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    1K views372 pages

    Amateur Radio Techniques

    Uploaded by

    verd leonard
    ham radio

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 372

    Pal Hawker, e3VA

    Sewnth Edition

    Amateur Radio Techniques


    PAT HAWK ER, GIVA

    0... _ _

    "" C <JU

    -.

    llADI O SOCIETY O F GIIU-T IJlITAIN

    I'\IbIhhrd ..,. lI'1< Nod,(> So..io<) of Oft,.

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    Amateur

    Radio Techniques
    Preface to Seventh Edition

    Contents
    I. SE MICO N OUCTOU

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    HIS book do.1e< "'" . ... I ' a>mpI!ti... ",illl tho olatkIard huldbu.. b_hl ~ a t oupploomenlin hem. II d<a Ih.. l'I' bo'in.,n~ ~ hcr. >\'l'Y la .., ..,lo:<:lic>n n r c,~ " ..... and <kvton. lnfonnation on Inl<""". and ~la led loplCl.. pi.... "",n ~ con , u".;tio...,.l and fl .. It-l'ond .... h' nt.. p l_ du "", n y" A of ...rilin , ,t>c TrrMwI r ..-, roIum..... in It.b<> C- "/t,,". In add llion . t ho book incl udtl <roc.., ....'" thc tedlnolc>Jy

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    1. CO MPO N EN TS AN D

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    CO NSTI\UCTlO N IU CllVlfI. TOPICS

    OSCILLA TO I\ TOPICS
    s, TII.... NSMITTEk TOPICS ,
    A UDIO AN D
    MO DU LAT ION

    "

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    All t bote OIhct corWd<nlions_ lhe "'M ' 0 ...." how 11>0 a rctlil> fUlly work. lhe ... Iid""lion of operalm, homcbr-ew 11'*I'. pri<lc of f;flIfbmatt""' P. .,...., ",i ,1I ..hO:b 1M Ie&' <:a" boo I;,ter mod,liod, ...-en Ihe ....h 1(' ~ " PS"dc: - Amalcw Radio- ....y . .~ tome pan in Ih< dccioi<>n., bill , it _ . '" lIo....t. tl>\' t ho. bulk of us, it i. lil el)' In "" ....boidiuy """, , rorl.....I.ly fo r t he tut..", of 1M t><>bby. _ .hl! bcl_ ~, the 1..0 "",in <:&II r""\....... y h<>Id lI'UC loo1&y. 100 tbe undoohlcd ,"",w.l inlCfelt ,n hnmc co.... lruc l'on in 1M 1asI few )\'In Modem faclory. b,,,11 f'IlCel "CR .... i'II '<'~ .pa:i/Q1ions ........ . lmoot , il&bl y CVf)'. price ~ ruM'"" inl0 lIundred . of pound.o. nly ~_ Io.ppeal 10 .WJ'l! m., kct IlUCh oct. m.... h,o.", ""l' jpal {kxibjll/)'. TllC y "'..... ...." top perl......... nco:. ~ ..""" uocd br n",.'!X,,,,.n, 00 I n b&ndo to<' c."'.. I .m ,-p tlolw: Of .....11. ", h ,le oomchnlCl h 'ah- fIdel.. y llroadca.. """,pI;orI .. n poeled, ~ n>qUlrina: '-"::ally d,lf......... ctII_l"""iu and bandwidth.. &1 the h<>rlw 00<l.'Ituct0<' .:an otI en IkhbefalCly ...,.,00. ....... rKililica in ""'ich to> it. not ~ rt.., .. larf)' in"""" ed m Of'tlcr 10 oimrJify lhc &.ian . n- he can Ilford. by d,.. ..... on the tIIrp1ut a,.,tal ........ct , 10 l'rt """ '" men twId_ fi1la' net"",,"-, .. hid> WOIIld pilI rnlQY POUndo on 10 I _ nc ""'h ,n rnmc: coo.l and in II Iabo llt C05IS 0( aJipunenl.. CIe. Thai old '""""') " IU.. IK.........,.,..rv<100- I.. ~' ... _ la .... lun.'" unit-o bqilln"" 10 " - ,n IIYl'oollO: lIllIucn<:c aOO 00 .. ,he

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    u.... ......""_ tho.. 1d ha>e QOnIm.-.. o:own... from 1..3tl ~ Fom the hcot pruduo:tioo liM tlq\ll.Pfl>elU ""'" 10 bit ~ Iu . . - lhe ""lW..........s ~ a-.I ril l.- thin the ind ...khIIl aOO tw. 10 _il too tkmInd 10 .:atdl " p ... ith _ ICCIltIaJ deood..... '... '1o. Ano! IIw rioja" <lO'tI In 1ndtnIr)o_1 .dl .. the o"..h nucd 101;' _ ol I ~ ~ .. ....rkct no Ion.Ior okpendau " r-t Worid W.. ll-cf'6"'" 1000:I ,...... ol equi"""",.. Itw """'" ""'fltl'Ui."lOt . - l "y _ only. at t he Iinol ""'' 'ct at ,he .
    jd,.. 11\1. 1

    .... frwthn' oboI~m for lhe corw:ru<1<>\' ;S WI <flOdarn ~ equo~ lhell 10 ....... tonno of t:IONlf\IQiorl. ....11 .... . . wvd ......,....... I<> ......-ry about. ...... ~ torm ol _1 pnucd ,..,.,.. 11 bocrd fOO' lM<lClnOtf\ff;IOf It V ~ (<kWh from \I "", I::IocttollIil;I h i.. 5otlI1I M ill Ro-d. ... ..,c.. ....... S--l\Implon; . TIl. io I n. ...,g, ~1Id bou1I on which . rc bonded 21 ottipo or C1I>pJW foil ........... the "'11 of llw boerd. H ob p.anc::hed alonf !he oml, . of lhc o:opfII'I' tlripl lo
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    for b."ldil\l. than bu) ;.... The lint j , when """ c:al!n<>l cuctly .. 1>U one wanl> (&n<l r", "'''7 ~ ."'" emtred p"""'o:aJly . he who ......., of ... pr_nll. Thr - . : I iI ...htfl (lfW ~ Iluo' """ build I/'II! ....... ~ ~ mon dw::llply "'-" , I>< fW1Ul' '' io "",... 10 luch .... n1ftlt lIVoI II" . <>IIf-.ltbo lho ""!llP"S fftI. ,hat (>11II ) roc_ ~ II '" .. ...... L~ ",,,U as ~ fKt<>ry unll . To ~c ..........hinl m<d\ ehcarc:t tU n II ......Id _ 10 buv 16 tno1Ml an enrcmtly HI"Ol'IJ MOlM'. M ,ke <.-O~ , in an n on , tw J1O""'Ih .... " IeU . TekYtlion in I~'''''''''' !t' " . poiRkd 0Ul llw pro(~ Idnision qlnwR It'It rat ~ n 001 ('r ~f\OQ"" I few

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    naJl ~ """""l~ ...

    1n'1"""l lhe ...""",.."11 ",hid> ..-.nled ... . lhc other ..... ollhl '-rd. II It. Ih _l>lc 10 -..Ifd prinled panel tlquir"nall 10 ind..ld IP' ......110<" I ny d wnllcal We i\a.., ho:ocn ""l' vol d .,1lI 10 ~ ..... dc""k.p"... " loobof:n' I" _ ""'" h ..... can be l1\Idc allO ol rnfon.M<kNtJ]I t-rdo, .. lIoch. . . . .blc from I'" . "'" compnny nd whoch. laIfl l~ ..eH 10ThePUI"", toenha or b" UI ~poo." Ind pennanenl ",_it..

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    ,t( OQuopmen' """dI ..""Id COOl lho:i.

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    0t'P"1laf 1oDl w-al bw>d.mh to bu~ .

    on- tbaI .... 1... 1'0'0 H .........I mo li...... I' i"", lhe ..utl to ..u ~ ", hid> d il1cn. in ......., ......l\o::t.nl. "' y . (............ It ~y . ...1INe 11 u.. m.o~ct ; oa:ondly. u.. daifor to otuill at ~ ....., f"",,~I_ " hich would boo fAUCIt _ ~ to "", .

    I lo>f'ft. Ind linn .. h'h h.tl i n' n'll",,~ "rc..'"'l ol"'d !'<'f Go! I'fti n I I'It..hl. .(1 i n . t 11 in ;'h ~~JO IIoukt.. I"" I'" cOrOlt""'I"' 11. , '" L I . "' t>. ()uceno lI.,wd . I n- l<'''' l<<fO'. l ontk>n. t , ll , 11M: fi l'f'I'"" 1M h",. nho . "h JOk'kC II ,>f .(t) h , ... eye"',. T il h. >UIJ . 1 1".. ,1M: rull in. hllCl"" "I l im ple In Id " of .. h. , lhe ..., tel ",tfe ... ....n ....", .. mplet ocn"...". """'1,onaJ ""","Ilf in O~T i. IG """ ,,""'" of ......'" ..." t> 111I P""''' C -.. lln. 01 t>r . I..h ,Ied onl O ,he tooard. I~.I u.... CIIIU... oa:lion of Jito<ardcol otllce CQ pmctl dllrpencr filled 10 .n d ....... no: dt ,U ....kes 0Dd dIa.... ho le ...1 ...., . . When In need "", I 0< OIh. , IO oj" or obl P" . W6D1", rem,nds h " OSn o f lhe old dooJ'l! of ""IIU', ...........I h II,,,,, ""'.. "" In, ,," ~.,Jr, _'.'.

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    COMPON EN T S AN D C O N STRUCT ION

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    COH,.ON INTS AND CON ST R U C T I O N


    A.DI-.rtk ""'" C_ _

    "

    While. dcvloe tueh .. tilt I~ can oiiowJy be an op:nti n& wn~ieno;e for ~"in&. the W1K AK . u101'Mtic Ir"Cl comrol can a1Io be UJOd 011 tranICloIi'W1 to ira'e&se tal k ~ wtthoul c:a1Ai.... .,,1&u. In IIUI circuit ( _ Fill:. 1) Ihr control PIlot bulb" JIO"I'"ft:d from . loop oe>upled to lhe rL OUlpvt t&nlr. of tlM I.nl.n.miller <prefer.bly by ~no at. .....ll,Iina link whldl .nowd be _ Ii lnw lated ) and i. ~uoud 10 tNl .lIdio pin i ~ on low r.f. ~lJ'1I1. The cdl m thiI cue is quoud . . . Laf. 7'I'ttc No . 9'lO6lO9 (and Ih ll ,. !he 1)'pOI! UJOd by Ol WW) bill..., . 1I'J'lCCl 1h. t I n ORPtype eel COIIld be \POd withou t d iffil;uhy . W2K AK '\lta I.... t Ole t1'lerma1 ~1I of the turlli len ft1ImcnI 01 I"" pilot bul b m combinatiun ~t h the 100 rniUiteeond doIl)'t'<l klion a( IhI: rt>oc(lQOfldU(:t ' VI: ",,11 IllOW"l the trarnmiller 10 IPpro.ach oearly filii ~ bdon limitlnl ..:lion oa:lIA. Fun~ IS the ~ to lhe lliament

    u,

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    fr~~o
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    l..!:::=--N

    " JJ
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    I.riw! frum the racr lha l lha loroid Iel\I,K 10 keep ItIt ma l.l'Wl io: "U~ . Imuot en "ft!1y within lhe ~'Oil, and ttIuI hel~ to elim lNIle the co nven tional lOll of dflc1cnc:y with COlA mounliN elote to I. ehut.ia or Iron n lfnponom to. .. _II .. . 1"" 10 . 1 1 volumetric ol.... l'IlIJu,;lion " r lhe order a( e.,h' .to-nnC!. Thi. YlVuld 0IlftII 10 mal e them ilkal fur QOm!'*:1 II ......."..-co and otM r I~ ~ c:qllirmcnt, and . 1 iN>u1d heIr 00 noduoe .n y Itra y Ind ...,;ti~ f""d~k ...tIidl miah1 01.......190: tawoe: inolabilily. II It pointcod wt t haI Ihe tuloo Q tendo 10 mlie lun ;na ,.lllct" mnn: a ll.... l. cspc<:lally ...,Ih unl .-1od OIaen. anoc1 thal. .,...,...utiono arc ~ to ~nl nav..wer. Carll ohulIld aha be wen dUrml w\n411l1 . Ilnoe u n.luc ~"" ma y I2UII! the _ 10 ... p ~Ycr !hey l;IO " " repa ired wlln ~y or houscboId erment olnoe elco:l rir;aJ o;<.>nt ao;t is not ln volwd), W4 DRS sivn f....1 delIil. r... wln.!i"ll I. mult ibond h.f. lin k wil. Il'i lll AmI- T l'Oft T-:zoo.l Wl'I6. TheM .rc lOkI by Atrd.Tron A.IIociaI4. 120}) Oucco SltllC'l. Nonh Hol ly. ......ad. California, USA . boul n cao;h. Brit it.h IIlPplicn .., aiYm o n pap 64. W<tBRS mounh Itil. torC!I diro;tly on ceramle b.nd<hanp w .r.". In view a( ,he lizc .. nd other . dnn....,.. II mipt _ 11 ~ worth conoidemll lhc UK or loroioJl In . Imo.t a ny IDOdcm lrammit t ; omalkr cores for low po-r Illp. llll:/udinilbole _114 on fcrrltr *'Is,.re qUllC lnapmll..... A.nochcr ....,;lcr. ~ , 1'Iao pointed out lhat ...... in frrrite lorolds can be appdlNr.

    .""tdI.

    1'1..... ReI<I ,.

    i- - . the Iam,p briahU-a n....-cry rapidly, 00 lhat the peak l ITCdipped in. rounded mann rather than ....rpl y. and m Ul should 004 _ .".,."..". si&naIa. OlWW wti t. : I ....... fitted the: Ql:ll and bu lb (6) volta, o I amp.) I. d i,.,ed in 7J bill found it nco:dcd ~ "'na of ...ire in the p... link wil Inat...l of iutt one., and c"'" lhi. .-d , -) yo lt blIlb to 1tIduc:e lhe 10 Meao/t rna oIlhe odl down 10 the 'lOOO ohms a( 1he ami 01 m y microphorw pin with Ole , ) YOIt 6ulb poten tiomet er to " Mh. One lum _ would o nt t>riol the ~i,1InOli ('( the odl down to bdawo 20.000 ooms. Two tuna WIll brilll II clown to XlOO 00.... .... full t. lk. It eat.l.inl y doea Le, II daimed .

    1'tMn bas been increuin& i n _ in the dry-reed conta.l,;t. ........ bct~ uxd in lhe eo.pcrimcnta q..... ~la:trooic lelc!phone ~ oa tnallO Britain .nd Gennan)'. to SIUlllIIft .." Hcilu Renodl of Standard EJcklrik LoftnZ, one 01 l.hc lcad ona cqab in ~ mayo .nd the aUlhor or . - uodul artidoI ~ ClIarK1eriala and Applica tions of R....J Contacts " (E1'trluI Vol . 4 1. No . ) . 1963") and it IOOfI '-'"e deI.r tMllhere II Ifl:al dQIl IIIffl'C to l he dqn and u ~ d t r - ~ IIIlIn mi,hl a ~ It l'lrllllabL W ~ DPl\Yinoed ttlal thcy wtIl oonw to RIP'" oon-.. I n:la yl '" many ~lQllOnl .1I4 if uocd OOfnICIly .... capable ol aMnc ' far

    ftIOCIIt'r

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    The ...
    a( . photoo;ondw;dvt cell. II no t the onl y _ y in

    IuopecI thai. for,men.lu.r Ole Iart ~_ (.boul IOmm In ~) ~ Iik.ely to prol! the! InDIl 1DduI, a11bouah mIJI1

    hi. . deIlW or rel ia bil ity . Already there ITC varioul ~" reod:I in ma nufaalll"e ; "

    01 the reeds,..,..,

    wtlleh the 11"\ o f an MlpUfia' can bill ronlrolled ranotcly by ..-o. d . d..e. YQ/tqc. AtI ...,... tr.ndItor.-lu. Y<>ltap.

    ,,.
    '"~ ...T00."

    ..... -

    ,"".
    'N "

    ---

    ...1

    o:>nlrolled ampliflror wu IMXCId in UrrMic DnJr! ; _ FII. I . . By VIt)'!rl,a the po ten tial on lhe buc, it ill dliaxd that the &11ft c:an tie chan.,ed l)YCl' .l>out.odD witb llIllo:l distortioa or oipaII from 100 ~ to ~ 100 ke/a.
    T.... ColIo An informaliw ana by W4BRS in 1J (JUIM, 11l67) daIrot.e. It. " M a( ooi1o wound on loroida l fonnen tor

    r....u

    ...1 p ... .....

    IIqea cl

    lOO, JOO and 1000 _ Ill.

    He provi<lel an impRMive IrJIUTloCnI tor toroid dcapilll


    the f""1hal' Iln,ko fonncr may W&t more lhan U .

    n.c..c

    small con,*" ton,lIQ whdl OYWiep ha.ve loid di1I"..-1lato the nwtal . and there Mm. deal 01 I n _ in UoKtly .. hal c:urnnb and vol!.... ClU1 be IWi1dIed "' Ilhou! ~ucinI !'eUabilll y too areal/yo In pra.;tice it hIS becrI ohown thai the life dependI ...,. mudl oa Ole ....-llChinl to.da, and lhe dqrw ol epu'o. qllCftlflinc- A ~LUivII ~ fOl" the STC Herlt.on 1180 , . j is It Ieut a million operalloN when ~ I amp. It 60 oolta, w"b Il\II\1 II'IOrO operatiom.t Lo...a- o;urmtlA. POI" IWltcll i~ h.r. drwill (and om .... iI:I miDd pertil:ulart y Ulotir uw fOl" ....... ~ tde)"lll .lrMdy ..... I"'IIedIn ~ .nda). the _tiona! ..- hal _ sk in reoi.w- clf"'" (olthe Ol'dwcll oItnl~ r-iotance .1 I Mc:jo for IN H80) but low pow.- ....tdIin1: up 10 SO Mc:h 10 ooneideftd prKticaI.nd Mill hiaher f~ can bf IWitc:tIed with tl1Yer COIted c:ontKta. F.i1..,. ole r-l 10 likel y 10 be lli the form at Aickm, (wlticfl may be due to. cold weld beco .... a( InCUlmtarationl and lhiecan OCCIlI"lmmed iale ly or.ncr only. f_ operations if r-.lb' ~ turmlli . ... awi ldlClll. All u- <kvita ha.... nll auef} abon ....-ltchil\l lina 110 tha i they can like hiab -s-I k.,m, in their .tridL 1ltcnI.mt1 10 be plmty of IICOPO ror 1qlCrimeNm, ",ith t t - ROd \lOo\aCt$, . nd "'"" tneful elO'uroI Prwito carl be .nnciPllIed.

    bein, mad~ ITCthe IOOrtCl' 1)'p01! . boul 46mm ,00<1

    "I'1 A T lt:UIt R A D I O

    TEC H N I Q UE S

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    COM PON ENT S AND C O NS TR U C T I O N

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    pro.:C'lh.n: ~ lim""r 10 QOle . he vo1!me1 ...,I d ina al ' M OQK1 <1f lhe rlp;d t1IIt <1f itl-.ene and lhell to II"' , he: dIOde I pJ .y , ral!n& or .ouatd~ Q-I lima (10 PC' cal l) thiI

    1:UI'ftIl'

    \ 'oIUl....

    To derj...., (\Irrcnl ralIlISo . . . . he ~nl <1f FII . wd l ~ the ...,11a_ drop Ia'OG the d iode Pva tho: p.oordw-e .. fo[~ : ulld Iftl . The the lftI ooo .i. ... or .rUin. 1l,2 lD ",hal lbe rallnf. it In ligpalo'd 1<1 hc'. Then, d lhe: Y'OlIaIll drop aaou lhe diode il pelO l..,. IMn ) vt>hl. dQard tbe diode . U !he dr op wilh a l.'U1"Il'fl' <'f ~ n ampo lh roulb lhe dlOdr is 14 Mil, rale the illUde al 400 mA o A 14mp d i<ldr IOUId show .. drop or bI Ilv.n " WIlli al ) Imps: .. r<ll" 2 llmpI woukS """.... : ., WI or lao drop al : am.,. f......... d l;Um:nt . lli r lil\oul d a HlllP diode ~'" , drop t>I" 2 Mil al ) amPi. j f will bl: advM blc 1 ~ it II hlIYin;.::. .mp ra linS. 0
    IOC~1. n, ~

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    H _ _ oIa P,Inc.4 CJraHt BooN.


    M~ny loo,:hniquc:. h, ~ hocn dcscnbed for lhe proolKtion ..I' on~-<,LT IIn.lIo . lml ll run. o r homMkloisned prinIC:oJ draliI bo.ird., Ind a numbu o r U II he...., beeo m.rkclCd. For ....... 1] rum. "'lk ~n Ind phot"'lfaphic Iedlniq~ 10l' no:ro:u.vy. allhous.h DOl nox:nu.ril~ l'el/Uirin l 1M usc or r>!IOloanphic ""lUiprllcnl. Fo r t.ne-Off boa rds a llla'lll pr<lprieca ry kit ')"llCm (Ambiltal , ma rlr.cled IlIIIu: U .K . by Tcchnoma ..... llo roulb G I'llCn, Se."noau, Ke nt) U"'Ct COJlpcr cl..,J boards on which .0- 1 irl.. ma l rj ~ ",,-, bectl wpcrjmpnocd upon ct.- 1Url"1QI! aDd nwir.cd a n>WId lhe ou l5irlo .. I' IN: boa rd wilh an alphanunw:ric' srw;ilLtllon. Then. ""l h I lJa lo pell corn ..lninl an dr..v d'J'1I ~ " n l<' It.n el<:houl lrni>1 mk , It.- Cl rcuil boud, .." n, C mallit U I JUidc. Tl>e bo.. rd il the n l\c proc:caed by irnmcnK>ri in I diah cootlinln, cldllnl. A .,..t~ not eaJlin. for ally ...,.ei&l Item. OlM ' Ihl n wppcr d i d bolu'd till ~ll ~riboed b~ r l"C<l JohntOn. ZL2AMJ in lh.... /~ . II. UM'I I Ii.:k,.-buk I"laolic i hc<ol rccetsct paper) lD pru\"kSc the ,. nNol: ' blK;kcd up by lWIpol iah 1' r"""ina oomplc~ al-. pct. HII IDlllhe fo llow. ina cquipmrn u..,rul. a hlorlU4h not aU Ire CSIIfII~: Graph "' PC' . lrrn, "",'cnal Id rau shtsmall 'i J. tnl:thy . Ia.ed lpiri l" hackill.... ha!l-potnl penal_I'll (101""..). file, ......'l" ,.; ribc., nail polish. 1Iid.,-bloc kcd p~liI; olvel (""..... lI."l pare r). .. Ajn .. Utct.I clsner, Ind ian ink wltb p:n. dCln W 'l" tciuon. pain l Ipn,-.bomb m ck., lac:qucr. fine d n l 1'.... C<MlIJ'l'f'O'Dl MOl' holet.). p....u k or alau 4l1li. rerr ic chloride. .... IC., pbuic l~ . nrI tofIPe1"d ad !.h\. ( I) Delermine clect ric' dreuil. if _ _'" ulin l ha y.......

    moo;k-up, ( 2) Or lcnnm. com",.....,n l Iayoul U.ml &flI ph. ",pc. and colou~ pens ( 11" , blue f<>f 00f'!"I" . ~ for cr>mJl'lX"'llIO ) Ilk .... Cln:> and li me ; .... k cd,ea or bllerd on dManrro. 01 Cui bnvd to li'e and Ilk cd"" r;:1an, polWllnI c:oppc, wilh kil~hcn clnner un til t-hinlJ\l br ilhl too no l louc;h ""'Jlpcr a~er clcanma). t41 Slip ~rd un~r JI'Iph PlflC1'. Wl'(\Cf Iide up , I nd aa:unlely locatll under ,JlIvam. (5) With ohaJll lCribe. pril:k IIu'ouah vapb ~r 'II nch poinl omrre holoea for compooent wira ha"" to be d ril led ; be IIIUf 10 n'IUt ~ . (6) R erno'AI b<.rd . (1) PIaoI! p \aJtlc tractna IlIItcrW oYe' Ia,--oul I.lId with bllI-poI nl pe n traot lhe coppe. pical lhllt a rc to) he Ol'lIincd i l l Cove. cn li... 1 "1' ....rl" 0( trw;m l with llid-on COI\tar;:1 "'flC1'. (9) Tum O\1:r ..:. Il'Id wilh ocioooom CUI (>\It &f1:. . I........ ( 10) Pft'l lracinl cloth <1f HoCh pIallk piIcce and ~ti<:k f'ia.tcio;- OIl 10 board. lpil "",,",,rb to IlUI ....... 1'1 1 0000lioll and 1ak./nJ can DOl 10 I fnl,h plU Iic. Pre. 00 firmly. Ind uw na ll-rOlish rew a.n ~ a",kward aJ1a,pea. ... inlin, Il\iI on and . l~ 10 dry. (I I) a.cck localioll or all p1"cic-l:V\'t'lN ....... h kul .."""' . 0 2}. Pow warm .... ler inlo plaolk or .lith, o:nr>ush easily 10 ecve r l:iInlil-board . (Ill Add 1'........ c.hl.". ide wilh pLulir: IU lJIOOIl. lUC'd allO I I plnu. S.. lul ion &hould be i trollll if_ or throe hcaPOd teaop.>onful. 10a cup or "'11.. r). Add I"" , ""mul sJ .. IT (il ..;u ..talc), end l ur " unlil d.....IYC<! . Kocp the ferric ch lorid c ..war from ~ you r finacl"l I nd d Olhe . (il i ta ina badJ~) I nd metal ob,iocts. (I fj lmmc l"le drcuil boll rd 'n ooIulion. OOM'C't .1dC' liP Ind agitale rl'l>nlli ~ 10 l imC' . 11 willla.... IS 10 4S minuf... for ctdlinio depen din. on te mpcl'I lWI &lid II rcnl'f h of aolulioll and amoun t of COJIPCf III be l'IIlrnlWC'd. I I') Lca....., board III ..,lution fo r I fe", min ule. I~r Y/!.ible lraot 0( cop(\C' ha vani.hed. [III ) Rem o ve bo...rd ",jth pI..lie IWCIUr"Wu/l rhoroul h ly in cold rUMilll ,," cr . Dry <>II ..... Lifl rlatlir: pieccl off, 100 h o ff na il po lio.h *TIll methy\elcd spirib ; rub OOS'PCr arc ilh kitcl>cn ca ne. , rubbin. hard 10 ~I<lR! 1~lrc . ( 11) Drill <;:<>mpnnc nl wire ho le!., UWl' .ph ma rk.... mlillru.. (U) Wilh [lldian IlIk ma rl compoorat 1000lio nt end Yllue. OIl eornf\OflCn l Ildc. I ddin, fe'" dmpl of liquid .seoeTFnf 10 mk 10 ma ke II now ca!.ocr. ( 19) Spray <XJmj\OlMIl 1 Ilidc .... ith d olt l&<:qUo:lr, lea~lnS 10 dry . ( :!O) Thread rompoocn ll Ihrouah bo le.. t'Ul leadi Ihon and IOkIc. 10 CDl'J'C' r b<.rd . (211 Wu h o ff flu.. with mel hylaled sririlS. Dry and OPl1l ~ corPC r .i<k ....Ih ~1C'1ll lacq uer. fllliJ. boards inc.iudc ...inlS. Allc mll i"", " rnlob" fo . Ink . ta pe I.lId dl)'-t,....rcr ionaac:a- Another I pprooiCb a1toee'her .. lhe usc or IfI<'cial l lir;k-on ~r foil Mvina Ileal ....1In1 1I<1hcooi"". c bm iNll ma aU cl~hiDl and dri\lin.. a.n,J &lJ"..;,.. QfC'Illtl 10 he rnoddiocd wilhout major d lffi.

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    phntll~1 or atllucnN:n Pnl : llI el irdudc : or r-tuv.workilla pbotorftist ....th pooitie t rart'J'lOl'nc )', dc-ooclop and ctdi; (2) tbe 1PC t>I" Ileplive....rk ln. p hm omhl with P<'IiIM I~I devel<lp, lin pIale, Itrip l'ftis. and ctch W1cb cICIwlt t!w 'iii _ d-........e 1m ; , lid (J ) the 1PC t>I" ~ti ~wor l in, photornIst 'fril.h I lqallY'll maY. de ""lop and ttdt. UIu&Uy (1) ~ I IIIKI"ar;:tOry a pprtlKh aDd ;. dr::c:>ibcd ill deW! in H _

    nt

    T (I sum up, the """'t UEfuI ~UCI fOf tbI_teur .... ; ( I ) Pallllini the: QlWi I f'lIlCl"ll dIAd oa 10 tbe laIDina,e . (2) Stir:kinll la pel (1hllI lI1atc 111m) diAd OQ 10 lbc 1ImilllIC:. III UI lnl dry lnll$/"er Iymboh (.....lIable rrom dnwinl offic,c I upphcrl ). (41 U. iq IIdbcaiY'll baded copper p rjI' <II" \I"hdl . nt It udl dirllO:1ly on 10 unclad lIminale to II"" _ ",ilhoul e1cllinaIS) Pb olO-lI11lCba llica! l\1C'ih" d. fur lmall--hatch "'00 ....,.. ..1 ol ldenlK:al boiU'dI. Utrful summaria or theoc Icchnlq\ICI wert alvm by F . W . lI cmha"'. G KUBOin 1(Qd1t> CtJ_ " iNlliott (A pril, I ~n,.

    R.....Io, SCp~ber. I97 I .

    "" kmI

    ..
    COQ:IPIe:a .... IU~ 01 ~tI" ht'! ~"" ... l' apparent -an.d 1M d1e,.... of Itn)' ,......_ . an oftfriduliI lXIDo &ido:n.1ioll In 1M tdldlon of corn......,.... u thew ,_ quc:nda.-

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    ,... 1"-1 ~ an4

    Ion ohould hi opented 11 bdo- Ihnr " ' _1 ,~ II 100 pi' ap-ritDr b).p; ' m .1 JOO M<,; ..

