a table are labeled a, b, c, etc.; use the L
A
T
E
X
\footnote command. See apssamp.tex for exam-
ples and explanations of use.
Use the \squeezetable command with tables that do
not otherwise t on the page: placing this command before
your \begin{tabular} statement makes the fonts in
the body of the tabular smaller, allowing larger tables to
t onto the page.
Table Placement
Like gures (cf. Section 4.10), tables oat to the top or bot-
tom of the page if not otherwise specied, using the standard
L
A
T
E
X oat placement mechanism. Initially, you should put
each table environment immediately following its rst ref-
erence in the text; this will usually result in satisfactory place-
ment on the page. Use the optional argument of the table
environment to make adjustments to your oat placement
\begin{table}[<placement>]
. . .
\end{table}
where <placement> can be any combination of htbp!, sig-
nifying here, top, bottom, page, and as soon as pos-
sible. For more details about oat placement, please study
the instructions in the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Reference Man-
ual, Appendix C.9.1.
12
Invoking the REVT
E
X preprint class option changes
L
A
T
E
Xs oat behavior: all tables are automatically printed at
the end of your document. This arrangement may be required
by your journals compuscript program.
4.12 CROSS-REFERENCING
REVT
E
X has built-in features for labeling and cross-
referencing section headings, equations, tables, and g-
ures. This section contains a simplied explanation of cross-
referencing features. The format for using these features with
section headings, equations, tables, and gures is discussed in
the appropriate section.
Cross-referencing depends upon the use of tags, which
are dened by the user. The \label{<key>} command is
used to identify tags for REVT
E
X. Tags are strings of charac-
ters that serve to label section headings, equations, tables, and
gures, so that you dont need to know what number REVT
E
X
has assigned to the item in order to talk about it in text.
You will need to process your le through REVT
E
Xtwice to
ensure that the tags have been properly linked to appropriate
numbers. If you add any tags in subsequent editing sessions,
you will need to repeat this process: L
A
T
E
Xwill display a warn-
ing message in the log le that ends with ... Rerun to
get cross-references right. If you see that mes-
sage, run the le through REVT
E
X again.
If the error message persists, please check your labels; you
may have labelled more than one object with the same <key>.
Another L
A
T
E
X warning is There were undefined
references, which signies that you have used a key in
a \ref without ever using it in a \label statement. If you
encounter this message after running your document through
L
A
T
E
X twice, search your document for the <key> in question:
it must appear as the argument of a \label command.
REVT
E
X performs autonumbering exactly as in standard
L
A
T
E
X: when you process your le for the rst time, L
A
T
E
X cre-
ates an auxiliary le (with the .aux extension) that records
the value of each <key>. Each subsequent run retrieves the
proper number from the auxiliary le and updates the auxil-
iary le. At the end of each run, any change in the value of a
<key> produces a L
A
T
E
X warning message.
4.13 FONTS
REVT
E
X has been set up to give good results on standard
L
A
T
E
X installations, but we cannot guarantee that you will be
able to access all the font optionsmemory and font restric-
tions vary in T
E
X implementations and computers.
Bold symbols in math
If you require bold symbols in math, particularly in su-
perscripts or subscripts, use the \bm{<symbol>} command.
You must have the AMS fonts installed and invoke the
amsfonts class option. You must also load the bm package:
place the command \usepackage{bm} in your document
preamble.
The \bm command makes the symbol bold in math mode,
and it ensures that it is the correct size, even in superscripts.
If the correct font in the correct size is not available, then you
get {<symbol>} at the correct size in lightface and L
A
T
E
X
will issue a warning that says No \boldmath typeface
in this size. You can also use \bm to get bold greek
charactersupper- and lowercaseand other symbols.
The following will come out bold with \bm: normal math
italic letters, numbers, Greek letters (uppercase and lower-
case), small bracketing and operators, and \mathcal.
Note that \bm{<math>} is a fragile command.
Extra typefaces in math: amsfonts option
In addition to the extra bold capabilities you get in math
with the amsfonts option, you also gain access to the Frak-
tur and Blackboard Bold typefaces. You select these with nor-
mal font-switching commands: ${\mathfrak{G}}$ gives
a Fraktur G and ${\mathbb{Z}}$ gives a Blackboard
Bold Z. Fraktur will become bold in a \bm; there is no
bold version of Blackboard Bold.
Extra symbols in math: amssymb option
Many new symbols are available to you if you have the
AMS fonts installed. The amssymb class option gives you
all the font capabilities of the amsfonts class option and
further denes the commands to get the symbols shown in
Appendix F, which contains examples of the symbols and for
instructions on use. These characters will scale correctly in
superscripts and heads.
AMS fonts
The AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathemati-
cal Society, are available free of charge at ftp://ctan.
tug.org/fonts/amsfonts. Most L
A
T
E
Xinstallations in-
corporate the AMS fonts in many formats, including ATM-
compatible Type 1 PostScript fonts. There are two class
options for accessing the AMS fonts: amsfonts and
amssymb.
The amsfonts option denes the \mathfrak and
\mathbb commands to switch to the Fraktur and Blackboard
Bold fonts, respectively. Fraktur characters will come out bold
in a \bm, Blackboard Bold will not. The amsfonts option
also adds support for bold math letters and symbols in smaller
sizes and in superscripts when a \bm{<symbol>} is used.
For example, ${\bm{\pi}}$ gives a bold lowercase pi in
the superscript position:

.
amssymb gives the capabilities of the amsfonts option
and additionally denes many new characters for use in math.
13
REVT
E
X does not support the use of the extra Euler fonts
(the AMS fonts starting with eur or eus) or the Cyrillic fonts
(the AMS fonts starting with w).
5. A REVT
E
X COMMAND REFERENCE
This section is a systematic reference to all REVT
E
X-
specifc commands. Please see the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Ref-
erence Manual for complete information about L
A
T
E
X com-
mands.
5.1 DOCUMENT CLASS DECLARATION AND OPTIONS
All REVT
E
X documents must start with the declaration:
\documentclass[<options>]{revtex4}
There are numerous options, as listed below.
The Document Substyle
Among your document class options will be exactly one
substyle, an option specifying the society or the journal to
which your article will be submitted. One such society is the
American Physical Society, hence the document class option
aps signies that your article is to be submitted to one of
the APS journals. Alternatively, you can specify a particular
journal. Select a substyle from the following list:
substyle Journal
aps American Physical Society
pra Physical Review A
prb Physical Review B
prc Physical Review C
prd Physical Review D
pre Physical Review E
prl Physical Review Letters
prstab Physical Review Special TopicsAccelerators and Beams
rmp Reviews of Modern Physics
Another possible society is the OSA, selected with the osa
substyle; currently unimplemented.
If you invoke a class option that REVT
E
X does not oth-
erwise know about, it looks for a journal substyle with the
corresponding name (with a .rtx extension). If no such sub-
style le exists, that option is made available as a global class
option for other packages to use as appropriate.
You should examine your log le for any messages of the
sort:
LaTeX Warning: Unused global option(s):
to see what options you have invoke that are not dened or
ever used. If you see on that list the name of a journal sub-
style, you will know that the corresponding .rtx le was not
found.
Correct the situation by installing the indicated .rtx le
in a location on your le system where T
E
X can nd it. Un-
der the TDS, it would be placed into textmf/tex/latex/
revtex.
Type Size Options
You may select a type size from among the following. Note
that selecting a type size is optional; your selected journal has
a default type size.
10pt The default size.
11pt Alternative size for author drafts.
12pt The default size in the preprint option described
below.
Media Size Options
The media size options of the standard L
A
T
E
X classes are
available. Note that selecting the media size does not affect
the text area of your formatted article.
AMS Font Options
You may specify one of the following two options:
amsfonts Load the AMS font package. (Equivalent to
putting \usepackage{amsfonts} in the document
preamble.)
noamsfonts Dont load the AMS fonts package (even if a
journal option loads amsfonts by default).
You may specify one of the following two options:
amssymb Load the AMS symbols package. (Equivalent
to putting \usepackage{amssymb} in the document
preamble.)
noamssymb Dont load the AMS symbols package (even if
a journal option loads amssymb by default).
Author and Address Options
The following four options, all relating to how the authors
and afliations are formatted in the title block, are mutually
exclusive. You may have only one of them in effect at one
time.
groupedaddress List each group of authors with shared
addresses separately, followed by the addresses. Each
shared address will only be typeset once and all authors that
share an address will be typeset in the same group.
unsortedaddress List the authors in exactly the order
specied even if this means typesetting some addresses
more than once.
runinaddress List authors similarly to
groupedaddress, except that the authors are for-
matted in a paragraph instead of on separate lines.
14
supercriptaddress List all authors in a single list. Au-
thor addresses are indicated by superscript markers which
index into a numbered list of addresses typeset after the au-
thor list.
Note that your chosen journal substyle will make a default
choice of one of the above four options, and you may override
this choice in your document.
One- or Two-Column Layout
twocolumn Selects two-column layout. Unlike the option
in the standard classes, the columns on the nal page will
be balanced.
onecolumn A single column across the full page width will
be used. This is the default for the preprint option.
Preprint and Other Options
preprint Sets the article in single column at 12pt with en-
larged interline spacing and makes minor layout changes.
This option is intended for use when the formatted docu-
ment is to be copyedited, and it is activated by default.
galley Sets the article in a single, narrow column approx-
imating the format of journal article. In galley format,
the widetext environment sets its content using the full
page width (over twice the width of general text). This for-
matting option is one of two ways to gauge the length of a
journal article; the other is lengthcheck.
tightenlines If used in conjunction with the above op-
tions, this produces normal single spaced documents.
draft This option marks overset lines (Overfull \hbox
in paragraph), as in the standard classes.
showpacs and noshowpacs These options determine
whether the Physics and Astronomy Classication Scheme
data appear in the formatted output.
final This item is the opposite of draft.
lengthcheck This class option species that the format-
ted document should approach as closely as possible the
formatting of an actual journal article, thereby facilitating
performance of a length check. Note that particular font
requirements may be in effect for this option.
byrevtex Using the byrevtex class option signies that
you want the Typeset by REVT
E
X tagline to appear on
your output. In the aps substyles, it will appear at the foot
of the title page.
Footnote and Bibliography Options
bibnotes Instead of putting remarks (\thanks, \email,
\homepage, and \altaffiliation) associated with
authors as footnotes on the title page, put them at the begin-
ning of the bibliography as unnumbered entries.
nobibnotes Nullies the effect of the bibnotes option.
If the journal substyle effectively invokes that option by de-
fault, you can invoke nobibnotes to override that choice.
footinbib Put all footnotes as numbered entries at the end
of the bibliography. (Footnotes in the frontmatter are con-
trolled independently by the bibnotes option.)
nofootinbib Nullies the effect of the footinbib op-
tion. If the journal substyle effectively invokes that option
by default, you can invoke nofootinbib to override that
choice.
superbib Number the entries in the bibliography with su-
perscripts rather than with numbers in square brackets. (this
is, e.g., the style of Phys. Rev. B.)
Equation numbers
eqsecnum Number equations within sections.
fleqn Typeset equations ush left.
Section Numbering Option
The secnumarabic class option species that you want
the sectioning commands to have arabic numbering.
Floats Option
The endfloats option species that oating elements
such as gures and tables are to be set at the end of the for-
matted document (end oats).
Specifying the floats option means normal L
A
T
E
X oat
behavior and will override those journals which would by de-
fault have end oats.
If you specify neither option, then the selection will be
made by the journal substyle; usually floats.
These options are described in more detail below.
Title Page Options
It should not be necessary to use these options in your doc-
ument, because the journal substyle sets them as appropriate.
titlepage Start a new page after typesetting the title
block.
notitlepage Typeset the title block above the body of the
text.
15
Formatting for Duplex Printing
The options twoside (the default) and oneside work as
in standard L
A
T
E
X classes.
Hypertext Option
Use the option hyperref if you want your format-
ted document to have hypertext capabilities. This op-
tion implies the use of the hyperref package, avail-
able from ftp://ctan.tug.org/macros/latex/
contrib/supported/hyperref, which is automati-
cally loaded.
Job Macro Package
You can create a job macro package for your docu-
ment that will be read in automatically every time your
document is processed. Thus, if your job is a le
called myarticle.tex, then the le myarticle.rty
will be read in just the same as if you had placed
a \usepackage{myarticle.rty} statement immedi-
ately following your \documentclass statement.
Within your .rty le, you can dene and use control
sequence names that contain the @ character, and you can
override any of the denitions or assignments made by the
REVT
E
X document class or the selected journal substyle.
That is, you have the power to make a mess.
If you choose to have a job macro package, be sure to read
the L
A
T
E
X guide to document classes (clsguide.tex) or
read up on the subject of packages and classes in The L
A
T
E
X
Companion [3] or a similar book.
The le template.rty contains a template for creating
your own job macro package.
Example Here is a code fragment suitable for inclusion in
your job macro package that denes the sectioning counters to
produce arabic numbers instead of the default roman numbers,
and which numbers the sectioning commands to the level of
\subparagraph.
\def\thesection{%
\arabic{section}}%
\def\thesubsection{%
\arabic{subsection}}%
\def\thesubsubsection{%
\arabic{subsubsection}}%
\def\theparagraph{%
\arabic{paragraph}}%
\def\thesubparagraph{%
\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}%
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{5}%
5.2 FRONTMATTER COMMANDS
As in the standard classes, the frontmatter is specied by
a sequence of declarations that gather information (data com-
mands). The \maketitle command then uses this infor-
mation to typeset the title block.
Data Commands
Title \title[<short title>]{<title>} The optional short
title will be used in running heads. If it is not specied, then
it defaults to the same value as title.
Keywords \keywords{<keyword list>} A comma-
separated list of keywords (as used by subject review or
abstract publications).
PACS \pacs{<PACS numbers>} PACS Subject classi-
cation numbers. You must specify \pacs before the
\maketitle command.
Abstract \begin{abstract}abstract\end{abstract}
The abstract is considered part of the frontmatter, and thus the
abstract environment must come before the \maketitle
command in the source le.
Dates and Numbers The following commands specify the
volume, issue, year, and electronic identier of the article, as
well as the dates received, revised, accepted, and published.
With the exception of the L
A
T
E
X standard \date command,
these commands are more likely to be used by journal staff
than by the author of the document. The argument of each
should be in the nal typeset form; the class does not parse
these arguments.
\volumeyear{<year>}
\volumenumber{<number>}
\issuenumber{<number>}
\eid{<identier>}
\date[<text>]{<date>}
\received[<text>]{<date>}
\revised[<text>]{<date>}
\accepted[<text>]{<date>}
\published[<text>]{<date>}
In the latter ve commands, [<text>] signies an alternative
value for the text that is produced just before the date, e.g.,
in the case of \received, it might be Received. You can
use the optional argument to override the value chosen by the
journal substyle.
L
A
T
E
X will calculate page numbering from information
taken from the previous runs .aux le, if not otherwise spec-
ied:
\startpage{<number>}
\endpage{<number>}
Preprint command
\preprint{<text>} has no effect unless the preprint
option has been specied, in which case it adds identifying
text to the page headline.
16
Author/Afliation Data Commands
The most signicant new feature in REVT
E
X 4 concerns
the commands used for specifying author names, afliations,
and other author-related information. They are designed to
better mark up the information (e.g., \email rather than
\thanks) for use in the editorial and production processes.
These data are organized into one or more author groups,
each comprised of one or more authors followed by one or
more afliations: the given authors are understood to share all
of the given afliations. Furthermore each author can possess
any number of email, homepage, alternative afliation, and
general thanks.
Following an author group is an optional collaboration
specication, which is taken to apply to all of the preceding
author groups up to the most recent collaboration specica-
tion. A collaboration, like an individual author, can have any
number of email, homepage, alternative afliation, and gen-
eral thanks.
Author \author{<author name>} Contrary to the usage
of the \author commands in standard L
A
T
E
X classes, each
author should be specied in a separate \author command.
You may assist your journal in dealing with unusual names
by specifying the authors rst name, or, independently, sur-
name:
\author{
\firstname{<rst-name>}
\surname{<surname>}
}
Either one or both may be used. For example:
\author{Andrew \surname{Lloyd Weber}}
\author{\firstname{Yo yo} Ma}
Note: The command \and used in the standard L
A
T
E
X
classes is not supported by this class, and simply generates
an error message.
The \author command may be followed by any com-
bination of author data commands specifying email address,
general URL, alternative afliation, and thanks. These com-
mands are all implicitly subsidiary to the immediately preced-
ing \author command and may be repeated, if so desired,
to give, e.g., multiple email addresses.
Email \email[text]{<email address>} Specify the elec-
tronic mail address of the immediately preceding \author.
The <text> phrase is prepended to the email address.
Only the actual address should appear in the argument; the
mailto: is understood.
Homepage \homepage[text]{<URL>} Specify a URL for
the immediately preceding \author. This acts in the same
way as \email, and may refer to a WWW homepage of an
author.
Alternative Address
\altaffiliation[<comment>]{<address>}
Specify an alternative address for the immediately preced-
ing \author. This command produces a footnote with text
constructed from the two arguments, so the <comment> ar-
gument will be something like Currently at or Work under-
taken while visiting or other explanatory text to be placed in
front of the address in the footnote.
Thanks \thanks[text]{<Extra remarks>}
In the standard classes \thanks is used inside the argu-
ment of \author, but in this class \thanks must follow
the \author command.
Email addresses, URLs, and alternate afliations should be
typeset with the appropriate command above and not with the
\thanks command. The latter should only be used when the
other, more specic, choices are not appropriate.
Afliation
\affiliation{<afliation>}
The afliation (or address) of an author (or group of au-
thors) is specied using this command. All authors given
since the previous \affiliation command (or the start
of the document) will be taken as being at this address.
Some journal classes distinguish between afliation,
which is usually just the name of the department or institu-
tion where the work was undertaken, and address, which is
a full postal address. Currently REVT
E
X does not make this
distinction.
If the supercriptaddress option is invoked, aflia-
tions will be numbered in the order they appear in the source
le. This order is effectively determined by the order in which
the authors are listed, and may not be the desired ordering.
To control the numbering, you may give the
\affiliation commands before any authors are
specied. This forces the numbering to follow the order of
the listed \affiliation commands. The addresses can
then be re-specied after the relevant authors. In any case, if
an address is specied more than once it is only allocated one
number, and, except with the unsortedaddress option, it
will be typeset once.
Collaboration
\collaboration{<collaboration>} Specify a collab-
oration applying to all prior author groups up to the most re-
cent \collaboration.
This command will work only in the
superscriptaddress mode. The collaboration
name will be typeset within parentheses following the
list of authors and can have \email, \homepage,
\altaffiliation, and \thankscommands associated
with it. The \collaboration command should be
followed by a \noaffiliation command.
See Appendix D for examples and more details about au-
thor/afliation data commands.
Table of Contents
As with standard L
A
T
E
X, you use the
\tableofcontents command to mark the place in
your document where the table of contents is to appear,
typically immediately after the \maketitle command.
Note that you will have to typeset your document at least
three times before the information in the contents is valid:
17
twice to obtain a contents of the correct number of lines and a
third time for the pagination therein to be valid.
If using the rmp journal substyle, you see proper indenta-
tion on the contents only after the third typesetting run.
5.3 BODY COMMANDS
Bibliographies with BibT
E
X
REVT
E
X facilitates using BibT
E
X for compiling the bibli-
ography. During the editorial and production processes, it is
useful to be able to extract the bibliographic information to
check it against denitive databases. This will allow us to
catch errors early in the life of the manuscript and to add hy-
perlinks so that referees can locate electronic versions of cited
papers.
Reference component tagging
\bibinfo{<label>}{<text>}
The extra tagging is achieved by using a \bibinfo com-
mand that takes a <label> argument to identify what is being
tagged. The labels correspond, for the most part, to the eld
names in a .bib le. For instance, the author of a cited paper
would be tagged with \bibinfo{<author>} and the jour-
nal would be tagged with \bibinfo{<journal>}. The text
argument contains the corresponding string from the BIBT
E
X
le (suitably processed by BIBT
E
X of course).
The \bibinfo command does not affect the typesetting
of the information; rather, it is purely informative. Authors
may choose to add the \bibinfo commands by hand, but
this rapidly becomes tedious. To avoid the tedium, we have
created a new REVT
E
X BibT
E
X le, apsrev.bst. This
style le will automatically add the correct \bibinfo tag-
ging. Futhermore, the style le has been expanded to handle
items like URLs and e-prints which now frequently appear in
citations. Authors can now add this information to their .bib
les in a standard manner.
For more details on the BibT
E
X style les, please see the
manual revbib.tex, included with the REVT
E
X 4 distri-
bution.
Limitations in BibT
E
X The advantages of BibT
E
X notwith-
standing, there are certain common constructions you cannot
readily achieve through its use: multiple references and refer-
ences with lead-in text. The following thebibliography
environment illustrates each.
\begin{thebibliography}{}
\bibitem[Weinberg and Tomozawa(1966)]{Tom66}
S. Weinberg,
\prl{\bf 17}, 616 (1966);
Y. Tomozawa,
Nuovo Cimento A {\bf 46}, 707 (1966).
\bibitem[Moravcsik and Noyes(1961)]{Mor61}
For early developments, see:
M.J. Moravcsik and H.P. Noyes,
Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci.
{\bf 11}, 95 (1961).
\end{thebibliography}
The rst item gives two citations under a single \bibitem,
i.e., a multiple reference. The second gives a reference pre-
ceded by lead-in text. In both cases you can achieve the effect
only by manually editing the .bbl le. The author of BibT
E
X
is Oren Patashnick.
Acknowledgments
If your document has an acknowledgments section, use the
acknowledgments environment as its container. Depend-
ing on the journal substyle, this element may be formatted as
an unnumbered section.
Float processing
Environments such as figure and table (and poten-
tially other similar environments dened by loaded packages
or journal options) may be positioned using L
A
T
E
Xs standard
oat placement algorithm (the default), or they may be held
back (using an external le) and set at the end of the docu-
ment (end oats).
You invoke the commands \printtables and
\printfigures at the end of the document, where
you wish the tables and gures to be printed. (Similar to
the standard \printindex command). The *-form of the
respective command begins the gures or table on a new
page.
When oats are positioned in the document body by the
oat placement system, these two commands are silently ig-
nored, so it is always safe to use them and to switch between
different journal styles that may change the behavior of the
formatter.
If the \printtables command is missing, the tables
will be printed at the end of the document. Likewise, if
\printfigures is missing, the gures will be printed at
the end of the document. Therefore it is safe to omit these
commands as long as you are satised with REVT
E
Xs default
choices.
If you wish greater control over when the end oats are
produced, give the \printfigures and \printtables
commands at the exact location (and in the desired order) you
please. You may also use the *-form of the respective com-
mand to force a pagebreak.
We recommend that you use explicit \begin{table}
and \end{table} markup in your document (likewise
with longtable and figure). Moreover, if you use the
endfloats option, or if your chosen journal substyle makes
this selection, then you must use this explicit markup scheme.
In particular, please do not follow the practice of dening typ-
ing shortcuts for table and gure environments, like
\def\bt{\begin{table}}% Incompatible!
\def\et{\end{table}}%
Such commands will be incompatible with generating end
oats.
18
Tables
The following commands affect the table environment.
They do not apply to tables set directly in the text with a
tabular environment not enclosed in a table. They do
however apply to longtable environments if that environ-
ment (from the longtable package) is used.
By default, tables are set in a smaller size than the text body
(\small). The \squeezetable declaration makes them
smaller (\scriptsize).
In general you can locally redene \tabbodyfont to be
whatever you like. (\Huge\color{magenta} . . . ?)
\footnote works in table environments, producing the
text at the end of the table, not at the bottom of the page (as if
the body of the environment were enclosed in a minipage
environment, which is essentially how this feature is imple-
mented).
Using the tabular environment REVT
E
X introduces three
commands to help structure your alignments, \toprule,
\colrule, and \botrule; use these commands after the
row end (\\), similar to \hline.
The \toprule command starts off your tabular, and
all table rows down to the \colrule are understood to com-
prise the table column heads. The \botrule command
comes last in your tabular, and all table rows below the
\colrule command are understood to comprise the table
body.
Using the longtable package
The REVT
E
X document class is specically designed to be
compatible with the longtable package. If any of your ta-
bles is so long as to require setting on multiple pages, you are
advised to use that package and its longtable environment.
To load the longtable package, insert a
\usepackage{longtable} command in your doc-
ument preamble.
For more documentation on the longtable environ-
ment and on the package options of the longtable
package, please see the documentation thereof at ftp://
ctan.tug.org/macros/latex/required/tools/
longtable.dtx or refer to the L
A
T
E
X Companion.
Note that the longtable package does not allow use of
the longtable environment on multicolumn pages. If you
prefer to see this limitation lifted, please correspond directly
with mailto:bugs@latex-project.org.
REVT
E
X 4 symbols and the revsymb package
Symbols made available in earlier versions of REVT
E
X are
dened in a separate package, revsymb, so that they may
be used with other classes. (This might be useful if, say,
copying text from a REVT
E
X document to a set of slides be-
ing produced with a class such as slides, seminar or
foiltex.)
The following are dened in this package: \lambdabar,
\openone, \corresponds, \succsim, \precsim,
\lesssim, \vereq, \gtrsim, \tensor, \overstar,
\overdots, \overcirc, \loarrow, \roarrow. See
Section 3 for examples.
Bold Math
The Bold Math (bm) package is now the basis for
creating bold symbols in math mode. The command
\bm{<symbol>} makes {<symbol>} bold in math mode,
ensuring that it is the correct size, even in superscripts. If the
correct font in the correct size is not available then you get
{<symbol>} at the correct size in lightface and L
A
T
E
X2