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    l /\an I .....,.. . .I nd _ ..l iU MS IInel'aI muM be 1-.:I1D~1~1Om. ..teq",'e~ ...""' , """

    A IIp from Gl\\ n fOi - . pnrttooct and ol.hcr cimIit ~ mow .. Pna_ ~tII. "'" IIICII lI'II H ~ No Pell""l wnaia rail r..~ 11 . ... <rai1at* Of anpr &1.1"1- n CQ'lioo mou....1t' and only 1PoI up .bou t l m. on cl lM

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    C O H " O N~ N TS

    ANP CON ST RU CTION

    Inl" TO ' lra nsiotor cues. and noat II.hen wmiMifll, of U COIlpied raonaloq ill lhe Colli... ra n., .~ ill ~l PKb I'" by 0.7) by 0..16 in. " bi, ad"l lll.ae of lIMN uniu., tomptml " i1h oon ...-nliMal ayotaJ "ndp.st fllle.... .. ' ' 'I 1M)- do no! ca ll for tn llu/onnco., md uctoo 01' other dlll:ftW oomponcalS " JNIn of the fihen. TIle ent ire muhl~ fil\Cr .. fonnod on a a lllle q uartz ple le rnou.nu.l ln a Ilf\&Ie end ","". In ClSCncc. t he M XF ~ 11 of qu.v1z _ fer Oft til '""kit pai n of m<'U1 clcct rodct li fe dcpotued. on IlS'PO'ik IideI or the pI.le : toe "1... 12. The q llam lei' . . . pjero. ckcIril: transducer, COlIven;n, lhc inpu t Iianah iIItlllJllCbaGi. c:al \libn lionl nd \'W;:e "'C. . .. The quaru . 110 Pf'O\<ldIs the couplml med lllm beI_ tbl: ,*1". The metal clei::lntdBI Ic:rwu the reoon.nl f~ of lhe Irllll _ l'-r _ .. in lhe pblled fe lP<>nt o nly. .... thai IhilIl'elIOCIaI'a a..... IlOl ....lend I nto~ "';lhOllI clocl:rodeI., bul rernai.IllI " tra pped " Ill\dIer the thin met U film cloctroote. . III III o.implool form. an MXF CON"" of in pul I nd a ll OIlIPll I ~lOI'. Md:I funned by !he IN n clcctrod ft 0 11 oppolIllelldei of the plale, 1Il'Ilh tOme mha nil:al mupliq bclWllCfl them. ~ b,. their "'JNI1II lIon a nd ".nDUll oIher faclon. IlllllOl1ll:Olnplco. filwa, "'ra of 1' - fl*KIalll pa1rl an lIpaoed alonl q ...ru plalC, . lId .''''''' ''YlI P 10 . bout dwcn or 10 p.ln ha"C bcnI UIIed' . Tbc ...hol& filler 11th", iIll1lllll)' "'. YS .tglo""" 10 macha.olQl II.l lcrs ", llh t llcir ,.."".nl w.:. l noJ mup!mp . 1lIc slmpleal ftlten Ila... ,.!ali l)' poor , h."" fKlorl : C.olhm qUOlCl 16 : I () to 60dDI r I..... COUI'Ioo.I ..->nan l fihen in lba h.f. rqioa ; but eilltt o;ouploo.l ..-,n. l otl brill! Ihll 11...... down 10 2 : J from 9 10 20 Me,. lId the 1 COUf'led rewnalOl' lInill ha ..... .rta pc rao;tot 0( a oo lll , ., ; I. Thfto _ m<>QOlilhic llIten MCm hllhJ 1 d.-Jrablc with no fllfl4ammtal RUOIl 'Wby tha price Ih<>uId not W<nCl down 10 arNleuf w.dl. It _ _ only few r-n. &iDol one .... tal lin. ltopdlllly . bou l aood Cf)'IaI flIter1 .1 h.f .-ye1 a1rudy pk-nly of ....leUn.re Ull rIII9 M C/I LllUti In ....b. equipmcnlt. In thl! lIcld 01 M X F.. alpedal.tllrm, P'iuo TedlnololY. are~ led 10 II ...... dedoped ftlwn .1 %10 Mc/I willi a bandwidth of 20 l C/l and Ilopbud ~ belief Ihan 1Sd Il-Ic ob\<touI ...., for suc:b deviI:cI ....... d be .. . fin ' or M root'ul. M liller In IIp<01l............ re;e;WlR.
    pul

    "'Irit ...... !'Pin. 0nIt end of . lcnlJlh ...f 1\ in . tubin , l, tllod 10 .bout a ." ,lclflC. The n llO' llio n the Illhe ", ith the 1!opIt 10 , ou r rilhl and race! II u fl"'. rd . On the lid~ of , he 11Ibl n, e n-t to you . a l the midpo,n, of the \Iore , . nd re'frend icula , It> iI . l\1it r>oIctt halr...-" .. Ih r" ullh the , 1,l'C . t><! r"rm a ' Munterck>o;kvriw an>o""C lh ~ ' ...-Ind, J'IIn ....y l round the loo lft&- The IfOOWl det>th . ....MJ Id ~u t I'Irt il ll, t hroll,h t he lu blnl .1 Ihr Ilan .nd tarocr n lf I t it IcT1 lJ1 hcM. f po. , I t in. of the I<IUln:end <of Ih ill iii In. l ut"1n, into A In. , Ild I ~ in . of Ihr A in . tu bin, into the h.lndle. a.. in iJimto'in, l utTiciml aim, li mol hcfON . ll nrtpLIn . to uoc . WlIh _ .... lhe 1O<>10 ...-i11 _ r hut ,he f .,... can he reformed euily YoiI h .bout , m inute< ' work "';th tile.

    .n

    UN""'I'~G TOOl-

    ~:

    C- p"""'1 L-M S~ Wilh earl y ra diw now Or\cn " cuI_1on' i tn. ~ . hiatal rq;u-d Y Olulil, I<lClIo 10 ~ '1-...:11' . mo&.l. ", here no::ry " In: ......mal 10 I>e 1<'1 pu t In pn:.:oc riPt-anab.nd I,. Ilea\<)' "'II" . On the prinl;lplo tha i It ~ou "'.11 Iont: ooou-" f...nlOO1 "'Ill aurd,. ~ t Ihe lt modem AlQuircmntl ... equ ipmrnt eo".t ruet ion iI ,""'" a..in to bend (l()mponml icadI illl o ,..... t r;lJ!tl .. n~. Ih il lime I() tJwt .ihc'y "In Ii' Ih rou J/l the hula: in I'lI nted cin;u,t boI.n1I ",iII'l acr~l.
    ITIaJOI" In JI,,.}t Ut iOt.'1 nhllr. 19" 1" K.L " dc1ai t - a ' lI1IpIc jl,

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    Too ll ' hal cnat>lc . h"m~'Cl)nlln,oc;&or 1 ao;h inc a pro.. 0 f_ ionIIl - tlni. h ...... ys tlIlI papillar. In f 11"".. (H~... L Holme. delaibes t;r,oo inn pmoll.... manua l wi_ wnl'l'innd un"'''PPlRIlooh made from 1fnI1l-di&mc't.... nitkel llImini um or brUI lul:>int a \o'lli1l ble from bobt>y I~(tu i:llnl of 1\. 1.. 1. It and , in. oU1 dll.lPCWf. CU1 rr ao 2 ill. Lenlflhl II uoed ; lor tlw t\ in . and '" in. lub".. llio:l el ill pref.".bIc a ll iI ha rder lhan br a. ..... a lUmilllum ). F irot. t:l'U \ " the i in. t llbona imide the '" in..tu trirlllO fl>l1l'l lWO hanoJicII. Then. for lhe ..,.~ tool . flJflll It. d em '" . p(Ilyina epo \ y to. knlPh of .. in , tubi.... l..-rt II IntO tha It ill. tu l>inll a nd card'ullf' aimp _ cod 01 IHOI,. Iba .. in. lub lllll unlillhcre iI . oolleeahle ,ap beI'"ftl1 the lWO t llhrol. Mi ke !he ..,in, p rou chl y " In. Ion,. ~~ a drill b,t t he I i..., of the wire ,.,.. ", h it h the toal iI inlc'll.Jed C II e u ml'lc iII.n lHQ) In. d ri ll for Xl "1IlCl'bn . win: P YlIC). Unll hole tJvooah jtm Iha Is In. lub in, . 1 n abl .n,La: 10 tbel l lem . 1 lhe llIlI::k oI lhco crimp: then don. hole Ihro ullh lhe p p tc .... nb tt.l'""~ drIJlod boIe :_ H.. . I )(.j . W itll a file , lhapcr tlla luhi". . 1 the dtillod bad. of the cri mp I() tha i . wtre irner ted from lhe fl"()l\l .:I1deI eui1y OUI a l the bad . Finall y, ef'OAY I in . o f the Men! ins ide tht tlandlc and . 11..... ..... mden l Ii"", for ~'Un"l hcfore at km(ltin. te use. The lI",..r.l'fIin,l lool iI in lended 1 ~ rilhl-handled 0
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    tlul help' IlIape lead l for In.."rt lOO in p ~. b . 10 prodllCC

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    IMro:l 01" _ _ .. I; avUlabk .. _ lid. b)' acid "",*"iool and h lotally .atoto' rrou>f. add"fll"lW'l' and ripJ. ....rh.trot Ir. _ ....'!kanl a4'wantall'. !hal. """'" haN. It e&Jl be d rilled. taPl*! .... madtlncd loh ,_. 1),,,"l1. ' '''''''''' Th .. ;. almo,,", ~Dl 10 plauic PAdd,n_ "", l end< ro be boo _ , 10 miL ",ald h.. Thio io rcrrhll", 1M .ronpl of any 0' lito: rnal~a" bul ab<:> lho: mo.t ....re;nive ; 11 hao... hlah elecl rical n:si~ and I~al d uraboihly. It it aloo a wry PO"'r,1111 ad hftiw alld coJl.>td prow u.., hll for (lDiilronnt'nr ,.rtt lhal <:annOi be boh ed <>0' I<' kk ~ tn:r1oke. ......-d 10 be ri>.~ ,... . bu l imulallld lrom. the reu < lito: oqUIJ'OT'O'Ql . Oo:taik un 1.lIIi"l Arald"" ntiouo a\lf'lo'ioN. ilIdoolftl I"" """,ld l"l or h.IhO'Oltqc I ulalo.... ea n bI obtaJ-t ' mon O RA "-~I,at C.",boI .

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    hf I po.... erf ul eflCmy of ~lJ(;h f1Clncnll in industrial o r couIII I re"",, .. ~ Ihcula. d l"'iCl poi nls are lhe ocrew. o r clamp' .... hid, JOin lhe ekmcm ""'lion . t\ll!:':I~ ', the .'t'a~jll a nd botlun C'OIlII:IiQ!u. an d lhe lhn:adcd end, the Ulin h .... hk h K'I:\lfe lhe IOlalo n and ho... ,~ . A w.cful bru..h..."," "",le.i ;o1 ",,' h;,h ~u 'C'\ In " Inullh. ,ltu" l'ly-" dherenl ru bbery , kin I.... h~h prol oxh . r>d cnfa!"" l..t.... . he ITI.II.le.;",1 'In ",'h'ch II's PlIO " Dow Co rning ,il",,,,-.: . uhbcr c,.. un R) 14I KTV, ," 3 01 , lube. which can be ' lrt1dl<"d In p .m ecr nne h r, hcumner i ~l, ~ls lI llnJ u .n . Il<! """1 aw ailal>lc Icn .n ir ' C<ju ircdl r..."" R, il;, " ("....1..... 1 EI""I. ;.. I C I) .. 1),;l i....nl 11"llM'. 16.~6 Il.lnner SIr I. l o" ,Jo n " : lCI AC~ l<J!le If",,,, IIny ~ h"""M ) n ull" l>k finnl ,Ic;on"nll a~1ll hcfo... a l'l'h~"h"n , ,

    from Bob Koh: .,11, G ~ KO. coma infosmlliion on 1 10 11 ' inll t>e.m ekmcnl~ I p;omst atn l<>sphf rk corrmi on .... hi~ h ~-a.n

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    J.,...".'. Com" on..'1( M.. . ~ i",. Nco:l 0 , [ili o n. VDCJ. in .. 11",1., and K", l . " IQS T. No vember, 1 ~13 ) p.o, id", ", ru. n,",lion o n lhe way J.. ""ne.o: componenl nunuf..,'\u t.:.... Il.'>( lhe ,l4 nd.l1rd ,,,I"ur IX'Idc ,'" li. ed .r-i,tlm<. ;noJ lI<.1 ,,~;or>d C'lJ'&Cilon :..., H , . IS. I lie "ode T'ru,Od..... ";c)'1C\ in (lh"",. mICrohenrks an d picofaradl . ,'s itn e....mplc ;on ind UCl '" mar~cd bro wn, red a nd bind i_ I! x 10 o r 12 " H It Ct:TIlmk: Clt pacilor with the ma'~in l l OI K S ' Cl',ctCnLS I ~al"e "r300 pF. 10 ptr cenl lokran<:e an SI~) ",h$, In ~no;'lIl tl'lc wOf ~ in. "" lillie fo r hpane>iC ooram lC ca >'(lCiton j, u!>I'ally ~ Wlltl un~~ OIM t'Wj<e IMlCalro ,
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    The .e a rc l"k:my or CX-eq UipnlCOI and 'U'l' I.. rd ilyS _uil" altle r" r 1... ItIIl1IHccd~ _witch ing in mo bile and o ther " "" llCall(ln$ if lhey ('Ou ld bo: peflol,l;l"lcd to ol""'....te relia bly fmn, 12 w(l IIlI"'lcad of t1lc1l rated 2-1 W . An ,tem r" " n Illll " KI;Z'" ind;,:atCi l.'l\C """' hod by .. It:":h lhi, ~an he

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    lhe pull-i n 'oil". C ...... lly b<:lwccn 15 and 20 volts f(lt I 24 v,,1t My); and t he d "'P-<>ul w ollallc (a boul 3 10 H "VII, fo r I U \'011 d.c. n:lay ). lIy ap plyi nll owr 20 ,,,h. fo r f'WoI a brief pui04 (loIy 20 msl. il II I,<W.llly pU lblc !U pul _in a " 24 woll rela)' . whi, h .... ill Il\( n be I\(ld in ro r a, Ions ...... potenlial ofaboul 12 wOlb i, a pp lic<l ';<1 nl;nll"""I)'. YKf.t.l" tnul'" lhill il "" poo.siblelu o btam Ihc ""l ui",d p ull-In voI UilC from I I ~ yolt iUPl"1)' by 1i",1 cha rtios a ClJUC:llOt lO 12 ' 01" ano.! 1!ten aUdin, ,his 10 the 12 VOII su pply. Th il ca n be d om: by . wilC I'lcI (f". e umpk relay w nlo\CU witlt l oo locr rdit)) as In 19 fa), Il>oullh 'hit tsc nen IlOI cc ovenjem fo r nlOb,k pulh-!o-Ialk appli cat ions .... h.cre tllen: ma y on ly be " ne available: rontlCl ...ilh one f.i dc ea rt ho,l. (Jul by aol<J in, a l ranf.i~l ur. I diode a.nd a 1C'\j"'(>I" lhe idea ca n be read ily adaplold 1 thi, appl i<:alio n : ICC rill 19 (h I. TIt~. climitW1Ct 0 II\( t.-l f,,, the <JOI.lblc- r<>lc. dUllhl... thfllw ~wil , h i ltl1. D2 <:lilt be a ",ml' uter bu.r<J IYllC d.ode or e,'en a "" "kIng jutICli" n " I a d ud l ran, i,I <1I . 1) 1 h~$ ..,nly 12 WI ll. P .... I ltd mu , 1 a liT)' lhe rel. y clitTenl : II . tl<><, kl t'I<I, be It IlIlo;\\n IYJ'< when t he , wrtching t.an . iSIOf i, II. I crma"' Uffi IYllC. Slllo:C M llk r ctft would then dc l.1y tharli ns of Ih~ capccuo r. W ITem u"C<I in lhi. way, Ihe relily lak " (lnly o tl -q<wrtl:f nf e ilt r. lro coi l I'l'lO'fr. and J ",1'5 ""' I ",,"e q uickl)'. It ..hOllld be tKJIed Ihal there will hc a tklay .. r quane. (If a I1ltnd before II\( ",b y ""," he pul led in aOe' dn>ppinll OUI ; lhe atT_;acmcnt . 1 t""l lt~ "' n:d uccd e<tnlac1 p ressure in rd "" relaY' when: lhe ml,J>(1 K: licld PMlCS th ro ut h Ille COI1I.>(I,. In co o"c nti(lflal I<:1:lY' 111<: u mal oJn: mOWI apins l Ilop IIMnl tT\(\/"t' o r Ins cer mam C(lntac1 I'fC'su rc rel.lrtl ko., lite co il cv rrem. once dOt<.'1:l .

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    J nc l'roprer, G 38Y. It:t.SII Ilscr" lli p when w lderl n, l>c".at: , 141i<: 'lCn, ili"" lCIlli.:o nd'ICLOn ......h IS the I G FETi M O~f [T fam ily. The idea stcms Irom I ta:hnique uwU by wt>tk inl JCW'.'11,~ 10 protect vul""rabk tmll il pari. (rom heill. II oon.i.l. of .... noPJlinS lhe , ect ion in """ """Ion w.." I. When Applial l<l MOS rr:T. C1<;. GJKY i""" rlt a '"""1 P111 1C1 of ",-ct CUll"" ....,,,1 be,,,,,,,," the Icad.. pltlh inarII rlllhi llP II'IC bod) ' or l he fFT herore n:movin. the no rmal metal clip o. dec\ c ; 1 " Ally il.lp plled 10 prot.:. . rbe devlcci when Oul of ci f'(Vi. " Wiln . he pcJk l l"'lUtod. lhe dcwice mnaim adequatel)' prolted from Italic and 4u ite erTecti';('ly fro m re;uon;ol>lc a ppliation of he.t Ii""", lhe COIl,,,,,, ""'"01 atn he l Cl'I _ ; paper ha ndlen: hicf, o r I.ilchcn ck>lm." OllUld be: 11,1>lIIilul ro fo. mllon wool . fl(Ilh lite Wiler a nd l ite "",'erl ar &Ito1lld be <::lean to aWlid lite fIlIMibilily <If lIilht dCfl<l$il' ""'nl \crt. whic h cnuId he- CClrTU$i~ ; h~r l here i, fI<1 mk " f datll&~ fro m lhe wale r llllcif all lhe n ." all: ocalcd, A 'Similar pcllC1 co uld be: h'clted when catTYl", ou l any 0 cha n,et 1 the clre ull liOl."Cl. for ":lmple. a p te m1lhl ltt damaJed ",'hen remowin, a co il,
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    _-,tional or , ulo-trarul~ J one importlnl fador is the shape o f 1M ecee , and it is miuake 10 th ink lhal the loroid core .. !he ~t tuilable. Idea lly one need cere IIIapc tNl rnuimiza lhun! inductance ...hiIe mi nimiLinl ~ mdudalKC and lhunl capkiUn<:c: wra can be rated on Ihiol biI.a by ll"IW'IS of tho! form fador ~ . An impmovcmcnl 0\'Cf !he 10000id can UI.... tly t:.. ad1in'ed by r lac:i.nf, 11/0"0 toroid! cd.., by edae or lIdc by side ; Ih is 00CI00nd ~1 ii_fly called I ba lUII QI:Jft,
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    Of in Tll<-'CI~I'I have been ~ un the baJI-bmiDI llf lall a ronliau ra lion. To form Nndr-sa ftlltn in th~ _ y req UlRlO I ~ U of I number cI CI)'IlaII of cverully defined .. lind d i/fCRllIl r~~ncic:ll, ..nil oI'lm the .... cI o,:cnlntll'I'l'd iDdlllClM CflfTtrollenll. Whi le in the 'l\."Uell and l i. t lC'l many amoIl leufll, built thrn ...... .....b. ftJlenI -.nd ..70 Uk. n1i lali"Cly fnt seern I" CJ!'lrM to taekit the lDIttuCtlon cI liltc:n wilh cent ", freq umeiet around 9 or 11)7 Mli.I_ t:...,., toea horn H:o,,-,ruo:Iors ....... _ Ily 10 Itr'Id up I>uyina I com plele lilt", 1nt'Vllably an e. ~ item. An a lter na tive to IIw lallQ ll lhi ladJcr Iil\ef Ai delaibod toy J . 1'0d lC1. F 6BQP. In ........ Rf:F ("'b y, 1976) or WWku ll",/J (J uly, Im l and by J, lIanio u tle . om e (Redo Co""'ru"icDlioll. lleI;anber, 191(> ; January. Febniar)r and Scr>tt'lllber 19n ). , ).b OOP C()"o'<'a . . .. b . Il.lteB ... lwo., lh_ 01' rOUf iM", irol aysla~. JI. l'f'OIOIypc lilten 'Im'e ...... on U t" i.Hz g'}"IlI ll (, imply hoo;au", these ha!"fleN<l 10 be ......iJ.d . ). He lo;hie~ wilh four a)'Ula I liller wblc;b, ",Illie not t\I.~ ilI, q ulle l och I toad .hapc rllC10r .. lhe XAlA , I\r.d mudJ betle r ultimaI<' OUI-uf -band re;.tclian and ~Ied an u llftnely useful u .b. lilter. ~ tha i il ... <:omlrtIy .... Id>cd ilIlo the I,."Oml\:\ Inpu l and output lerm inal.... 1mp:da1llXlJ. He ill... ~ IIirnflle c::irwit IMI ens ures lhe c:olTC'C1 lermi n.alio ' n, I re oblai.-l. ~ MtQP b.s~ bw11 and lesled Ia<lder f1llOr'1 ba-J OIl two, Ihroe I "" rour o;ryua.b and ~lureJ lhei. chtrKIeriuia on pred. K>rt labonlor)' equipment . lie min" OUI thai u.b. !ille... ~In be made In Ihlll _ , I I IllY freQuency from rou&blY S to :!O MHl, aJlhoua h the o;apt~I"""'" "lllIn a nd imped. .~ flvour lhe ~ nf' to 10 M H ~ ladder DeIW'Orkl a re 1100 _II $IIiled to nllT'O'lll'-btnd <:,... , lilteA, ", bictt c:oukl LlH ery.1il1t of ~ f~uellC)' a nd could be deaitned for 10...".

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    multip/J Illele coefflCient l ~ I/fR ...I "'hcre R II 1M impcod_ 1lnl;C, ~u. 2"1. ...Il h lin I'tcrtr.. 0rICe thr lho>om.lcaI va blot' bee n found . II h posIible to WIt the _,,"I 10 per

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    10' ) or fOU,hl, n r". Muli lply Ih... by lhe . rpopri.ote OOI.1fic...nt. nd one OblJilll r,'If rOO'oC!Y'1. l lIlln (:0 - 0 4 141 )( 23 - 9" rF (ot , NY, t -2 I'f"l ; CI - I t Z J( 2J 41 'J rf ( 01", ~), }',I flFj : C2 21Z' J( l ) - 110' pf lor. NY, se r fl, ThI rodr ic'nl. .c t ~.l liller a ~ 0-701.00 2121: for a 1" l>-<l'Y"la l nn ... . , iml'lY I and 2. TIl.... r,'If filleR al 11I 4 U h Ind . , 0 (>hm~ 1 ' - ........Id Jive r>nfCl'1'eo.l ....Iue> (>r 1 ( '0 I nd Cl "" U . nJ 41 p" I nd II I nd 41 pf I"C'>pco;t ivcly. Importlnt Ih lnlto 110I1 is thaI the \ilIUlS I~ dele rm ll'H:'d by the r,eqUl'nf;')' 0 the cty\1.1, lhe <,!eIian imf"'d a "l'C, a nd IhI uw or thl ~ .... ~ to 4Ile rrnine lhe actua l ... ]..... . . .....ilh B lot U h cryoIab ther boI OO I"'M ill .bo lll 8J 14 1 0 Il lfl kif. 11.00 II .. lhe _ ......l'e'O<Jrwnl frcqUol.'n<.")' " f the aystak ...h", h dc1etm l...... lhe ItI..er alII <ll" the handflll . Thil ....,n rr......idn very u..:: rlll r 1"' : n p(WI il>lc 10 llIC II. fun"'" m lta l o f lhe ... me frllClUl.'OCY ... lha l tncd in lhe filter 10 provide the carrier oocillator fmjuo:ncy. In II lUlllble tbian tetmilll iion imptdan~. it ....,11 be f.....nd eec__ 1)' 1(1 .... t.! lhe inl rcdanoe In order to obt ai n ,ulf"''l<:nl t. OO.. idlll r" r .1,1>. ...nh 10-.. rreq uency tTY'tal. C _l. d " ...t l :IOll 011"", 11.1 , M H. ). Th il . 1 im plies e "" lha l toy u. in, ",laTi~ly ktw-fmj ~1IC)' CfY'tlllll ";th low <leol,n Ic m. in. Uo,)f' imf'lda- ' e loella>t flllcn c.n t..

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    okl ba llrorn l pen to p tllal h.. heen r n:l\ llal wiT h low ..ior;oIity retin : ZS~W P " ruphllJias" Don 'l forllCllo If"III Ihe l ey ", (4 ) Coil lo, ,,,"~, llU.. lQ/or~ ,r , W hen alred , both amine a nd p<>Iy. m ide Ir,rn ce n 110 t urned in _ Lolhe a OO Ihraded. ( " Clu" I(QI'r lll' I<"''',j f/()()f' t't>vr1'l"l. A odf-letTI hn , po lya m idoM:ure<l COllin, rnay til' arrha! to _ Ihich cu of 1."" 111 l III '" nun 10 pro ,'lde I non .cond llClin. . ..fe. IIoor c<><l h nl for hack eM' ....r"'ho l'.
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    Fi, . ohnwt a wa y 01' conn'lin, tiller Inco cin;,)it .. ithOlJ l IIwn, a ny illlJ\Mo. tiw QOl'I'Il'Onenll . nd )'el malin. ' cer tain IhlIl Ihe lillO' IS .:otteCtlr Icrm.inalod , l1Ic P ..II.... resister, RL is made eq 1 10 the filler lermina llol'l 1mpeo.l.mc" , ...h,le tl", t.. o R 2 I~ life "ad1 I .... n !he 0lJlTIICt na ute. A . nlnl ll"n",J CII.lier. lhe IIlten ohoul.l t.. made in lCreo::n<:<l cnckN.!..... lQ mini ma..: IeaUp of lianals I.rO\Ind lhe ftlt..-r; lhc'yam u..: >mall rrinlod cin:uil boanh. or can be JUSI ...."ired up In J'OIlnon.
    Ualn, 1t.. 1 ,.. 1... 1;:, Field. ZS'WP. in ~ZS (June. 19m ~ rnct lCil l informa lion on the U!lf: of "POlY raiN , a lub)ed whidl O"'et !he)'ell" ha , '-orne increasinaly OOfItj'>kl d Uoll IO lbe ~Iopmml of tort'ICthint lih 2XO dilT erml curio, . p:nll. Ife p.a Ihml rllnd&men t. 1 ruIft if opt imu m reo.ul .. a re 10 t... ...-h!C'VC'd : II I MIl the com rou lllJ in lhe ral io , upplied a nd do no l . t~1 10 add more cunni '"l!Jl'I"1I 10 lI1lI kc the ma~rla l ~ q uicker . 121 Sl:1ccl lhII ri, hl cum pound fOl" the , ighl Job . nd note. for lhal " la:trica l prOfCl1iea mil)' . - t _ !Chin.. pan lCularl y fill'" v.h.f. Iptllicltionl. 0 1 I"rcr-n: l un .,.,. pro perlY_ 'I' mT!O'o'e area"'" if )'OU " . nllhe ...... y to orick : roa.l,l he l ur lee .... ilh II. ", 1ea,... a~1 "",h III polyvi nyl .Icohol. 1l1..Or1O'I or C'YCO ,..,"'..: or W ,f ' ill, you mcrd y "'1.01 10 form a mouldin, wmpou nd . Inf_ l ion on n...." 1 ",,",11K1I'1 1 uted cwin, I I<"IIil)' u lCh . . .m in" a nd po lyami<Jo..-apphe$ to the cu red. lUI/i1Iftl_ rNlII. The . (Wlhnn o r li r~, wd'I I S lind. ma , im pr O'l'C <:crtain rro l"'f'l "'" like tom pn:Mlve U=tll ll, bul /TIlly det ract from olh"n l uciluilloctrical . l""," h. Amon , Ide., a nd _r plica llonl .'hi!;h ZS , W P recommends Irom perlOlllll eo perience.re lhe fo llowm, : ( IJ 0 ... /1"1 ",1",,,, lin-";I "'-'/s. Ute o.ohaIt lx\f'ne polyam ide ClJI'Ild epn ~y ....m n h. (2) 11,"1",. U... loI'WOIIl-f... po/y&mide cured compound . (lJ .4111_ '" 'ooh . An amilw cured (\'tr)I liq Wdl l)'1otm'l lOa. alk-td II) let in ~Iy vc:ua1 laboralory I1us lu"'n... When WI11M J!ua was broken . .....y and lhe ""u1lina "POl l' rod filed to !tie dr:!IiruJ lhapc . SkdS c.n til' made b)' J1N1oin, '" 'uitable Allen kcy at>d lrnmen<n. in lhetop o f a n

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    (6) 10(... /1 ortJ ... .w,. /l illmin ium . nd l kel t<Men ma, t.. flbricaled lItin, cl'OlQ' Ild lln i...... in,lc_d o r weld in,_ ZS~ W P norman, drd ~ S.1iom. coati la p JOIn.. Wlth .n cpo ", ,'r'olyI"d pb kk aJhcolve and lhe" Meurea into poti llon by bo llin , Alumln llllll ma. " ean be "",del .. Itooll l I ny bol" by ep<.y arJhcsivw alllJ jip, " llhouJh 1p<lCia1ca.", mUll be.,.."n l(t 'OUnace prcpan lion . (~ erected , rnao.u mill' til' Pft!" Im ed _p ilUI corrO$Ion by ooalin, _i lh a QOIl.ur ep)ll y ~jnl : Ih it. provid", black, alOlloSy ftnioh whir:h. if rcq llire<l. nil)' be O'o'tl'OOll tN wilh a b ituminoua a lumlnlum paln l. 1'0 01_ l hat ,,!ementa or """- ' vcrti(:ah etc ~ Id _ til' _1e<1 .. ilh vam i!ih lOin. c lltl" fi /m.r <ll" l ucb ....m ioh I n a!lac ked by ult.._ iol el hllh l and dIould noc br uoed OUI of v d Ol)I'I. A d c. r po lyunrl h...... vam~ a., ~ , ideal for 11M Cllemal prokCtion or aerial clemenll.. (1J /lMflJlt/lJ. I: pol ylpo ""'lIlphido ad heU_can til' uoN 10 """-lai nl ""'" ... ' 10 " , ....in. t1Ni.1ures 10 form amateur JhiIl.: .. elC. ZS' WI' notCli lha t e rn.y _ In M'IIll'OOJf>f1$ ...hen cum:I . .. ........Iu .'" .nd ..re 1 hlnd \c: : but oome 0 aaat h are !OJ.k: and prolorlaod Iltin con i"" a n Jive rise 10 iknnIlil ia. CIl"C Ihould til' eun:isl ll nd . ny rnak'f1al tha i does llC1 on 10 !tie !-kin shouIdt... ....lbod off ..itb _ p a nd ... rm WIler. Do nOi let younpten play ";01 uncund opaly o;ompouolls ; moot im port.anl. if usirla ma lC!ria1ronta inlnf tolvcnta. tnllIrtI aood w.on lilation a nd do ...., smotl ...tulc a Prfyin, 1M ma!erial .

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    S.fe') .M r.... AI, II is ftf)' ..., to hCll:u rllll a1 rd cu O'II!I' q!Jl:'tions o f e jeetril:aI IIfd y Ih in kln, lha l Iny dan.,. are te lf eviden t . MI , be, HOI'Ilknon, ZLITB H, poi nbout in a det.iled JUidol lo Ntil ",""uv : tion pr aet iol (1frNk..j". March, 1916) : ~ Some polnbl rnay _ pedanl lc. beyond 1lM1Irtnll tion or outside the bounds of pl>\Ilbilily . H ClM'YC!!'. """" thne- lDun be food for Ihou~L A relsoned de pllnurol'rom ' 1M book ' may ofieD til' sa tisfactor)' , hereu Iht produ~" <ll" lp>Ol"iltlOe QlI onl y be life by clllln':lI .. 110 lish 1IOrnC " pr>enl roqulremcnll " .. followl : (I) All req uimnonll mllsl be mel ", ilh a n ~ I~

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    A M A TE U R 1' ' ' 0 1 0

    T E CHNI QU E S

    q uarter.tut'll. Th .. me'lfu. tha I ..... PIotU.. a nd ram Mar b... par... ""ill _II)' reQuin: two-poinl lhinB' . al All reQuin.menh o.hooJhJ I:JC me l u1lller any co ndi l iolll' 01 si;n4le rn<:d1.ame.J r..,lure (c ... one om.-..r 1 0l*tWd . ",1 adrift inaM.le tho ClQU;rm<:nt or 0""' Icad brolm 0 I'. lem>illllli<wl). Th.. IJ'IooLJ am>ly .. 10<:1...... or noe the INiTIo urth iloonncw.:ted . Tbe ~ lead adrift .. ..aoc Cln bl: met by lOCCUrm. Iea<,h 100000her r.... ",ulul l Wl'f'Ort . (3 ) A ll RqUlr='lenh lhould he mt't when .. "'.ndlIrd fin~ .. Is a l'l'l icd ...ilb .. r"n::e up 1 :50 N I I I Ibf) a l I'I\I.JU. 0 mum raull kmronalul'I', Th.. inl l'lict 1ftIn..1;n. the I.i.., of 'oU'It ilal.... holco to .. m U lmum o r 8 m m ( .. in ,) dianw~ , and ...-kinll IU", th lt no 1M Pi"l Is ...... lMII 10 mm iMide ' M b"IC'!l...nom lht I;'<'IYCr ~ f~ invou..t" Vent ilation dOlI , h""I<1 ..., reol:OOed to 4 mm { ,l, ,,'-' ""'dm. (4) The reQlllmnm~ shou ld Ii,;, met a1kr an y lnt...... l 1M" or ...uin.hal Men ~ wil h . 'OfQO or liP r.o 2 N (O-41bH (S) Lfve ""'ron, mlilol 001 loo.",h a ny m.nin. ","11' 'Nhn1 .tuflCd by . forTe IIlllO 2 N 1<H lbf). For rel..t>dity a ll wlrlnl .bould mcd ll1e abo': reQllircmcmla. (6) No lhort -<:ircui l or an:illl ohoukl ..., call!loed by lion of ~ II ........ hould prdenbly be lof;atN 10 Il\aII Ie......... m eunI knllh ...m not damaae or hu . rd ,
    N

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    Amona Zl.2TItH. many DC""" poinll, Is Ille ncc:d 10 proridoI a l leul llUlIirIlum clcaruncco. .nd ~1fC d j"j.m'm or 11-..: poinb, rna/nwned ulldc r sinilic mec","na;.,1 ("ilunl . He notes ItNr.I wood d.- not q.. a iil'y for '""ulalinn. Liyc romll ahould be ~Iblc onI)o by Ille 11K ora lool I. r:ommendallon f""'lUl'rul)' 00 1 nk'l hy pIIncl-motlnlod kn). Wlm inl labdl lh..... d toe lIlCd 10 mnowblc 1 (ll><'hnle ro wn. ~ l M poinl. a re defhlt'd u.ny ('Oinl ... ilh . ~ lial d ilferenoe o>f rnotil Ih&n U vo lh n=lall w to eal1h a nd rrom...hi<:h . curn'1I1 c...-li nll l~ 1 mA may no.... Prol::1ioo1 apin.l nrc dIoold lndude lhe f'I"O\'Non llla l no r-r1 thall ruch a lem!'C'".l u!"C l uch lboI l f1a ~ or IlIIlaincd IIIIlOIIlderin, ca ll OCCur dllrin, r. u11 condltl"",, : ir In doubl void uo.e or "-luli"" marenals lhal QIJ\ he IT'Cllod around hlah-""b.. jtO pIlr1. (wa, . nd lI>OIlI Ihcnnor>la. l;";' blll"ll Mil). ZL. UII h.lI a l\O IOrrIlI' po lnl ' lha l . ll'co;c 1'101 on ly lardy "T bul . ko rcllil1:>ilily o ( lhe cqUirmcnl . u fol ..,.".. :
    ~ for in.hl ila l ion in nc.. . . shelYft . nd oeha- ~ wtth reo.lrit'le<.l wn lilallon . 1ben ."nlilale to the muftnum ",Ienl J'OlISible! EYcfY I 'e at o pcnl ml lempcnllll'e' will appro.drnal"l)' Juubk lhe fa ilure nl" of a sou nd ~. Poru "'k , .r should be <:Il"' h'" nr ta kl", ,'OC C nd dial a I'IlI.'aM . m" "'..........-sl.1orion ....r u.ed on lXld da ys). Mob ,leo requ ire .. ralinll of OW< 6j 'C

    Tho...: who ew. ..li. hcd ICA S intennitlenl com rtlC:Ifl:ia l ;111.1 ama leur lCn"io;c ,.linp di<l nat ha"" conlo:..U In mindl l'i na l/y, few IOOR ~ lhe poin lJo menlioned tl)' ZLZrflll : "OUll"'l s<xl Ctl . h,,"1d be ma rled I nd dl>I~ 10 tha i 'i n"" l~ rlUIl:S cannot "" In-red, "''''''''''' cab\cl o.houl.l. toe lo,:ul1;ly IndJorc,J M lh liyc w,rin l ....pped .roll".1. lerminal C)'dCl. before htinl told" rcd. Il cad phones sIlo>ul<l n, )( ho: con1IClO.1N 10 I'"i nu more 1hlln ).4 .. " III ~"Ijyc I" ca rth . M.in. 'lriri na r.I\oul,J .... "" in.ulal oon O\-Cr ().4 mm thid ; ""rm ..1 hool-up wi", docs r.>1 hl -e ...... n mccd Inwlallon 00 rhal maina ... blc lJIould ho: uocd Inside eLjuil"J'<'nt IS "'CII . 1 fo r lJCtI"O!O" cnnt.. No Ii"" ",,11 .hould reta,n , rea le r lha n 002 me c"'" fIIl' Ie-, . 40 ..ol '" on 0 ,01 ' eevers are ~. Noe e lha l swi tdlO!l ClI Amenolll ....- .lapa ne'loe o rillill nla Y toe ralC!d on ly fill" III vol" .0:. ....owu oo.-ds mu.t ho: -,u",1y the taJ1 h lead l'CTnIIi nl n, IJ.ad. ~ .. hen lhe other 1eIId'1I/'Cl under tmoi<", . I I"" "'lrin B't.oukI ho: ",,", pre<.! 1"",1Id ll/mlinal cyeletl heforc beinll ..1l<lcRd. Tbe lNi.,. <:Urf'elll h i lUll)' no... I<' oouth under normal op:ra.l>On shouloJ no! c...-:I ()'1 mA peak ; lhe lNI'nl c ur r.:nl th.1 n0lo eanh .... art aerial ~t>nncctjon ohou kl no l exceed 0 01 rnA r -k. The c:ond/lion ,. KhieYod by limitin f IUIIln.. li1kr ClIP1(lt.;mo;:e rnwn - . linc It> CII rth 1 ().(J()' .. '. il 0 Tbe modem .. .... leU' SI.;l li,,,, ....ilh ru ll~ cncklt.:d un it... infinitely leu hu .. O'Oous 1hlln 1"'- Or )"Clolery.... : f'IOndmi cally Ilownoer the .t>.cll<:e of o lwl_ .Lonp <:In "",ult In Ia\ of remainlnl haurda ,

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    nut bo misle<:l by 2'T r'O"'Cr ra hnp : work II "" I r,om Ihcrmal ""islanoe jM"'JUrt mounlln,. Remember rhlll a hea t . m k of ksa Illan "C/wan Is . In:1Idy FUill' ph ywlly larllC. R~ri~I'''o : Wal ch III' nll' . Avo id h iJb-...l"" ca rbo n..fHm Iy",", 'n h lfl't-",I",... o n; u,ts. (: 0II1l""'it,oo I~I'CI . ~ l:o;:tlcr in lh .. , ir..l,oo. Me tal .nd meu. 1 , iJc In __ arc q ulCl .nd -o relia ble:. bul wa lch Sl:'IdIlI".poOrol LJ:mpc11llurft.. De ra l" In connoN .. I .....tin n . C"opu n : ,,",.rc of C"tITNYII r. lmp in ccn.m K Iym : rel'//,' ...rd . ny '-hnll I Uop;.;:;"U.. McealliIN foi l In lCla ~hou l4 rll'JI ho: wbjtod t o tal'JlC .li..:ha,..,.. curren lJo ( O"ff oil);) rnA ). II ~, tne1a l rl us !,,<>l)'C."lcr (0,1 {j.c. "'pal.1e mrlal r" ill lyl'C" ere "",tahle (.... la rae pu l...:. f ur a.e, m.ino.nd br~ am rl iludc pul U'll miud-dldCl.1ril: t)'J"<'a if .vaibt>lc:. On ly 2-wlt lI.e. n ca P"C / I~ sr..... cI he: ......,.j In .ny ma l"" 1 ",iri"l. LJ,.'I" : U ndcr-ru nni rtll filamenl bmpo by 10 per ""I will In.:reaoc lif" by ),~ 1...... ' .....1con 'o'CfS(.!y), low.olt .... h,..hN , ryn t lyJ'('S ' rc mon= ",II .hlc. Slime intermittent R l'I ma y hi ....lI'oCd t>y . ~ja""n l lu "", o f ~ Ia ment lhurtin .. loJtClher.

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    "r." 'cl<l~11 .. CO '...... k .... c.,...,ltoro j ad flllnku lle:. CilJI R. ro und IhIll he I'Ol<'dcd lOme low. w h", c" r,CillJfll ...h orn C'!I'UId 11<>1 he .. ' isfoed l>y a va lucs . I e .. . . . 11 not 10 .... r re-tl:\ Inmmcn due Illl he c,""'.n l rcmrl" ' Kln '0 I he r lheir seltl""" . He felt ' hilI lhe " ..n\la rd rorm of lma leur ,. Ip mmtek a l"'~ilo'. (OnSioh n. .. f p;.e.._ of insu l ~ l o<l w ,~ t ......led I"",l ller, .... a.....ilhcr . u lllt: icn( l ~ "rcd""I. blo: n,,, .urtlcicnll) ,I.hle rur h.. rrl....I"m . In ocekin_ ..>me . 1I. ' lWI liyc f"MII of ClI ~lor. II tJU:u, ~ 10 G JJ IR 1<1 I,...,l u p Ihe cle ril li,... of c..../AI cable. Tile ,",nillt"", U nir..d io OJ' f iIaMc from RS t~1 1 ... ....lal<'1"" n umller JMS-I" ) h .1o ....ry cu n . " n,,'rll ao~il. nce of 100 p r im w hICh ", p..,..,.," I pF/l.:m. l h ll cnabla . Iat<lc: ....J'lU."llon nr va luca u.p I" .holll 1 pf 1 he mad e In 'luile . 0 0 oDt fa rt<>l 1II11iniflCln i hu l II .t oel 'he """,-n o!'""-'C. p.oolUCI/r1I\ <>f f. irly pred io:l .... le o>.td-va h.e u.pa..: it"",. ~ ar mrlc. 21 ("f1l of cal<k wa'1 mruurcd u J p F nd.n M<;m knK lh lQ ., y 1'1' ; ..-.unn. lhe Ic:n~lh OVCf lhe po.n or 'he able cnwrcd by , he bra ;,.. n': .... "'11. N , lie "", nIl ou t tho t If 0""' siJc " r lhe eap...-'lur is 1 be 0 ea n hed ......h ClLJ""' ilm'l hIlw lhe funhc, I .t W n1.l1Cl or l prow;,lIn, 'lwit .,....., el"\l(If.l. lic 1C:rllnl .

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    Ih.l " nJlnaf) mlncl1ll hlfl'fftll hC' ...,11 remove l >alo Inll mucll brtler Ihlln lhe rewl n:rT>O'Vt'l' .upplicd in ma ny of lhe ~i" When dT.-,rnll a hoJIo,d ..." h a f) alo pel'l lle II"'" lholl lJTllli bu l'th a n .p..... r .nd lila. aomrlln_. d urina rtdtillJ, the in ill pan oompan~ ...ilh lhe copper il is t uppol<'d 10 be pn>lo:o;lin, . Hc IUlU/C$lt tllal both I~ probkml can be 1alJl":1~ obvlalC<l I>~ Iho roullhl y C'kanina lbe wppr na lhen Il rlUl, etchln. lhe en Tire IU r1'lk.'e of Ihe board brf...-r a n"'ln, .he uxh ; I Ih,nlly clchlld lu rfa,~.1w ron.h. hulda lhe rcaoal ,n. much brllcr lha n a llhmy copper . urr. ..:c . Where inlC'1nlled ciralill a no 10 hr muun lrd on a r c-h. he find$ il d rtlkul. 10 4.-.... iruil~ lI1ual "".lJ. Im.lca d he: """ I piece ot comrnm::lally ma..w i l:. rnt>\lnlinl L plal e. em ""rerun, prio:. ln, Ih rotlJlllhe 110....... ilh a . lurrp Tlber . nd he Then a fll'll)'ihl a oohd hor 0I1'CIlio1 in k a lu n. L m. rkt . Whr n lhe inl ' . d ry, he ,;amun, ocrl l<o:""" II ....... y fru m bel ...... n lhe pa oJ., ""'~in I Lhcm n. :ell' "l"'~' Fina lly. he ",>I. . t!\al ..... 1"1 I' d>.1. ..-... 1""1 oee (It)CTl finio_ UI' ""ilh ...... 11 <>IT-,:ulI 01 aNll l'Cnll~ lillie UIC. ll......-c~e t. I....... ,;an IIr used 10 ma ke na m<'J!lalCll. <:.rcrull~ ICll,", Ihem .1 required , CI<;h In .he "" ....1 _ , a nd .11....h 10 lhe atu '","",n' ; wllh <::lIl'C, \l IOSO .. a,. . Ihnr l:a n be m.o.dt 1 1",,10. q uJl1l rrof..iollil . 0
    K"", 11 s. .. Ic .. ~ ,. Wha t can the . maLeu r deli,""r a .... .,.,...llI.Il:1o r d o I" I~ the ~ ten'ioeabUil ~ " 01 h i. &loi"",",1 an d ......."" lhe - mean lime 1 repa lr ~ ? So...... ideal 1Ia.-e I>oen pUI 0 r"",,"td hy kenneth Jcaon in f>t> " I....1 "'''''l:fthihly ' In D11'<Hf~ o-n,,, (No . I. 12 April . 1'J781: P\I,..lcaI ...........' -. illWI' k"' ..,11 it la ke 10 .........h . nd raTlo~e a raul ly COITIpuncrtL in .,...-.. pIlnl or lhe "<tU IPO menl? 1 hel'C l-..d 1 be ~. TIO'I' 1on, ob."lclc. "rilmh 0 lei""....'" nxcil'Cr .. hil;h il '"'III IIld Invol l'Cld n:m<.... ina o~e r 50 tC rr'A't and ITIUI:h dtaroldc:nn, 1 ...,h " 'me of Ihr 0 \ulncra bk: Irap. Toda, much equipmenl ia builL o n. loin.aJr lalllC p.e.b.. u . h is io lhe "",.1 "roml~ form or contrruc lit' ll fo r. manufa clu rrt. Rut for brllc, ICnil:cabili,~ II may br I',,:-Icra blc 1 uK a nu mber <-l omaller boar"- Illli na In l.. a 0 m:Olher-board ..wnll .....c a>nroco:l<lrI ; lhi<. ma y .Uo,", r. ult t 1< , he mor e ~d l ly iow ~ ..lrd, lraad .nd ~ir-ctl. The m oo:lut. , e:tAlCq>t. ""11 11 0"",11 ...... n1.. al50 leodl to ..... e cnm~n l ~-crnrn l tao",r ~ nd 1 _ lin~n!ltUTlin" Itt "'"CII 15 rl :i lllilina I\cld l'Cl'la,:cm cnl .u,i n, spare n.. 'od ula.. I Alhrll ~. Lahr:llin...... Ihd ical lh, com l"'''''''l1 ao !.hal Ihey ClIn be idcn u""'" r/TlllldrcuiTdialif'a..... l'C5u1 11 in betli.r ..n-iahlil, . Where "'- rib cou ld require ocrvicin, on hoI h loid. . COIT\Jl<>rIal I i,len llfical lon , hu uld he prn~idrd on bol h Iidea. Ir .. ..-rut 10 he .ble 10 klrn lir, "",d il~ ""hldl .. rin t of an I..:. o r ...hkh is Tile ncpli w ~ ,,( I Ci paciior. o . lhe ernitler 01. lra nl lStor: .. tip here II I" ..., " loQUl l'C "".. .. O<lIl nloo n "";nl 10 dillintl;u&h Ihis I'ln o r Icltd fl om lhe d n;utar PIl"" \/'led for llIe her ,""' nco.11rm, II ad d, nolhmil 10 Ilie ~ ....t . M<>nll ur lnit- Mln i. lu l'C lithl-ftll;lI ;n.-<liodct ca n form ,he b"... of 0)'11 _ rot iMla n l v....1 maniTo " n, 01 ", idc ~ Drlcl ~ uf .. r",,1 .. or .. re,u!ar " l:,ondtllOl'd h) mu no or 1 - ,rem ~ m.t " - l\a.hin," d.. l'Ia~ IIIW-U;tlc L U) ailpl.)l .:.an he .,levi usin. dlllli ......1 roctI un ll' rornbihC'd . ", ilh a)" lune r). So me monit"r ,". tu""",iont nwJr h)' K . Jaron include " arccn .. IU . 11.......hc1hcr a po..-cr tu""l~ '" .-qulal;n" u r .. red " 1<' ;"ui<:.. le il Is in cu rrenl limi t ; lod rd .... vnloc krd phasoc-I",:ked klOr- In I~ nthtli/cn : an mdi<:.ation ",helher al:ire"';L io II m" hn, properly. " I>,. I-o w. l","",,1U j:lil.nd Ion: h bulbi."""1 lru th. n mini"I U ~ """"~ bu' rri~ an im med ialc ind""' li,," lhar a lyll ,m ;. .. pl " Of

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    Nonna ll~ coe IlCnJIO I ca n of primer and <MIC of cok>uf 1c:ac1l l;<lil1l abuullUpl should d o lWU or lhrce full1ize Ik. l'IOInel. ; alt~ p".....IIl.U~.IIa~ ,,,. man, jot-. to PIlinl in m, ..-or1r;shop, I u.e the lafJ:O"'lre can . II to ",IJr Carplan c<>I.. ur "'ill Iill Dupli<;ukJr 1Wl1tla' r", . rumpl.e. I lind 11..1,- Ihr borsl. Dupliwlor a o::Iose _ d. a nd Carplan a poor Illird &1 10 q ua lil~ . Jlholtld!. 1 be r.ir, 0 Ulrt>I..... ,"""h cheaper. I( Iny . 1';""1c<Jrllad. ner<lcd III lhe bIlck of Ibe I"' nd . did. (Ill a pioIuo ,,( ,ummcd paPCl' L ."., .nd l lien "'&lh Ill .. off .1ler lWin h.... Tom Waloha'" "",Iinlla : " 1 ..-l m, lIml1lr1al r-....J in 1'>l~ 1 .. hen I cnuld 001 . lford o:bonne , bu r now oft"" Ule orouJ ...,I h alumllllWll .itchrn r",1 ' -Jr.i n.. bco... .""" .I u. mini um I'I nd o . re IJf!lm, 00 ., ..Il ~! Pain lin, pru":coJurr il ';lIlrl .r, I>u. a n cr the pri mer mool, a l'JPl~ P r....r SUrf. l ' by I>ruoh . nd lhen ru b .I.....n un lll Ihc wood llartll lU 11'10 . R" p'ay " '11 11 primft a nti .hrn cany on .. herd rf . Tl\r 1'1,.......,.. I1IUII hr _ II d r;""l t>clore "anini ", illl L pain!. he T here 10 no lI(!fd 10 ' rh;1I .......dr ...ood. bul prel rm," . ry Wn<!lh, "'ttll J&lTId pal"" """""hl lllmfa .pPriahl~. " In u..n, .e,owl l"' ln l lhe: Iric k II to Jr.rq! lhe: ca nl ~r k&ll 1 In. wa~ from Lhe I"' nrl .nd to lJ'R~ 0 ~. r.lher Ih. n IICTOIIS lhe ohurl "" ,ItII o f t he PlI'wl;.nd . I rs ro , kl'rfll he panel fb i 10 . ~";d runl . TIi<' can mil'l he . 1 1ao11 : mill . brl'ore il-'l IlI'U u..- ; it it ~I Lo",,"nn lhe ClIlIt undcT hot ta p fln l : . """'1 :'II C io 11..- I>c<.t 0('Cn1m. I..... rc:ra t ure. bolh fur "" Inl .r>tl job ,"

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    .. .-.....

    SECTION

    T H R E E

    Receiver Topics
    H E <lc:vdopncnl JOOd .. nd communlcalion!. Tnmleodonll 10'Allnmod\h.IIlhf.ovaa...h.t.a ltl'louch nlinuoua has dllI nll5. II would ',,",," I p' has co
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    "'fIlacemen l of convenl"' tUll honil'll nlCCkanilml . >I . a nd d ia ll tty lhe numeuea l klrJPad Of' lhe r,,1 kcy"".. nt. 1 II r>dI lo be .popra:Ialed lhal II h r , .nd ~ .h_r m."';"CfO dnftop so .Iao mull , he lhnlqUICI or mc....""nrn l and C"'lluallOll ; ,tI{Cj\<C'l l pco (ICll' IOI" .. . ...""lot imporlal'll;'e bul .... n ml.teQJ lhe un" I I')'. The hm llin, '1('1..... or f'(IOCi"C' performance lie 1\0'0' "r'en lhe uhima lc of lhe oele. i"" fihen ; ,he .mounl ,Il" .. i<kt.nd ",on.. 1 ' nl rud.....'Ct1 .QI" ,......lani,.., till..... ; lhe ",oblcm ra:rp"JClI mi.,nc lhal , cou ll. r,om .....,illal".. no;'" . id<-bo.n.. ; . nd 1M b l'illlle dy nlmoc ran~ or CI}"tJIl lIllCn.nd r<'n"c .~"'" .. hoch arc <>ficrl repNcd ' '''''''' '''''lly II fI<lrcl1 p.q,i"" . nd .... iJll'<'-

    "t>tI,..

    il'll:""""'

    r'CJ"C1"'"

    "r

    -.:a;roJ ..

    fill.".... Many of lhe d ....c .bi. n "'.....'Cp.. of lhe lhennlOnic en


    pn>p.,,,II,,n of lhe h ,r .n: baled on ...1...,.; ir I"""" .II '" hoc"m ,n , ohot.t.:'e Ihia II " mllctl d ue 10 alcina and lhe . '''.... in. 1lCIIrcily ,>1' ~. I vc I'Cfl Ia ~ lI .. for (IftIulne "'."..,, n~ of It hal 10 toe r<lCO. ",red lhoI' 1M ~ . '" .lIvan' ..,. ,,1 sohdII.le 11.h,III} ~ 0 ' Illl'ill' :r I n I a.ural" ,h,l h.1 .l isp).)' of f,"'lllClloC)' a re nol b~ an~ IIICIIII " hooIulely 5'1et1 '1It1 f,v Imlleu' While Ihe Icdtn ic.a l perl"O'llllrocc or cu.",nl <ini,n, j""l udnI JIO<"i d yn. m ic rl nllC , e~,..,lIen l lCIll~111 . ,00<1 r.Ct,j ........)' .emil .lind , I. b,luy. lhc "," uUmll. Imp ro v""",nl in ""..',. uoc. e~ccp' in hillhly eompc lill"" lilUI,ionl. iI " nell ..,. Iy , lh ," ioI p"ma rtl ~ bee."", eYIm ,he bell It'I~el'l
    ~ i n ~.lid. nd intltl . COMl dcnl hle ~~ in """ in lhe .... rly 'ciahUea

    ......,.....,... '" ",,"'o ...-...ro:mcnll c,n

    ....1 """,poncnll. Suo.:h chara,-tcnaliol re-pt...,n. ,n impo..>r1 . rtoee lhe d, .....me n nllC" of ItIc fmnl-enUo of "",hd~I. le ~ "'CB .1 denol...! ..,. ...-n mcutllti:mntll &I mlnmodu. lalk", dialorti"" ll .m .d.l , h IS im""n.n l 1"'1 .n~ 1J'C"'il\aloon ohuul d mah " d e... " "I( he, il ha l """' 1101.,0,1 nn Il\It&IUre" menll IIIlt.le .. .. h . I,. "u,nrle. e' ')1-1.' ftllc f1ll\1l.lIcd ,n ,he
    made (tn the I\lrer onl ) lJ Tlr..l1 un. 'c l ~ " il '-"mu,. ilK", .,n.l,. d'""ull f'" ,'" . I" d >a;lI. fflCtllU!l'mcnll on mrriWft. si ner , ~ ,>I"len ~lli",.<:calI 10 li.n ll Fnc... '...... haY,n, """1",,,,,,,11 )
    , ~n '

    .II'"

    .ma""",
    ..

    n_

    """"n...... .., .

    (low. ........ ) OU''''' '''' .. h,1e ... me ff1Ct11U > rcmrn '

    f>It><'Cdu'flI can be frull ", 'C'd dllC 10 1 1I1en. h.ul'll ,n ... lll,;icn l

    o llt-c>l".hand (ulllm. ,cl .e" . -tk... .


    I ..........,., Oetirn
    I'r"'~"y cl l ,he deI" n of h.r. , o m mun ;';l li" n> nl<,..,i'<Cf .. r'OIII--cnd1 ~_tty .... i<;h ..." m er 10 ItIc d . a mpl, flc,,"). h (Ilnl) mil<Cl' r.noS hI. oacilla lor 11.LIQ _nu \ended 10 boo;omc m", h If\OJ'C tIclibk! . Ch.n~ ha''C boca cn<lDUrapd by the nfl<'d 10 impro ..... opc<:ifk pcrfonnatl(lCl 1;ha .....- tcri1l1C& t o

    Of"',."t>tI.

    ma"",,,I;
    (. )

    p,nvidc ""'"' Ia,id'actory Ll.b. ...,,;epIJtxt bul 11'111 ill ll~ "lend ' In II I """lea nf .cccplion. n.c " Id fIIobI .-n\ 0( 'ui li'it y and 1I..... 1-lfH\Ill ........."" h.. b:ornoo m "",h I ,m portanl, mu'lIIum . -b le oemll;' ily ia limi led b~ the ",lali""l,. hi, h h.f. .. aerial tlotJc \ lhil l'Oinl II n pl.incd in lhe ASG B AaIio C~,_ lIa",lb<i<JJ. lln "'"'oc rael'" or roIl.hl,. ~1db. & t man,. other pmbk:ml ha... _ 10 IIw rnt'C . 'Thew Incillde ~ mnd" laliOl\ .lI<l l la tH llly. TlIc- doIilPl of the rronl..:nd of. ,ccc;w:r dctcrrninca---o'

    "n:

    al I...." rn.leriall,. ai r..... _ ""h rUrwWnenlal

    e... rr.clerlll.icll .. ICIIIII I ~1t ~. WlCOCpllbillly 10 Imqe l1IIpt>Il.... . , u~ubilll ~ 10 uon-mod uill ion or blockina. ... bihly . and lunin, I'I~. AI WOD..... N has poi nled 0111. flO! all !'CCCnl ...h lcll mo", .-mph.... ... as r~ on load 1l,lll'Nlve mIlCh 10 ODmlllcnd them.
    ,. T
    ~ , .. ,

    pcrl'~

    Irmda l'NI... bocn benefklal. 1lIc

    do...: " &.i....... 'n

    ,.t. ""k:t;I,..iI~

    , h 1 1. _

    IIistoricall~. 1M hiJh--p:.fonna ncc I llpcrhcl hJ . ..... dc-o.eloped in lhe mkl -th in ic'l.. An OUlsl lUldlfl' dc-ollfl\

    r:c,,'"

    "

    ,.

    AI1AT IUIl R A D I O T E CH NIQU I S

    ... , _ _

    .... .

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    ,
    to ....

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    lU

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    .... _

    R ECEIV ER TO P I C S

    75

    O . ..cl... l.d.. 51"",,1 h~,"IICJf h""J Cwulu Cak:uLt...... band width ~t '*ftn _ :tod b ~ i nlo at 10 MC/o 'OI ilh .... iabla "", m~f rof luned ~, ,,,u, l .. Acr UlI cimm Q ...a. Olhe . circu'tI Q BO.
    N umbe. of
    Nllm~,

    S<'l"" t" l1 ~

    CTQ&1omodulatlOn cou ld oocu r III Ihe early iJ. stage'!; see

    R , .4.

    of

    Cif\...,,", .

    , , , ,

    C;rQ.j'" w,th

    a BO

    Ih.ndw,dth C MC/I)

    u'..:rlc : wuh four tuned e'''' U;I' an unw.nted .......1 opa 210 kC/1l tw m the ... n...... 20 Me/I IIplll woul.l blI redU<:Cd b~ fsew. of In
    l. f . Tr,noJ'Ot'1nl!1'I
    I~.~""n/lal~ n~,"!ff;Jf ~'~I~I""h
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    , , ,

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    ."
    .~

    IF"..,," qWJlrd/1W'f " PAJI,I p.J>lw'....)


    6db down 20db d<'>wn '"kill dmton (kc}I) (~~I.l (k,,/"l

    B. ndw,dt

    B. ndwloith

    I ot. rc 50 k ~l . (iron l
    I II.", .. "

    k.c/. (&1ft

    ( ..on)

    l o..i"."~' te l. (Iro nl lola.... 1600 k.cI.

    lO I''''' 500ll kcll

    " ". lH

    ,. , ., ,., " ., ,.,


    IN t(,(,
    ~.
    W

    ., 10,g ,,., ""


    32-)

    ' 00

    Note : Wh ~ c impro..lflCnI o n a bo... tip ... could be oblllJ"""- w,th Ii tnt feni'" co..... tU>d P.rtieu l"' l~ .... of f.....11 pol co...... lton. tlp"," IIlu,ul '" the fo r add,t,,,nl. ... Iflcti~il~ fro m er;:::..l (>1' ...... b. n'Q I 61...... IFlluruq""trd A RJr L H"tJboo/r. 'l

    0 11" the IClIl&-mlY be lnoocently c:al1i D\ CQ On 14,0";' I<e/ I . E.en if aU the stron. ,ilflall ara fl'N rom dick. and _ II outside lhe pan batKI of our reeer......., _ sha ll be fortunll te if tt.ey have no err..:t &1 I II on out DX si....l. If local itation " sp b tterl" fCfflO\<ct or a ttemUte lhc: "";.11 &fld nOie whether the ~cnals I ppell' to cktl n up where they <.I" the ClU~ 0( Ihe .~"d is. a1mosl certall1ly l:I"Oi'l"l- mnduLtuion in the receivee . Thi, .iluati,," is rartial lar1y t rue .bove , boul 10 Me/l wbeee the ptOloct'oo afforded by mO$lli ilJW freq uency luned ci ~u l ll bccofnet. all1lOll lJCI:-lig, ble tnooe a t all If _ lUoC br Oold ba/ld " t .f. cireuil1 10 a .aid P ili luninaJ . F i, 3 l hows wltal mi ghl bappen 10 the s~ls in a lyp lCll sinsJeand double..:OJlversioo Iill.l;lUoo (w JUch will be worse if tbere Iii an y lAm plaood bet:ween tna IWO mi~ ..n l. In this lCCIion II il I ssumed fOf oon~en.ienc:e IN-I a li ngle lIClccl ive filter fet)'liu l IIr """ChanicaI) sha~ lhe iJ . rer.pol'>!iC CUI"'>'C to II lafge eJttenl in one 10.- ~ COfI"Clllionl l U . trand"lIrmel'l Of po t CIl.eI only a le uilCd. the final i.r. respon~ will nOl cmcrac unli l 1 00U.dl l he end or the iJ. ehain ,lO Ittal
    M

    ThI:Se o:l ,agr .I ~ ,bow th<lt ~ opera linl witb hi,h pin III Ofdet 10 llear a weak silJn&l bu,ldl up ltron, liJlllb to aQ UoIWI wbe.e the ", il litt le hop: of avoi d il1ll ~ ........ modulalion with normal m:ei "i llj " a l\'\"$ tW I D X ha. lill~ted jokin ~ly thai One wl u.. .,n would be w iii lnUIJ,. m 'll, n, ....1 ...... ,n hnea r claM A I. UhrallneAr "al Yell Wilh l poeia l eatllt>dco in tendod to n:d~ cru.... mc><!"l. ti..n h" "", bocn reported under dC'lC lQpmcnt in t he United Statn hu t N-"" nnt yet ~PUrcd on the m.r ko:t. em.....modu .Il ion ia m O h kel~ to 00i: 1I1 mthe non -Itnea r M m;..,. ....1YC5 bu t on e: rcmc l, . t ron, IIgnal, may OOC'U. ,n n the t.t. , lagc( Ii). Remote Rnd ~mH""ote e"toaf(" .Iv will he mueh lo:u ruddy a lf...ted than Ihal P cul oIl" I ~pn. f' o r thi, ~'OfI, p&rtk:vbrly in the US". more .nd mor e ~i"",. N-\<ct d rop ped the Uo tremd y low .no iv shorl baled petltodes from r.r. Ita," in faYOlJr of lhe Ilightl, ncmer Ie/lli-fllimote CU t-o/f IYP" , FOf some lime pilot. plUliculal fl~ourilCi in the United Slat Cll hl ~ been the 6DC6 and the 6DZ6, neither 0( which ap p"1U" to be 1'l1&\k o "er Me The EF8' (Of CQlli>1llentW119 . 6BY 7, IiF I9J. ... pr obably coe of the best or the [ur<>pc*n Iype l .. il h a n e.n.e . o f on ly uao nh ml . WhaI aile can be doflI: to rWlOCC c:mu-modulation 1 On lhe ~ f~~y biond. , mor~ rrot<:c1ion .... n be Itiw:n by incnui". I nu mber or n f l he: ""Ina' frequency IWIIld circuits. but C'\<C1I on Ille l. . band . the pen::c11~ dilfcrenctl I, wan lOll ' M un wanted li gnall nv. y be n lmneJ y 1mI1l. lnc, ll. bl )'. l he fin.t tuned ~uit will he Umpod b )' the aerial. On lele~y, the Lg,C . line i. ofl Cll a tntljor oo ntr ibo.J IOf aDd shotJ be switched o lf in l ucb Cood 'llOIIS, o r -If '" lUoC is considered C$." ,",tia l_ lhe pilltUO of YOIt Ig.e dill. ibu . tioa mly req uire mo.'ldiliCltiort. I\n in terestirta tectt nique introduced with the 11~ 1.io-a_1\eI. 5 " 11' il to h.I"" tWO a." .e. 1oojlI.. Th efti'll I_ g~ IIpl:ll'.III<,," OIlt al a PO"' 1 ofmedlum ",k:s.1i Yily. I mp lifletl and taed to c<l \llol lhe pin 0( the t l . l Slage onl y. Thili a '!l'(:' 1 11:f'I1 i. de llyed and d OC'S nOt ICI It III on "err _k 111lflI1 a lthough o n . ud! Stlfl\llls nor nv. 1 i.f. a. ,.c. ,. obtain.ctl in the II. Ual mallflC'f ~ Il k ini OOt a yollaoIe . 1 the end or th e l.r. CN-in. W hen "Ifl'al, "'Cm!"" 10 a ltl"<cl ever I r_ microvoltl . the!irsl Lg.t:. nne take. ~r . nd hooldl o "e l." p In (J irly constant. The ma ken cla 'm lluIl the reoeiver will halld le Input si,nal ' up 10 2 \<OlllI without o""rload . The ..... ie ty pe of lIpprOlOCh cau he a do pted '>'Ct)' limply by moo ~inli: tile r.f. Itall'll) flOln the I ,g.('. litle al to lC'!het and ... ,IflS a ICJ'Ifl.'" tnlUlua l pi n contm l ; thil i. done (in conjunction with lim ited n-uu: imum ....inj in the W1KCS19 ~~cr """ Wl i be d ilC..... i"ll la lel . II il generally .o:;epled Ih. t CI"._m. ><!ulalion dfoX"ll in lIano.i.tot I .r. amplificn :lre be t"""'fl I' and 2 t~ wone tha n wil h t:ood ".11\0. Aorord,n, tCl APrlicalion RCfllII"1 "Ct OSS Mod ulllu o n III Transtll ot TullCl'll ~ by Ph ilcu Latuda1o: Dj"iliion. Lallld~ . f a.. US.... a 'reli t impl"O\"'C'-

    ._vet

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    9.