will
issue a warning that says No boldmath typeface in
this size . . . .
widetext environment
Text that is too wide to t the narrow measure of
the two-column or galley layouts may be placed in a
widetext environment by using \begin{widetext}
and \end{widetext}.
In two-column mode, this will temporarily return to one-
column mode, balancing the text before the environment into
two short columns, and returning to two-column mode after
the environment has nished.
In galley mode widetext increases the measure allowing
the text to extend into the (otherwise empty) space at the right-
hand side of the page.
In one-column mode the environment has no effect.
5.4 USING L
A
T
E
X PACKAGES WITH REVT
E
X
L
A
T
E
X users often employ add-in software packages in order
to use higher-level markup than is available with the standard
L
A
T
E
X document classes, or to achieve particular formatting
within their document.
Such packages are available, for instance, on CTAN at
ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/
latex/required/ and at ftp://ctan.tug.org/
tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/ or may be
available on your distribution media, such as the T
E
X Live
CD-ROM http://www.tug.org/texlive.
Some of these packages are automatically loaded by
REVT
E
X when you select certain class options; these are re-
quired packages (see Section 5.4). They will either be dis-
tributed with REVT
E
X or will be a required part of your L
A
T
E
X
distribution.
Others are declared to be compatible with REVT
E
X (see
Section 5.4); we anticipate your need to use these packages,
have tested REVT
E
Xs compatibility with them, and are com-
mitted to maintaining compatibility.
Still others are declared to be deprecated, see Section 5.4;
their use with REVT
E
X is discouraged. A package may be
included in this category because it establishes markup that is
incompatible with the electronic submissions scheme of the
19
APS, or because its denitions are incompatible with those of
REVT
E
X (they break REVT
E
X).
The customary way to load a package is through the
\usepackage command; simply invoke this command just
after your \documentclass statement. For instance, if
you wish to load the longtable package, your document
preamble might look like:
\documentclass{revtex}
\usepackage{longtable}
Required packages are automatically loaded by REVT
E
X
on an as-needed basis and do not need an explicit
\usepackage statement in your document.
Required Packages
In order to use some of the advanced functions in
REVT
E
X 4, you will have to install certain L
A
T
E
X2

packages.
Most of these packages are standard in any L
A
T
E
X2

distribu-
tion, but some are not. If you have problems obtaining any of
these packages, please contact REVT
E
X support for help.
natbib The natbib package, available at ftp:
//ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/
contrib/supported/natbib/, provides the general
framework for citations and references within REVT
E
X,
regardless of the journal substyle.
You must obtain and install the natbib package in order
to run REVT
E
X. Please refer to the packages installation in-
structions.
Note that natbib is loaded by REVT
E
X itself, so you do
not need to put a \usepackage{natbib} statement in
your document preamble.
graphics/graphicx Graphics inclusion should use the L
A
T
E
X
graphicx packages and the standard L
A
T
E
X command
\includegraphics. This package is a required compo-
nent of all L
A
T
E
X distributions. To load the package, put the
line:
\usepackage{graphicx}
in your document preamble.
Compatible Packages
Of the many packages available for use with L
A
T
E
X, only a
small subset are tested for compatibility with REVT
E
X, and
they are documented in this section. If you encounter a bug
stemming from the use of one of these packages in conjunc-
tion with any of the APS journals, please contact REVT
E
X
support.
AMS packages REVT
E
X is compatible with and depends
upon the AMS packages amsfonts, amssymb, and
amsmath.
array, dcolumn The array and dcolumn packages are part
of L
A
T
E
Xs required suite of packages. REVT
E
X appears to be
compatible with these packages.
longtable
longtable.sty is used for large tables that will
span more than one page and must be loaded using the
\usepackage command.
hyperref
hyperref.sty is a package by Sebastian Rahtz that
is used for putting hypertext links into L
A
T
E
X2

documents.
REVT
E
X 4 has hooks to allow e-mail addresses and URLs
to become hyperlinks.
bm (Bold Math)
bm is used for creating bold symbols in math mode. It is
loaded by using the \usepackage command and is dis-
tributed with REVT
E
X 4.
ftnright The ftnright package makes adjustments to
L
A
T
E
Xs footnote placement such that in a two-column page
grid, all footnotes are placed at the bottom of the right-hand
column.
We know of no reason why this package should be incom-
patible with REVT
E
X, however extensive testing has not been
done at this time.
Deprecated Packages
Because the APS does not have control over the functions
of packages, it cannot commit to making REVT
E
X work with
all available packages. Furthermore, some packages may es-
tablish markup conventions that do not work well with the
electronic submissions scheme of the APS. Therefore, the use
of certain packages may be deprecated.
multicol The multicol package, part of L
A
T
E
Xs required
packages, lets you format your document in a multiple-
column page grid. Although REVT
E
X provides native support
for a two-column page grid, your requirements may for some
reason make it necessary to use multicol. If so, please be
advised that this package does not allow your single-column
oats to be placed: you will have to make them all full-page-
width oats (e.g., figure* instead of figure).
At present we know of no other packages in this category.
6. TROUBLESHOOTING AND OTHER QUESTIONS
This section is intended to help authors with problems and
common questions that arise when using REVT
E
X.
Question: How do I get lowercase letters in the
\section{<title text>} command?
In the APS journal substyles, text in the
\section{<title text>} command is automati-
cally set uppercase. For a lowercase letter use
\lowercase{x}. For example, to use He for he-
lium in a \section{<title text>} command, type
H\lowercase{e} in {<title text>}. This also
works in math mode: $\lowercase{e}2$ in a
\section{<title text>} command will output e
2
.
Problem: I am getting error messages from my
\section{<title text>}, \subsection{<title text>},
\subsubsection{<title text>},
20
\footnote{<text>}, or \caption{<text>} com-
mands, and I cant understand why!
You may have a so-called fragile command in a section
heading or caption. This is solved in L
A
T
E
X by immediately
preceding the fragile command with \protect. Some com-
mon fragile commands include:
\footnote \footnotemark \footnotetext
\nocite
\( \) \[ \] \\
as well as any command with an optional argument. More-
over, \verb must never appear in the argument of any com-
mand.
If you have one of these commands, or another fragile com-
mand (check L
A
T
E
X Users Guide & Reference Manual), pre-
cede it with \protect and try running the le again. For
example, if you have
\section{The result:\\Results in an error!}%
change it to
\section{The result:\protect\\This is OK.}%
Problem: I have tables that do not t into the preprint width.
Try putting the \squeezetable command right after the
\begin{table} command. This will reduce the size of the
type in the body of the table, thus allowing more data to t.
Problem: T
E
X (or my device driver) runs out of font space.
Try removing the amsfonts and amssymb class options.
T
E
X implementations vary, and some implementations will be
unable to provide the resources needed to run these options.
Problem: T
E
X runs out of string space (pool_size is too
small).
Remove the amssymb class option. It denes hundreds of
symbol names. Some T
E
X implementations will be unable to
provide the resources needed to run this option.
Problem: (a) The text immediately following an equation is
outdented. That is, indented into the margin. (b) I get a
missing error in the references, but the input is OK. If I let
T
E
X run through, the output is OK, too.
REVT
E
X is having a bad interaction with an older version
of L
A
T
E
X. Upgrading to a newer L
A
T
E
X has cured these prob-
lems in the past.
Problem: One (or more) of my equations is being cross-
referenced incorrectly.
Make sure that you have run L
A
T
E
X at least twice since
the equation numbering was last disturbed by an input
change. Also note that incorrect cross-referencing will re-
sult if \label{<key>} is used in an unnumbered single
line equation (i.e., within the \[ and \] commands), or if
\label{<key>} is used on a line of an eqnarray that is not
being numbered (i.e., a line that has a \nonumber).
Problem: I get a L
A
T
E
X message at the end of the run that
tells me that the references may have changed, no matter how
many times I run L
A
T
E
X.
Make sure that you have not used the same tag to label two
different things. This will produce this effect, but will also
produce a warning during the run and is therefore easy to de-
tect. Also make sure that you have not used the same tag for
two different \bibitems. That is, make sure that two differ-
ent \bibitem{<key>} commands do not use the same text
for {<key>}. You will probably not get a warning for this,
so this a more subtle error.
7. THE COMPUSCRIPT PROGRAM
The bright promise of REVT
E
X is, of course, that your elec-
tronic document can qualify for the compuscript program of a
participating journal. This manual does not attempt to cover
any aspects of such programs except to encourage you to en-
sure that your documents markup is of the highest quality.
You may obtain further information about the compuscript
program of the American Physical Society at http://
publish.aps.org/ESUB/, the American Institute of
Physics at http://www.aip.org, the Optical Society of
America at http://www.osa.org, the Society of Explo-
ration Geologists at http://www.seg.org.
8. CONTACT INFORMATION
Should you nd any bugs, problems or inconsistencies,
contact REVT
E
X support at mailto:revtex4@aps.org.
Please try to include information on what you were doing at
the time and if possible, a small sample document that mani-
fests the problem.
REFERENCES

REVT
E
X 3.1 portions by APS; V4 notes by David Carlisle
(mailto:david@carlisle.demon.co.uk), March 31, 1999;
V4 guide by Arthur Ogawa (mailto:ogawa@teleport.com)
[1] Knuth, D.E., The T
E
Xbook, Addison Wesley Longman,
1986.
[2] Lamport, L., L
A
T
E
X, a Document Preparation System, Ad-
dison Wesley Longman, 1996.
[3] Goossens, M. et al., The L
A
T
E
X Companion, Addison Wes-
ley Longman, 1994.
[4] Goossens, M. et al., The L
A
T
E
X Graphics Companion, Ad-
dison Wesley Longman, 1997.
[5] Rahtz, S. et al., The L
A
T
E
X Web Companion, Addison Wes-
ley Longman, 1999.
APPENDIX A: DIFFERENCES FROM REVT
E
X 3.1
If you are already an experienced user of REVT
E
X ver-
sion 3.1 under L
A
T
E
X2

, and have installed REVT

E
X 4, you
can immediately start using the new system. Please take note
of the following differences
1 PLATFORM REQUIRED
REVT
E
X 4 works solely with L
A
T
E
X2