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    1'1. , 1. n .............. ..... ~ .... 0 &f . ............._ __ 1 11" 11I......_ .

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    ". _
    .

    ' ' '0''01" ,100

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    "'MATIU Il. RADIO TIC H N IQ UIS

    mml ,;an be obu iDed by IIttiP.ll IIIT\lIll ~. luc \kjenetallve _ncr B~ U1inC .. S6 ohm lInbrP-ued emitt ....... and (0I'Wan:! " .I .e., (:I'O\A moduJ.o.IIOf1 of .. T20lI mirnl&llo)' dd'hiMd uan.il"'" .. eqlal Of better tban. the bell: _ _ lOD&I valve Illnen (1 _ the entire ."e. ~ . Oa in ill unalfodld by tesistotl or up co 100 obnw. No IUbotanu.J d,ll'_ bcl _ ' '''" modll"tioa ctrocu of .. Iic>on a nd ICfl!lo'nil.lfll traMi.IC.... have been D04ed .
    Ci<I"'D~

    TbII brinp II' lO the qUCJlioll. cf p in diWilnuioa Ihtouah lho ~'V. bdd by _ W be the U)' 10 tbt .. bole problan of UKnbi.lW>1 aood Jenlltivity .. ith !radom !'rom CTOIamodullllioo. As ... baWl Ift:R, 111 001 unwanted J.i an; llUill up to quoW hip ..011.11'"1 by lhe .-in the .,. . ._ bel""" lb:ir dimiAlolMXl Ia the a.:ko;t,... W'CUita. Wh y DOl Urp l uch lien-II relal i y _10; by Ilmilinl lhe pm In thnc

    ..r

    Ita.f:.l.PJl"OKh "" artic:1c on mucinc

    ~ l Il.oliM

    dYIJQ tcd . 1 Ion& ..o 1. 19" In lIll in commerd!lJ ".h.f.

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    " 6916
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    RECEIVE'"

    TOPICS

    "
    mi_ .

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    ell'el>i t (,.1... 11) 1!'Ie IIX&! OIIC illat" r swilct- the e1tron sl rum belWeCO the two an<.>da and ;t i. cla imed t ha I when lhe eirelli l Is eo noctly l <!jus tro the Sll ll'= i. I I linea, I ' I o;tJn\<CfItlonal clast A pc:nlo;>de and I'd fllnet i" n. effectively U I miller. Since the 1...0 anodes I re: coenecred in the plllh-pu tl modt. the " aae provides con . iderable p rol OCl Ion ISl inst Lf.

    dllCCdin 1'HIll) ha~e t-fl ...,dcly u.oed u tNIllnced modul&IOfI in lI. ... b. equipmen ...... p' oouo:t......t:tors I nd ~ splilleR htJI lillie h.u boe:n publi.hcd on their ~ II recei""r In the beam deftClOlion ~..l"" a l inSIe elcctron .crnm can readily be delb:tcd I" either <If t...o ~C'I . In I"" W2PUl

    ....."'........

    IO~

    ' 0<
    ll '~ S

    _o. . ~

    H AT,e

    "

    "

    modllial io n there ...o uld be Iitlle pOlIn in just IIninl an aUlriode con~rtli'l' in fronl of an CJlistm.. ftIOCiver, sinc:e this lI01y PIllS further -'li PS be lween the aerial anod the se~ circu ils .

    We WQllld """' tNil from the ~int of view or _ _

    Another Impo rtan Tpoint l. tholT the ca.k:ulat cd eqUIVa.lcnl noiw! l'lIIislaDce of the miur is on ly 1500 ohlin 10 tholl optimum sensitivity Qln rudily be aeltievcd on h.f. bands witho ut an r.f. sta lJC. To reduce ima p:. I n (Old type Qf t ",=k input cin;uit has Ixc.ll rev ived wluch pillS I serica-tullCd imaae tr&l' IlCTOIS the va l\-e . ip l freqllalC)' input circ uit. Cer tllinl)' the pctformance t1aU l'lll clll imed by WlPUL for such a miJlCr an: u tn:mcly impreW~e . F urthennore he hal MOWn h..... stdl II ltlve whleh II . Imost immWH! to CfOIImod ullltion can be 1IICd In conjunction with II pre-H . ooise IiIeJx:erlirocc there i. no Icn&thcnins of in terr~ pubcl to lICfU1incl)' a.rn.I..otin. provide whll t W2 P U L d.-:ribcl I ' result s." FiJ. 10 showsl he fronl~ of I novel dcsi.n by WI D X block d iqra,m of wh ich 1 'J""<'Il in Fia . 9. Tt>c un .......l 1 ree lurel inel ude the use an unbll ll nnd 7)60 beamM

    n.

    "H

    ""n

    14 0V

    ... . ca'loN.....-..-

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    t.=.l'~.:~
    a_ "'.~ " I ._ ......... Oobl

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    a...rn O. fIecthIn M'''....


    A prombin. rent technique i. lhe: UIC of 7)60 beltm deflcc:tion va l\'CI U h.f. miurL Thio lechniquc il UICd in the ss. l _R n:o,;ci""r of Squi l'Q..Sotndcn 10(;. (a l.lOCillted wtLb CIeu Lahnrll torics) I nd, it i. claimedl d l'lo!liea lb rcd uea rca=.. cr IlUOCC'PlibiJny 10 C~odll laltQll. Ik arn deflcctitm va l\U IUCb .. the 7360 (which was InltOIoI IX.U I

    deBct;I;on mixer...ith no r.f. IIl p but _ ilh a.n r .f. Q. mu.ltiplier to sharpeo up Iho c:Iwacleristicl of the input cin;ui t to reduce 'ml p ~nMl ; a 2'8 ken wiele eryst&\ Ialtice filler imrnedi. lely followin. the mixer , llUd witb a shll'pCK 250 e/. filter fo r e.... noocptioa in the I Ubtcqucnl I.f. ' lIKC. We IlUCII tha i C\TO mi- . irI the United Stat" aTO pn:paf'Cld tn fork ou t the ir shek els fot two ~a1 1l11en

    .. ben pres.sed .

    "

    Q- WULT

    .' . t . 1 odHo ....tl , WID X

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    AMA TEU It ItADIO T l!CHNIQU l! S

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    I'w'tbct ~venioll down 10 500 ~Ci'l . n.e ....""" lia in lbe 1'eIUl11fl, eltmi... ioIl o f the old problem or bJ ... . ""'tap Ie&l<ina blIck iDt.. ,he Lt. &trip. ThitI .....o idcd b7 d\anJlll& aipll down '0 500 lo.cJ. but an, t~r ampllftca tlon befon: the prod...::. ckc:t~. Tho: \ln boo.~ bea m del\ef;tion miMr ilsimpler lhan .he W2PUL deMlft abow IbouJh ptlClllllllob!y I.ltade /110ft ~ ,ble ' 0 cn-mod ulel....... I\alt tho! t.\at>Qed wnlon. ....:orp onnaJ II I 6C4 r.~ Q-rnul lipli which ~ .~ .he IUlII ilIpu. lunif\l W'cuit, \111M aerial c:ouplinlllrindinl II rdt .t I;<ll l. "2-1 ell pvallel-Nnod trap In the -naJ is uoed to redllCll l.t. bRak'lhrouchF~ 1M h.f. -.:tllalor a hit/>..c Cvlpilll Is uxd with neplj_llI!mpet"ll~ a psci lon to red uce drin . Wllh Iow-n<_ m..en., IUl'h U lhe 7360 or ,n odn. it is inu'l'eI'inl ' 0 not. how tba OOlllm..... or Mclean M ai&D&1l ..aodina " ul from . he '-:.It.pow>d i ~i'" bly tum. up III the

    t1>on lM ruder may be WOIlIkrinl ..h y bat M wit!t a

    t...: sary n

    wlecti.. ily arnw..:.:! in lhe 11 Me/li.r.

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    II ha.a"'"dy been I Uga.tod 1l\;&l lhe 1106O t.\a~ IIIiut is mlUItbbly itnlllune 10 CfOSI-ml>dubllion. T o ....... Cl tt'nt thill pplicl l liO 10 other ronm 01 be.need cimlil.. A flOlpef by M t A. ConnIoc ,ll lhe O~ I I lhe 19fil II.F. C m,m,mk:.li"n <'on _ u ic , 00 the dHian or.lI ttJ". .... re:.."", r", 11M by . he NI ")' IJl cl<,..., pro umi. , '01 oum,," 0( tran.,.,.,iu~ IIl"C1sed panio:u lerly tho! impotlatJA 0( (i) mwn Ie lcclMty ber..- the llrIt n.......li_ (millCr) ItqeIna Ihlll .a \CI')I hiJh 0 l.r. C'imlill .~ uoo:I wilh -..in d ; (ill ~11Ye .tapiS I '" deoiIfted fD' ' llllwn 1"_rilY If " amplc. I 8329)- equiva.1mla [ C02, IlA U1---<al1Cl:'l!e circuit .... &1 for the r.l. amt'llflrn &I ..vi", .1'M! " ~. """"promiw ~ linea rity and _ ("'lOr - ; (... 1 thc miMT1 ehc:wn Ifter _1Mty or tnl.ny dJr'I~ lC11 t ~ II,," aod c;rroJtJ '1 U>eI I Bl 2') with lhe ..... hah. . c:orl/XICIcd In JlU$b-puU; l i ~l the lipl is k~ "11 low I ~I II II prarticabltl ulltiJ muimunl Idocli.... ty hal beeo Iril inftl (by 16 Meft crylli l tlller). The reoeiYel' dacori bcd hao ID ~lab""llc frequency .ynt heli_ ttJ". oac:illa.Of but tho! pol nte OC4lCICl nod WIth II'M! ftdUCIIon oh pul'ioul reopollIClJ of _ _ eq...u, .ppl.icahlll 10 ...._ nceiYCn. nw ..... 0( a 1I01k! c~ drnrtt wtth I

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    A PIl,,;':uJ,or fonn of frnnl<nd .hdl *1M dock>pod foc till bal R A t 7 f'O:Cel"Cf ..... &I1fK1ed <:onsllkrablc allmlioo &ad 1tw principle hu been UKd in ...me home-buill IIIwncn, ahhotJah iI mUll he "n:ued lIUll wiT the &IfIlphfood h ~ fLIIcn il ill d,fficull > a\'Old IOIIlC dq.rcc of J.l)UriouI ,...,.,....... The RAil ..... S Ion, ~ ldif'lll' c:ab!In.1aS 0-1000 " 0;,11) UKd it! COIIjun{tion willi a noa-erit:1aI1 1.)0 Mc/a tr.nd-1C1 c1taL B) mc&'" of a Ul'pIe marne ~lan 1_ Pi,. 12, the VIII.blc OKilla,oc pto\'ideJ JDtiDUO<lI . .inn _ o-SoJO M,"" .tnlsl TWlina 4O-s-69-S Mc:h withoul .... il.d\J.... and &UIIomatle c:orrect ion of drifl. The, McJI BlNnl ftItfl' . prcMded by tuninI 0Yef 2-) Mc,It. To tune...) l he 4 McJI tr.nd , ali lM I ~ ~ it 10 let IN M ~Ja, ~ d..l lo a bou l " 14 " and thm the ~ Ki~ l:)da ~ dial CIOn he lid to WIthin IIClOX 200 0;,1. 01 the desired

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    "TTl:NtJ"roo:, No lIIlnal e1I'C\lili or un- ' componc:ntl ln

    ~ Ddtahet " usi a \he ..me n l hnkl.ue ..... ........ de.;ribcd in Radl<>. T, k .waNI Hobbw~ ~ VK2AZN. The Wock ICho:moalic is , h(>Wn in Fi&- U from which it 'IlI'iI1 tot _II tb. ,lhiu i' ht........ YC 1_ un il (00 a chu~ill l j in . by 71 in. by 2l in.' II cffcaivdy the equivalelll of JO tr}VaJ. Ioded oon'o'Cl1.en prtn'id ina COlltillllOUl h.f, coYcI1I .... in I Mel. hi ndi for fcedin. into. ttllllble I'fICeiYer co~ mn. 2-) Meja. 00 '1 ~ I Me," Q')'fIa' iI used with harmonic it'Cfttlun . TnI'*: wnvcn ion provldea drift cancellation of the 6A M6 40- 70 Mo;Ja .c.c. whidt forma lhc Mcp::yt:1ett Ilde: tor. ("..(Inlml. on the eon VCfU'r are t ile .. roACYCUS IU..IClOa kno b; I .' . TU1'<1 &lid I .' . 1ANG1; Ind "E-.LU..

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    The dncription In a 1 9~9 TrrJ rkttl T"fllt:~ of tbe UK oIa " QlocOOe am pltfier on h.f. a. oppoted 10 ~.h.t. it be!~d to be the ftru lime Ihi' now popu llr idea . .. dbl:lrued in a
    Hlitillh alT\lltur jou,...l, II fo llowl . II i. wor th recallin. lha t in the o riainal I'r . U fo.

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    q Ual tly . . . lhe lReflll Q a I\naJ low i.f. o f jO. lOO t ell f "'........t. . i,h little mtlIlion of the lOCOflI~ina <,li.. ad.,antljlel of mu ltiple couYlion. The only lUI I d ...-.tlAlle or , low 1.(. iI th&t it ~I I p>4 K$o("Ij.,i1y to bI obtaioed with coo'tCntWnaf tuned

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    cin:ul1S; bulapiftll thillmal be put the diffieu1ty of ..\'OIldiq .. bitdieI aDd othet' Iypes ol.puriour RilPOCISI U wdI U ~brut, to -.cnodw.Uon ~ fteIlI are taken to redllCl tbeoe ptoblerM. ~inly. an, ra:ci>'Cl" not :.Iflllinint, eilher .. mechanicaJ or I c:rysW fillet anoJ wilh a ftnaJ l.f. of 4-'1) kc:tI or man CIIUlOt be eIlptc>d to proy;de the <kvee 01 reIectl'lit}' -sed today. Bw a ~ deal ba bocn '-mt iI:l years ,bout Ute 4eaip> of l ymmetriW . nd u.JebaDd fthert 10 lhat then illlO fundarlxnQ,J. . - now for , low finl lU. aoepc lhat of C'C'XKJmy. Indca:l lhe lrend illOWardo biaher inacrmodial, (reqllO:Odo:s now thai ' 1)'5 bIuc.k fillCl'l a,., becomilII a~ with 1.11 ,,>ot1 . ha pe facton. SeYenJ IIICfUI uticIeI bI.-e .. ppared iD the B1Jl.UTtNalready OG lhe defi lD 01 b.f. l;r)'ItII filta1 both for n:o:ei -en ITIO fOf u.b. esdten inItInce thole b1 Q) M .... Z, Jan....ry.f'ebnsuy. 1962). ....n h.t. fillCl" dcfian 901lkh bu beea a11~ IBIcrftI

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    pus c;urva which QI1 bo: a<;hievcd lBin. lfarai"Of . tApa. f ", l llh<."" a 100 l~. tll'Cl' atTanll<'mo:nf usinIJ 1_ lUilably ~ CTWlJt a nd a pai r of {)C4 ' IraJlWIOf1. T_trll.lUllI,," au UKd 10 InI;raM iJlPlil I m~, bill it iI . t.aled thlll only one lIftd be ~ ... Ilh alov<er ~lJue o r r~bkl naiIolor.

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    f'i&. )) .. . lfM.IiIIor Cl-ull lr>lio:r by DJ)ZQ ( Dt-am IMina an ~ ttanailwr L1 l una 10 the reoeia'. I.r. r~ amd IhoI&kI be 0( lu&lrQ ooftltf\ll:tlolll (preferpot,",,,, 1M' wound on ferm a rod). ably

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    'The cin:uit 01 an W1uJU&1 prod.... ~ arid bJ .o. u.J in okslp by WI ox (Om. IhowII irI F\i. J7 .

    Goolft H -..Iy_ (........., O. ..ee.n M udl pat pin thall from _lionlll. prodlX:t detect .... CII n be obtained by lain, ..1Cd~m b"'lTl~

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    valva . II II not dillicull to obt.Iin

    (rom the Un;lod 51.1a.

    OI MU d rew our & 11...1 100 to the 68N6 p led t-m produa deltOf deM:rlbcd by W9BIY and W9IHT til OST (May , 1960), 1be 6BN6

    cue for U1if, valve u foliow. : ~ T_ tL. ... Ihown th.Iol the .
    lilwuity 0( 11101 6BN6 U product dcta:tor II cKCe1lent. A I ()oJ ..... tt. r.m... in put to Irid I. lhemodulatkJo .ao..... ed rrom 50 per ..... modulated 1iaoaJ. ..-sured WIth 11.(.0. olJ., ... l db bdow lhe MmI&I bAt oote obtained wilh the

    "'&I oril!nally deYeloped for use 1tl broadcul: Redven. W9BlY and W91KT put lhe

    t.m.

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    I"

    11.1.0. on. Al

    aD

    Input of 0-1

    voila the diltortloD pmduetl wtf'e .ill lS db dowa . With ) or .. OIb of b.l.o. lnja;Uon oa. vM1 ) the 6BN6 IIu con CATNOOI M _ _ ..... of :93 . l1A U7 IlxMe1 1XJn-woa pin 0( " .....1. 00 1' wilh t/ml.lar Inpu t ~~ Noillt peab, an dipped by the 6HN6. The 6BN6 h.u one ~ .. -

    ... - ,. :~.4" - J3 ..,. ,.. .., "


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    .
    1M LJ.'= . l ime-o;:onaunl.

    "' H A Tf U~

    IIlA D I O T IC H NI Q U E S

    !he li ll;NJ oU"Cn~ readHs IIlld...1 0 ry kvd , 51 ""I...:b Oa ....b. and c..w. the b.f .o. IiIiW 1:1 red to ,... IUPPf'*Or 01 tho: 6AS6 and .rnu. wilb lhe IDo::ocnina 10 the uode cin;uil. Sio:c 1 b.I.D. (-..him ""')' 01' lMy eoe N 1M QJ1ol&I..:on trolJed ) Is Isolat ed from the ddeaor an::uil . Jl ahould noc c:fI"c:d 11M: ' .I.e.. 1cYe.l. The I K .............. iD the &tIO&: &Dol. I<nCrI 1ca.1. ..... for ISOla tion. To -..c n lCOl eua Wllhoeo. of c:omponcnll will depend on ....pp1y """ tate and the a->da!C>S II. . ..

    "'PlIo_

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    0 .022 ;
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    An int ll!fftl lnl detcdor an:uil w.. nOied in RMlt1 EMc"oNa. II " dalmod lIlal it will prorioJe an UIldil toned ov.lP\l1 .. v.er much lIlUtef I"UlJC ollnpul wlg ... th-.n lbe IQ.".,t iofW d.lo<k ctmalt; " M id to be capable 0( proridiD, &II Lt. output of up 10 35 volll pea1.o(O-pI!ak (1IIfficic.D1 10

    ....... 01_"'........._....,..... _ 1 ' OU' ._-."" ...... ,...u .. ..._ . o_ .). H. ) _


    drill an output sup dmctlYl and )'C'I to aYOid !he .......1 distortioa ..-bid! (I(::CW1, at low ';I~l ~ lbe timail, Fla. 1. ill . YllliIltioa ollt. familiar hall-..... ... l'Olt .., dout*'r :
    io the. .~ Iobown I" diodcl . 110 fWILChon ... the L I-I:- nallW (1lOf'lD&I 10 brooIlku! nIIlI!I......) bul 1 Ihoukl \ be: PQA ib~ 10 ... para'-l U - f.-:t" -.

    CtrtAod"'oIloww 0 . - A.G.c. A <lill)euJfY wiLb 1 ..LIIlllnflpj lll lmpe4aoco tyPe or dcc_ 1M lOt b Illal there 1:1 no simple ITV:lIII 01 obl&lnin. an .... 0:. val la p WlIeM. separale" ~ ampli5er Is.-l.. I. DL-UTC' (QI;tober. 1962) DHFJ do.rnl:a aubodll det:lor ....1 lkb _ 1'OOflllII thiII prot>lenl and provldn muimutn 0I 1OlnCI '" voItI 01 DeP.tiYll wnlro l voIlaJCl; _ Fia,. 41. Pan oI lho Lr. illPlIl lllll\&l1s demodulloted bul . pottlorl " ampIi60d &bd. .pp.n.1 It. &nO<le ; 1 is reet illo<l &bd. IMId 1m .., 1M XItrol IleaUte or lhe hi'" ....110 of .. ~ 'I'Ol &p 10 a.r. voIt&J11! il would - . I lha l very IOOd . .... c:. l c:hal1lClmlllCllhould be poaAblc.

    or"'"

    PI. . ., .. CPyotal 11

    ,... . ... .. ...

    .._

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    QRM/N ~

    vol......

    Muiy .,. the <k>'ioeI ....hic:.b. h& beta her.ued &1 lhe .... lillIi ~ 10 ORM and ORN. BIll. _dww our old _ _ M\'II' habII of mnalnln. II Ieut r-rtlaIly ImmI/lMl rrom I t - r.diolLn libio lka.

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    ItECI IVllt TOPIC S

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    A Iin:Ipko cmuA dndc:>ped C 1imil1D& lpli tkon ooiII or In a ~ cae radio ..-d with a 2m Jn~" II ~ c:ribed by Vl0 ZCN in .04_ .... RMJio. The dnb p1M:el ~ dampiDlJ &erllM lhl! primary of tIM lirW U .I. ( a

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    0. ~ tad of ... 6ctlOl' Ioed raiat.... ; .-.odIJ. the - U inl~ kd iI "'U'J' IIlUdlIow-Ihan Ille nortnIDy laed "&Mot.. IlIlboWd. ' - - wI be -.l.lhal thI.~1c

    .-...... -~--~

    .... ..

    --_.. _---.

    4.e. ~ fn:Jm _ ~ ..-a ~ thao ..,jIb. _-"'n&l 4eI ~.l af'aIk. &nod lh6 <:&II _ thM In ...--s ill....,. ~ diftkull *np/J 10 ...... . . ClII1Unc MecI.., ~ WI GCbcn. tbiI .....,. JIftl""': _ M Il''1, ,p ~., ~ t.k . ar.:u~ fronI .. artlItk b)' KSJK X . I.ln:" ...u W oriL

    "1abDo

    ~ 11Iere an a numhcr of .pplic:a!...... both ~ U4 _ _ _ten ,.. ~ &Dd alIdoo - II'I:JIkI 01" 0/ !he onSo:r 0( 1 dblDClll~ lOten whIr:tI lII:JhIide rtocIr M _ ..-:II fihcn h:no: II:Ddeo1 If>

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    A ... A T IU Il " " D I O T E CHNI QU E S

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    I

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    puo.ba"" 01""11)' bc1wcen the a.maJ &l>d u. ......w..r. with 110 0Ibe'r moo dk:'IION '" Hie ~,., lUelt. Th ...,. -"Ie lhe \'ef) okl ln ble d>atvtcmtio: of hip ~l,,")' bel," the mu.cr >IAi C ... tJc,lpful in Rduci"" Cl'OtIHnOdula tion a nd bimini. lie Indll:aln thai. mulikeo;UoQ )'ita! IIhm I m<Jdeot cow ,. (Ihou&h no Ifkli,;ation .. aiven or ...haI rntxlew. ~ In h .d.) hawt: been d_loped rOl' Ham marlund with MJfI\den i ,..-e bandwidth to _ ,.., ....... blc port lOO or an amo.l<'Uf band, bul pn:MdJI1II ..... .
    M

    vi." h,t . rron t..md cryatalllll wHh low a nCflUation in lb:

    W2G 11K In the 1906' 1",fflIJIQ Thil OOJIIlou ohhc: u-nion .

    T~ Q- Mult''''_ A1lhouah Ibm: lIN been II number c Il'Iu",~urucd Q,f multiplier c:in:u1tS pu bl ~, man )' 0( lhatl pnMdc eit her paolo. or null flldl Ll a only. Howcvct, '" lWill:hcd ~Inl>ll ............. ~" In II construeuo"al art.-Ie In ~ ~. (AqUlI, 1967). Tho Q-mu ltlplio:rdtI:u.It" $IlowlIin Fl.. !l and u...... lll m: ...,... IranUatort of .. h id! !be f. thould be O\W , Me/s, "In c'"""'"' ,If 100 . Eo. _ 20 0'0lts, and Pc O'I'CT llXl mW The 210 K ohm ..u. V- for tho! ~ blUe bl ..n.lon ""'y rcqWI'C acljUlimenl ; tlwy Ibould be oellod 1 droro 0 about oroo: half the ...Pflly woha,., 10 the l'ClIplICli..., b&-.. 1b1r \IIl 1 ~ be v-n.t bet_ the iJ .t. ...... wpi4 ota 1 ...1 If. ampltlkr irI a val ... recei ...... I'UMibly requlnn, ..., modiliclltion 10 lhc biuilll ~t. foI' lhc val... 5lqtl. IIlnoo then II no d.c. IlUrlnCCli"n Ihru~ the <ltLit ( input ~iort 10 t'.t.. outpul 1<1 Jrid). A IICI\'d idN in 11M ur~ a M1e1e II the l ugCllton 1""1 two ad! un iU can """,......Imtl)' be buill Im o a _ II _II-llCnlCllod boll , and Ol"'fttoJ in _ies, aUOIO'inI 1'*0 nll1ll lo be obtained aimul. tl.tWJlJ<Aly. The lunod g rwll &bouId, of WIInl1 , be l he hlV-t ~ible Q. uaiD&. eilbllr a fftTl l . pot ron or. u in the q .nal, an ID.W . ramc Mril.l coil. un often be lab a from lhoc eaUlode blu. rc,islor of an UUlpul IIap in a n l\'C ..,.iv.

    p ,_

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    ProdcI

    o.t...-

    lIO- lOOdH 1I1 lftlu&lIon 0Il11idoo I""" limits. A ~ CUI'YC II PYCfl r.... II 14. 1 10 t el. unit, . how in, . ha t it could be IIIOd ..Yt"f" . !>out 14,0'15-14, 12' lr.~11 l"" rat "",," rn<>re 0Cl MtOtI& .., ........nll the - BOd D po,nll III r" ,.Jh.Iy 14 .070 .nd
    1 ".150~

    :i:
    "

    A cin:uil wbidlll ~nlly appcarina aU O'\'ft the pl.:c n lhoc l.....-.1lodc pl'odUCl dC1 tor. orilillllly dml;nbod m OSl, For imtance. II has belen fcat\lnld _ 11y In CQ IMa l'd! , 1961), 1J IMay. 1%1) and a WIIp1c of time& in R1IJj..,. RU , M'o a of the cirelli" Ibow il u a Itrai&!>tfo .... ard .. .. b./~ ,w. uc:I dcteaor. bu t an e~lrandy ,""pie modiblion uted F2 [ R (Rad/a. RF1 Junr. 1961) In a modified BC341N II with Ute ..... I(Idlllon 01 a ~ to Ipc abo wit ll a.m. .......,lope lkl:lion. lbil .wlld! il ahown by the d ot ted

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    R E C EIV IER TOP I C S

    ,.... fllLe , ha~ lill ie df<\:( un the rn:q ~~ I,a,;kinll!lrifllmi llg. R I .nd R2 nc-ed (0 ... ,, ~ 0 . ufficimrly hIgh VlII~ III ort!o:r ,<> IK h ,~ food li.NI;l)', .n d " A8" '" SllQftll I .... y CDUkJ nos.~ibl)' be of hil.ho:, YlI~ ' ha" shown , alth~ he """ nul lried o r n<kd llil. Tron.lsl o' D.t..:tOtt One Iauol'I ....hy 5OI'I'le p>plc an: Iookinr. opin ill 1M "iIIrious forms of 1;Ohem\1 de!nodUYlion ia the poor elliQcncy o f mvelope det ect lOll a low li flloa l Inpu ls. Ct)"laJ diodcl ill plU1icTJ lar rna y rto.lui~ a IWln, or aboul fI,-e ,oUs for , 0<.'1<1 dtlcicncy. A much simp ler approaclt, de1cribr d by K lI G P In QST (Oct~r . 1961) is l he oolkctor-bo-nd (ran-

    .... ...

    , .-

    ._

    .ft

    ' .'

    !fI .

    10

    ..

    1tIoIlcod.

    Iiact of t' il . 5H a nd If filled .....e WW\ I JlIl1.llclll thaI leads be keptlhorl as o lhcrwi.., U . harTllQlllcs I:OU ld be radialed fro m

    In ,;onna:tion wll h Ille prodUC1 detector. W6BLZ warns dIal lffllla nil1m d lOdcll tJlould be usOO as In lhis a ppl ication (cmlrary 1 man y (l(henll d:q;roc of 0 Is d~rablc 10 prevenl cllarJina u p and blockmS of llle diodes : Ile _ IWO 1N2981. and mefl1 i(1JlJ 1!'I2?5 and IN61A d iodes : F2R Iies O A85 . Somet hinl lik e 5 10 12 volla e.r,c. in,it ion is 1IttdN . <)I herwi~ ~Ironlt siltnals rnay IlOUnd distorted .

    lea"'"

    .~

    Cit,,,...,,, ru,., 8.r.O.


    J.n M. ll in Noedinll. LARAI( . ... ... ,.,..ri<cd how re .... '1'I'III.Ieu" loOCITl 10 u-o;(' a ~"'r,mic filter, s"",11 as lhe Mu ra la Cf'U455B. &I (he r,cq""n.:yl"""ining l:irnli l of . 455 k I I.
    U.(l. (0(" a t 4 5. 5 5. 60 a nd Hl-7 M H/ ). Since IIlle", ""e ' Iso ' YlIila ble a t 10 :!40 M I I~ LAR"" I'Oinc, OU I Ih. I lhey could alto be used fo, o n J IlI5Ci llalor ,n d oublc<onvenion 1(/07 MIl l/4 S5 "' I, " .b.f.m . """,i",,,.

    "

    0/
    0-00

    "

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    Pl . Ie. 'f....._

    2 N <1 08
    _

    D~
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    ~

    "

    OC70

    1 .",.. ",

    C1... ~I' ...... _ r, 1010', (' .)..,okol ..... .... 2aKI ..._ V.. _ _

    1ocO_n' __ -..... n_

    1.

    ,n _

    t.)

    + 7 2"'"

    12 .........

    "
    ';;1;;

    1Ii,l(0l' detea,,, which pnl\'ideo some p i" . and i, claimed 10 work q uit<: ",~n al Inw , ignal input. I' ,g. t\Ol a' ....... tl>c K l l GP tbi lPl, wh ile F i" /IO(b) ia . coIlco:1o, -bcnd detector cin:uil tall.,., from lhe an,:"il dllta:ram o f ......U broi1d<:lIal Iran... IO. rco:ivo:r.
    Imp'O\I'M A,,<llo N olM LimiT...

    II B9CM pl'O"it!el deW l. (tAR e . .. f"'rtlJdi~ UJ rru eoaJ.lina: I96 S " , of an IlUd iu noi loe lim ilcT Illlid 10 ha ve been dewloped by DUX W and delaibcd al (I( the: bcM .f. lim iting an."\Iito I ha "" Cvt:r 1-.1 ": ICC Fig. 6 1. The ~ual diodc IYJ"CI an: no4 . pl!Cified bu t art' <ktcrJbo:d u .i licon dioodN.. The fo1"""'"1 ""'r!onallon it liven rrt lhe

    M """

    functioning o f lhe <;in;uil :


    500 K

    .. '!I'!I .. ee,

    1 1 "'P~' '2 'ft P ~1

    v...
    20Q11 Ir " I'" IOOV It . '3 '

    ..,....

    '0 "'CHI ,..

    ,_. "."
    0...
    .,j,..

    l'

    500K

    ~~'

    ~~

    .m. ,.
    a_ _10_
    1"
    _

    "

    :~

    " ,. ~
    1. f t _

    The e il't-"\I i( . h.... n in ri ll. , 9 ....ovida . 1Iimr>1c .d<.l...... b.f.o . rur an old rt>.)t';vcr , ,,tl lhe C MOS i.eis u:ood Wn l' ly on the VOUntbl or . v.il,hilily. lince . Im.... t ony l>lh" , ,..gliltlor "';; uil .... Jevit.." wu kl be ..-.I. FIlllllX:llQ ir. lrimmed by ..-ll. ,or C I (....ilhu u l thi , CI!'Kilo r , fn:q ue=ncy will be b<>u, .. 68 k111l. Ca l"' cih ' ,", ohunli nll l inJ'ltt 000 nu,,,,,1 0(

    ",. 25. K _

    Pi '1. , . . .. .,.,.. _ _ o.f _

    .....IlJ . ' .. _ U l

    IlJ .... _ - " 11 . ... 0 1, . . 10

    IU,_...K _ ..."'

    I " . _ ..-- _ .... . . . - . " " Cl _ _ ,..- _ ~ ",, 0)_' C), ....... C .. _
    _ . _.._ . CI

    _ "'...

    1, .... - . .

    OUXW

    ..._

    u...._ .
    ..

    ""'_~_M _

    .......

    AM AT I-VII. . A DI O T E CHN IQ U e S

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    Oa profaUon.l tranaiatori>ed rocei. . . _ bIo beca .... ~ by tho: ...au' - 01 d . aU.mllllon h of 10, )0 and <tOdB . I!tn..-l lon pIKed lmmtdilltdJ between the Input and II. tuned cimIlt of liM lint ~ FET rJ. amplitW. S..:h allenlLllOft an lIICI'u.1 in QOJI'in( wnh _rona oipUi e..... wt1h the dynamic nnp IiYCtl by f"F.T1l. T.-o waylIln ... hich 1M faci lity coukI . .ly t.. du ploted

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    OQ lhe ll5CI I/'allSi5tors as IXInItoIIcd rcaistOf'l ln !he em ilie!" cireu io of pi lKOll lrol led tranUlItor ampIillon. WhaI appean 10 be DOYel ICdLniqIMl lor -wlyin. t hi. principle 10 valved t.elven In order 10 pc"O'OOe audio-derkoed .J.' .. pltl I~rd by W6BOQ In 7J (Fmaary, 1961): _ Fit. 64. 'Tho tnnllbtor t)'JllI II l'OC aitloea1 eM ha$ used. .boUt H 1)'paI lrom 2NlJ, IN497. etc. and all wort). buI mutt be an "'1Wf .l \ioon lyPe ptO'Yidm, blJh co1lcc1or 10 tnIlltGr ~ wllh no ...,w or ........ IianaJ applied 10 Ihe bPo.. The Uiablc raitIor CUI be anythin& 0\'eI" 5(1 ohmI (lypQUy 10 K) and an audio uper (loa law pcMmliome1er) it better than Un.!". The diode CUI be Iln>oIIl tJl1 ......,...;um 1)'pC (lYPk:ally IH M, I N277). The ~iel:UoIytic capac;ilor _ _ "-' and ehuUa ~ !he delay lime. and call be ...ned 10 M1il lnd ividual tulal ~ W6BOQ IUgl:ltI 40 H, po lnll 0111thal lhe cbwll prcMdeo lut 1IIbl:k. andIeIIIed on t tl, . ~ hu Ii""" an 1I'tefqe 0( Xld B ~ with !he poccntiomeler III muimum. In open lioll. the..-lver volume ouaU'Ol it 11III lor ~ priale MnnFh wilh minimum Ii.,w. and tMn !he mu im un> . i.....l II wilh the a.a-e. potenliornet.

    On pa.. _ lhe.,. la . comment

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    limple _ ilct>od . 1Ien t lor Xl ohm IPvina ten d ifferent deIr- of allen llAd o n ( pl ", u.-.I.hl lhf'DUlhl in )d B depa up 10 ))<1B : _ FIt. 62. Thif. unit, buil l .... COlnl*t e~1emiIJ ah iclded utili, I\CIlldI j ust 11 i wa ll <:ompoUtk>n rallton., r,,'IIl' lSuuble pole dotIble throw rwitd-, input and out put oodtat. and \... boll. The CQ W1it (a1 ~ AuauRl 1961) by W2EEY/lI. ram. more l;CImpla , 11I11\1 Ihl'llll d in" ", to r_ .. QOnl inUO\llly
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    AI ~l. il i. proo.b1y lnM 10 My thai only the ~ blink lcdlnlqucs UtI rudily M adapkd 10 am lleur 00l'I_ion li lthovah the " ROm bY l&b<Mo ltW. pt..Iodcod (lCltator Itclllllq ~ aN ~ mtirdy _ of the quation l. 01 ct)'$ta , ban k ~ bI-e been PlIb111hed dun", 1M IMA r.... ~ Tholl G -C _ model RC410 hiP. . ta bility recriw:I" tIM tM furltla' dUtiDl.:tion at - . . 1M ftnt fC:lII'nl purpoeII b..f. ~ __ to IDe full freqUC!flCl' . ynt bc:Mll (.,.. the Ioca1 OIICl ILt.t or (taJeivml -..en at the HROXQ aDd PinwJ PR U ' h&-e ....... PlU1i" . )'tIOaiI). The l )'Dlr-t., ol the variable reuo d ivider Iypc . b COIl~ro1lod by . ,'. . . . ioo.lllllfdlanic:al Fl'rin. at the Iynthaiza ~Q _uem m C01lJIU:ll;UOQ _ 111'1 --XU\" QOnlrol W i"" l unilll ciraailllO 1n.1 OM c:an ha-e the ~ of I. oorJJloll oontmUOUl.ly tuned ~~. bul with lhe liability 01 I. modm:l l'req.......: y .ynlh$za. TMIod n : ~ I. r..,;or aU_ in Mabili1y for I.-m. or..:annin& 1'tOli...... with ita ~I ... bj hty bef1n thaD f1.-e . peru in -.million. In ",iw:r wont.. ....." 1.1 ltl limit (for OD ......, fRqucno:ia it ill bet ter lhan 0fW PlU1 In 1el:Hnillioa>. """ could put the lei 1 M y :uJ-XJ) M~ aDd it wiD lUI)' 0 INfoe Ii> withi n boner !han , ell ! A tun ~ion of Ihil i/ltemd l'll doeip appran In GEe J~ Vol. l<I. No. J. I \161. Basically iI ;. I. doulMe IUperhec with I 6 Mc,lllInl l.f. and 100 kc/s IeCOlId 11. It iI I. ocrioua altempt W p ......... Nl:ei wr suitUlol (or bol.JI .. -...:h " 1)1lC appI icaliOfll . Dd II the _ lime (or the l'Ii. h . la bility requimnmft cI poInI-io-poia! tel"tIice.

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    Alan SimplQll. O)U MF. 10 _ _ the P'I'r1onnance <If lNl. 19 jUllClio n-1'El'I in tblIapplicalion bui ll a ~I--.:I tunInI from 10 Mc/l lo )() Mc/I Ia. a smale ra np: prmidinl I II Le alabold l " M c,/I into 1M ulltJ... Irl llllalor roo;:eiwr ; . f'1I. 61, AerilI ~ o.-CIrTidQ rcuh'ft' noiw &II the 'PY to Xl MC/I.. 1M dlict' Ibortoomint ll ihal M1W't1C1l 25 Mc/l and )0 Me lt lIishl ~ allbe Ioc:.II oeo;j lla lor ~ bul lhit ill b&nl.Iy ...."...... s.itloI al ~I tbcn " DO iIoltItioIl . ._ 0I(jJ~10I' and mi_cr . TIM pu lll", " OOC kx:abk onb' ...... &lilPUllft'l. HI ........1ld an aI_ liYlll miMI' circ:villlli... t'"'O FET. : FlI. (fl. (BU M P poi nt ed DUI lhal IIlOf'II IlI. ble 0Id1.Ia10i could IIOC the Vad.ar cireu it (Sa:tioIl 4). Tbo c:W11Da: OIII:illal ot circuil lhould ..urk wil h a ny ...,..lr&IlUJIor havinl &II f, of 100 Mq _ or 11<>. FlIT un il_ ,..jIll ~trolkd <*:illa lOn ha Ylil proved a popu la r fann or h.f. l:OnW!lUl'. Fi.. 10 ~ a typical arranp:ment for 14 . 21 an d 21 Mc:,II.. ' rom a delilll by K6DQB (7J. MI Y. 1967). C. p, DoRy, BRlII 6468. advoc:alCll lhe UlIO/ of ~ pIt arnp ld"cn rafber 1 !wI comrno<HOllI"tC,

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    .nd in norma l opct1lUn, cond1t1,,~ r rd biM is obIal nrd frnm , hi:: a l~ ' r.,1 try trlN nl 1'<" lilIl d tvidr t : 27 U J l lOl !' l2 k! I . nd. J 4I lU rnist, A. lhe ..( . WtIt.qe dror...n l'l loc..-iill l i....l." , he r" ......nl bias .pp1 icd 10 lho: tran"'1"" krra55. ~uo:lr', i" pin . Ho _ , as Q 2 ;.. 1IIleon dna n tro.luira ill 1cII'1 (" M vol ll on ill ta'll! (_uh ,d"r,rn<'l: ' 0 Ihf cnul te1" l . nd 110.. , mp lln IhIIl ' hr m inimum voItl le . 1 tm "'" ,01 lilt; ......... t..1 d tvidrr mUll ee 'tell<'\' IMn a bou l 5 ol il . Whrn 'he ., ~ . 1:1 ror ced be lu .... Ih i. ~.Iut:. t he lra lbi.l", ~u,. ,,1T.nd intr"'h lCC$ otWn! nnn li nr~ '; l y in the 't'! na l pa lh . ' L . BA r r,,,,n d l!btl lhe: Irnut>1c could be minimil <:d hy pro\"idi n, omall n. coJ hill' C;UtRnl 10 lho: ha ll<! n r 0 1. 1I,,,,c><:r, (uttllc:r .......l rauIIO'd in rnt>r'Il dc:p n l . nd d"t"e ",,,tl i/i<:alion ,If Ihr . a.' arn"tlC"lC'"" .r'I........ lIkh ,t.. n:u:i"C't " ... r....,.l l" m o ... a,'I\' 'i"".01 "YCIIit>lltl n,h1 u p It> ru ll ''''II'<'' '" lhe li,na l , rtIC'ill',)' .lIh",,1 SO m V n . s.I<'f>'tI) ..,ep <kl. '" o f lhil n" " hlkall"n ... II ' 0110: R..... tI~ . f. un1l I' flll l!'l (2nd h"IHtI ld't .. hrn ricwoed In llTl. rro nl (If ,<:U "" "nd,>in, I..." """",1 a nd camull) . od ln l lhc N>e;rd rtidWDoe "'hile h(li", il up . Th ll t>oa,d Il''''''''c<! 10 lUI'n ..xn.o 10 i. r. "'....tI PH l 1M1H o n t he r 'I'emr 1.:1'1 or lhe." . Itcmo Yl: 1""0 It'\"eWI Iklltlin, onlg l mo:I"1 ,hirtd ' ul'l'<"'in, Ihil 00 raMO il up.nd <>tI, compk1r ...ith . hieloJ. It ........,~ e Ihicld . l<..llIC Q.t nn 'llfl War of bolin!, . nd its ...ociluO'd bur biu fl'I,.. lnn l lt lU ll. II in f-TIO I B and 10 11' ; . RI 6,R 11 in 10 1 M k21 R""" ,"t:: I",*: reUllOD <In/llit,. The boIIrd II t!o uhl.... ioJC'tI pr in led c'rc;uit wil h:.,r:aletl-t hmtl, h holoa. I t ) ll'e .. >ItJt:r.......k.... tlr soroer- ....... a 1\01 ton much 1lC&1 . R IO. I I .11' 12 k!J . nd ) '\1 ~I l in IOIE ; 27 HI . nd ).'1 Ul in 101D... h llc k 16. 11 . ,., 27 U l a nd JQ U J in 101 "' t 2. RrrJ...... k 101 k l " l _ i. h I' Mil ,,,,,i'l,,r i d" nlll ""' ce k llllu n . "b\ c .Uft no IJI"t, - ' "r ... ldr , remain on IItt " bo ard. R".. -...hk' H . boIIrd In . hit/kI . n.! ", .111. ,hen re-tll a.r. un il . R""","t:: K~ 1l'Un". nt:>i-.c-N"n kcr bt.. n1 I'BII U (P RIN2 in Fl lOl l: and IOIBI . r ,., 10 1 M k2 itxI te Q 2 a nd biIIo n:aillnn. Ul a nd Rfi ~2 k!J l : Q I In tile lUI B and [..nd its hiIll _il'on k l ~ 7 kU . 1\IJ M. 2 II til. R.... k1vc 1 ' - .... iliOfl, ... ilh .imil... ~a l"C' ,., ."""'. M. r"lat..... ~I """" Rfi .

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    1-101004, ... .. 0 /,...1 Conv. ... r",," RI'Ai....... Fruin early 1961 onwa r<.l~ . allcntion ....10 d ra" n in Tedlllicil/ T"I'irs 10 the a1traetio n. "r semiconl.lUCIor (a nd valve) , r~iViln ~iIlK dlrect conversion rrom .'!Pl.I 10 a udio fre0 quencies u~inK linear delection . n....e nUe mlllS 1 achieve m;ogn ilion for lh l. 1Yf'C. o f relnl iv"' y .imllie ..s .b.le.w. ~ver rea:iV! powerful llI ppon fmm No vember. 1%'

    o n wa rds in QST, l'C:lu llinll from the article .. Dira.:1 Con .'e....ion __.. ~ ec ted Icx;hni'lue " by Wes Haywa rd , W 1Z01 and Dick Bin gha m, W7WK R. This p resen ted full eee ~U'\lel ional det a ils (If a 3'$ Me;, receber ..... ""' ble o f copying c.w, liJllo,ls dnwn 1 hdn'" lhe miet"ovoll level a nd o f su!flel. 0 e nl lt~ hi Uty 10 !li e rca.."n"bly 1OOd1.I. b. performance. v Their a ppro ach is 10 use rOUT hot-carrier <.I; ud", u d~uh k ba la w.:<;.1 !.!! i ~crlprud oJct..Jk ts;l=.tq[.( l.e. ~'- i.o..!M r.m. lunc r ",( flag(: !U61 plus lin FE os,,:) II ~ lnr lind a Ih ~l.ac ~ d lrc<:I-C" UprcJ hll;h g," n a.f. amfll ilier (o llo";ng the low pass a ud,o fille r which delerm ines select ivilY: see f ig. 94. The bea uly of th is ap pro ach is that the re is only a sim ple prcseleclor tu ned circuli, wilh ~II fine luning by conlroillng lhe FET mcilllllO No I.f. al il. nmenl. no pnted circ u ilS. r. o The on ly slURe presenling an y rea l Ct' nstrueliOll.;l! pro blems is lhe linear detector with iI, two lomid wide-ba nd l ra n~ formen and (our liewlW J> ka rd 5082-2800 hor-earri ee ac diodes. , calion (about l00dD) need ed for hud. 'I he e nlin: ampliH pllone u"" i~ provi ded by Ihe lhree highbeta, low- noi se RCA 400.33 . udio lrandsioti. Not e""n nn audio p in c ontrol is f,"ed since IUlom:ll ic level co nlrol i-. pro',-idc:d by the lransi' lors 5a 1..... ling on lo ud , illo;lI. (Ihis is 0( no COIlSCQUence o n C1"<K.'\-mod ulatJo n pllIvidcd lh at the a.r. filler is c ll"octiw ). Some care ma y be needed 10 e nsure Illa t the r... is no Im la h ility in Ihe high-ga in a.f. 'lCCli()tl. an d lh is . hoo kl be chc<;ked bern", eU1l1plel ioll or ~iver (if necessary ine~stflg va lue o f decnuplinc resislOl't in lhe fil'1lt IWO slages). No a ltem pt ha. been made ill t his desil[fl to over, ~omc lhe in here nl r m blem or lhe au d io im. I\e. Ih"ugh for 1 ~ .w.-(lnly operation loClecT ivily co uld be sllarpe ned up a 1 / 0 hI' u.~ing resona nt D lilt~ ralher lhnn the I.fI.f. t)'PC .r. n=led [or s.s.b. T he- do ub le ba l.1nced linea r <!elector is based o n IWO small I" ruidal coil form , (a bou l lo in. dia mder) winding lciH lar ly o f No. 28 en.1111rlled wire. held IOgether, lOn cadI I<>m i : ..,., Fig . 9). The: OS /" a n lele lilI)'S : .. rl ftoen 110m . n e l<kquat e. After windin ll, Ihe l"" d. a re lrimm ed to abou l nn in.:h in lenet h a nd the e nam el rconuvcd. Then , u. in~ lin ell oh m meier. beginning an d end o r CH nr lhe three wind lnll'

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    IUpeI'bcc ~ The lrnporuno:e ol lbe IInearilY and Inter. lDOdulItioo perf........... of dda;lon fo r e.w. .. ~ by Prie,ltley. OJJOO. He ..... lha l an .nal'" In 5 .5 .. hiM/pk, .ttl Crndl. of diode dettor, ",Ith 0,' OIl lI.f.o. in}CCIion and two , Y(th; u. b. to_. Iad ica~ lha t illiermodLl1atioo hct_ lbe lOra would be 2248 ItTIlapr IIwllhe '*ired ovtrul l H~ duc 10 the tarae pNk 10 ......... I1lt lo or lhe or-;b WlYcIonn. thI .vetaje dillo,.. IiDll prodLa:cd will be mudo Iowcr thaa peall.dittortlon. Th... whOe lhe .na/)'IIIlndbtl!l lhal I hip \eYeI 01 b.r.o. voltqe delirable. it loccd DOt be Imp(*ibl )' biIh fa." aaEptlIt*I .... II. "*,11$ (u In lho COllvetllioNJ pl'O(IuI;t deto;tor). Bul when h COInR to e. rcoeption. marl)' kilt boob IlIIIOI Ih.1 MormDnk: dis lOrtion n:su lun l from low level 1.0. InjoIctIoo:o ~ 1101 l'IlI.uer-. a nd QII uldutt, provlda lUI a.-.c....una. OlJGO .~ , II.>'eIIIeI thai wbcn all ml. ferin, .......1k also prtlInll . l lhe det ector. mlcrmodubllion bet_ II Ind lbe dcaited 1Iip>al QlJUId p... Mrio... troubk. TIll In, thll\tuIa Ii_ and .....m int: In,iet1Ioa I(H V) I t ot66 te " delirN .isnaJ (5 V} .I 46$ ke/I and an inlcrlcrinl aifnalll 464 l e." (&1110 , V). the n the \IIlWanted Iloamodulauoa tat would be II 1 kel.. lhe I&Ille U lhe lbtRIlIlipl, bul 22dB _ . . , 1 Thit illUII11l11oft Ieado to t .... cond Ull.... lbal. very 10001. !ow-d1'tonIon product deteet.:>r It DYal It'IOn dcUable for c.w. thi n for ....b . and., if fltlcd. W<lU1d nW<e a u.dio nll en IDCtn f. r more dl"ceti~ Tbe oombi ... tloq (I( lOad pox11,ll.1 detClC10r aod L f. filler COIti _ than I IQOlt CI}'IIal fUter-. Almos t euctIy the same CDIlC~ - . I arriwd . 1 malO yean " 0 10 the d . .... by 0 Q . Villani, W6QYT In lhe Yet)' flnt I<,lCOUI\I of wtwIl becatnt lo.oown U oroduet cIcIeclon ("" Sekaivil)' in .s.u. ra:epUon QsT. April., I'M&. when u .b. ..... ..ill ca lled ...... e.). In \hat artie.. Proreuor Villird d CllCl1bN bUanoed M f req.-.cy conM delCO.'tof and ooted lhal .. In a combinallon 0I1biII 10ft. audio ... IectiYiI)' bocomer. lhe cornrlele cquiw.bol of U . ldl.'aivi l, aa:pl ra." u.. audio lmap. .. Within 'I'Cr)' few yea n. of 1M JllO~nl ank:Ie, tbo ptoducc detectoo"'" ll l lhe np. but aimoII-=1...m.ty In In -'-1arloed fann. LaICl" (QST, May. 1961 ) J. R. 'Nhi",.

    .l>o-..

    er.e.

    lbc cootIdenbie value cl beam defIeo:tion ....1...,. for """ II linear mIJ.In. prOlluct dcllon. balanocd rnod u lalotl" ete .1o bolb teeel vetl and Irammillcn hu been II~ . Btl! lhit bit llIllaU, t . . lIIOd.o lCdwith the-al-known lYre 7360. AtIOl~ l vallabll beam lIet'Iectioa ... l~ it IIkI wortby ofl'>ote fnol lcUt bea.-I M pria: ..., be ..... y half lMoI oi l 7)(,0). nu.1I 61H I , .. hicb. lile the 7)60 it .....llable 10 lhe UK thfOlllh R CA who can IIIJ'1'Iy I da ll shoel (wiliu the 7)60. buicchlrldcriti,e. of lbe 6J H 8 ... Iad~ In UlI ctlm!Ql R C... R~<Yt>UW Tw,~ U--J}. I"1"tIm l'lmctloo oIthit val.. Ippean. to be for col DUJ" dcmodu.latloD and bunl-ple ciraaili in Amcric:an eolou r tdcviIlon m:e:i..... OJSYC lisU n llm ber of corrIJlIlritom oritb UlI 7UO: (a) suod dm.1 more 1m-I tl1lnUer clww;teriltic:l ; (,.) delIcctor p/llcI; opcnte II 0 vol" (l . . ~ 10 btu 10 pt.. 15 vola. u wilh 73601; (c) l"OIlahly Iimilat ... 1 o-boIb.-l anodea Inruoonduetaoo:e (4400 ...nmo. complIlYd wi.th ~ ~); (ff) dolIble lhe anode dlalpallon (3 WIIU); (I ) and lbe IUblllnlial rri< c &<Ivanl . He hat.-d lbe 6JHI ... m:el mi.ICr and alto..-. fully II I mi:u:r In trl.Ollmiller drcuila.

    u...

    artie"

    -=

    n.

    A H "T IUIl It A D I D T ICHHIQU I U


    AJ. ......

    ..~ ....... -.,. - ___.


    ~

    .~

    {I;

    ... .

    "" n .

    1In1.. .... _ a.J.

    ... a.l. . _ _ ~,_ . . ......

    :10. .. _ _

    TABI.E 1

    eo..
    1.Al311 IS _ V606et ~ lA24lJ 11 ..... vioIerI nztaI I..A2lXlZ ,....oa- ,....

    UlU I 3S IIInI ftoiIil ,....

    U210) u ..... ,...,. ra..I.ADOl 1S mID )'Illow IUfII


    ..... -

    4' _

    21.

    QlaoMd ~ iIIdode _

    w.."w. A lIfI*,

    tinta.aubly ( WIno. .

    ,., ,,, " '" '0 n. " ...0 '" " m '00 '" " '"
    21

    SWO

    1967),.

    r..,..----,--r~ - w

    - 1' --1J ~Il .. ,

    0<71

    - --

    .,.. '"
    e

    _ . - .YMa . '
    .
    H._ V

    Induded In lbt _ orindifll data rar ViU... _ .....Ille f... &1a' frDnl !tic M uflanl 'hIt.cw haft4book : 111II .. ~ In Table 1.

    u-.

    - "-:a=
    _

    1'1 . "' ..._ - - .... _ '- . . . , 1 0 ...


    UUMll. C . 1. .. .

    L .....,r-"_L__--'_~_L__"'__ .

    , '"

    " - C_ .-U"#_ I-..

    _., 11

    _ ..

    IUC I!IY I!R TOPIC S

    us

    " ,t U

    .-roo..

    ,..n ~

    U " If U

    O MlUMW tIM abo de ....loped (u pari mI "' "," ,,'!l ,b.r.m. pro.it l &n<>Ihet OUlllClIIN unil in which "'II puaIl .bullOftl immeo1.i.leIy ~ &1_ "'Y ImbinauoQ m.,. ~ a.r. llllen. n - .... OYl!f I balldWMtlh 0/ abouc \lOll eI& &Ad ... CIOInt..:l o n 600, 7X1, '13, 1000. J UO &ad 1:lOO c/o.. '"'" 175 cJo filler .... I II IPl'""""bl~ bene. lI\a,pll faetof lhan I'" oIhen, be" ' ..-.u...t llf\ Ihcl d ipper ) .. lbout )(l C:l l t 6dB down and 120 c!. I I -4Od R down. The IIUie& l.mod I\llel"l I '" ...<iIl Vinkon IDd lil ver-miol QJlIICiton, ahl,U\led with l'QiIlon 10 p,..!be rtlQum.d baMwldl.... The ",hole projo;l .. COlI alu iUnp. ..

    op,""'"

    rnom

    ..... F1~

    I-.n' ~
    ~
    ~

    .M .
    .-, I
    a K,
    _..,

    "" ""

    IOOIi\

    ;'"I ~
    ::!?'

    ~.

    ...

    D'

    .-

    :-

    D'

    \~

    OOO KI
    'I~TI ~

    ........

    OperaUoo&lly, aI'Icr rl miHati'Alioo\, ....., C&tI ~y punch up the ~ltI IiIICr OIImbinatioll, apin 'lrilhoUl 1oudUn, Ihe mala ~~r . ThillarldY 1'CII\oOYIlO!be ob;IoIloo 10 6J1el"I for coa_ opaatlcxl, 'A'lJcre ontl.-.do 10 cope with the 011".- atlclloll 'lritlloul ba..m, 10 rel U,"", thcl l1lOlli_

    (' II

    AI. Ao:tM fIIIor ZUA PC hu paid IribulCl 10 !be uoer..l _ oflhl k'lM d . buldpaa Clter Ir-fI0 9" 1. He iIl ........)'JIlI u.b. til &ad 0DdI .. I 'iV1 ~ 1o''',M' _ iii ~ ...,,\ed P.JebU,d IlIppftlUioo _ U. lime "I willi 'IlO audio fl.1 ..... .. Rut :zuAPC hu IUc:ll thla typI of ftJ .. _&IeP fwthef. He hal ada ptod !be ofiIin.;ll dtcuil 10 !lie a 0I>U9I& 0/ FETI n l a- 101) ""'Ill !be lDCUUftd perflll'1TWlDt IhoMI ill Table l . kcplacinl !be twlIHriolk PfOd- ...villa 0/ ~ and _ I. lI ...... pol . tiaI; . filler ol lblli I)'pe 10 a roa:iwr goIy modo:eIlf. ~tY I'IIUIII ill aD 1lpplIR!D1 iPI::r-.e ill

    ham.

    1'Ihw ....- ...r.mol1D 1 KlI .....


    _ 6dB AI J-2tell - 6dB .. )llO C/I

    TABU: J

    - 124B I I .." kc/o.

    "'-. .... 0_ ."," , ,.&.1.

    _ JU_.

    '"

    _ l lIdB II 6-0 kc/I _ :z.4d0 al ,.. kc/I

    - 1248 at 240 ell

    - llldB aI 160 cft - :z.4dB II: 110 C/I

    - 10 al 10 kcll hlP'll Ie..... I_volt f.au.

    "'

    AHA T IU Il RADIO T ICHHIQU I S

    """'" _ N................. ~

    ''' I L K (fi)[J W) who I'ftlric:h lUI bandMdth 10 .boon ~ ~:I . Ho ~ thai InlOffcnllXll II one. InIodCI Wl'Y mudl W(JfW by r....,jver c:rou-mo<lu.t.11on an4 bk >ekinJ, a nd llndt tha I. dmrla allcnuator lilted I' the ...sv. Input ca ll o(t ea remo\OC mud! 0( the trouble. l'.aI. limp\cl 2l)G.o hm PQICIlIJOIDeIOl'''' '''' the Input (Fl._lOll. thou sh lt may IKJt Ippeal 10 the P111'l1U, e. n oI'Ien bo I&tiitac&oty. and .. ...... 11 wort h IrylDa-s-nlcul.rty it ttl<: reo;ej \OCr h.u no IePllI'll te' d . pin conu oJ actin, 011 the flnt I tl p. Wllh the l'pW.DO!Mr il~ rnenl lIdliced by red ucin, bandwid th, ll ~ uo-bltI lo red ual tbcllian. " pu t into Ihe Rlver . 00 10 ~ bloctln.. A rclatod polDt II lhal 10 pennll tinter na rrow-bul4 operatkm, both fl'Ula' mitlll:Tl and roociven mUll ha~. more . 'able DI(:lnaron. " Man y of ,"" atlOOM I '-r on c..... till ... bed drlll or one IOn or .not""r ", hich .....ke. them unnllldable with narrow band'ltidlh. "he

    The: helio:r , ......, there II .IUI room fer uteIuI PI'Oll'lU In lI.f. 1M ...hI c.w. ~llon. by man d rlll'lk: _ tricl:1on of ~Ivel' ~ bandwidllil broqhl not. from Did ; H.. I'

    Illn. MIn , o.c.c_ U,....,....,. . 0 I0Il It""'"" From R. , . C Amo hl : imple-co-ad d ... b./I .m. ddol<.1nr for up-d.t.li.., ","""""n"'11y-o.ound bu t (lid recci~ " G """1ft : MTIll!. rln, mi~er <:ll'CUil (Fia 10l ) can I'C uoN wiIh VlttUll Uy . ny of tho; (lid ... Ived o;ommu nallOOl RlC'C1ven.. III IIVoIn fcuu~ II lhal II ""luin!l no .... itcllin, from the ...11. 10 . b . mode . nd ba. very simple ell'CUiUy ...1Iid1 elIn read ily be buill into the linal i.r. IransrOl1Tlrr Ct.n. 11M! only .... iIdlln. thlll .. nco.:-ry 10 to .... Itch on the b.Le. in lbe nonntol e.w. mode , ... one d oet not CYm "'ve 10 modi!)' lhe fronl ~ ncI to IndU<k a ny new control..

    r-

    ""'"'m.

    At JlI",-

    . ....... .....

    ~j;f-------- . ...... ,1rY - -----. . . u_ _ ...._

    D _ .... '.,. ... . '..._ l


    ... - A1I .. _

    l U"""'Q

    ""

    ' 1 . 1'" T........Li..._ ,

    .._ ... . Itll.

    ..

    . ... . _

    11... _

    101 . -

    _-,,-.

    _---_
    l N M .. _

    _ .1.... ......._ _ U_ ..._ _ _ _ r _ ... "


    .. _

    I _ _ ....... ... ...

    w ill be Rlrovel'eIl. ..