; it is not useable as a
L
A
T
E
X2.09 package. Furthermore, REVT
E
X 4 requires an up-
to-date L
A
T
E
X installation (1996/06/01 or later); its use under
older versions is not supported.
21
2 MARKUP DIFFERENCES
Documentation of REVT
E
X 3.1 (ftp://aps.org/
revtex/manend.tex) mentions a number of commands
particular to that document style (that is, extensions to the
L
A
T
E
X article style). Some of these commands have changed,
as noted in Table II, and new extensions to the L
A
T
E
X2

arti-
cle class have been introduced with REVT
E
X 4. Furthermore,
REVT
E
X 4 uses certain L
A
T
E
X commands in a different way
than in the article class. These are also noted in Section C.
In any case, simply making the transition from using
the article document style under L
A
T
E
X2.09 to using the
article document class under L
A
T
E
X2

mandates changes
to your legacy document. You are responsible for such re-
quired changes; see Appendix D of the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide &
Reference Manual for details.
APPENDIX B: CONVERTING A REVT
E
X 3.1 DOCUMENT TO
REVT
E
X 4
To convert a REVT
E
X 3 document to one compatible with
REVT
E
X 4, carry out the following actions:
Change \documentstyle{revtex} to
\documentclass{revtex4}, and run the docu-
ment under L
A
T
E
X2

instead of L
A
T
E
X2.09.
If your document used the preprint option, you must
invoke both the preprint and endfloats options.
Replace the \draft command with the draft class op-
tion.
Replace the \tighten command with the
tightenlines class option.
For each \author command, split the multiple authors
into individual \author commands. Remove any in-
stances of \and.
Use \affiliation instead of \address.
Move \maketitle downstream of all \pacs commands
and downstream of any abstract environment instance.
Convert quasitable to longtable, and load the
longtable package.
If your document used the \widetext and
\narrowtext commands, change these to in-
stances of the widetext environment. Usually, the
\begin{widetext} statement will replace the
\widetext command, and the \end{widetext}
statement replaces the matching \narrowtext com-
mand.
Note in this connection that due to a curious feature of
L
A
T
E
X itself, REVT
E
X 4 having a widetext environment
means that it also has a denition for the \widetext com-
mand, even though the latter cammand is not intended to be
used in your document. Therefore, it is particularly impor-
tant that you remove all \widetext commands from your
REVT
E
X 3 document when converting to REVT
E
X 4.
Remove all obsolete commands: \FL, \FR,
\narrowtext, and \mediumtext (see Table II).
Replace \case with \frac. If you need the fraction to
be set in text style despite being in a display equation, use
the construction \textstyle\frac. Note that \frac
does not support the syntax \case1/2.
Replace \slantfrac with \frac.
Change \frak to \mathfrak{<char>} and \Bbb to
\mathbb{<char>}, and invoke one of the class options
amsfonts or amssymb.
Replace environment mathletters with environment
subequations and load the amsmath package.
Replace \eqnum with \tag and load the amsmath pack-
age.
Replace \bbox with \bm and load the bm package.
If using the \text command, load the amsmath package.
If using the d column specier in tabular environments,
load the dcolumn package, and be aware that the content
of each cell in the column is implicitly in math mode: re-
move any $ math shift characters appearing in a d column.
Replace \tablenote with \footnote,
\tablenotemark with \footnotemark, and
\tablenotetext with \footnotetext.
Replace \begin{references} with
\begin{thebibliography}{};
\end{references} with
\end{thebibliography}.
APPENDIX C: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REVT
E
X 4 AND
THE STANDARD L
A
T
E
X ARTICLE CLASS
If you are familiar with the standard L
A
T
E
X article doc-
ument class, you will nd that REVT
E
X provides a famil-
iar environment in which to prepare your article. However,
REVT
E
X is different from the article class, as noted here.
In some respects, REVT
E
X simply extends the article
class the same way many users do: it incorporates pack-
ages from among the L
A
T
E
X required suite of packages, such
as the AMS-authored packages amsfonts, amssymb, and
amsmath. These packages introduce the ability to typeset
many math symbols not otherwise available to L
A
T
E
X. The
amsmath package provides the subequations environ-
ment and the the \tag command.
Other packages from the the required suite of L
A
T
E
X pack-
ages include bm, which gives access to bold math through the
\bm command; and longtable, which lets you create ta-
bles that can break over pages.
In other respects, REVT
E
X simply extends the article
class. It denes new class options, such as the many
journal substyles, and denes its own new math symbols,
such as \tensor, and it denes new commands, such as
22
REVT
E
X 3.1 command REVT
E
X 4 replacement
\documentstyle[<options>]{revtex} \documentclass[<options>]{revtex4}
option aps is now the default
options aps, osa, seg the society is now implied by the selection of the journal
option manuscript preprint
\tighten preamble command tightenlines class option
\draft preamble command draft class option
\title \title can take an optional argument signifying an alternative title
\author \author{<name>} may appear multiple times; each signies a new author name.
\lastname{<surname>} lets you mark up the authors surname
\firstname{<rstname>} lets you mark up the authors rst name
\homepage{<URL>} gives a URL for the above author
\email{<email>} gives an email address for the above author
\and obsolete, remove this command
\address \affiliation{<institution>} gives the afliation for the group of authors above
\affiliation[<note>] lets you specify a footnote to this institution
\noaffiliation signies that the above authors have no afliation
\altaddress \altaffiliation; applies to a single \author
\preprint \preprint{<number>} can appear multiple times, and must precede \maketitle
\pacs \pacs must precede \maketitle
abstract environment abstract environment must precede \maketitle
\maketitle \maketitle must follow all frontmatter data commands
\narrowtext obsolete, remove this command
\mediumtext obsolete, remove this command
\widetext obsolete, replace with widetext environment
\FL obsolete, remove this command
\FR obsolete, remove this command
\eqnum replace with \tag, load amsmath
mathletters replace with subequations, load amsmath
quasitable environment replace with longtable, load longtable
references environment replace with thebibliography{}
\case replace with \textstyle\frac
\slantfrac replace with \frac
\tablenote replace with \footnote
\tablenotemark replace with \footnotemark
\tablenotetext replace with \footnotetext
TABLE II: Differences between REVT
E
X 3.1 and REVT
E
X 4 markup
23
\bibinfo, that let you mark up your document in a way
that enhances its value as an electronic document.
However, using REVT
E
X will also force you to relearn cer-
tain commands and environments, such as the new markup
rules for your frontmatter and bibliography. In these incom-
patible extensions to the standard article class, REVT
E
X
either gives you a somewhat more convenient way of marking
up your paper, or gives you the ability to do something that is
not provided for in the standard article class.
The document class declaration is different: the document
class is revtex4.
There is a class option for each APS journal (they are col-
lectively called journal substyles): pra, prb, prc, prd,
pre, prl, prstab, and rmp for Physical Review A, B,
C, D, E, Letters, Special TopicsAccelerators and Beams,
and Reviews of Modern Physics, respectively. The chosen
journal substyle may in turn make default selections of a
number of class options; an explicit document class option
always overrides this.
New class options are eqsecnum (number equations by
section), preprint (double-spaced output for submission
purposes), tightenlines (single-spaced output with
the preprint option), and amsfonts and amssymb (extra
font capabilities, see Sec. 4.13).
The prb option gives superscript reference citations, as is
the style for Physical Review B. The prl option yields a
slightly different line spacing, giving more accurate PRL
length estimates. Apart than this, there are no substantial
differences between the substyles for Physical Review A
E.
The floats class option enables L
A
T
E
X-style oating g-
ures and tables. The endfloats option causes oating
elements to be formatted at the end of the document.
The twocolumn class option causes the document to be
formatted in a two-column layout; onecolumn in a one-
column layout.
The frontmatter is different in REVT
E
X; a simple one might
look like (cf. template.aps)
\documentclass[draft,pra,aps]{revtex4}
\begin{document}
\title{Title here}
\author{Author(s) here}
\affiliation{Address(es) here}
\author{Another author(s) here}
\affiliation{Another address(es) here}
\date{\today}
\begin{abstract}
Abstract here.
\end{abstract}
\pacs{PACS numbers here}
\maketitle
Note the \affiliation{<text>}, and
\pacs{<pacs number>} commands are new, and
the \maketitle command follows the abstract.
Also, each author appears in a separate \author com-
mand; the \and command is not used. See Sec. 4.2 for
details.
Figures and tables are input the same as in L
A
T
E
X, however,
with the endfloats option they are automatically moved
to the end of the document; see Sections 5.1 and 5.3 for
more details.
The \text{<text>} command formats <text> in text
mode within math. In particular, you get hyphens instead
of minus signs. Used in a superscript, you get the correct
size. See Sec. 4.6.
Using a \label{<key>} within the
\begin{subequations} environment allows you
to reference the general number of the equations in the
subequations environment. For example:
\begin{subequations}
\label{alleqs} % observe location
\begin{eqnarray}
E & = &mc{2},\label{eqa}\\
c{2}& = &a{2} + b{2},\label{eqb}\\
E & = &m(a{2} + b{2}),\label{eqc}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{subequations}
gives the output
E = mc
2
, (C1a)
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
, (C1b)
E = m(a
2
+ b
2
), (C1c)
and Eq.\ (\ref{alleqs}) gives Eq. (C1).
Using d in a tabular specication creates a column centered
on the decimal points of the entries. See Sec. 4.11 for de-
tails; see apssamp.tex for examples.
These additional diacritics are available: \tensor
(double-headed overarrow), \overdots (triple overdots),
\overstar (star), \overcirc (circle), \loarrow
(left-going overarrow), and \roarrow (right-going over-
arrow). They scale correctly in superscripts. See Ap-
pendix F for examples.
Style les for use with BIBT
E
X are bundled with the various
journal substyles. The journal substyle automatically issues
the needed \bibliographystyle command.
If you wish to specify your own bibliography style, you do
so with the \bibliographystyle command, but un-
like standard L
A
T
E
X, you must give this command before
the \begin{document} statement.
24
For hand-prepared bibliographies, reftest.tex checks
that your document has (1) no uncited bibitems, (2) no un-
dened citations, and (3) its \bibitems in the same order
as its citations. See Sec. 4.9.
The American Physical Society intends for REVT
E
X to be
as compatible as possible with L
A
T
E
X and with packages that
can be used with L
A
T
E
X. Please let us know of any L
A
T
E
X com-
mands incompatible with REVT
E
X, or of any packages use-
able with the L
A
T
E
X article class that are incompatible with
REVT
E
X.
APPENDIX D: SPECIFYING AUTHORS AND AFFILIATIONS
This section provides more detail on how to specify authors
and afliations for your document, and shows how to obtain
various title block formatting effects with the class options.
The following examples exhibit a representative cross sec-
tion of frontmatter blocks. They are taken from actual journal
papers; the journal involved is indicated.
[to come]
APPENDIX E: ADDING NEW JOURNAL STYLES
Earlier versions of REVT
E
X provided formatting for a large
group of societies and journals. REVT
E
X 4 establishes a new,
open architecture for adding journal substyles.
To add a new journal substyle to REVT
E
X: Create a le
with a .rtx extension and put into it whatever macro def-
initions or parameter assignments are required. To use the
journal substyle, your document should invoke a correspond-
ing document class option, causing your .rtx le to be read
in.
For instance, in the case of a ctitious publication called
the Journal of Irreproducible Results, you could cre-
ate a le called jir.rtx and invoke that substyle via a
\documentclass statement like
\documentclass[jir]{revtex4}
To create a useful substyle .rtx le, you might want to use
as a model the American Physical Society substyle aps.rtx.
Notes:
Journal substyles should ideally not create new markup
syntax. All document-level environments and commands
should be dened in REVT
E
X itself.
If your journal requires markup (compuscript structure) that
goes beyond that supplied by REVT
E
X, please contact the
maintainers of REVT
E
X.
The le aps.rtx has specic code at the beginning that
insists on being run under REVT
E
X; your substyle should
do likewise.
Your journal substyle, like aps.rtx, is read in after all of
the code of the revtex.cls; it can depend on all of the
denitions in that le to be in effect, and can redene them
as needed.
TABLE III: Text accents with letter a.
` a \{a} a \{a} a \{a} a \"{a}
a \{a} a \={a} a \.{a} a \u{a}
a \v{a} a \H{a} aa \t{aa} a \c{a}
a
.
\d{a} a