    .. It sh ould be notGd, n o -r, thai the detlll:tOf Ct.n be _loaded ~ Yft'Y Itron. lianak alld ptll ouI of halalK'e. bu t If Iba r.r. pin II bKklnd.ed. bit normal ......b .l'CICqltion

    0 . . _ ...... In pre:u.inJ the bcod\lI aI Dal'I'l:IW-buld NCepfioll. GIll: urect- ... hk;h In r~ _ a.n _4 10 d_~I should noll hi; owtlookod. For _ mUll ccx.id balll No<

    oetver "not operator . . . c:omplr1e 1)'IIftll. wlth,


    M M

    IDterfAl;Cl. TbClllNlJ ~ band~ Illter II dTa:tMly 1111 amaleUr' 1 OW'II . ud ilOly ')'linn, and lhl, II by III) ~ tlllly IlIldcnIood ~. Some open1o:n have ,.,..tbblc . bib!)' 10 COIli(:CDlnlC on ,i ft&1I whJctl 10 0Iheft, 'Pf'ClIr UDOIbmld 10 DOiI8. AD iIIl_ 1III cumplc of 11Ur. .... noted durin vail 10 ndlo sutioll ...-here one <IJleR 1. . wU \OIina. lOO e ll filler

    1 ... tIw 0 modem jatJOft, all 1M Imcohl;.tioM 01 to man-mad\ine

    Il IC I!IV I!It

    TOP"C S

    '"

    ,~

    _._.I C = .,- - I-. . . _'.


    __ _

    ' ! a _ ' .. 1_... _ ' " " _ . . . . . -

    * _.. .... _' . '""_ _.. . :;::-=::~::::::=::;::::: ow


    . ..

    - . . L1 Io p . J:taT&. _ . ... _ L1 _ . I t _ . _ PC _ _ T. ltICJI7.


    ~

    ---(II'

    .-..w
    1tIaI the

    til the rU.ctioa .. radiatiolI

    contpUWd wkII 1M IlION COD~

    ~ ~

    fUlJCl'"A'~ Qmoil.

    11.,.- oftrIIIr_~ II f.m. u_

    ~-

    .,.". wiDdiap.. A form 01'- WIiaaIor wil'-'t ~ !tal Pfol'olei.- .. U. w diI<2Wnia.Iu. dn::uSt. 'J'IU. lou . . UIeII r.urty ....." CIdI&I....... _ , . CIdI IW' ...... iii.- -:l \liplDelll but _ _ 10 ....., atltllc:led mucb It*ltloe f10lll am&kuI't" lJIou&!' k hu tumeod up ~

    c:rirniDalon illhr - S for ~I~ Lf. lra.lomr:n

    0... P'obIml ..nb IDOM

    W... '.M. OIru t ' 1_ 0( 1M ~tiDIlllJ f.ta. dit-

    .,..1Ila::. ... . ~9691 by J. R...... PJJR" pointl lIUt tilt whwt 01 thiIJ e-cuil: &&I P- full oirtaik 01. limilcrl IliKrimiftrIOr ~ boola . . . ..nb ... If. til about I Mch 10 I'fO'Iide Iimple aod cl'Ilcieat dBala . ' 1(11' rot a.b.f.m. " ; _ fi&. l OS. A-Mf CI '.. _ MaooAro M&J lbowandao/~....., booIa ...._ atlnplir\t: to _!he lWf..- ~ 1IM...no... ~ 01 mo4WaIn ImnlI vi eummun~,.n'rd.i--. But, .....,.. _ ..-bo Ioob Iftlo lIlill -...;.a -.oa ~ It II l:II.lnl- , . dU!ia.IIl 10 ani ..... ~ do:flftiti .... or q..antiiM - - . . R,m-nbet htl'r' muo:tr. funouI debale UMd to JGceDUate oa that .. 9 dB " adwantqc 0/ u.b. __ 11 ilDOl much p>d 1Iyi"l, 10 arm. .1 f\aut'e cl ment .. ..... ]OU ..... Llk. full,. IIIUl KII:lOWII I faclOl'1o that llt'il cIIel'l dWqankod : ( II the fuml 01 d<mod,,~ion ~ In the I'l ftha ; and (2) petfOl'tl'lallCe under conditiom d random

    '*

    all,.

    "Ill.'

    "B D SB

    N BFM

    AM

    :I~

    '~I

    ' ,0

    .""

    Bl-

    ~--..__----------_-..,....--.w

    ':\' ,

    ':I'

    "

    . .....'1' IlI QUtltI ,fJ)JIJITIolIIf1'

    ':I

    1';,. , . "'.'. w_ .....1", ; . ....

    _~....

    1_

    L1 ... ...... U . . ..... T.t _lor .." .... oc-M. .. n.II :L

    ".

    .. .. ... T IU ft _ ... 0 1 0

    T E CHN IQ U I S

    "

    , .J
    S.mlconooluctw Derl, .. r r-<h Tbit ttion hu lndic:aced lhI.l mu.1! all clllioft has been .._ in I'tlOMl YQn 10 lm~ the frun l-end ped<Jl'll'l&lll:e 0( h.t. 1. 0 ..,II.r. oc:mioobdoo.. ra:a~ and oon~ 0 One of lhe _ """"'lUll cl ~ unall .. ~ is lhc lP'owin & _ 01 ~ douh le-m.lancod diodt rniAen "''' 1 hot.umcr dioda (__ a. IlP ~2-U 01'. '" b.r. ,he ......" COIl ~2- :IIOO de\om) ", I,ich may be pna:dc:d by land vtuall)' r,>lJe wtd b) low.n"iK ftcld.efJeo:t lIanAlalor .mpl:ir'lc:n.. " flcn In ca.oodc l;<Inli,,,_ion. and prd"er&bly h':pinl li,.w.rrCOlueoc:y pin ... . bout IOdS. f<N' boIh fT.T a nd d;~uad n......... the dri ~ Icwls .~ ;ml'l" ""nl 1_ n t l ). r or OOl -QIrrler dioda an '*"lIMUf l1l1... 0,>1' . boNI "' . The IilJu LIIJ....... 0 ( _ <:>l IM ,- Ilnc ~IO D " of F'ET ~ ..."".. "oed in 144 "1,;1_ ","vcnen. 1Ihou1d be 1'!lCOInizc<t. and..,"'" amalCW'l conaidu t hat lhe f$, imI made (or J'1' ...h r. con....n crl ~ tn di"l'potnlrntal wilh act ual : rcsuh.. pattI, bcca... of !he dllhcuhy of llCb~ oimul'.- '1 .......nc>tW. biah-pan and aood aot.ImOd,*,lun.

    OIein_t",

    '*'

    W ally

    B~

    onkv. r.... cum..........

    Uw

    ontl lN mu&t rno<km FETl, "",II .. 2NSl97,lN4&16 and TlSU. ara K luaJJy MY leu nu;', [flan JXJOd ~"'.ft, and lherI m ly by ........U m.rlin. .. Ioj~ ,he "Id~ 2NlUJ, TIS U, d C., InI ... >I>irt' ,"".. pXId Y,b.l. VIII..... hy -orne I .., 4d B .. " boNt .. )'Cll f -eo I lt&rtlld bu d4i Ill I404 M IIl FET co n~!In. ""'"' Of less ujIlIo.'1in. a minor reYOlution in low-

    TblIltl<.::rnWn. a vailahi hlY. al ........ bk prio;a. 0( li _ inlqralN a l'ClJll .wla blcl for QOInIIlunQlio!ll ~ utton. is pvina the ~ COllluUCtor impurl&nl _ opcxonunil;'" by red uctna the lime RIlI uinld 1 llneloJl and put l...,u.cr 0 rd.tieJy (lOmI'Jla; oqu ipmmm. This point has Ixcn Il~ by F .-n k W IKm.u1. OWlO RY. who hu been build ln. a modem truteei_ buill &roIInd a 9 Mc/' l:I)"Il al fillC'!". ul inl "'" PIc.cy SL600 oc..... of linear inlepalcd cimul, . ThiI h&r. bam built in li m"" mod ulat form "'lUnl VlII'Obo&t'd (:OnIlructiOll ia 11M <tie--. bouII. A!thouah 1 the tII1le cI writ in.. hll equipmenl _ SliD iacompktc lhct ru:ci VCl" -=tio>n ..... outpa1CJftlJiq I1iI mai n . 1a liOll ~ ,In le l1t'll 0( quietrlesl and 1deaiYiI)'.
    ~'S..

    1'--,.
    J

    ".

    ,. ,"'.,.,
    3 1011060

    __._ !'!O' ~_!~ ~'! t !-'!~l _ _ ~ ' _


    I

    _.,

    ! ,

    ... ' IJ. _

    _ "" ~--:-"

    U. _

    _ O HIOP'.I I _ ' . _ _ I'

    I\.

    " IC IIV I" TOP I C .

    OK
    SU~10

    SU l1 2

    k_,._ --". . ........-.....


    . . .. . . . . . . . .LQI

    _--,_al_... _ _.. . ----"'II"


    _

    .-It _ _

    C I ...... CJ"

    a'...... . f _

    ...

    0 ..

    IIUJt _

    fl . I. .. .UM

    .. .

    ,, _ _ .... M

    _;tI
    ~_

    __
    ....

    ~
    0

    :;:
    I

    ,.j.~ "

    -...... et , ca. CJ.

    .,

    Sl.&JO

    ,
    SL020

    1 ' 0
    .~

    ~~=t

    .,

    ~ I

    ,:0
    ..p

    ,.
    ~

    ..
    .'C M_

    ,.

    l.~

    I'

    ... . "" "" ...


    8~

    $oI1ft

    Jj; 4 '''$
    '-""

    '"

    .~

    o-em "

    "'"

    "

    '-

    ..
    A ~~

    , ... It.. TIl,........11 """" d .

    ... Dt,nc. ... .... ,... ....

    - _
    .......

    "", . _

    ''''''''8 f---r'-" ~;;;1-~rt..F~":'~ .11. .. r llt ..


    _e.
    U . . .lklll

    ":1

    ."
    "'~ 'II

    OW

    :..5_

    ..., ~

    _ ,,~

    ..<loo_"_"M'..._U. _

    R EC E IV E R TOP ICS

    '"

    2N4416

    Cl_a_ ... ._
    U , C _ iC4
    _

    ........... ...... . . ..
    " fo 111. ".. 11_ _
    . . ...... ,
    f""'lyo-y-

    - -............

    ..._

    U ,

    10 - . . .. " pol ,"-- - r ,


    _ _L

    I.....

    ...
    balll\C'Od mh er (FiS. 11 2) to reduce lhe Innuelll;C of this noise by about l'dB. He 1110 deliven -.n ImPOn&lll ~ndcr lhat II I le.ul f" r Ihcl c.w. ope~tor) II i. 1101 ...ffidl:nt to I chieve hi,lh-oelcdivily I I low lign&I.~1 elfl)' .. I RUive r, and t hen 10 rOl"Jel l bocl.t fbl, IlOioc bandwidth at Ih.e laler Ita..". of thcl roceJvoer. Ill, de_illT' ..,." to I~ of tnlIIbk! to IT\Ilke tho nclse bluKIwid th of the Lf. ~hain only sIilhtly wide r t han lhal o f lbe ayotltl fi ller. He polnll (lII1
    Doe of I

    """'I

    In;e el ion

    W-pole lninillll.lon-Jc.. baruJpau filler ..-.l between u ri&! and lint m iller ill unusual and lillie kn own : _ .Fi). Il l ; il il l triple.tu.ned" bottom<ouplcd 1I11Iy U inll l bisb-Q t(}O'gjd if!"J\II,.-wn. ~ 00l I lilter IJ'Pl'OlIl:b lUll' lI'CIIod by S. B. Colm ( I"m~ IRE:. AUgIlIl, 1959, J!P. 1)42 10 1343). When properb <k_ i;ned. (and U ma, nee be too til .....y) Ihil type "I' fille r ill" tbe propcny Ihl t fo r I l peclfled numbe r or tomod ein.:llit.. unkladcd roil Q , and ftller fIOlle fiIIn;:, it will provide Ihe besl pouible Rjeclioll outside ill pusband : "..!cally II is a bandl)Ul tille r derlvN from
    Tbe
    lo wJII.II l'Jl'Otot)'Jle havina "'1-' c Jemet, ta.
    ItKJproc<Jl

    ..... ~ to

    ,"'I "'''''' t:t . .~'I~ "..... .- ...... '''""'I'''''''' _.., fooo nI. ,..... '" Cl rQ _ " M _ hI'. "'I.. .. tiD ..
    1

    ' . Ill. T ... ..._

    ......

    "

    "
    " ,_. ' - ~ - " ' _ . . . _ .._

    -W, _

    tbll if lbe I,f. dwin II nol quiel (mea n inl lo w oo io<: and _ ...... b<mJwidlll ) Ihen the front~nd p in mll. 1 be inCI'elUed, dc.,.,dinS receteer performa.nce, In o rder 10 ceerride lufllcicnl ly Ihcl Lf. noise leve l : " Ihil prllbkm b ~Iy IIClrioll$ III e.w. bOClllu e the naTmw-band no i"., comins th rouSh the n iter II Ie.. I b le 10 ..,.,mllCle with I broad. noi~ i.r. The rewll II , h iah ' hilS ' ~J I nd poor ..,noilivity. He uses thb VlI lid I l'JIUT1Cnl 10 jllilify wb4t II ~leafly I complex I nd elCpeltlive I~h to recefver del ian in<:!Ud10. u il doeI lhe fllrthcr convcn lon to ,lInal ~ kc/S I.f.

    -~-

    I I

    A term eew to me 1111"lled up RCeOtly In I [ect lll"e by D. M. Sosin on the del illl of II.f . solid-lille commllllicalioltl l'llOllivcn. This W illi rw:1proro/ ml.d 'W : and ...... tMd to coYI:T tbe elted of . jllT',,1 Ind '''''lIl """il Lotor lM,i.., . idebanlb (_ Seclkln -4). B. M. So:MIin wnlCll: .. 0 ,,1y rell tively ~Ily bas I phenomen"n called rociproca l mildn. ~n I ppreclated. In 1UpeT' het I':QCMn the n dio fn:qucnq 10 wnvcned to inter modi"le fn:quc...ic1 in vl lious lJIiJtcn. Unde r DOrmal cooditlon. inoomin. si"...ll are mixed. wllh Joc.Jly p'netlted bctcrodyue Iipliis. Ho wever. no liaual ll ooiK free. When , Illite ioterfenna l.iBJta.l l ppe&n 1.1 the mi.r.er il will a110 mit with the no;' or th e " Ie rodyne, and a1t1wll the lIltede,.. in, lip l may not f,,1I 1n the I.r. band. the n OM: 10 produced may be In-bll.Dd. This '" called I"ff/pmnl/ trdxhw aDd ill InCll5III"Cd by the amourol o f noilie inlrodliocd Inlo the OIltpu l by thil phenomenon, Le. when /noe l (d B lilY> 0( Inle01erenoe ....,.. l poa<.:c<l 20 " .....1 IIwoy from wanted Ii.....l JlI'Od_ I reduct jon <If oianaol-IO-noi-e ~tlo by IOdB. 11 " {l'OUible 10 oon,idcr n:ciproaol ml. in a; IIlI an equl....lenl palh by.pw!n. tbe IJ. lilterinJ- . . . It II e vident lhat ooly , RUMr with I blab IigIIrc of roeiprocal mWns ...nJ perform ~Il $omIl 7{ldB redproc:aI mWn, tloi U Introduoe Je\Iele limItallont on RUMr perfOflTllnc:e. Onl)' YeO")' few m:>eiven hive !his parameter better than 7011 8, ud tI\lUl)' eomlderabl, \IOOfM . Such I rooeiver will Ippear noi!y uDder operailit& cood illon&" ud an o petl.1Of' will oool'u"., Ihll wilh lhe rec:elYer " '...., I b lab noioe fllCtc>r, when In faa lhia ma)' ...... be the

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    stroll,

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    AM A TEUR R A D I O TECHNIQU E S

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    In<:reaslllil loaaJ-ooeillalllr power up to about I mW fo- 22 volta acroII M ohma), and typial ly o:OOdc: quad. ..tI1 require atoUDd 4 mW lajectiotl : oomc: dco..... IpeQ(l. UP to I to 3 volta r.m.... acroA M t>luno- Tb ll. of coww, a Jle&1 deal more ooctIlator powa than teQuinld fur aD FET RUU. It illmporWlt to remember that if no d . amplilW:r 10 r.ued tbl:a the --.u JlOiae fiaure -.;U iIIcIude the COQw:nlor1 and llJlU 1 _ III dec;ibebo added to tho: llOito fiaun: of l he lint Lf. 1ta ae: It Ia poa.ibIol: to bui ld a 144 Mell Cl>IIw:l'1er withoul r.f. ~ ham . a no_ IIl1\lR of 9 to IOdB, bul ICnerU!y fl>t hllb-perfonnance applications IOlIlll 9 to Ud B or pin III

    WA6NCT SlJ&IQb thaI lWO wita IbouId lint be lwilced toactller ~ me&IIl 0( a .1IaDd-drill and !.he plc ' I.beo repealed WIth !.he third W~ 10 obl.l.ill a liabl lrifllar Ialath of Ytife before mrtiD, 10 wind 011 10 tbe loroid. Eac:b windin. can COlllis l of ~lwtIeD aboul 12 to 20 luml (accordinll 10 core and frequency raqe) at No. 32 erwDdled ....Ire. h II Irnpol1al1t 10 ronnect the """'" in the co~ PI&- 116, and lhe use of wires ha... dilfel'elltly tim ed enamell caD helP.. Powdeftld.troa loroidl are DOl m il) capable or ptO'iidin. broW-bul4 I>~tion.. With femle to m idl it II pP$Oible 10 make the miur e1ftive OYer lhe wbPle m .f., h.f. and .... II,f. ran", : 10 minimize ima,e 1.114 otber rpurious re ?: ee It II uswo lw pul ooe or more tUlled o eltcuil_ in frolll lhe Im....,r. C'Vea .... hc:a no r.f . _laCe II uaeo1 To obtaia optimwn performance lhe re must be IUIJIclent local OICillator iojeetion.. eoaw: rsiorl I... ~I "';Ih

    in,

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    lhe use ot I : 1 I1lOO biftlarwovnd inPul I.IId OUtpul II1ln.formen, III addillon 10 the usual 2 ; I . nd I : 2 Input aDd ou tput I1IIItehin. tl1lnlformcn ; IhlI helpa 10 ~ the illherent un balance P( trifI1at.wountl I1III I~hina IfUIfonnen. 1bIr. addilitlNl l complbliloa II l'Iot of\eu usea III mlRn but _ Ill be ....luable for moduIalon iD ",. b. If:IlCI'IlOf1. "with all balanc:ed .)'SImII, , ynunetril;:a1 Ia)'Ollt of the unlta . Impor1anl . The -=i1\. !Of and IianaI .. pom l1IIIy be IDlerH

    plcte brOfodband moduIcI are Ol>rnmerdally available buI are Cl>I1 ly lleml whc:a Ol>m ~n:d with bl>me Ol>TIIulxtioa. WA IFRJ indic:a1Cl how the bala nce CllD be Improved b)'

    outpUll 0( IS 10 30dB (and up 10 .5OdB in can:fulIy t.lanced uail' ). and dynamit; ranlC of up 10 .boul 12OdB. Wbetut . a FET nmercan handle . lp h or up to, IlIIY. 100 mv linearly. lhe bo!-eatricr dic>de Ihoul et be a ble to cope with lipllls 0( 0YeI' 300 mY. When pru:cdcet and rnl10wed b)' load Iloeat ~ d .llf. mplillen., thiI apprweb al_ probably lhe best d yrwnK: ilia", for t he aJ). lemic:onductor receMt'. 'Tho: n:jc.cl:1on or fundamcntal lnpul frequencie. 1r. a1.o hiahly attnctive for heterodyne v.f.o. &lid other frequency ')"IIlhe.tl a~icatlonl. Good doublD-balana:d d iolk mPcn .-d c:are in coo. I1rur lloa if o ptimum pcrfOI'lT\lll>CC Ia 10 be achleYed. Co~

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    from or the mlaor ... bolb h.f. and ....h.f. II proNbl)' dclil1lbJc: . In the abeence or hot_rrier d iodes, tU I ......tehin. compuler diodes can live Iood perfOfJr\allCle. but convenlional If:l'lT'Inium diodes are no! re.11y lUilable due to IIIe n:1atiw:1y poor fl>l'Wllnl 10 bade raiswlce ratio. For 3' Mel. direct oonw:rtlon ~M:n, ~r. IlIe re II no IICllld 1 ......".,. ovamuch. and J . E. Hodatinl. 03E1F. f1:POI'tI 0 IIIlnl bPth OA 811 and unmart.ed ..,rmanium. rwilchin. d.iodee, malChinl by mea.u rlnl forw.ud . Dd rewna resiIIIIICCI on tclat meier.
    00....1 .,....... en.-0vpN.4 MI .., The f01'1Dlltion or double.t.lg",...", milleI1l&lld modulaton by ~. or crosa OOIIplecl pcDloJes, triodeI, tranlilton and F'ET, baa pethapt _ r beelt the empb .k whicb it _ITII to 4eterve. Thll CR-.:oupled . pP"O&Ch forms lhe basil of the ~~~ l64O and. 51...641 double ba lanced inlelll"ted<ireu.il One or the advantqn, owoer !.he more C\DIOmarJ diodo-quad doub le-bal. ",...", rnIu.r, k Ulal coow:nioa p " Itu.Ie&d III k>u QU1 be acltiewd ; anothu II the .llmina:tloD III canoflltly balanced lra/ll.forma~tb tbiI ' )"'Item the iDput and output d rcuita C&Il be thoae of any

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    dIallaed.

    Pot Iooc1 wido-band pcr1brmanoe the couplinl bel_a the U'atllformer windlnlll IhouId be .. liahl U ,.,.. 1I1e.

    _ _tional mlwr. Mcc ba1anaBet mixen anet modu1ators, 1Idl .. tboM UIOd In ..... b. plK1.k1e1 are " liqle bal,,,,...,,, " , thai II 10 "')' Ulal 1lIU&1/y the OICilJalor I'ft\Quency Ia '-1anced OUI IlI lhe OU1PIlI, IXlIy the Pinal lteqlIellC)' and lhe NnHlod, dilferenoe freoueDclee In t he output clrcuit. In d oobla-

    _Yin,

    TECHNIQUE S

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    ThiI pe per provideI u.pcrimc nla l multI.t loc:all*ll"'Ior freq uency o f a M q. and l ipll1.t 27 Mc/I bcKh &I I ~ impodanoc o f $0 ohms With outpul ~ .. 10-' Mc:,II. The IOQI 0Ki11a1l>l' injtioQ eeeds ro be bish-... 1 es1.llblish fully lWilchina Ktioo in t he I~ : 0 Iypically froon JOO 10 900 m\' for 'Ilicrwl e.m.f. o r the Ol'lkr of 20 10 80 mY . Convcnion pia ill these c:oodiliom iI aboul 1210 1)d 8. Thc cLc. ~~ $iol:e the tn nlillOl'l are QlI oIf ilIlbc ablenoc of . (Of iDPUL 8uJy Priestley, G JJOO. pointl OUI Wt ~ ... pn Icm$ lIS _llll$ ad"'D~ ill the ~ mUer COlIflcantiol:\. Thc a rn. _ hal a tendency 10 iDsu.bilitr; ITKlre .moo., .. thaI .Ithou,n !be dmAt is l;lQ1&Jw;cd ill ~ cl bo lh IipIaI and OKillator frcqucn.;ics, il leftdl lo Il(t iU ... aood dolibk r. so tha t hll.rmonic:s ol bo lh !hew frequencies lend 10 be praelll In --.: Slrcn.' In the out PIlL nc.pjll lheoedi>adYan"'aea il II . _ fu1 QlQlitlo kJlO*. Tbc buic pentodc circuil on_pIIS'll 16j lI'IIly be laSd. Wlnina roillt ror ...1 or MOS FkT operation . ....

    b&w-d a rnn,ernn>l., loom the: . p l f~~ and lhe OIci1lalor frequc lKY a re balanoed OUI, an d IhlU larte ly , hmiruolc<1 from lhe ou tput. While lbc diOOe-quad On, . rran aemcntl, such u 11M; diO<k sen:, and diode ~h l1nl wnfi Jllrationl are only sin, le-b3lance d. llot h ..lanced and double-b.1]anced alTUl aemrnts . how bett er dynamic ranll than DOII-b11 I=d m.i1CCfS. Doublc blllunccd mb en . olfuinl II l il/.nillean l ~jeclloo of both the Input freqlJCll(:~. have IlIC ful app liclltlOlll III superMt .1Id direct-convcl1ion reeeeeo : in pre-miur and belcmdync- Iypc oseJl lolto r systems ; in .....b. eIl.: l!c n llIld the I,ke. .. Cr<.>u<oupkd lBmjstor mIle r, D. C. SuralLl aDd J. G . Gardiner, Proc l EE:. NQvcmber, 1970. in many appJations. the sln&le-tramistor In j"" , faili lo proYlde eer!&in real~' o f per formance .. hich are of J'?1 value in lhe <ksI~ otcommunicalion equipment, ~Ily recei'o'e.... or ~KUlar tmport&nl;:c Is the pmp"rty of double ~ I t.e. Iligh A1pprnUon o f bo lh Iouol-05ciJ.laIor and iIlplIl Nanau &I !he aU.w1 OIllpul, 1'l'bidI tI rudily .ni1aWe jg the rin!~""" IIliMr fw instance .Dd .. m.:,h Pf"ClIb tup.-k-o: inJl'" sip&l1 u d the local 0ICil1&loT from overJo.dina wblcQuenl or the rt:UM r. The rina llIO<lulalw bu!he di:adftn. Ute WI i'I introduoet Ucnibnl eotI"1'Iion Iooa, IYtlic:aUY 6dB (wil b bot<arrier dWobl. bin the Pf09I'ttieI (,(.sout* t.1ula:: aDd usefu l coave..,;,,;,a p.iD caD be obuoincd &irmdlaDctrlnly from lhe IWO-lnnsmor' Cft'lM-CDIIpled ' miu r cl

    mb er Is dou ble-balanced, several other fOllr-dlode miur

    ".teI"

    The re ere ltill quite. lot of l'l!CCMI'I lind lramc:cm:n tha i an: fitted only with .. brOllllbu>d " "So b. IIllcn (.... b. .d hcm1 1 ma y lliftl:h .t Ihl, de lCriptioa o f their IJilem II 1 broMIbanll-bul bycompa ril<ln wli h c.w. il cc m.in ly Ill. An .dd-on Q-rnultlplicr, f':lnlc>llarly 01lC that Wol:S the u h! na l.f. transfo~r to proyldc the reJO/Iant cin.uit, is thlll . 11m : popu l:u armn ",mcnl. Fla . 118 II lh e circuit diav am 01 1 unu, complele .. hh ill own miniature powee p., c k ~ from a 6) '\'011 hellIer Hne, dclCrihcd by Adlben i Hugenroth, DUNX, in DL-V TC (N o. ) . (970). Thl! W l inlcnded for 46' ke/I o pc ratloll, but could bo: used quite elfroivcly.1 hishcr intermediatc freq uencies.

    ""'-O-W_

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    simp le an d moro .dvanced. Fla. 119 outlines. $imp!c ) -, Mel. cl t hil tJ'j'JC. Btn direa~nioD aM offers ady...",p fOC" !tiP' pcnormaaot: rt:U ivcn .1 modcnte COlt. Hist orically this . pproKb is IUpponed by SOC'l>e oI\e6O\'eriookcd wort in lhis field by JohD P. CosIU, W2CJtR, ott the possibt1ity of bi&h "",de dn<:t~ ~ rt:Uiom. IllCI(a llltbly , .Ia -)'ina the h.illOl')' o f dircd:<OI\vcn!oa, one comes up apiIKt the A N fFRR....8 (XW I) lyndtrotlOUl I'ClCCiYc r bricl'Iy ~tioncd (aIo.a. possibly with .. ha t WII tbI fiQt l'IIbUshed uoc o f the tell'li tlirt-Nn rrrdDtr '"'"~ is the nporWlI pa pcr 00 I ~ communicatioal by Costas in the f&fQOtl& &.l b. houo of " " I R (Dccembt', 19$6). It .... l his pa per!hll Ilstod I number of . d'illJttllCl of diI'ed<Oll "CTlioa and induded the btuit: outIiDc of wbal I\as become the simple form of di~_Aioa recolYC" , But Iso .oo-d how a " two-phasc l yndtnMOlll rcceivc r,"lIIIIla phase quadraNre tec hniques, could c\lnl'" ate (OClC l idcba.Dd.

    T1lc firS( amatcur 10 CJl.ploit 1M p rirx. ple o f "diR!cI. ; COD~ " for fullylnnloislorilod h-f. recefvers is bl:licYcd to ha ve bccu K. Sl'Urptcn PAOlC Slt (1 ,,,,,,, I ,,"UI I)", 196 7). Since then he hal builI oevcBl more RCCiY Cll, both

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    The rtrolol)'lle receleer U!leI 24-voll $UJlPly 1Jnc. aDd PAOKS B In proceA of mod lfyinlllOme of the delails to p m nit the usc of U V(lJtJ..

    roceoo billie Dl"I'ftt-C:OMef"JIoIt RecaWer


    To the bel l of my kDo",ledp the linl-ever" IUgestloa that the ~<OtllvetUon RlCelYet miahl ba\1l ~bt appeal 10 amateurs In l>J"eIlln. the WI)' to com pact traM~.,.,n . ~ ill TwdWm/ Topics, July, 1% 1, lI munilll from Cbrlc!l Ury. n!, OW 3S8. II I! hiihlipted the fact tha i
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    type, .. The Ten Tee Power-M ite PM2: ' WlL!I favou rably reviewed ill CQ (Ap ril) and QST (J une ) ill 1970. The rel'ie~ rs suggest that this two-band (3.' and 7 McM, 2-\VoItI battery-operated c.w. ri/l is an excellent compan ion for camping, vacatiuns, etc , cs. able of pro viding numerous. p oootao::c. on. bo th bands. lbe ebseece o f chirp and transistor J).a. harmooics is noted by QST. The unit operates directly ota !2-volt battery with no zener voltagl: regulat ion, taking uti to . bout 300 mAo Basicll.Uy t he tra nsceiver (a block OIdlirle Is l:iven in Fill:. 124) com nnses a 40604 dual-gate MOSFET heterodyne or "diroct conversion " detecto r ; CA30J' intcamtcd-c~ uit hi!f!1.pin audio amplitier ; twosure v.f.o./buffer usio, Ml'S 6' 14 bipolar t ran sistors; and 2N4427 (SE80tO) tnlml'l tor p .a. The sU lUlestion is made that the receiver should always be tuned to the high side of the lillli l to fllcilitate worldng to conventionaltranscefvers.
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    There are several reasons for t he increased interest rcocntly in au<tio filters. One is the appllcauo n 10 directeIlDn:rsion receivers ; another Is the desire of s.s.b. trnnscelvcr operators to sharpen up selectivity for c.w. witho ut theexpense of in'lCrt ing II na rrow-band crystal lIlter.

    circuit a< shown is suitable for ""ntM f",quenc"' s (rom abou t :J.OO to :rooo cIs. Rc ~h"uld be adjus ted experimentally 10 comllCnsate for lhe finite outl'Ut impedance of the 709 and tracking erro rs in the 'K ohm dualpot. GlPAI indiClites that a value of 27 ohms can provide .. u'iCful sla rtins po int. An Integrated-clrcult audio filter ",ilh bandwid ths suil.>l ble for c.w. or ph one roccr tion has been developed by Ron Wheatland. G l SZW; sec FiS. 130 . This operates from a single 9 volt supply and has a centre frequency of 800 cis.
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    John Ra Mon, Gl I'AI, h s used a pra" tical varia ble bllJ1d_ width, v.rlablo centro frequency active filter, each control beiA, in the fotm of a dual-s.sng potentiomelc r. This filter looks very promising far e.w. cpcrancn and po ssibly of usc lisa In the IOl'.",r-Q sellingl for I.s.b. recepuon. It is all ba'Cd (lII the popu lar 709 operalion"l mnplificr Lc. The

    I OAW DWIOTHI

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    PI" _ IIlC' lO W S
    ~W1 Ol'l'O~n

    .-.60_cI._ elL T1'>o

    f l 1:10. Swl.....bl...... 11. 1... . W I'" . ... teII No" " , , _ l < ~ "'''''' 1, ' , __ ated to tIoo ..... to _ ........ h ......._N <I. a. ItO </1d ., _ _ _

    MC1709G

    PI ' "

    1I01 _JlWUII'"

    """
    '1 ".'