\b{a}
TABLE IV: Math accents with letter a.
a \hat{a} a \check{a} a \dot{a} a \ddot{a}
a \breve{a} a \tilde{a} ` a \grave{a} a \acute{a}
a \bar{a} a \vec{a}
Your journal substyle, like aps.rtx, can invoke certain
formatting options, but may do so only if the documents
options do not specify a preference: the documents options
must override any choices made by the journal substyle.
In some cases, journal-specifc code is sufciently extensive
that it is useful to break it out into a separate le, as in the
case of rmp.rtx. This le has code that insists that it run
under aps.rtx; your journal-specic substyle should do
likewise.
Hint: If your journal style has no head above
the abstract, you can simply dene the procedure
\frontmatter@abstractheading to do nothing:
\def\frontmatter@abstractheading{}%
If the journal involved has a compuscript program whose
requirements bear on documents prepared according to
your journal substyle, the documentation for your substyle
should include those requirements (or a pointer to them).
APPENDIX F: CHARACTER SET LISTING
This appendix provides tables showing all of the special
characters and mathematical symbols that are available within
REVT
E
X. Some of these symbols require the AMS fonts to be
available.
If you are preparing a paper for submission to a journal,
you should check that journals preferences in using special
symbols. Typically, a journal will prefer that you use a symbol
command taken from the following lists and will deprecate
your inventing new command names.
1 L
A
T
E
XNOTATIONS
Standard L
A
T
E
Xsymbols
Tables III through XIV show the standard symbols for
L
A
T
E
X users.
Negated relations can sometimes be constructed with
\not. For example,
If $x \not< y$ then $x \not\leq z$.
25
TABLE V: Special symbols; any mode.
\dagger \S c \copyright
\ddagger \P \pounds
TABLE VI: Other special (foreign) symbols; text mode.
a \aa

A \AA \ae \AE
\o \O \oe \OE
\l \L ? !
\ss
TABLE VII: Greek letters; used in math mode.
Lowercase
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta
\epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta
\theta \vartheta \iota \kappa
\lambda \mu \nu \xi
o o \pi \varpi \rho
\varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau
\upsilon \phi \varphi \chi
\psi \omega
Uppercase
\Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda
\Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon
\Phi \Psi \Omega
TABLE VIII: Binary operation symbols; used in math mode.
+ \pm \mp \times \div
\ast * \star \circ \bullet
\cap \cup + \uplus \cdot
\sqcap . \sqcup \vee \wedge
\oplus \ominus \otimes \oslash
\bigtriangleup \odot < \lhd \dagger
_ \bigtriangledown _ \bigcirc | \rhd \ddagger
\triangleleft \diamond \unlhd \setminus
> \triangleright / \wr [ \unrhd H \amalg
TABLE IX: Relation symbols; used in math mode.
\leq \geq \ll \gg
\equiv \asymp ,= \neq
.
= \doteq
\subset \supset \subseteq \supseteq
\sqsubset \sqsupset _ \sqsubseteq _ \sqsupseteq
= \models \perp \mid \parallel
\prec ~ \succ _ \preceq _ \succeq
\sim \simeq \approx

= \cong
> \bowtie ~ \Join \smile \frown
\in \ni \vdash \dashv
\propto
TABLE X: Arrow symbols; used in math mode.
\leftarrow \rightarrow
\longleftarrow \longrightarrow
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow
= \Longleftarrow = \Longrightarrow
\hookleftarrow \hookrightarrow
\leftharpoonup \rightharpoonup
\leftharpoondown \rightharpoondown
= \rightleftharpoons ~ \leadsto
\leftrightarrow \longleftrightarrow
\Leftrightarrow \Longleftrightarrow
\mapsto \longmapsto
\uparrow
\downarrow
\Uparrow
\Downarrow
\updownarrow
\Updownarrow
\nearrow
\searrow
\swarrow
\nwarrow
TABLE XI: Miscellaneous symbols; used in math mode.
. \flat ; \natural ; \sharp / \prime
\backslash \forall \infty \exists
/ 0 \emptyset \Box \nabla \neg
\Diamond

\surd \triangle \|
\clubsuit \aleph \wp \top
\diamondsuit \Re / \ell \bot
\heartsuit \Im \imath \partial
\spadesuit I \hbar \jmath \angle
G \mho
gives
If x ,< y then x , z.
The AMS fonts have many negated relations already con-
structed. See Appendix 2.
Standard L
A
T
E
Xtypefaces
L
A
T
E
X provides a pair of special typefaces, \mathcal and
\mathsf.
TABLE XII: Log-like functions; used in math mode (for ex-
ample, \log x gives logx).
\arccos \arcsin \arctan \arg \cos
\cosh \cot \coth \csc \deg
\det \dim \exp \gcd \hom
\inf \ker \lg \lim \liminf
\limsup \ln \log \max \min
\Pr \sec \sin \sinh \sup
\tan \tanh
26
TABLE XIII: Delimiters; used in math mode.
( ( ) ) / /
[ [ ] ] \backslash
{ \{ } \} |
\langle \rangle \|
\uparrow \Uparrow \lfloor
\downarrow \Downarrow \rfloor
\updownarrow \Updownarrow \lceil
\rceil
TABLE XIV: Miscellaneous symbols; used in math mode.

\sum

\prod

\coprod
_
_
\int
_
_
\oint

\biguplus

\bigcap

_
\bigcup

_
\bigsqcup

_
\bigodot

\bigotimes

\bigoplus
_

\bigvee
_

\bigwedge
Use the \mathcal command for script (calligraphic) let-
ters (note the L):
\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{int}} = e F{3}_{\pi} r{2}
B{0}(r,t) \epsilon \sin(\Omega t)
\exp(\eta t),
gives
L
int
= eF
3

r
2
B
0
(r, t)sin(t) exp(t),
Only uppercase letters are available in the \mathcal font.
You can switch to sans serif letters by using the \mathsf
command (note the M):
R(\mathcal{Q}-\mathcal{Q}_{0})
=
R_{0} \exp\left(-\frac{1}{2}\Delta \mathcal{Q} \cdot \mathsf{M}
\cdot \Delta \mathcal{Q}\right).
gives
R(Q Q
0
) = R
0
exp
_

1
2
Q M Q
_
.
Both uppercase and lowercase letters are available with
\mathsf.
Other notations
The \overline command puts a horizontal line above its
argument in math mode:
$\overline{x}+\overline{y}$
gives
x + y
There is an analogous \underline command that works
in text or math mode:
The equation \underline{is} $\underline{x+y}$.
gives
The equation is x + y.
Horizontal braces are put above or below an expression
with the \overbrace and \underbrace commands:
\[
\underbrace{a_{1} + \overbrace{a_{2}+a_{3}} + a_{4}}
\]
gives
a
1
+
..
a
2
+ a
3
+ a
4
. .
and in displayed math, a subscript or a superscript puts a label
on the brace:
\[
\underbrace{
a_{1} + \overbrace{a_{2}+\cdots+a_{n-1}}{n-2}
+ a_{n}
}_{n}
\]
gives
a
1
+
n 2
..
a
2
+ + a
n 1
+ a
n
. .
n
Wide versions of the \hat and \tilde commands are
available. They are called \widehat and \widetilde,
respectively. Here is an example:
\[
\widehat{a} + \widehat{ab} + \widehat{abc} + \widehat{abcd}
\]
gives
a+

ab+

abc +

abcd
2 AMS FONTS NOTATIONS
The AMS fonts are fonts that were developed by the Amer-
ican Mathematical Society and are now made available free of
charge by the AMS. The METAFONT source les for these
fonts are freely available, as are precompiled .pk les and
ATM-compatible Type 1 PostScript fonts. There are two class
options that can be used to invoke the AMS fonts: amsfonts
and amssymb. Not distributed with REVT
E
X are the les
amsfonts.sty and amssymb.sty of the /
/
o-L
A
T
E
X
distribution.
Using the amsfonts option
The amsfonts class option will give you access to the
\mathfrak and \mathbb fonts and will also use the extra
27
TABLE XV: Extra lowercase Greek letters available with
amssymb option selected.
] \digamma \varkappa
TABLE XVI: Extra Hebrew letters available with amssymb
selected.
Q \beth \gimel
\daleth
Computer Modern fonts from the AMS in order to provide
better access to bold math characters at smaller sizes and in
super- and subscripts.
AMS fonts typefaces. With the AMS fonts installed and in
use through either the amsfonts or amssymb class op-
tion, the \mathfrak and \mathbb commands are avail-
able. The command \mathfrak switches to the AMS Frak-
tur font, while \mathbb switches to the so-called Black-
board Bold font. Only uppercase letters are available in
Blackboard Bold, and there is no bold version of the font.
Fraktur has both uppercase and lowercase letters and will be-
come bold in a \bbox.
Here are the letters ABCDE from \mathfrak:
ABCDE. And here are the letters RIZN from \mathbb:
RIZN.
Here is some math with superscripts and \mathfrak. It
demonstrates the output of \bm{<symbol>}.
Normal: E = mc
2
, \bm: EEE = mc
2
Using the amssymb option
The amssymb class option gives all the font capabilities of
the amsfonts option. It also denes names for many extra
symbols that are present in the AMS fonts. The names are the
same as those the AMS uses. These symbols and their names
are shown below, given that you have the AMS fonts installed
and the amssymb option selected.
Please be aware that no bold versions are available for any
of the characters in this subsection.
3 REVT
E
X NOTATIONS
An openface numeral 1 is available; it does not change
size in superscripts. Here is an example: $\openone$ gives
11.
Bold large bracketing is also available. The normal com-
mands \Biggl,\Bigl,. . . , when used with an extra b on
the end of the command, come out bold:
\[
\Biggl(\biggl(\Bigl(\bigl(
(x)
\bigr)\Bigr)\biggr)\Biggr)
\]
TABLE XVII: Binary relations available with amssymb se-
lected.
\leqq \geqq
_ \leqslant _ \geqslant
_ \eqslantless _ \eqslantgtr
_ \lesssim _ \gtrsim
_ \lessapprox _ \gtrapprox
\approxeq
< \lessdot \gtrdot
\lll, \llless \ggg, \gggtr
\lessgtr \gtrless
_ \lesseqgtr \gtreqless
_ \lesseqqgtr _ \gtreqqless
\preccurlyeq \succcurlyeq
\curlyeqprec ` \curlyeqsucc
_ \precsim _ \succsim
_ \precapprox _ \succapprox
_ \subseteqq _ \supseteqq
\Subset \Supset
\sqsubset \sqsupset
~ \backsim \thicksim
\backsimeq \thickapprox
\doteqdot, \Doteq = \eqcirc
, \risingdotseq ` \circeq
= \fallingdotseq ' \triangleq
< \vartriangleleft | \vartriangleright
\trianglelefteq [ \trianglerighteq
= \vDash ' \Vdash
' \Vvdash
\smallsmile \smallfrown
. \shortmid . \shortparallel
\bumpeq \Bumpeq
\between \pitchfork
TABLE XVIII: Miscellaneous symbols available with
amssymb selected.
I \hbar I \hslash
\ \backprime \varnothing
, \vartriangle # \blacktriangle
V \triangledown * \blacktriangledown
\square B \blacksquare
\lozenge # \blacklozenge
_ \circledS \bigstar
\angle < \sphericalangle
\measuredangle
; \nexists U \complement
G \mho \eth
\Finv \Game
, \diagup \diagdown
k \Bbbk
28
TABLE XIX: Binary operators available with amssymb se-
lected.
\dotplus ~ \ltimes
\smallsetminus \rtimes
\barwedge \curlywedge
Y \veebar \curlyvee
7 \doublebarwedge
+ \Cap, \doublecap ` \leftthreetimes
\Cup, \doublecup \rightthreetimes
7 \boxtimes \circledast
\boxminus \circleddash
\boxplus . \centerdot
\boxdot \circledcirc
\divideontimes \intercal
TABLE XX: Other miscellaneous symbols available with
amssymb selected.
\varpropto \backepsilon
< \blacktriangleleft > \blacktriangleright
\therefore \because
TABLE XXI: Negated relations available with amssymb se-
lected.
~ \nsim , \ncong
\nless \ngtr
_ \nleq _ \ngeq
\nleqslant \ngeqslant
_ \nleqq _ \ngeqq
_ \lneq _ \gneq
\lneqq \gneqq
_ \lvertneqq _ \gvertneqq
_ \lnsim _ \gnsim
_ \lnapprox _ \gnapprox
\nprec , \nsucc
_ \npreceq _ \nsucceq
\precneqq \succneqq
_ \precnsim _ \succnsim
_ \precnapprox _ \succnapprox
\ntriangleleft , \ntriangleright
_ \ntrianglelefteq _ \ntrianglerighteq
\nshortmid [ \nmid
\nshortparallel \nparallel
- \nvdash = \nvDash
+ \nVdash + \nVDash
_ \nsubseteq _ \nsupseteq
_ \nsubseteqq _ \nsupseteqq
_ \varsubsetneq _ \varsupsetneq
_ \subsetneq _ \supsetneq
_ \varsubsetneqq _ \varsupsetneqq
_ \subsetneqq _ \supsetneqq
TABLE XXII: Yet more miscellaneous symbols available with
amssymb selected.
--- \dashrightarrow --- \dashleftarrow
--- \dasharrow
' \ulcorner \urcorner
, \llcorner \lrcorner
Y \yen . \checkmark
] \circledR \maltese
TABLE XXIII: Extra negated arrows available with
amssymb selected.
\nleftrightarrow = \nLeftrightarrow
\nleftarrow \nrightarrow
\nLeftarrow = \nRightarrow
TABLE XXIV: Extra arrows available with amssymb se-
lected.
\leftrightarrows \rightleftarrows
\leftleftarrows \rightrightarrows
\leftrightharpoons = \rightleftharpoons
\Lleftarrow = \Rrightarrow
\twoheadleftarrow \twoheadrightarrow
\leftarrowtail \rightarrowtail
\looparrowleft + \looparrowright
\Lsh \Rsh
\upuparrows _ \downdownarrows
, \upharpoonleft , \upharpoonright,
\restriction
] \downharpoonleft ] \downharpoonright
. \curvearrowleft \curvearrowright
\circlearrowleft \circlearrowright
\multimap ~ \rightsquigarrow
- \leftrightsquigarrow
29
gives
_
_
_
_
(x)
_
_
_
_
while
\[
\Bigglb(\bigglb(\Biglb(\biglb(
(x)
\bigrb)\Bigrb)\biggrb)\Biggrb)
\]
gives
__ _
__ _
__ _
__ _
(x)
__ _
__ _
__ _
__ _
The commands \lesssim, \gtrsim give the output
, , even without the amssymb class option. (The com-
mands \alt, \agt, respectively, may also be used.) These
commands will be fragile if you are not using the amssymb
option.
Some extra diacritics have been provided. They
scale correctly in superscripts. Some examples follow.
$\tensor{x}$ gives x