    .~~T'"'!!,
    '1\,
    _ I ~V

    ( tclf Oll W ltw 0l0JIl1 ttOCIlWlSt)

    _.I'IC '_

    ..

    O JSZW points out th t the ().47 ,.F capacitor across !be OUlpUt Wl15 added .. to t.lmc the bust ,. a ltd that the: 68K obm resistO!" may Deed I djusuncnt to avoid positive or /lC&illive clippio. of the waverorm. GlSZW has D ot ITlCUUfN tbe Q of the filter but SIIggesh it provides bandwidthlo or appro~ tely 60 e/s.e 800 cis ocDtre-fRqIIC~ ; I110 els III 810 elsccntre-frequency ; and 300 ell to 35 kc/s 10 switch position 3. In QST (September, 1971), D. C. Rife, WA2PCA, prov\dcs detailed ilII'o rmation on the design of low-loss passive bllndpul e.w. Iilten.1.I'/IUiD1 thai the really narrowbiutd eo.... filten , such as some of lhe aerive filter d" igns., are suitable onJy ror use with reo:eiven hiving ... very Mow tu nlna: (ate. For many or !be rtoeelvtn wbere It is. desirable

    . . . . .- . . . _-....- -....- 0 . .-..t..--"

    "

    '"

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES


    1ST Elcaronil: OompooealS LId., 1 Coptf old ROIId, Brentwood, &sex. A letter from W. M. N. Bunidee of Sout h DeVOll recounts some ink l'C!lting cqlCrieooeI an N E:l60B AI aD. h n. dl:tottor to r lelcvh ion IOUDd (un ike tho: 4051ine

    wlnl

    0'
    Fir- U t . n.. W AlPGA 10_1 ... H """""" .... anoI . - . ." <10 anoI l

    I
    111
    f

    -"'DrL ,..n c... . ...


    ,_

    uolna"
    _

    he wed the N E.S60B to follow . eollYell.lionaI l.m. tuner e o:! liltle i.f. ampIiDc:atitl.ll &33-$ Me/I. EeQ aI t his hish U . , <above the ~um frequency recommended by the rnaken) he fOUD d the un il Would Jock.in "1"& 1 alld cope wi th otdllator drift : thou ah the aUdIo outpu t &Dd lbe &ianalJno~ fll ti O wu low. Subsequently he changed the inpu t l.r. down 10 7 Met. and , ure elloull:h the Jianal-noiw: } ...tlo became quite III.tislaetory on both local ano:! distaDt ""'00_" p ro vidi ng the ro is lipal tho ro. it works: ' He no w feeds the o utpu t from the phueo lod: -Ioop de feCtor into his hi-Ii X I-up &Dd says tbat .. TV IOUftd never sounded bl:ltl:r." 11 all worl<s on a whiff of a liana!. ~ the II.SIAI r.m. thresho ld problem.'l and 1I1~~ a . imilar SiD ratio on

    , )'Item. Brit ish 6:zs.liDe Icle yj,;jgn uses r.m . 5OIIIld). initially

    1 ! ha.-pw up l he selectivity for o;.w. o perBliOlt, one is up 0 the problem that tbe tun ing rate then makes it diffio;ull to tune a!XUnllely eoough. Amon, a nu mber of bandPlW desill:llS, WA1J'CA incl ",1es o ne lu", in, a centre frequency of about 87S e/s an'" pro vklin. a bandpass IUJIOMCl of the order of 400 cia. with an Inser n loss of on only about Id 8 . This design, F ig. 131, is ba'led 0 0 the use of 10w-<lOSt surplus 44mH lo roldal coils in conjunction with standard muc lOO-yol1 mylu capacitors .
    ~Insl

    The NESliOB is described as a monolithic signa! lllditlcrcr and demodulator ')"$lcm compri,in, voltqeeeetrclled-oecllletcr, ~ eompouator, amplifier and lowpass tiller : Fi1l1J2~ 1I allo..., r.m.. demodu lahon with out ally elliemal runed circui~. To quo le the t1~ ctro";rJ artic le: .. p~ )O\;kin& luis IlCVCrai mtereslina f"\IIn:s. The v.e.c.

    weak ~d atrQllI IIiIl\llIs.

    PIwf-'odl F.M. DefKtlOll An inlel-nued ciroui l tCChniqUCl which po lcfltially oIT en

    .lIdw.n taSU ia becoming aYllilable in t he fonn of complete linear integrated circuit modules pro viding a ph....,..lockcd loo p. TbR fa nn of f.m . detection bas until n:c.:ently been confined lar..,ly 10 such co rtlfl clI. re-eeivers u th O'C uocd. for l professional spac:c-tT&dlnl and similar appl ications. Now, however, the 30-year-old pbase-lccked loop lCIChniquc i! hein, adap kd to enable int.cvated circUit dc:IlJ':'CRtoachic:vc the type of re.uh. ~lIy associated wllh \lI'lC n" .... s bcTll of p reci<.io o componcmts. For ample, In 1969 S;,nc tlcs ilItroduec:d l'LL uniu such as the NES60B, Ihoo t h one mus t add a word of wvnillll- tlte price in . ma ll quanlities is (or was) fairly high. To un den tan<l how this type of uni t worb reference should be made to Eketrolllu (28 Ap ril, 1% 9) : .. Phuo Iocb n. , iolesrated Nned ~ irculu ma de easy : ' Pra ctical. deta lls a,. al.o p YClI in the noles supplied with the u nill by

    freque ncy Deed 1101 be pan k:ularly pn:c;iso 01 sta ble, siooe once it ~ c1~ 10 an Input frequency iI is dI'llwn lowards that level and held there . For f.m. lho pb&sc-1ock ed loop performs lhe l'unt:tion of a demodulator, elitninaLin, the ... tio delec tor, Fostcr..se.eley or q uadraNrc delector , il is a h.i,h1y selective cUeuil simple largo-tolel'llDCe RC lo....pass tiller prod uces a selec1ivi ty comparable to lhal of th n:o: i.f. transformers . only cee el<\Cmal elemenl n nocded Io r tunillg . " lhe level or lhe inpu t signal doesn 't ma ile r as 1 ' as il e~s a certaill Ihl'C5hold and II below 00 a certain mU't1 111m t llat wou ld latUflI(: tile input IlaJe." Later, W. M. N . Burridge continued hill InvestipJ.i oll!! Into the practica) InC of tlle.qe devices for lhe I'fIOCPtioli of 1UTlAt.cw" .. we ll as ~I ltations. H e pul IOICther a receiver for 144 and 432 Mels lncolllOrat lnt a $isneli!:s NEj61B Lc. sUilllble for L m. and f.m. ! lanals. 1Wiea1ly Ibis il ln the form of a do~blc (Fi~ 133) with a modifll:d t.clcvisioll transislorized turlCJ' luvin ll L. OUtpUl at 39 Mc/1 followed by an I.e. am pliller (CA 3028A) at t:hi3 freq uency; the , ill8ll _ the ll o;onvened 10 \6 M el. wlLhan n.p.n. phue shil'krlsp litler d rivin ll lhe NE5 61B te . Tbc i.e. driver stille is ra tber dilfem> t frolD that sugacsted by Signelics bu t t he Lc. con nCCliolll othe r than Iha..e sho wn are II in lhe finn ',

    ."perhet

    Inllut
    RF IFM

    J :
    ,
    L

    -------- -

    '"
    - - -- --- --- -- --1

    Inl>l/t ~-; ,_J'-''''::':'j

    Tim ing C&IlIIel t<J,

    \
    out"" t

    LIMITER

    ""

    - - - - - - - ---- - --- F IIIOI " 1\O


    ~, ~

    --""IJ

    Il E CE I VE R TO P ICS

    - .11
    ,

    ..

    _. ..
    ..Jut, ....
    ~

    ...'. . ", ,.,. ,.

    ..
    "

    . '.
    .,
    ,,"

    ".
    .

    + 11v

    N . ...'

    ..

    "' ..........
    N ~"

    "',tt

    ""

    " , .In. a M .... f I .... u. oln H ' I i..... ~ _Ift . N I!MI . iM 6d .i.. ~ i .. T "" ...... I ....".1vo . . .... ,.Md'Oft modl ~ "" o.7Ot m . ~ d ftd III . . ..1 . ... Imm ... I... 1.. H oJ _' '''. ...1.._ ...

    I ;" "'~ 'one .n.h ""......

    -{'kd from one \,l.-ed in "a lII'COnd generation MOSFIIT


    rco:crvc.r " (QST, December, 1970) and
    ~ful')JJIfo.~h.
    hll~

    appIiatffill!l notes. The CA302SA first i.f. amplifier is

    been foUD<! a

    On f.m. results are much as descri bed earlier fot T V WIWId except tlult tho i.f. is lower andthc: tTaC kinj range o t the p.1.I. /las bn deliberat ely Intrictod. One ~ti I gels Ihc: wddoffi drop in no ise as thc ca rde r is tuncd; bUI ..... ith (l,bJ.m. the aud io ou tput ten ds to be .....ell do wn 10 Ihat on T\I or v.h.f./f.m. signab. T hb SPlliI'st, that wmc Wit o r IlICkh circuit b needed unless one i, pre pared to pul up with I. burst of noise when the amateur ends his 111Immi,... lion. On " .nl" one h;'ls, in effeci. direct con ve"ion w;l h lhe 1 oscillator locked to lhe incoming si,Bnal ; lhe:.. fo;ol " is 0Ci1 tlu.t of an f.m. rcu.iver wilh a Fo~ter-Sccle)" or ralio de tectol When tuninll a t..ianal lbere is II fairl)" lIladual drop in nol.cas one approac!lcs II~ central posltioa: tltis cna racscrhlie ~v<: s the impre"iun tllal II~ recetver <:an I'KOVl:r moduluio n from very weak ) ill"ah ino.kcd- bul it is diffieull to be sure whcther this N reall)" Ihe case. For o plimwn fe\ulu, signal leV<:ls at both input. uf the f.c, (i.e. Iock.ioll inpul pin Il and a .m. $lenal input p ill 4) hlive lu be l>f the hl ht order. T he gain of tile CA 302lIA ha.~ 10 be adva.rK:e<l until loc:king cceurs bu t nl)( so fa r 1.... 1 t he l igna l is .wamped by ncee. Too linle .., in TCMll15 in hekrod )" nc _MIle ; optimum resuhs Ire I chieved whl:n the ",in ;." ,dvaJ>C:ed j",r enou gh 10 pcmlil loc:l<in, MId $I> sto Pl"ng the
    + I.. V
    ,~

    1I .~ ~

    M P$ A55
    ,~

    '"

    '"
    C5.~ k

    "o-cr
    sec

    ...

    ~ If.
    ,
    ua
    ur e
    N S6S

    ~ C C,,) 1 4If:1 '"' .


    0001

    whb llc; bu r lhe scll ina is DOl critical. On . stroD incoming , SI ratio ;'" in'proved t>y bav inll l.f. pin lil I. broadly D o pti mum sellin&. This I UUC'II IMt work >uId be do ne ia applr\ ng l ,!,c. 10 the CA :102I1A. WIth p.l. ., IOQI O<Ci llalo~ even fo r 144 and 432 Me/s, ce n be 1.1 lhe: fundamcnt:tl bccuust uf the bu ilt-in autumat ic freq uency C'QIltJl>1eft"e<;l. The mo.itI. deoign n:'lwremen t is to gel a nice balance belween oclc<:livity, ii.f.c. eft"C<:l i ~ne", and trackin, llI.nge of Ihe ph >uc loc k ; o ne alsn hu to consider choice l>f i.t. and fnx:d"m frum .puni and .. bird ies." He rcstn l;ls lhe tnl~k i n l ranl/C' b)" fcedinl pin 7 from lhe 18 volt pos ilive su pply via I. 47K o hm "",islur ; th is might be taken furt her to the I pe e cent bandwidt h l.UUCS!w by Signctics. for aD amateu r in an urban sitUMinn, /treate r ~ I<'<'tivi l)" would be O<ied, po$Sibly by a lo wer 2nd 1.(., filler, or e ~tTl. IWlCd cirrulta ; too great sekctivity, however, might ",fl'ecI the a.r,c, 10 pracrjce there are no t man y loca l signals t o eonlC'nd w;lll but d uring openinss sta tion s M 80 00 ranee wme through . Tllcre are still man)" varia bles in lhe de.ign of such equipment. Adlllitte dly s...b. would represent a ditficult cha llenge (tho ugh thi. might enco ura ge the use of double eidebend supp n:S5Cd ca rrier whi~h is an u lremel)" crr~live mode) . T hc JHJssibi lity "f using de vices of this type for ctreet-convcrsron receivers i. al. " wo rlh)" of ;nv... lill'u ffin, Fill_ 1)4 shows an aml.0jemen t sUIII.'Csted in QST (Marcb, l'.l7 1) as be ing panieular y su;lable fo r n.b. f.m. =ptioo, ""ina the lo wer-cost N E~ 63. Whereas the ~60B/36tn arc inten ded for Ule up to 30 Mcls, t he NE56~ is dc<la:ncd for usc up to ~oo kcls. Kl aas Spaargarcn , PAOKS" , h.u u.-.cd the NE~76 ror phase-lock ed Lru. d.ctcetil>n bt.l t ha.. also shown tha t it is JHJ" ible to use combinat ions o r the much lower-cost SN7413 and S N7400 with even better ~".
    5i ~.I,

    ,ro

    ._In "" 1,,'10."


    ' ...'Ut . U ..
    ...n

    ,,*

    ,, ,

    -cJ

    r e

    C<JIPlJI

    A~d l o

    ,~

    ,. 1.161 4 ,... ~ ....., Ilml t !klO kc,,") If. mont f ~ . I>. .m io ~ . n.. Inloctl_ of I , I~ I 1........- 4 _ _ -........ I ~ r . Qolrl ~ w look _
    ~

    of.~

    \0,,,". ,
    ev

    y ol o owi...

    l.ow-coal Ph""",,dc" Loop Demod ...r" tor In "Circu;t Idea. " (WjN'l~u WOt'Id, Jul)". 1913, p. 337) Rod ney K;n; provide< e tow-ecst pharoe-Io<:l<ed loo p desnodUlatoT usinll a ni)" a sint.;1c 7401 intC\l:raled cil't'llit. Althwgh lhe prectse eharaclC:ri,tics will be elTected by diffemlCn between 7401 devk:cs. it (:lUI ~ot: IIllti,fatto ry perfOf'l1WlCe for mostamateu r e~pcfimental lpplier.tions : Fil . I H . Tlle o peration is liS folio",, ; lhe ;ates A, B and C form a relax.ation Iype oscillator voItalOCOIIlrollcd by the CllTR'n l ""uroes .upplying pins 10 and l3 a nd by lhe value of C I. G ate D Ii amtn&ed 10 Ih.at when pin 6 is bigh il opentte.'l L~ a linea.r I mphller; in operallon pia 6 is high or low dllC10 the osci llator l>ulp ul ; Ihit. p te Ihus IlCII as IUl am plifyina: ph ase detecto r. Its o utpu l aoes via the low-pass fillcr fonned by R4 and C1 10 the osc.:illalor 10 com plete the loop. Audi o output is taken th rotl; h lhe filler R ' tC3. With C I 22 pF the opcnlilll freque ncy is about 10 Mels and tbe fnq"cncy band o ver which a lock will be mainta ined is , o vcmc:d bv R6: if t his il 2.70 ok""" lock Is mflintained fo r abOlll 2 Mc'.. if 10K abou t 300 kels. The o plil>naJ R1

    '"

    AMATEUR KADIO TCHNIQUES

    pro vides flnc adjustment of the o pera till' frequency if required. Audi o (Iutput swiol is ju st over I volt. This 1 0w-t:05t J)'Stem coul d pro ve o.ltl'llC1ive to II1lc: ronsiderin ll oynchronous demodulalion fo r suc h appliutioos lIS broadcwlt recep tion. TllC problem with PLL Sl"tems wben app lied to am ateur tCplion il the tendency to jum p to and lock o n the loudest signal a~nl!: at its input. Joe Oopper, O l DY, wn tes : " I made I>P the phase lock loop I1Sin g the SN7401 an d il _ "'" 10 be perfo rming III d llimcd, I'o r mu.on5 of ccevenienee on ly o ne IJ". stage II ~ ilUtcad o rtbe us ual two but the sensitivity ""as on ly ju . 1 beluw nomtal .

    cryslal-cootrollcd bJ. oscillator , reverse lunio, is used; that is to OIly thai lIS one tuneo. up the band, the v.r,c. il in fac t lun !n, down in freq uency. h thcl any way in ...hio;b an externa l freq uency co unter, .....w (ound in many .hck,. can be connected up to one of lhcsc ~ivers and induced 1 provide & <.lircct display of 1M 0 kilohertz calibration In each bao,U The an~_r, acc:ordlol to F. H. Aanler, ZSlFX (Rad"11 ZS, Ma ro;h. 1977). wh o in tum acknowlwllCS CQ.DL as his lOOn:>;: of inspinatio n, is ill the affinn lll i_ at the co<l only
    o f Iwo TIL im C8nlt cd cil"(Uit5. II CT)ISlal lUld fe w n..i. tors

    ' . ''''Q Y _

    .:. 117 ? '"~... I

    ..
    ,
    ,

    ."
    :r ~

    an d capacitor.! . 1\ illiw ally pcssibletc obtain . few millillrnp" at a reawoohly stab le S volts from an exi~l ing supply, cilhn direct ly or from a volla ee-<!roppioll resister and sl,liu ble zener diode .
    It is ncocss,uy to know the v.r.o. tuning rang e. f or examp le many Trio eq uipmenu use A ~tlln i ng mn p o r S9SS to Sl SS k1b Of' SSOO to 4900 kHz : so me Yaesu ~ivcr$ use 8900 10 8400 kH~ and _om<: 9200 to 8700 kHl, etc. The essenti" 1 req u,lWtC1\t i~ a crystal for Ihe r,<:<./ucncy of the v.r.o. whic h tun es tile reiwr to 7000, 14,000, 2 1,000 kH z,
    T he:d iai ta l a da pto r is in e!fect a wbtrac tlve di.llilal mi xer .

    ,~

    " "

    " '"

    " "

    '0

    ,
    .t ':'
    DC control

    .. ..
    "'
    II,.

    l"" "' Owe' t , e,


    :r ~

    .*
    ,

    etc.

    ~.~ .

    __-!..!2l-

    One: input to the: digital mixer ill .. ken from the v.r.o. in lhe receiver ; the other is provided by the crys lal oscillat or WI1cn the two in~ul ~ are identical the su btrac tive mixer produces zero rreq uen<..Y output : tun inat"" !Civer up the ' ban d rt;:Iutts in In o utpul from the dig ital mlxe r stead ily increas;n. in freq uenc y in step with the dccreas inl f:e<luency. If the v.r;o. is tuned to n:ccivc on 14,lOO kH l the digital m!xer provld es a lIQWlr'e<wave output of }()(l kHz whit:h b fed 10 the co untel' to provide a disl'llay o f 300 (Ihe Rlt:phertz being indicated by ban d 10 which the receiver is l uned ).

    v.r.o.

    "'_ ,

    . In.'

    Pl IJ$.

    t.ow-aoo.............. 10.

    ~l

    1 _ _ 7401 1. ' '. ,_ _ _

    100 1>

    u10 H </. .
    ..1

    ".m ....

    "ZOO",V
    ~ I._

    in""l
    1_

    <l..,~l ..

    (1Htt . . . . .. .) .

    " .._

    "'.

    ~"

    ... .., ." .


    ",
    ~

    ee

    O'v'\al

    I can co nfirm tit<; variation in ellaract eristi", wilh each sho wn. \be 0 rreq ueney w.... a bout 4 Mell and I had 1 se Il nOOl ino. l 1000 pF 10 p:I near to 4SS ltc/s ; I fOWId R7 (47K. ohms pre!oCt) essen tial for aclj.Jsunro t to a definite frequency . I made R 6 10K ohms since there _nwl no po int ;n lIavin. a:Z Mels l00:;kinl ana:e wilh a 4 4 1 ban dwidlh in tho receiver, aDd 1 per hap s lhe chaDp: in Ihis value WII3 one reason fo r the chanllC in Open.tinl t""ltlftlCY. Vo ltage tuod iolP witb no d . inp ut were: h.t. mil , sz vol ts (13 rnA); piltS I, 6j' ~' 9. 0-9S volts ; pim :z.. 3 an d ]3, 146 volts ; r.in 4,) ' volts; pin 5. I S volts ; pilllJ to. I I an d 12. 0-9 volts.
    H

    device. I found that when CI wu 22 pF

    ..
    ).,

    ...

    ,.".,.
    ' ~

    ...

    , ,.

    ..
    ._Iv<I

    1 !.
    f

    +1"

    ~'( . ~

    COUll!..... tel, R.celver.

    Most digit al d1.\ playo indlcale the frequency to ....hich the receiver is tllned , and for .s.b. and c.w. reception t hat is not quite the cene thing 0.1 the freq uency uf tilt: trnnsmission ; to am~ II I tbls you need to ta ke ;nloao;Ollilt the question of u.s, b./ I.s.b. o r the beat nUle of tlte e:.w. silJllJ.l. Fpr this rclt<un there is lill ie pllinl in providins ca librat ion di.,plays with lC'!!s Ilt.1n I til>. , tePJ!. Thc usualtee iq~ is 10 measure the freq uency o r lbe v.f.o . ... apply ing tke nor;ess.ary t o rrtctlon for the intennediato freq uency. This is fine where tbe vJ.u. IllnCli in the same directi on ." the t iso ai freq uency. it ut with many of the C'ltrre1lt gcncrati cn of doubje-ceeversto n receivers with

    """eke w l . ~ . fooo wi'"

    fi U I. '~l> .-.n;n 1 "'''.._ 1 ml... (I N '4' e) ...... .. 10M'. I. . . ...li b" 'I h o I_ti n 1 I .,.. , i mp l. "1 1- . . T l> l n n. l. , ~."'IoI.

    "1 ,'''1

    h ln_

    w i'"

    ~ ,d "r.

    I'ig. l 16 shoWl thel:in;uil arrangcmcn!. T W Olll lCS of a standa.td 7400 Lc, are usctI in a familiar crys tal oocillator arr anaemem with the Ol>IpllI passed through I Ihird gate for shapin!: lmd isula tion . Thi s o utput t hen 1l0Cl 10 lhe CI input of. 7474 device which form~ t he subtra ctive miJtCf. l1>e signa l fro m the v.t.o. ~ through the fo urth ll'Ite of Ihe 7400 device fnt sha pinll and then, lIS a near- oqUilre

    RECEIV ER TO"'C S
    n\'e, pras."oe

    '"
    "
    .)

    a;iUI' app:an at QI ..... $q..... re _vt; ided foc rcedin. 10 a


    1lI!Ip!; f~\EllQ' wunlcr.

    10 the 01 Input of lhc 7474. OufpUI rrom the


    eul

    (abouc' an by 7 an) and acc0rnm0d2ted in~ the receiver or tile COIUIICI" T o iMtal, Iirsl dlcck !hi: hand-edl:C rco.:cftocr . caIilnlion ...ith an in~ or w.:rn.l c:a1ibnlor: awitdl oil" lbc calitntar; obocnc the ~-oul of the ~r ",hich mdcI be lJCl): if Ibis is DOl qu ite n.bt Wjlat tbt "YlW

    1'bc adaptor

    be buill CD a SlDolIl

    pece of V~rd.

    0KiIIIIKN' Irimmcr.
    Hor-.-lc MJ1I. u ... /fJI 0J0d00 Pflk

    1D RiMJio ([),eoember. 1976). 'Y. PolyakO'l, RAJAAE, bn1lod mio.ct"fprodlOCC lkIcctor for \1M! ill d1rtlct. ~ rvzM:n, or " .h.f. reoeMn. RA)ME 00IlSidcn. thai diftlCI coo.-enion ~ ue ClUcmcly attnClive for amateur- II:>C but iwI..e throe main

    <1isadYllnlalCS: II) doubliHidehand mri..... (un"'" an n .b.

    iioll 0( Pl""eI"fu l , i..... 11 lofu,n pan il;ular!y

    pbasiqdcmoduL-.1OI II uocd) : (2) d inxt m>dopc tlcmoduL-.. troul;\b(>mc on \be 7M Hz blind) : alld () local osallalo r ndia tio n \IfIbs all d . Wop: I. used. Both (2) and () an be m ini miad by the use of aood blllanced or d oul>le--balanced m iAlrflpr odllCl dctmor, but there a re man y facton tha I fIUIke K d ilTlCUll for hOlllll conSlr ueton 1 ac hieve IroOd balilO o' e l 11. ",ide 0 <:C freqllCllCy f";l nll<= (pachgcd d oub lc-bala oce d m iAen of aood perfonnance are iflCrCa singly avail able as complete unil$ but

    (b)

    are " ill quilc upcnsive In tenus of dirt-eonvcrsion


    receiver a><1$)." RA3AAE" delector i$ in te nd ed to providc an eue mauve to I b.lllnccd mi .er by usi o g d iodes providinl lhe vo1ta8C" current ch arllC!cristic shown by lhe: solid line in Fill< U 7tb). 1b.i:I i:s a ,ymn~lrical eubiclll pllrabola and een btl .,; hievct1 wilb IW diodes, preferabl y selected for ma.1~hin .. COQlKll;too.! O blKk--to-back . The opo:ntlOD of tile miJter is d escr ibed by RA 3AAF. as lOIIows: " W hen the local o<Cilb lor vo l"'l:C . . - Ihloulh =v both d iode:. are open cin:uit. and 1M an;uil allTeI'Il "Illis hes. AI the pc" h of both positm: and nc ptive half n WlS of this vall.a&e, one ee od:lo:f of !he d iodes conducts Illd the s ianal lOUl"l:C is coono;ICd 10 the ioItd . " I.Q this ""II)' lhe miJ.cr works like a .witch dosm. the dmI it at a freq uency eq ual 10 twice lhal of !he local oscil. Ialor. When the ,witchin, frcqucocy C2/LO) II d ose 10 tha t oftlte lianal frcq\lClll;J V.l, II beat appcan in the arwil of tile dilfcrcnoe frequCQcy (2/.--/ ) v.ilco the ai,.,.1 ff'tlqUftOC)' . if, kss u.o tlricc the loca1 OICiI4tor frequency: or (/r2/u .-hc:o !he sipJ freq llCllCY II hi&hc:r. Th ill R"l'fCM'll1t the Io-t:r and upper siddlands ltipCdivdy .. For mixers ..-ilh cubic dlanoetaiw,;" 1_ ailltlfkanl PI'OJlCl1Ies en>o:rF: finl Iht: local oso:i11ator m lm be luned III a rrequency one half that or tbe s;,nal: MlCOOdly, io tbe Ic:.d an;uil then: is 00 d irl culRnt (i.e. ai.nal. from powerful mterfmn. wliom aK" nOl detected and CtJnI,&qucndy produce: DO no<sc). Th is dearly iA on ly t fUC for. suio:tly Iyrnrnelrical dllIr&ctcri.lic . nc~l\he\elulln p .,;tice it .ppnn simpler 10 ......rantee ' ideal' ehara~lefblics for 1"' 0 bat;k o- beek diodes than 10 achieve an aocurl le balance o f a t miller hav inS elements. R odiol io n of the local oscilll lor vo ltaIC from a mixer is much allenlWlcd w n on h inpul clrr:uit tuned 1 twice tbe rrO\lucncy ur the tocat 0 olcillato r (alt hou lh JeCOIJd h.mno nic content will nu l he similarly auentLllted)." RA3AAE poi ntl ou t that the advan lalfCl of Fi. 137(d) ovv tbe 11 mpier ochcmc o r ,,i. 1J7Cc ) It Ihal it OVCfWfTlCll tbe loss of "' lfIIIl po wer In l he COIl plinllo the loca l osc illa lor : this d l'lowback is a vo ided by lI.'liOI tbe " bala nced " a rrlnplmenl lPin. two cu bic elements (i.e. the fOUl" diodes). Yet a furlhcr prao:tlca.l .... va nl.aF or hav in . the OICilllllor

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    AMATEUR R A DI O

    TEC HNIQUE S

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    OpeJ:l1linl: a l 1l~lr rne sigun l fr "'l""""Y is lhal lbe re c't: i'er in 1'' '1 circ u;l does nOI "pull " lhe oscillator f rcqlXno:y when it i. (Ulle<,! : . 13bilily of the !l'iCilinto r can be imprm -.:d by the: use of lnll_r (\ln i nll l;.il",,~ i la ~. and in t um . h i$ ...m impro ve Ihe note of e..... . i,n~ l, a n<.l tll<: ro:>.:ep tion uf s.s. b. Sla lLons. In /1m!;" (No ~. 1'1'79. p~.t) II. !\ JAi\ E ~"""" up ...ilh Q , ~, i;I t i"n which is It'!..\ CIilio;,,1 o>r ,~ illal or inj te l;o n vol Ulle. r u r ,' ptim um pef fo m......~ . Ihe ori~inal d tell il m"" l. r"q lll,e l he ",~ill " l<>t injectio n , 01111 1/" h) be ni lio.-"" II ~ II<.IJu" ", I; it' lho.: ,,,II"I/e l~ mIlCh h igh"r nf lower the ..."n " , r; inn , m io will he red lleed . For i:<'rTtIan ium d iodes an ,,,,,,,n,,to , , 0lL a~ "':I wccn tHi ()'7 ".. II. is opli m um . 'l'I)'inl! bias to the J in,lcs II ~ l"", il> le to HoW'e'e, . t>J, :t1 ma ke per(,)rn"'".:c , i' lua lly inJ"pen, k nt o f oscifbt,,, d rive "ond iIIO" . fl" hllf1l nccd a, ra nl/" ",,,nl;1< use f"r a .1f""'1_ d c" n Ver ~ i l;l rl ......"i,"r rs sho wn in hll . 1 3~l d ), Thi, rn", itles 1l,...,.,1 iw l;Ili"n .....tween m..:illa l<>r " ",I a" t" " na e. ......l" -:- ~tl n). a, ""e11 o bc;n~ a hk It, CUO'C with . t",nl/ inf"U1 n I Slllna f. Th". pe.r f(ltIn a nre rema in, C'.sc nlia lly 111" "" " .... osona toe 1ll,t<'C1 10 1I1 l'ICl wcr n I a nd 4 ' ~ , oils. " Th e ",ir.u II h , how" i, illl"",I",l l0 I' , m Ihe f..' nl end of a simple 3 ' ~ ~I H7 d lrect 'eo nve"i" n =ci l-c, wilh lire v.f,o. On I '" Mi l , . A re port " 11 ~, ,,,, , imc lll ,, 1 min .. ,,,,,,, m i, crs toe 4 lind 12 " C Hz ~1l0 W1\ lh" l lhe I,...." r ....d llal" , "'UICC fo r """ol}(! lr. n10nic ", i, in~ ncal toe a l o nly aht HIl ha ir lhe signal " frcq lIC"c-,, Th " f"l lo w;ng ("al ll,es .. r Ihis <nil,,' . re " l\fIer '

    . rn

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    (2) Lo we r nolse fillu,e th ro ullh sc ppresston of local oscillato r no ise sidebands.