. $\overstar{x}$ gives

x.
$\overdots{x}$ gives x

. $\overcirc{x}$ gives

x.
$\loarrow{x}$ gives x

. $\roarrow{x}$ gives x

.
These commands all work correctly in superscripts.
\corresponds produces the symbol =

math mode,
\precsim produces in math mode, and \succsim pro-
duces in math mode. The AMS fonts will be used for these
symbols if you have them, but are not necessary.
\lambdabar produces lambda-bar in math mode: .
APPENDIX G: MARKUP LIST
In the following pages are brief descriptions of some neces-
sary commands. Those commands that are unique to REVT
E
X
are noted with (R). Please consult the L
A
T
E
X Users Guide
& Reference Manual if you have further questions regarding
L
A
T
E
X commands.
If commands have arguments, they are so noted with
[<text>], or {<key>}, as the case may be. The commands
are in order of their likely occurrence in a document.
\documentclass[<options>]{revtex4}
[<options>] is a comma-separated list of option
names; see Sections 4.1 and 5.1 for complete option lists
and explanations.
You usually select a journal substyle option, e.g., aps.
Use the preprint option to force formatted output to the
preprint style, suitable for copyediting. Otherwise, the
chosen journal substyle selects a default.
If output is in the preprint style, you can select the
tightenlines class option to force single line spacing.
To number equations by section, use the eqsecnum op-
tion.
Use the showpacs option to produce the PACS numbers.
\begin{document} Begins the body of the REVT
E
X
document.
\preprint{<text>} When appearing within the front
matter of a document, places <text> at the top right cor-
ner of the rst page in preprint style. Used for site-specic
preprint numbers. (R)
\title[<short title>]{<title text>} <title text> is the
title of the paper; <short title> optionally species a ti-
tle suitable for the page running head. The title should be
broken with the \protect\\ command.
\author{<name>} <name> represents an author name.
\affiliation{<text>} <text> represents an authors
address (institution). The address should be broken with
\\ if necessary. (R)
\date{<date>} lets you specify a date to be formatted in
the title block.
\begin{abstract}
. . .
\end{abstract}
Signals the beginning and end of the
abstract, respectively.
\pacs{<pacs number>} <pacs number> represents valid
PACS numbers. Invoke the showpacs option to have
<pacs number> printed. (R)
\maketitle Prints the material contained in the
\title{<title text>}, \author{<name>},
\affiliation{<text>} and \date{<date>}
commands.
\begin{widetext}
. . .
\end{widetext}
Sets all enclosed text on the full page
width; only effective in a two-column layout. (R)
\section{<title text>} <title text> represents a primary
heading. Fragile commands should be preceded by
\protect.
\subsection{<title text>} <title text> represents a sec-
ondary heading. Fragile commands should be preceded by
\protect.
\subsubsection{<title text>} <title text> represents a
third-level heading. Fragile commands should be preceded
by \protect.
\paragraph{<title text>} <title text> represents a
fourth-level heading. Fragile commands should be
preceded by \protect.
\cite{<key>} Sets a reference or byline footnote cita-
tion. <key> represents a list of reference keys used with
\bibitem{<key>}. Lists of consecutive numbers will
be collapsed; e.g., [1,2,3] will become [13]. The style of
citation in your output will depend on the chosen journal
substyle. Fragile.
30
\textcite{<key>} Sets a reference citation just like
\cite{<key>} does, except the citation is part of the text
(as, e.g., the subject of the sentence). Fragile. (R)
\onlinecite{<key>} Sets a reference citation just like
\cite{<key>} does, except that it places the citation on
the baseline of the text even in styles where the citations are
otherwise superscripts. Fragile. (R)
\openone Produces an openface one (11). (R)
\precsim, \succsim Produce the signs and , respec-
tively, in math mode.
\lesssim, \gtrsim Produce approximately less than
and approximately greater than signs (, ), respec-
tively, in math mode.
\tensor{<math>} $\tensor{x}$ gives x

. (R)
\loarrow{<math>} $\loarrow{x}$ gives x

. (R)
\roarrow{<math>} $\roarrow{x}$ gives x

. (R)
\overstar{<math>} $\overstar{x}$ gives

x. (R)
\overcirc{<math>} $\overcirc{x}$ gives

x. (R)
\biglb(, etc. Commands to produce large bold bracketing.
(R)
\corresponds Produces corresponds sign in math
mode: =

.
\lambdabar Produces lambda-bar in math mode: . (R)
\[, \] Signals beginning and end of unnumbered displayed
equation.
\begin{equation}
. . .
\end{equation}
Signals beginning and end of single-
line displayed equation.
\begin{eqnarray}
. . .
\end{eqnarray}
Signals beginning and end of multi-
line displayed equation.
\nonumber Suppresses the numbering of a single line in a
eqnarray environment.
\tag{<number>} Provides an idiosyncratic number for a
single line of an eqnarray. The number can be cross-
referenced with \ref{<key>} when \label{<key>}
is used right after \tag{<number>}. Numbers set with
\tag{<number>} are completely independent of the au-
tomatic numbering. (R)
\begin{longtable} . . . \end{longtable}
Environment to produce tables that can break over pages.
Requires the longtable package; see Section 5.3, and
see apssamp.tex for an example. (R)
\label{<key>} denes a tag. This command appears in
displayed equations that need cross-referencing, all tables,
and all gure captions. Also used following section head-
ings that need cross-referencing.
\ref{<key>} references a tag. Use this command in text
wherever sections, numbered equations, tables, or gures
are cited.
acknowledgments environment A container foracknowl-
edgment section, complete with head. (R)
\appendix After using this command, all
\section{<title text>} commands will set <title text>
as an appendix heading. \section*{<title text>} will
set <title text> as an appendix heading without a letter
(A, B, etc.) and should be used when there is only one
appendix.
\begin{thebibliography}
. . .
\end{thebibliography}
Signals beginning and end
of the list of references. (R)
\bibitem[<symbol>]{<key>} Sets a reference in the
reference section. <symbol> represents an optional,
author-specied reference symbol. <key> represents the
reference tag.
\begin{figure} Begins the environment for a numbered
gure.
\includegraphics[<key-vals>]{<lename>}
Import the given graphics le into the document. You
must \usepackage{graphicx} in order to be able
to use the \includegraphics command with the
key-vals syntax.
\caption{<caption title>} <caption title> represents
the text of the caption. Fragile commands must be preceded
by \protect.
\label{<key>} <key> represents the gure caption tag.
\end{figure} Ends the environment for the gure.
\begin{table} Signals the beginning of a table.
\squeezetable Used immediately after
\begin{table}, shrinks tables that would not other-
wise t. (R)
\caption{<caption title>} Sets the table caption.
<caption title> represents the text of the caption. Fragile
commands must be preceded by \protect.
\begin{tabular}{<preamble>} Signals the beginning
of the tabular material. <preamble> represents formatting
commands for the columns.
\hline Sets a horizontal rule, separating column headings
from data. \tableline may also be used.
\end{tabular} Signals end of tabular material.
31
\end{table} Signals the end of a table.
\end{document} Ends the body of the REVT
E
X docu-
ment.
: INDEX
Symbols
\( 20, 32
\) 20, 32
.aux 9, 10, 12, 15
.bbl 9, 17
.bib 8, 9, 17
.bst 3
.cls 3
.dvi 3
.pdf 3
.pk 26
.rtx 3, 13, 24
.rty 15
.sty 3
.tex 9, 10
\[ 7, 20, 30, 32
\\ 7, 18, 20, 29, 32
\] 7, 20, 30, 32
10pt document class option 13
11pt document class option 13
12pt document class option 13
A
\AA 25, 32
\aa 25, 32
abstract environment 6, 15, 2123, 29
\accepted 15, 32
\acknowledgments 32
acknowledgments environment 17, 30
\acute 24, 32
\address 21, 22, 32
address, argument 16
\AE 25, 32
\ae 25, 32
\affiliation 5, 16, 2123, 29, 32
affiliation, argument 16
\agt 29, 32
aip document class option 5
\aleph 25, 32
\alph 32
\alpha 25, 32
\alt 29, 32
\altaddress 22, 32
\altaffiliation 5, 14, 16, 22, 32
\altaffilliation 32
\amalg 25, 32
amsfonts document class 13, 19, 21
amsfonts document class option 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21,
23, 26, 27
amsfonts.sty 26
amsmath document class 7, 19, 21, 22
amssymb document class 13, 19, 21
amssymb document class option 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 23,
2629
amssymb.sty 26
\and 16, 2123, 32
\angle 25, 27, 32
\appendix 6, 30, 32
\approx 25, 32
\approxeq 27, 32
aps document class 5
aps document class option 5, 13, 14, 22, 29
aps.rtx 24
apsrev 9
apsrev.bst 17
apsrmp 9
apssamp.tex 5, 7, 11, 23, 30
\arccos 25, 32
\arcsin 25, 32
\arctan 25, 32
\arg 25, 32
argument
address 16
affiliation 16
author 5, 17
author name 16
bib files 8
caption title 30
char 21
collaboration 16
date 6, 15, 29
email 22
email address 16
Extra remarks 16
filename 10, 30
first-name 16
firstname 22
FirstPage 6
identifier 15
institution 22
journal 17
key 612, 20, 23, 29, 30
keyword list 15
label 17
math 7, 12, 30
name 22, 29
number 7, 15, 22, 30
package 5
pacs number 23, 29
PACS numbers 15
pacs numbers 6
preamble 11, 30
surname 16, 22
symbol 12, 18, 27
text 7, 11, 15, 17, 20, 23, 29
title 5, 15
title text 5, 6, 10, 19, 29, 30
URL 16, 22
year 15
argument, optional
bib text 9, 10
comment 16
32
33
key-vals 10, 30
note 22
options 5, 13, 22, 29
placement 11
short title 6, 15, 29
symbol 30
text 15, 29
array document class 19
article document class 2, 21, 23
\ast 25, 33
\asymp 25, 33
\author 5, 16, 2123, 29, 33
author, argument 5, 17
author name, argument 16
B
\b 24, 33
\backepsilon 28, 33
\backprime 27, 33
\backsim 27, 33
\backsimeq 27, 33
\backslash 25, 26, 33
\bar 24, 33
\barwedge 28, 33
\Bbb 21, 33
\Bbbk 27, 33
\bbox 21, 27, 33
\because 28, 33
\beta 25, 33
\beth 27, 33
\between 27, 33
\bf 33
bib files, argument 8
bib text, optional argument 9, 10
\bibinfo 17, 23, 33
\bibitem 810, 17, 20, 24, 29, 30, 33
\bibliography 8, 9, 33
\bibliographystyle 9, 23, 33
bibnotes document class option 14
bibtex 9
\bigcap 26, 33
\bigcirc 25, 33
\bigcup 26, 33
\Biggl 27, 33
\Bigl 27, 33
\biglb 30, 33
\bigodot 26, 33
\bigoplus 26, 33
\bigotimes 26, 33
\bigskip 6, 33
\bigsqcup 26, 33
\bigstar 27, 33
\bigtriangledown 25, 33
\bigtriangleup 25, 33
\biguplus 26, 33
\bigvee 26, 33
\bigwedge 26, 33
Blackboard Bold 12, 21, 26, 27
\blacklozenge 27, 33
\blacksquare 27, 33
\blacktriangle 27, 33
\blacktriangledown 27, 33
\blacktriangleleft 28, 33
\blacktriangleright 28, 33
\bm 12, 18, 21, 27, 33
bm document class 12, 18, 19, 21
\boldmath 12, 33
\bot 25, 33
\botrule 11, 18, 33
\bowtie 25, 33
\Box 25, 33
\boxdot 28, 33
\boxminus 28, 33
\boxplus 28, 33
\boxtimes 28, 33
\breve 24, 33
\bullet 25, 33
\Bumpeq 27, 33
\bumpeq 27, 33
byrevtex document class option 14
C
\c 24, 33
\cal 33
\Cap 28, 33
\cap 25, 33
\caption 10, 11, 20, 30, 33
caption title, argument 30
\case 21, 22, 33
\cdot 25, 33
\centerdot 28, 33
char, argument 21
\check 24, 33
\checkmark 28, 33
\chi 25, 33
\circ 25, 33
\circeq 27, 33
\circlearrowleft 28, 33
\circlearrowright 28, 33
\circledast 28, 33
\circledcirc 28, 33
\circleddash 28, 33
\circledR 28, 33
\circledS 27, 33
\cite 810, 29, 30, 33
clsguide.tex 15
\clubsuit 25, 33
\collaboration 16, 33
collaboration, argument 16
\color 18, 33
color document class 2
\colrule 11, 18, 33
comment, optional argument 16
\complement 27, 33
\cong 25, 33
\coprod 26, 33
34
\copyright 25, 33
\corresponds 18, 29, 30, 33
\cos 25, 33
\cosh 25, 33
\cot 25, 33
\coth 25, 33
\csc 25, 34
\Cup 28, 34
\cup 25, 34
\curlyeqprec 27, 34
\curlyeqsucc 27, 34
\curlyvee 28, 34
\curlywedge 28, 34
\curvearrowleft 28, 34
\curvearrowright 28, 34
D
\d 24, 34
\dagger 25, 34
\daleth 27, 34
\dasharrow 28, 34
\dashleftarrow 28, 34
\dashrightarrow 28, 34
\dashv 25, 34
\date 6, 15, 29, 34
date, argument 6, 15, 29
dcolumn document class 11, 19, 21
\ddagger 25, 34
\ddot 24, 34
\deg 25, 34
\Delta 25, 34
\delta 25, 34
\det 25, 34
\diagdown 27, 34
\diagup 27, 34
\Diamond 25, 34
\diamond 25, 34
\diamondsuit 25, 34
\digamma 27, 34
\dim 25, 34
\div 25, 34
\divideontimes 28, 34
document class
amsfonts 13, 19, 21
amsmath 7, 19, 21, 22
amssymb 13, 19, 21
aps 5
array 19
article 2, 21, 23
bm 12, 18, 19, 21
color 2
dcolumn 11, 19, 21
foiltex 18
ftnright 19
graphicx 2, 10, 19, 30
hyperref 2, 15
longtable 2, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30
multicol 19
myarticle.rty 15
natbib 3, 19
revsymb 1, 18
revtex 5, 22
revtex4 3, 5, 13, 22, 29
seminar 18
slides 18
document class option
10pt 13
11pt 13
12pt 13
aip 5
amsfonts 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27
amssymb 1, 5, 8, 12, 13, 20, 21, 23, 2629
aps 5, 13, 14, 22, 29
bibnotes 14
byrevtex 14
draft 14, 21, 22
endfloats 5, 14, 17, 21, 23
endnotes 6
eqsecnum 5, 7, 14, 23, 29
final 14
fleqn 14
floats 5, 14, 23
footinbib 14
galley 14
groupedaddress 13
hyperref 15
lengthcheck 14
manuscript 22
noamsfonts 13
noamssymb 13
nobibnotes 14
nofootinbib 14
noshowpacs 14
notitlepage 14
onecolumn 14, 23
oneside 15
osa 5, 13, 22
pra 5, 13, 23
prb 5, 13, 23
prc 5, 13, 23
prd 5, 13, 23
pre 5, 13, 23
preprint 5, 6, 1214, 2123, 29
prl 5, 13, 23
prstab 5, 13, 23
revtex4 23
rmp 5, 9, 13, 17, 23
runinaddress 13
secnumarabic 14
seg 5, 22
showpacs 14, 29
subequations 23
superbib 14
supercriptaddress 14, 16
superscriptaddress 16
tightenlines 5, 14, 2123, 29
35
titlepage 14
twocolumn 5, 14, 23
twoside 15
unsortedaddress 13, 16
document environment 5, 9, 23, 29, 31
\documentclass 5, 13, 15, 19, 21, 22, 24, 29, 34
\documentstyle 21, 22, 34
\dot 24, 34
\Doteq 27, 35
\doteq 25, 35
\doteqdot 27, 35
\dotplus 28, 35
\doublebarwedge 28, 35
\doublecap 28, 35
\doublecup 28, 35
\Downarrow 25, 26, 35
\downarrow 25, 26, 35
\downdownarrows 28, 35
\downharpoonleft 28, 35
\downharpoonright 28, 35
\draft 21, 22, 35
draft document class option 14, 21, 22
E
\eid 15, 35
\ell 25, 35
\email 5, 14, 16, 22, 35
email, argument 22
email address, argument 16
\emptyset 25, 35
endfloats document class option 5, 14, 17, 21, 23
endnotes document class option 6
\endpage 15, 35
environment
abstract 6, 15, 2123, 29
acknowledgments 17, 30
document 5, 9, 23, 29, 31
eqnarray 7, 30
eqnarray* 7
equation 7, 30
figure 10, 11, 17, 19, 30
figure* 19
longtable 17, 18, 21, 22, 30
mathletters 21, 22
minipage 18
quasitable 21, 22
references 21, 22
subequations 7, 8, 2123
table 11, 17, 18, 20, 30, 31
tabular 11, 18, 21, 30
thebibliography 8, 17, 21, 22, 30
widetext 1, 6, 7, 14, 18, 21, 22, 29
\epsilon 25, 35
\eqcirc 27, 35
eqnarray environment 7, 30
eqnarray* environment 7
\eqnum 21, 22, 35
eqsecnum document class option 5, 7, 14, 23, 29
\eqslantgtr 27, 35
\eqslantless 27, 35
equation environment 7, 30
\equiv 25, 35
\eta 25, 35
\eth 27, 35
\exists 25, 35
\exp 25, 35
Extra remarks, argument 16
\extracolsep 35
F
\fallingdotseq 27, 35
figure environment 10, 11, 17, 19, 30
figure* environment 19
le
.aux 9, 10, 12, 15
.bbl 9, 17
.bib 8, 9, 17
.bst 3
.cls 3
.dvi 3
.pdf 3
.pk 26
.rtx 3, 13, 24
.rty 15
.sty 3
.tex 9, 10
amsfonts.sty 26
amssymb.sty 26
aps.rtx 24
apsrev 9
apsrev.bst 17
apsrmp 9
apssamp.tex 5, 7, 11, 23, 30
bibtex 9
clsguide.tex 15
hyperref.sty 19
jir.rtx 24
la-test.tex 4
longtable.sty 19
myarticle.rty 15
myarticle.tex 15
myfile 9, 10
mypaper.tex 3, 4
README 4
reftest 1, 10
reftest.dvi 10
reftest.log 10
reftest.tex 10, 24
rev-test.tex 4
revbib.tex 17
revtex.cls 24
rmp.rtx 24
template.aps 3, 4, 23
template.rty 15
filename, argument 10, 30
final document class option 14
36
\Finv 27, 35
first-name, argument 16
\firstname 16, 22, 35
firstname, argument 22
FirstPage, argument 6
\FL 21, 22, 35
\flat 25, 35
fleqn document class option 14
floats document class option 5, 14, 23
\fnsymbol 35
foiltex document class 18
footinbib document class option 14
\footnote 6, 11, 18, 2022, 36
\footnotemark 2022, 36
\footnotetext 2022, 36
\forall 25, 36
\FR 21, 22, 36
\frac 21, 22, 36
\frak 21, 36
Fraktur 12, 21, 26, 27
\frontmatter@abstractheading 24, 36
\frown 25, 36
ftnright document class 19
G
galley document class option 14
\Game 27, 36
\Gamma 25, 36
\gamma 25, 36
\gcd 25, 36
\geq 25, 36
\geqq 27, 36
\geqslant 27, 36
\gg 25, 36
\ggg 27, 36
\gggtr 27, 36
\gimel 27, 36
\gnapprox 28, 36
\gneq 28, 36
\gneqq 28, 36
\gnsim 28, 36
graphicx document class 2, 10, 19, 30
\grave 24, 36
groupedaddress document class option 13
\gtrapprox 27, 36
\gtrdot 27, 36
\gtreqless 27, 36
\gtreqqless 27, 36
\gtrless 27, 36
\gtrsim 18, 27, 29, 30, 36
\gvertneqq 28, 36
H
\H 24, 36
\harvarditem 36
\hat 24, 26, 36
\hbar 25, 27, 36
\hbox 14, 36
\heartsuit 25, 36
\hline 18, 30, 36
\hom 25, 36
\homepage 5, 14, 16, 22, 36
\hookleftarrow 25, 36
\hookrightarrow 25, 36
\hslash 27, 36
\hspace 6, 36
\Huge 18, 36
hyperref document class 2, 15
hyperref document class option 15
hyperref.sty 19
I
identifier, argument 15
\Im 25, 36
\imath 25, 36
\in 25, 36
\includegraphics 10, 19, 30, 36
\inf 25, 36
\infty 25, 36
institution, argument 22
\int 26, 36
\intercal 28, 36
\iota 25, 36
\issuenumber 15, 36
J
jir.rtx 24
\jmath 25, 36
\Join 25, 36
journal, argument 17
K
\kappa 25, 36
\ker 25, 36
<key> placeholder 12
key, argument 612, 20, 23, 29, 30
key-vals, optional argument 10, 30
keyword list, argument 15
\keywords 15, 36
L
\L 25, 36
\l 25, 36
la-test.tex 4
\label 68, 1012, 20, 23, 30, 36
label, argument 17
\Lambda 25, 36
\lambda 25, 36
\lambdabar 18, 29, 30, 36
\langle 26, 36
\lastname 22, 36
\lceil 26, 36
\leadsto 25, 36
\Leftarrow 25, 36
\leftarrow 25, 36
\leftarrowtail 28, 36
37
\leftharpoondown 25, 36
\leftharpoonup 25, 36
\leftleftarrows 28, 36
\Leftrightarrow 25, 36
\leftrightarrow 25, 36
\leftrightarrows 28, 36
\leftrightharpoons 28, 36
\leftrightsquigarrow 28, 36
\leftthreetimes 28, 36
lengthcheck document class option 14
\leq 25, 36
\leqq 27, 36
\leqslant 27, 36
\lessapprox 27, 36
\lessdot 27, 36
\lesseqgtr 27, 37
\lesseqqgtr 27, 37
\lessgtr 27, 37
\lesssim 18, 27, 29, 30, 37
\lfloor 26, 37
\lg 25, 37
\lhd 25, 37
\lim 25, 37
\liminf 25, 37
\limsup 25, 37
\ll 25, 37
\llcorner 28, 37
\Lleftarrow 28, 37
\lll 27, 37
\llless 27, 37
\ln 25, 37
\lnapprox 28, 37
\lneq 28, 37
\lneqq 28, 37
\lnsim 28, 37
\loarrow 18, 23, 29, 30, 37
\log 25, 37
\Longleftarrow 25, 37
\longleftarrow 25, 37
\Longleftrightarrow 25, 37
\longleftrightarrow 25, 37
\longmapsto 25, 37
\Longrightarrow 25, 37
\longrightarrow 25, 37
longtable document class 2, 18, 19, 21, 22, 30
longtable environment 17, 18, 21, 22, 30
longtable.sty 19
\looparrowleft 28, 37
\looparrowright 28, 37
\lowercase 6, 19, 37
\lozenge 27, 37
\lrcorner 28, 37
\Lsh 28, 37
\ltimes 28, 37
\lvertneqq 28, 37
M
\maketitle 5, 6, 15, 16, 2123, 29, 37
\maltese 28, 37
manuscript document class option 22
\mapsto 25, 37
math, argument 7, 12, 30
\mathbb 12, 21, 26, 27, 37
\mathcal 12, 25, 26, 37
\mathfrak 12, 21, 26, 27, 37
mathletters environment 21, 22
\mathsf 25, 26, 37
\max 25, 37
\mbox 7, 11, 37
\measuredangle 27, 37
\mediumtext 21, 22, 37
\mho 25, 27, 37
\mid 25, 37
\min 25, 37
minipage environment 18
\models 25, 37
\mp 25, 37
\mu 25, 37
multicol document class 19
\multicolumn 11, 37
\multimap 28, 37
myarticle.rty 15
myarticle.rty document class 15
myarticle.tex 15
myfile 9, 10
mypaper.tex 3, 4
N
\nabla 25, 37
name, argument 22, 29
\narrowtext 21, 22, 37
natbib document class 3, 19
\natural 25, 37
\ncong 28, 37
\nearrow 25, 37
\neg 25, 37
\neq 25, 37
\newline 37
\nexists 27, 37
\ngeq 28, 37
\ngeqq 28, 37
\ngeqslant 28, 37
\ngtr 28, 37
\ni 25, 37
\nLeftarrow 28, 37
\nleftarrow 28, 37
\nLeftrightarrow 28, 37
\nleftrightarrow 28, 37
\nleq 28, 37
\nleqq 28, 37
\nleqslant 28, 37
\nless 28, 37
\nmid 28, 37
\noaffiliation 16, 22, 37
noamsfonts document class option 13
noamssymb document class option 13
38
nobibnotes document class option 14
\nocite 20, 37
nofootinbib document class option 14
\nonumber 7, 8, 20, 30, 37
noshowpacs document class option 14
\not 24, 37
note, optional argument 22
notitlepage document class option 14
\nparallel 28, 37
\nprec 28, 37
\npreceq 28, 37
\nRightarrow 28, 37
\nrightarrow 28, 37
\nshortmid 28, 38
\nshortparallel 28, 38
\nsim 28, 38
\nsubseteq 28, 38
\nsubseteqq 28, 38
\nsucc 28, 38
\nsucceq 28, 38
\nsupseteq 28, 38
\nsupseteqq 28, 38
\ntriangleleft 28, 38
\ntrianglelefteq 28, 38
\ntriangleright 28, 38
\ntrianglerighteq 28, 38
\nu 25, 38
number, argument 7, 15, 22, 30
\nVDash 28, 38
\nVdash 28, 38
\nvDash 28, 38
\nvdash 28, 38
\nwarrow 25, 38
O
\O 25, 38
\o 25, 38
\odot 25, 38
\OE 25, 38
\oe 25, 38
\oint 26, 38
\Omega 25, 38
\omega 25, 38
\ominus 25, 38
onecolumn document class option 14, 23
oneside document class option 15
\onlinecite 8, 9, 30, 38
\openone 18, 27, 30, 38
\oplus 25, 38
options, optional argument 5, 13, 22, 29
osa document class option 5, 13, 22
\oslash 25, 38
\otimes 25, 38
\overbrace 26, 38
\overcirc 18, 23, 29, 30, 38
\overdots 18, 23, 29, 38
\overline 26, 38
\overstar 18, 23, 29, 30, 38
P
\P 25, 38
package, argument 5
\pacs 6, 15, 2123, 29, 38
pacs number, argument 23, 29
PACS numbers, argument 15
pacs numbers, argument 6
\paragraph 6, 29, 38
\parallel 25, 38
\partial 25, 38
\perp 25, 38
\Phi 25, 38
\phi 25, 38
\Pi 25, 38
\pi 25, 38
\pitchfork 27, 38
placeholder
<key> 12
placement, optional argument 11
\pm 25, 38
\pounds 25, 38
\Pr 25, 38
pra document class option 5, 13, 23
prb document class option 5, 13, 23
prc document class option 5, 13, 23
prd document class option 5, 13, 23
pre document class option 5, 13, 23
preamble 5
preamble, argument 11, 30
\prec 25, 38
\precapprox 27, 38
\preccurlyeq 27, 38
\preceq 25, 38
\precnapprox 28, 38
\precneqq 28, 38
\precnsim 28, 38
\precsim 18, 27, 29, 30, 38
\preprint 15, 22, 29, 38
preprint document class option 5, 6, 1214, 2123, 29
\prime 25, 38
\printfigures 17, 38
\printindex 17
\printtables 17, 38
\printtindex 38
prl document class option 5, 13, 23
\prod 26, 38
\propto 25, 38
\protect 6, 20, 29, 30, 38
prstab document class option 5, 13, 23
\Psi 25, 38
\psi 25, 38
\published 15, 38
Q
\qquad 7, 38
quasitable environment 21, 22
39
R
\rangle 26, 38
\rceil 26, 38
\Re 25, 38
README 4
\received 15, 38
\ref 68, 1012, 30, 38
references environment 21, 22
reftest 1, 10
reftest.dvi 10
reftest.log 10
reftest.tex 10, 24
\restriction 28, 38
rev-test.tex 4
revbib.tex 17
\revised 15, 39
revsymb document class 1, 18
revtex document class 5, 22
revtex.cls 24
revtex4 document class 3, 5, 13, 22, 29
revtex4 document class option 23
\rfloor 26, 39
\rhd 25, 39
\rho 25, 39
\Rightarrow 25, 39
\rightarrow 25, 39
\rightarrowtail 28, 39
\rightharpoondown 25, 39
\rightharpoonup 25, 39
\rightleftarrows 28, 39
\rightleftharpoons 25, 28, 39
\rightrightarrows 28, 39
\rightsquigarrow 28, 39
\rightthreetimes 28, 39
\risingdotseq 27, 39
\rm 7, 39
rmp document class option 5, 9, 13, 17, 23
rmp.rtx 24
\roarrow 18, 23, 29, 30, 39
\Rrightarrow 28, 39
\Rsh 28, 39
\rtimes 28, 39
runinaddress document class option 13
S
\S 25, 39
\scriptsize 18, 39
\searrow 25, 39
\sec 25, 39
secnumarabic document class option 14
\section 6, 19, 29, 30, 39
seg document class option 5, 22
seminar document class 18
\setminus 25, 39
\sf 39
\sharp 25, 39
short title, optional argument 6, 15, 29
\shortmid 27, 39
\shortparallel 27, 39
showpacs document class option 14, 29
\Sigma 25, 39
\sigma 25, 39
\sim 25, 39
\simeq 25, 39
\sin 25, 39
\sinh 25, 39
\slantfrac 21, 22, 39
slides document class 18
\small 18, 39
\smallfrown 27, 39
\smallsetminus 28, 39
\smallskip 6, 39
\smallsmile 27, 39
\smile 25, 39
\spadesuit 25, 39
\sphericalangle 27, 39
\sqcap 25, 39
\sqcup 25, 39
\sqrt 39
\sqsubset 25, 27, 39
\sqsubseteq 25, 39
\sqsupset 25, 27, 39
\sqsupseteq 25, 39
\square 27, 39
\squeezetable 11, 18, 20, 30, 39
\ss 25, 39
\star 25, 39
\startpage 15, 39
subequations document class option 23
subequations environment 7, 8, 2123
\subparagraph 15, 39
\subsection 4, 6, 19, 29, 39
\Subset 27, 39
\subset 25, 39
\subseteq 25, 39
\subseteqq 27, 39
\subsetneq 28, 39
\subsetneqq 28, 39
\subsubsection 4, 6, 19, 29, 39
\succ 25, 39
\succapprox 27, 39
\succcurlyeq 27, 39
\succeq 25, 39
\succnapprox 28, 39
\succneqq 28, 39
\succnsim 28, 39
\succsim 18, 27, 29, 30, 39
\sum 26, 39
\sup 25, 39
superbib document class option 14
supercriptaddress document class option 14, 16
superscriptaddress document class option 16
\Supset 27, 39
\supset 25, 39
\supseteq 25, 39
\supseteqq 27, 39
40
\supsetneq 28, 39
\supsetneqq 28, 39
\surd 25, 39
\surname 16, 39
surname, argument 16, 22
\swarrow 25, 39
symbol, argument 12, 18, 27
symbol, optional argument 30
T
\t 24, 40
\tabbodyfont 18, 40
table environment 11, 17, 18, 20, 30, 31
\tableline 30, 40
\tablenote 21, 22, 40
\tablenotemark 21, 22, 40
\tablenotetext 21, 22, 40
\tableofcontents 16, 40
tabular environment 11, 18, 21, 30
\tag 7, 8, 21, 22, 30, 40
\tan 25, 40
\tanh 25, 40
\tau 25, 40
template.aps 3, 4, 23
template.rty 15
\tensor 18, 21, 23, 29, 30, 40
\text 7, 11, 21, 23, 40
text, argument 7, 11, 15, 17, 20, 23, 29
text, optional argument 15, 29
\textcite 9, 30, 40
\textstyle 21, 22, 40
\thanks 5, 14, 16, 40
thebibliography environment 8, 17, 21, 22, 30
\therefore 28, 40
\Theta 25, 40
\theta 25, 40
\thickapprox 27, 40
\thicksim 27, 40
\tighten 21, 22, 40
tightenlines document class option 5, 14, 2123, 29
\tilde 24, 26, 40
\times 25, 40
\title 5, 15, 22, 29, 40
title, argument 5, 15
title text, argument 5, 6, 10, 19, 29, 30
titlepage document class option 14
\today 6, 40
\top 25, 40
\toprule 11, 18, 40
\triangle 25, 40
\triangledown 27, 40
\triangleleft 25, 40
\trianglelefteq 27, 40
\triangleq 27, 40
\triangleright 25, 40
\trianglerighteq 27, 40
\twocolumn 40
twocolumn document class option 5, 14, 23
\twoheadleftarrow 28, 40
\twoheadrightarrow 28, 40
twoside document class option 15
U
\u 24, 40
\ulcorner 28, 40
\underbrace 26, 40
\underline 26, 40
\unlhd 25, 40
\unrhd 25, 40
unsortedaddress document class option 13, 16
\Uparrow 25, 26, 40
\uparrow 25, 26, 40
\Updownarrow 25, 26, 40
\updownarrow 25, 26, 40
\upharpoonleft 28, 40
\upharpoonright 28, 40
\uplus 25, 40
\Upsilon 25, 40
\upsilon 25, 40
\upuparrows 28, 40
\urcorner 28, 40
URL, argument 16, 22
\usepackage 5, 7, 1113, 15, 18, 19, 30, 40
V
\v 24, 40
\varepsilon 25, 40
\varkappa 27, 40
\varnothing 27, 40
\varphi 25, 40
\varpi 25, 40
\varpropto 28, 40
\varrho 25, 40
\varsigma 25, 40
\varsubsetneq 28, 40
\varsubsetneqq 28, 40
\varsupsetneq 28, 40
\varsupsetneqq 28, 40
\vartheta 25, 40
\vartriangle 27, 40
\vartriangleleft 27, 40
\vartriangleright 27, 40
\Vdash 27, 40
\vDash 27, 40
\vdash 25, 40
\vec 24, 40
\vee 25, 40
\veebar 28, 40
\verb 20, 40
\vereq 18, 40
\volumenumber 15, 40
\volumeyear 15, 40
\vspace 6, 40
\Vvdash 27, 40
W
\wedge 25, 40
41
\widehat 26, 40
\widetext 21, 22, 40
widetext environment 1, 6, 7, 14, 18, 21, 22, 29
\widetilde 26, 40
\wp 25, 40
\wr 25, 40
X
\Xi 25, 40
\xi 25, 41
Y
year, argument 15
\yen 28, 41
Z
\zeta 25, 41