    () Su ppressio n o f d irect det ectio n. (4) Inherent self-protecti on agaitl.l.1 la' lle peak inverse vollaltC bUrnout. TbC'.e result, a re o bta ined a t m icro wuo wilbou t the use or ei the r lillers o r b\lla nccd eirC l/ils emp loyinll hybrid Junetlons. Cry. t,,' OIK.lmln"tor for NlJ'''''1 na lor d raw~ "lIent /on to lhe usc: o f quam CT}'3ta1s in n.b.f.m. d~.....n mlnal ors. T he art icle ala tes: ., A d ilol;rimina to r llctwork p ro vides a d .c. vol~ o utput wlUch. idea lly, var ies directly with Ihe iDput freq llUlq' over it s))tl(:l fled bandwid th. When uoed in .... f.n .. n:o:::ivcr il ceu reco ver (w;lh low dis to rt,,,n) lhe a udio signa l from the lnc"minl (.01. l ilfllLl . " ' n apl'lkaliolls wllere hillh sta b ility a nd ... nli tivit)' lie pllrt K:ubrl y important, a d ''Se, imina tor nel wor1l; usin, a C'l"llll is 5upcri or 10 .he ....>le eon ven tio nal lumpod.arcuit LC type . Th e lIiihly ,'-bk 'f}'~l i5 a ble to mainlain tbe
    A n a rt:le in TUM,I LUtes on cmtal I!lte n a nd d iscrimi-

    ~u ppreb i nK

    O J Reduced ~rc nyc rsio lllllSS to o lhe , harm on ic rruxc.. b)'

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    RE CEIVER TOPI C S
    "'F0 U1 P ~1

    ( .,
    (0'
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    10

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    U2 (h) sh~ a Iypica l outpu l voltage w"'~ freq uency respu nse o f a crystal d ismmi""lor. " It Is feas ible to cu~lom-dcsiJPl 10 an y cenl re frcq ucne y in lhe ra n ge 400 keli lo 22 Mc /llllnd fo r II freq uency deviation from as low as S kels to moo: t ha n 100 kc/ . ~;lUSC crysta l. for lowt:1" frcquomcies tend 10 be la rgef a nd m Ore expcM i.'e, cen tre frcqUCllCics should pn:fcr lbly be IlOO"': S Me.... O COlJCJe.uop , 0 6.1 1', endorses lbe view tllltt th is aflflro~ch is p;uticul:ltl y valu abl e fo r " oy n. b.f.m. l'1:Ct:iven adoplinll " 1()<7 MC,II finali.L 10 " void the p robl ems invol ved in muh iple conversions . 06JP says .. after QlInsider ilblc $Ca reh, I a m con vinced thai th is type o f d iscri mio"tor is "bou t th e o nly o ne good enough fo r real narrow-baed cperancu at 107 Me/, . .. T1teeircuit sho wn in Fia:. 139 (a) was designed SO!Ilc while ago , , ina: the limiter .tli e II5C:I 1I 2N937. Tho e~ocllent cltarnctenlties of th is <llscr iminat or are sho wn, o btained u.lni a Polyscope . If th e res isto r Rx is ~ho rt -<,i rcu i te d the C\II"\'t becomes m uch st<:t:vcr and ""me care ;. nctlded to t ed uce the slope to suit operational requireme nt. AI 0 6JP p uts it : .. obviously no olinlll)' LC circttit can aflflrollCh th i. performance... The second d i$Criminator is shown ill Hg. 141. T h l, come' from n STJ u.h .f. =j~r whieh h M a $COO nd l.f. al 107 Mc/s inclu ding a cryst al select ively filte r fo llowed by .. CA30U A amplifier which is fran srormcT -couplcd 10 the ve e +1 211

    '"

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    crossover frequency of tile di.cri minalor (0 with in very do"" limits over tile ope mliog temPl'rat~re railS": by virt~c of its rapid chMgc ill reeereeee as a fu nct ion of fl"C'l"eocy, the lenli tlvity is relal ively Iilgh, wllich is especially desirable in tbe detecti on o f narrow-band sigllals. .. Fig:. 140 (a) shoWl! II iicllemalic diagram of IIcrystal d iscrimillillo r net work. Tho prin cip le of this petwork lIes io the \'Ullage divid er formed by CIlPllcito r C 3 and the impedallCC eompri1ina: Cl")lTSW XL. ind uct or 1.2 an d capacitor 0 . CaJlac;lnr C3 hu II relittlvely co nstan t imped:mee o ver the lWYOW band offroqucney de viation, whe reas the reactance of the combined Imped lUlC':' d omolllS chlUljtell ra pid ly fro m o ne end of the frcquellC)' band t o the 01 -. Co n...quently, the ' voltage acrosa the co mbinod impedance element.. depend:! o n the inst.'\nt.lIlCOUS freq ucncy o f the lneo min. f.m. signal . The remainder of the d iscriminator nclwod IId.s lOS a balanced rcctiller , do:>$igned 10 p rovide a d.c . voll1J;C ou lput rep rescnlltive o f the r.f. voltllle d itl"m:nee acron the two IIm11. Fig.

    .... , l'<'t

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    An
    ~miooDduc:I <>ll

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES

    CA3014 amp!iller{limitcr /discrimilUllor. The two LC circuits are adj Ultcd foc max imu m audio ou tpu t eo llS;stent

    OJ NXC add s : .. An InICrait;n, feature is the lUi~tor in !lerici with the crystal : the adjustmo;nl of lhis rel\istor Vllri~ the dev iation i1Cnsiliv;ly . This SUllltestS the icka of II Irc ntF.U'C'I ca librated fN ' wdl lldj~ted signaJ$ ' atone m d to ' for idiots with the r.m. devill.tK>n IUmod up m uch too fat ' a . the otbeT end ! " n.c applic;:uio n note comments tha i the ~'1'}'Stlll must be II fundamental med e device and Illat besI Te!lu l ~ lUll obtained with the ct)'ItllI .JtlC!"lItcd at lis sene.. ~nl freq uency . Some rq>l't$CnWi ve perfor mance figures lod itate that 300 mV peak. to-peak of au dio output ca n be obtained F rom II
    devi atio n o f

    on pa ge 8 or their AppliClllion Report AN.26. This UiIClI II C rysW IllI a w betitute for the LC t uned cireui t o f. q UlW nllUre-lyPll t ,m. d iscri min llUlr : F ig. 142 .

    e.e.r.m. "I'}'l tal discrimi tlllto r is d escr ibed

    by Nation&!

    10 k

    1010

    IF

    27 0 ..

    ~&k

    l VP_P--"

    3 kc/s an I.f. o f 10 1

    Mel"

    M odlfled Rol.lo o.IKlO~ Simon R un dle, G 8llNN , pl"O\Iideo the a rcuit fo r a modified ra lio de tcc to r . uita ble for 1L at about 455 kc /s for the '\e rece prfo n of 144 Me 's n .b.f.m . l iifUlb . It, advantaae O the Vff co nven tional ra dio defcctor i. lhat it makes use of two .i"ll leIU !lCd, tra n.i_<lm-lypc i .f. tra "" f"rmcrs ins tea d of the mo re usual spect ... trn iary-w o und 10-7 Me ls tra M fo ,..,.,."..: f ill. 1 14 3.
    O ",gt

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    Els ewh ere . .. s troo.. plea o n be hlllf o f dual ga le. d iod e-pro tect ed M OSF I:. s (" the bc<t o ft hc solid-.la te d evices rc r T $f1l:l11 li llna l arcuit deslans " ) fo r lip to 500 Mcls is pul fo rward by Ma u rice J Ohns tollC. W2T R R, in HQ 1WJio, ,., J uly, 1972. He notcs: .. T a m p resently invo lvod with a rea:ivc:, d Cliip uslns RAe dua l-pte 4Oll22 M OSF ETa, and we have u~ SOfIlo! 4000 de vices 011 the _ mb ly fluor without II. fa ilLU'll d ue 10 c1cetrOSla l ic p roblcrm. I lim usi l1S 1M type fo r r.t' mi~er, i.f. a ud io and oscil latOl" lI &1C1lU1d find it admlrab1 su ited to aU a pplica ti on" 11le inbc nt y Clt$COdc interJUll connc,;lio o o f lhe dURlpte MOSFET makes il ideally suilab le for ~ p n:-amplinen . .. ftl>pt'OVln.
    Ml xe~

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    a-ae

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    ., put out

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    In

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    on kI. ).

    n J kc!.. T l at><! n .r. <1> 150 pI' ool.,. f 47\1kl.

    II UIoCl ca pacitive cou plin l! l~tead of the m<ml ~uaJ induc:tivc coup lln s bel _n the two t uned etrccns. The J -J pF' capadfo r s ho uld not be increased in val ue silll:C it provides lhe teQuinod 90" o ba se di fference be tween the t uned circutu. The =ond (quadrat ure) tunod cireu n is ~ist i vely centre-tapped. In h is p ro totype , 0 8DM N l1!ICiI t wo JrIOS-llil-pllir in tegnted c ircui ts tu ampliFy and limit t he i .f . input to the J'3;tio cktector; on a n & rllge l 44 Me ls f.m . li gllll.l th e a ud io ourput vc il a bout 20 mV r.m s. Alignment Is straishtfofW/lrd: tc ee TI fo r OUl'l imum d .c . pOlential a.crou the 22 ,, 1' e lcdrolyt ic C1PllcilOf usinS a clear med iunHlrenlPh si~l; then a~st 1'2 fo r eero d.c. voltage a l the o utput. A final " 1~1t ' On a WQl f.lII. signal i. advisab le. A P~oduct Datoaor--.altd M OSFEr. O:OInCll fro m a re view o f p rod uet detect o rs by G laus Sond hauss, DJ2L1, (ORV IlMam " rodlo, N o .8, 1972). ThIs a rticle in lome de tail Into the probloem of Intermod ulation HI this Sfo.ge. The suggested circu lI p rov ides &djuslmen t nf l>oth b ini a nd It3le two potential .

    Du.. -.,..t.

    Fill:. 144

    'OC'I

    r N)CUdiIWs , N o. U (I 9n ). .. The p rinc ipal sou.rce o f oOlloli_ Dearity in superheter od yne I1:CCIVC" II tile ml ~cr. A grw ,mpfOYrDlCnl ln teoeiver linea rity w uld be a chieved if mlx er lincarJ ty could be irnproved and arn pli llcation al slgnnl frequency omitted . , . the advent of l'ETs raised h lllh hopes; ho\VC\'Cr, a1lhouib good 1'I:Iul15ha ve been o btai nccf a t ...b .!. and u .h.f., FETs. operated M non-5witch lng mixers (i.e. in what a ro known as CNL or W DliOUO\lll non-linear modes ) ha ve not PftfOlTnod III well as we hooed a l h.f. . Better perlOl'1D&llCll bID bee n obta ined fr om clew:lopmcnts o f the s witching mixer. .. A commooly used switc hing mi~er ., tb e do ubleb.a.bnced diode ring; llI inS hot ea rr ler (SchottIo;;y) d iodes a nd O'ci l1ato r d rive of 1 volt e.m .f., th ird-ord cr ia te rmod ula tion prod ucb o f tw o Input signals a t levels o f 100 mV are typi call y 40dB bclQW th e level of the wa nted o utput li gnals wilh in ocrtioD 1 o f about 7dB. The Ievcl of IPs produced by a 011 swilChiD' mi~er depend, maJn ly on t he ctrCC1i V<:(1CSS of the swilchinll d emen t; idcaUy the switc b sbouI d change illlltllnlancously from ful1y-oo to fully lofT . , . lhe &reater the de~iH. t ion fro m this id eal c:oodilion lhe hlith er the level of IPs. Soa first Sle p in improvin, m ixer perfo rm ance il 10 e Dlure the tr.:I.Mitio ns fr o m 'on' to o lf ' ta ke p lace 13 q uick ly III po$<Ible . One WHy is t c d rive th e mi ~er with a SlIM! with vel)' fll.~1 ri. c and faU umes .. so me ClJlo!rimen ts haw: been < l1ll1.de uoing pair o f stcp-rceovery diodes co produc:e I JllU1lre- ve local OSCilla to r sigl1al . . . howe~er1 Rafuse has wa shown tha t betler Jlo!rF nnance can be obtalOC<l when usi nll o MOSF bT s as tbe switch ing cleme nts ." An ea rly reference to this a pp roac h i. t o be found in the paper by R. P. Raruse, ,. symmetric MO SFET. rnixen 01 high d ytlllmic ran KC " 1968 lnlem:l.tloo a l Solld-slate C imdU Conferenoe . This des cribes an experimental h .f. mlltC'rwilb l loS d yna m ic /lInll\l of 115d8 or rOllgbJy 40dB M l ltr tho

    A. E. J. Pouhoc:y of PIcs.'\Cy Radi o has.W'Ve)'Cd the problems or dynamic f'llDgC with ICmlco nduc l.. r 1'llCeiw:" and bow Ihe... aN cu rrenlly bein S tllCkled, JERE Con/nClKt

    RE CE I VER TOPI C S
    l OCOI o l Cll lo \ O/"

    us
    n , 2 ond 3 . r. !:lOon m to 2 00"" ," l 'O ntr"l u lon . ll n" bo lun I . on .to.m."

    2_3 Wetto

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    +n5V

    lJ1

    C OM L

    tu"" to JO MHl

    IR2,o

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    ' 1 141 .......I nd (0-$ ' 0 I t-t 1. H . ,.) HOSIET nd , wl.h hllh ~. ". '" .. ....nc.,: : ..dc.lb'" b.

    "

    a . lance net w.,...

    l3

    ..

    ,
    lhe mi ~er Ilrranllcmeul used in the R3 90 receiver, one of the bellI h.r. receivers ever ma de. At IOMe/s, the Rafuse mi. er (develcpcd a l MIT resea rch la bo ra to ries) co uld not be satura ted with the maximum ItVlli lable siWlUI power of + 12dBm, whereas a + l dnm . iWllll w... ono ul:h to Sll(Urate completely the R l 90 mi x.,... Tn it pructiCllIIl1T<Ull>""",nt, IU it fClIult o f reciprOCitt miJdn~ the local o scilla to r no ise convernon wa.~ the Iimitinll fa<:tor, giving an nvcrnll dynamic: ranJOof Itbout I lOdB. This atlowed llignllb of between ]0 lind lOO /,-V tn be =ivcl iu the pn::5CllCC of unwant ed aerial input sill:llills, onl y 10 k,,/s olf tunc, of 2 rolls. 11K: Rafuse mi~et (Ie<: Fig , 145) used four F airchild 2N4067 devices. Note ltv:. very high local osci llat or power of 2-3 WUI$_This type of mixer b used in the hi,hly...uccessrut Racal RA1 772 rtoeiver (u sin8 four BSV81 Swilchin, MOSFETs) to achieve 90dB dyna mic ra nll".

    Ed Oxley h as developed a v.h.f. wideband miller (~ to 250 Me1 u.'ling four Ull O devices; the basic coDfiguratioD is 5) given in Fig . 147. Detail!; Me given in a 16.p age SiIicolliI applica tion noto : Junction FIT~ in active d oub le- bala nced mixers (Siliconi~, 2201 La urelwood R oad , Sanla Clara, cenrorn!a, 9~5 4 , USA ).
    Int ef'mod..la t lon a nd Se""condlldon
    N<rn:mbc~, 1971 by Dr J. A. BellS and Dr D. R. Ebenezer disc:l= the i.m,

    A p aper in Prix: l EE , Vol. 120, No . I I ,

    characte ristics of a nwnber of devices used in single-slage r.f. a mp lifiers as pa rt of an investigatl oll int o "active .erial." t il be used nea r to t ra ns mill ers. A suo;c:ssion of sinllk- slllgt: amplific:rl millg <;:UI'Tetllly avail able low - and mediu m-power hipolal" tra.ll!iislon an d ""Ives were

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES

    bui ll wilh inpul Im pcda~ Ihl.t an: hi&h co mpa red with tile so urce imped lUlf:C o f the ~ko<1 m onopo le aer il l; these Were SUbjected to two-freq uen, y e~eitalioo wil h eae ll SOU """ developin& an inplll level o f I volt r.m.s . The res utw arc sbcwn in the la ble.
    fur .....-lous Illl1lle-stlllta ampl i fia~

    CI.eull eoonllgunl ti" n

    So urce fo llo_r : BFS21t Emiller fo llower : HfR lI> sou rce followe r: C P6 S1 Ca thode follower : It07 " mille r rollowei' : 2N4128

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    ed TIM onl}' Iwn aml?!it;,:rs thut eme.& fro m Ihi. CItremely ",vere IClt with llYIllS eo loo", we n: l he 1107 an d a mcmemiller v.h .f. power bi po lar lran,i, to r type 2N4 128, bot h b<':i ng de.~ ITl(lre co m monly essocuncd wilh Innsmi lletll th an ll<:nal p re-amplifier.;. In IlIllny item. un 6CITlirond"ctor rect'i""ro o{ wide d ynam ic I'IlflIlC _ bll>-e ~ t l"Cl>SC d lhe imporIa n.... u f th ird-order anll. o ther imermod ulatioll prooUICU (Lp .) dcwlope<l in tbe fW1l1 end . Two or Ih m: 'o'Ct)' sironil l iil1al. p asSIn& Ihrou ~h All amplifier can p roduce a Il l llC nu mller Of s pun",," I.p . SiSM" unless Ihe ampliller has impecca ble linearity.
    A.. G.C.eonlJ'oIIH Aulal A.u . """eon The s ubject or re.:eiver fro m -end perfomlal"lCC in th e p~nce of ' lro ng siilla l, 11 d iscussed by Tb Moliere. D L7A V. in C Q_D L (1'10 . 8. 1973). This includes a p ilHliodc a lle n uatur willi C<ln<lllnl impcdllJlct: (F'i," 14lI). apparent ly derived from ll. Hewlett Packa .d llppli",,,,,,, eote and u~ing IWO BA379 pi n diodes 10 provide up ta 40 to SOdD o r contro l workin, di .......ly fro m the re.:ei""r a .lI.e. line at lhe SO-obm '1 Inpu l impeda na: sock et o f IIIe r""ei~. Pi n diodes tend 10 be rather costly fo r h. r. applicallon s bUI the BA379 {rom Sie,,,,, n, o r Ihe Philips , ro up is r",""nab ly prkod . Fo r ~.h. f. Ipplielltions a di ffere nt tochn iqUCl lui, been dcicribed hy D. S, Wa lte rs and Pro f. W. G os ling OfSW1IrISC:t Uni ve"';ly : " H elical fdle'" wit h pin d iode Q-<;ontrol for pre-con vertc r a .g.e ." ( RaJio Rutl.r~11971 C:Dnfrunc:~ book ). The u,," u f a hish-Q tu ned tille r in front o( a v.h .f. rciver pnw idCll th e furt""r all.vanlMllC of a llen Wlt ing al l 001 of band , ;gna ls. $oc h l\lO th. - (rom local v.h.f.lf.m . brMdculinll or lelevlsiOfl o r v.h .r./mobi lc base slatio M. The rouroMCliun

    helical filter {Fi,. 149)pl'OVides a pa.. ..oand of about 2 Mel t 100 Mels. some SOliD a tten uatioo beyo nd Mbaul S Mel_ o ut -or-banll.. en d a con llolled nlnge or so me 40d B in the p assband . depend ing llpon the ee nu ot cunenl (fro m 0 10 . bo.lUI 400 pAl. The onginal dct.illll used rour pin dioGcs bu t u InS found 10 be betler 10 usc the diode. only On two octer

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    secti ons. 1bc published resuus ind icate tll3-1 inlcrm od "l atlOll p roducts producco.l by this filter are well oot' r 50dD do wn rel..uve III two r~lIell=ics SO kc /s ap <Ut centred Ql) 100 Mel.. Md ""' 100 K ....11 10 be R;llni6cant . The 'y" elll p ro vides 40dB Orll.lI;.l:. con tro l ranI" in fro nt or a v.h .f. con verter, (or oontrol e:utft'fllS me3.lured in mlcroampe.es. D avid Spau'l. Q 4AIL, writ es : ,. An lIt1eo uato r W"$ toquinxllol:fl lble .. ~iver fronHnd ba.'ICd on bipo la r dc viOl:!l 10 co pe wivh the 7 Me/s b>l.nd llher diIrk, and inspiration WlII [o und in IIIe Cacllin technique dc velop=d in Australi ... II ..... fell that ir ..,.; b an aUenUllto r coul d be controlled by ".I.e. ectfon ,at!w:r tha n the usc or a putent iometer. thi.\: mi gh t prove the answer. ~ To .tart with, the original idea was tesled ulin. two ferrite rinKS of 0-5 in. diameter (un known origi n). PrImary, secondary llIld \:OlIlral wIDdinp ~~ determined cx peri-

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    .bout J 10 5.5dB .w ina ove r 3 10 30 M cj l when used Wilh a SK ohm po t ,,,or,,,, I lle con l l'<ll wlndin, and well ml lcbtll.lnlo couial line.

    RECEIVER TOP'ICS
    .. It was then doddcd to try ulin, a pair of liny ferrite bwh (FX U U /, as used for doeouplina. i....lc.adof lbe larger rinp ; the resu ts were suoccu fuUy rq>eated. I I furthe r simplified by usioa only a single bead. as shown in Fill: . I SO. This broa dened the bandwidth 10 1l to 30 Mc/l and various types of FET were tried as a.g.e. COlllrol ck mc:ntl to Tefl lace Ihe m.o.nua] PIli . J unction-type FETs were found unsuitab le Jiooe they c:ond Ud p te 10 source when ~VSCl bil' sed . and 10 load the a ....e. liroc. A gate-protecled dual 'ante MOSF!: T. " type 40673. proved bel t, with a minimum channel resistance 70 ohms . This has the effect of red uci0ll: the muimum

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    atlenuation 10 about 22dfl, but Ihis ii lullkient 10 rNuoe inpul ~IlI&1 voltaac by II factor of 10. The threshold control can be a<ljwted so that the all enuator ' bitl:5 ' at lhe desirN sisual level. .. A word of warni n~ : do not encl<e the device it! a small melal sereenil11t can nnce thi. will ad u a sboned tum (;(lUp$e<j to the transformer and 10 increases irlSoel1ion loss. .. Under test a complele abK'DCC of wavdorm di.tortion was noted, certainl y not the CMO with a seri<:s-FET type of auenuator tried earlier. Results are l hown in Ta ble 3 for both forms of control and witb a con trol voltaac swina from + 2 to + S volts and sceeee blu sct at + 4'S volts."
    TA BLE 3
    Rewlb "ith Cachla ..ltenwllo. (A) Cc>nbvl~ by potenlknllele.-

    or

    lherefore USCI an alternative l)'Stem ...hich he says can. pro~ ide a contro lled attenuation up 10 SOdS \IIin8 a dmtl-aa lllil pO : see Fil' 1 ~1 (1)). hy usinl ""il t"""",, of lhe order of t 10 K ohms tIC altc:nualor has litt le effecl On circuit Q IUId the variation of presenled re:sistanc:e is limiled 10 a facto r of 2 : I (c.l- 10K. oluns with maximum at tenuatio n to SK ohms wiLh minimwn , " enuation). This idea certa inly look.l llke a userul improvemenl on lhe sin gle-trac k pot oontro1. The pu blication of 10lIl POIlOO 'S idea remin ded P. J. O ri" of pote ntiometer ar~ment that provides a true C'O nstan l impedanc:e: Fil . 131 (e), Thi. uses a th.......PIl& linetr potenliometer. While wc doubt if this would live .ny pnsdica.l improvemen t ..0 IIIl rf Iront-end .ttenua tor it might well be useful for ether pu rposes. V ..rlltor .mpr_ AGe P"'or~ In Elrt:rroniu (21 Ju ne. 1973) M . J . SalI'ati indicales that the addrtlon of a varh tor-tlllot II a resistor whose value falll oll rap idly wbc:o lhe volla;c .pplied ilCfo.q it inclIl5e:S_ 10 the a.a .c. cin:uilty of co mmunication. receiver can provi,Je II ii rnple bul elJeo:t iVC= mean, of i mpro~inl perfonn ant:e. Fi ll- 152 ' hows how this i1 used to provide II voltagedivider network made up p;u1ly of l tlxcd resistor and partly of the varill or cceeeeer betW-ll Ihe a .g.c. rectifier and the a.a.c...controlled r.r. IImpliflU atage. This mean. that the perco:ntaac of the a .a.c. voltaac th nt il app lied to Ihis stage will nry aooording to the level of thc control voltage. FlIT weak lianal, t he r.T. amplifier io virtually unatrected by the lI_ ac. uee. since the pcrecntagc llpplied. to this sla;c QUI be made ~ery low: hut as tile ll.l-C. \,ol rap ilKre.:lIeI and the effective ru istn!>C of the varillor deaeascI. much more of Ihe conlrol ~ol tllac will be applied to the staRO.

    FftqueIlCY Lon 18 Mcls 4dB 14 Mcls 3dB 30 Mcls 2dB (b) COIltrolh.t by dual-gnte FET Ilnxtue""y LlsI

    ttla", . a ltmlllltioa 6'dB

    3dB 30 Mel' ldS When Inscned in a Io..... imt>edancc aerial inpuI, Ihe roceivcr l?Crfonncd rnw; h better than expc:cted; 7 Mcls Wlll much qWe!er and clear of intcrmodo lation pr od ucts. Weak c.w. could ~ly be cop ied in th e p ps bctWQe n tile brol dca.~t signals. On 14 Me/11M device clcanod up-sideband .pl lt ler. n llte. lile I Wi lchina In a really good crystal tilter: ' Atranll..to , . f..r R_/Y~ ... The puril'! is unlikely to Ilpl""O"t' of lUI a tlenuator which docs not providc at all scltlngs I m.wnably eon.tanl impedance co tbe aerial and 10 the l'1XlCiver. T".. altema.tive. but o 1tl11quite simple, lIfI'i.llacmcnl. M ilt! been described recently in Eln trOllics Ausrral la. tan Popon, VK2AZN fT. belleva that the simple potentiometer bas tho disadv:ultap of leavinl th e U!\Cl" the problem of deciding " 'hether 10 conned thc roto r to the set OT to the aerial (be opts for conoecllo, the rotor to Iheaerial) Illd abo may result in a very nctkeable" hop 011 " effect. He

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    The " varistorizcd a.l.e. syslem I h~ provides the benefits of delayod a ,g.c. (or manoa lly ,witeh inll oll a ,l.e. on weak s.iJ!W . ) witb no abrupt discontinuilY In COntrol clIanIcIer. ill ia. Oearly the opera lion of the a)'item dellCOds on ensu. inll lhal t he resutence of the vari.tor ...ill drop to a suilably low fl(u re on ,tronlsipls so that most of lite L",C. volwge nppean across RI , while al tlle same time arranpna that the \flITiilor'l reslllllllCC is mill witIt weak aitpWi. Tbe resistance vnluel of Ihe varistor aDd RI arc selected so Ihat t he varisto r is about half the value of RI when the a.a.e. voltage i. a l mulmwn. Tbe actual values depend on th e . ignlll le~el. available at lhe a.a .e. reaifier. In aeneral, it i. statod, R I will be about 2M ohms for valve ro.:elvc~ and . bout l OOK. ohms fOt scmlconductor l'1XlCivers. Since tile time constant of the '.I-C. Oller formed by the vari3tor. RI wilh silCflOl1 level, Ihe value of Cl hll3 to be aod CI chosen for nate nIterinl or mod ulation veneuons wilen the ~oco 0 t he varistor il half the value of RI .

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    AMATU Ii R RADIO TE CHNIQUE5

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    II is claimed tha i "~I\ included in all the controlled slaps (al ong with the T a mp lifier stl llC) o f II. IICmlco nduclor .r. receiver tile technique can imp ro ve rou: iver sens itivit)' by 3d K, hal ve tbe dllCibcl chanjle in receiver out pu t for. given c~ in input lcvd , and illCrease the: n:o;eiver's absolute
    outp UI \eYel b y 8 10 12o:I B.

    V..-urtl le Admo Fille r Des Shc'pher d, G 3LCS, adapted the ideM UM:d in tbe Deckman liclipol Mode l 881 un ivcn.lll lIctiYe filter to p rovide a .. sUl"JTb " c_w. liller, using sta ndard 741 L . o pera.e lio na l lllllp hficn and cce vemlcna t co mponents instea d o f the ra the r speciall;1l mvone nts of lhe Hc:cknwn fillet. H._.I . Pieuch, DJ 6HP , provid<:s in CQ-DL ("'eb n"" y , 1914) r.dl details of an acti"" filter alool ~icaIly similar lines bu t with Ih e ad dilio n of 11 notch faci lily and eeelinuo",ly varia ble frequency and facto . : Fi ll, U 3. Th is venalil" filler QUI be l uned nver 450 to 2700 cis and t ill: Q varied o ver II raoge of S to I withou t affectin g the resona r u rrcquel"lC)'. Th is Iype of Ind uct o r-less lllier is no t o nly useful 10 c.w. o:nt hu., ia.~1 b ut, with it.. no tch mode , also 10 ph o[J<;: Opelll tors. It will cope wilh inoomioz: signals up to llboul 4 ,"Ola , lTlWtimu m inpul iml'\ldance o f 20K ohlm and o utpu t Imped ance it abo ut 500 oh m.

    No l R.......:tJon o n C.W. VariowI thn i<jues ca n be used to prccess c.w . , ian als in the llUdio stal es o f a m::ei\'ef 10 c1""n them up and reduce \be effeo. b of no ise:, both . p ik.y impu loc noise and ~ back.arou nd hi.. an d hum, etc. Ampl itude limitin/ _ usua lfy rock-to-back d ilcs-i. e lTf'Ctlve in gr:t1inll rid 0 tpiltes of noise: tho: ~known Ihreshold p l iog cnu 0111 the fuzz of sigooh ~Iow the level o f the wanted signa l. A number of lll1iclc$ on vario us fOl1l1$ of th reshold gatitli combi ned wIth ampl itudc limitini a nd filterinlJ bave beat written by Joh n J. Duda. W2ELV I Ullm RlJdIo, January , 1972 ; Ma y. 1912 and September, 1973). Fi ll. 1S4 tJ!OMi a

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    thresho ld.ple and energy-gllil limiter ci rcuit wilh pos t-flte liItl'l"inl ' u*rII the emitter ba. .., j unction o f ~lurn . transistors (e.l!. 2N 414) to p rovide .uitable d iodes. An ot hl!r version of t his approac b turn . up in tbe Swodi\h QTe journ a l (No . 2, 1913) by o er en Nib w n, S M1AYB, incl udinc fa.cillti~ t o switctl it in o r o ul of cil'CUlt: Fig. U S. Mo rt oomplcx syslems, includ~ for I:UQIplc, tho UIO in caICaOecf teW ral thte$ boId p te Hnute11 with Cr1ern p ting am plitude limi teR , can be b uilt . With a two-stllge a rn.nae me nt , W2 HLV c laims that a1mosI ccwnplde immunity eIIn be achieved from the sideband melJ)" o f m091 phone and broadcas t signa ;'. This mea ns , for example, tltat he ca.n tune thro ugh the broadClllt section cr lhe 1 M e/I band an d redllCe these slgnab \.0 ..mes of canien each oocu p yin& o nly a bou t 200 cit of spectrum, leavint P ili in wltlch cw ope rallon is feas ible.

    IU CIV1t TOPICS

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    LAI1, ..4 LA4H K.

    fir. lU, D...ll. of .h ~dl o . lIl d. ...' ...d In Am ." IIodlo b.

    Ac1in C.W. FIINr A ~rsa t ilc filtcr bas been described (Fi& . J5J) but 1l00d resulu can also be achieve<! , If With Icss tlcxJblllt)', wltb limplitlcd forms of mil t)'pe of hlter . One, usin, only t wo re. up-amps, Insread or roc-, hu been dC bed by LA 21J and 5Cl"i LA4HK in A malO, Radla (N r 11, 1974) : Fill. 156. Su itllble de'lioes indude the vur;u w; 741. 748 o r lOl A ..,ries. The fi,.,. 1 l Loge i. fi ~ luned with a reson ance determinc<l (in p art ) by lhe: value of R2: the cqu i~a len t ~ i"wr in the !UlOOnd sialIC is I p~...:t t)'pe: which ean be adj uste,t to eXllctly the ".me I'C!IOna nt froque ncy as lhe first IllIge o r IUcrnalively ~lillht ly olf-sct to pro vide. double.b umped bandpa$S chanoCfeti~lic. ln the 1i!'!1 Iodilion the tiltcr provides I bandwidth of o nly l boul SO liz III - 6dB or about 640 Hz al -5OdB; when offtuned lhe errecuve ban dp ll.~ call be il\C1"e;l!otd to aboul 200 fu (l5SO Hz III - SOdD). W ilh the co mponen t valllC1 indicated lhe reliOOlwt fn:q uenL . hould be abo lll 8110 Hz.. ")' lbere are acouple o r poin t, tha t alwayt need to be ~ reMCI1 wbt:n d~i n ll lbc \I>C of ..dio filten; ror c, ... . receplion : full protee:tion a~;""t ~trong jnterferin, . i pt, ...iII not be achieved if the filter com es .fter o ne or mo re non- linear ~tallC5 : some of the lldvantaSCI ...ill have al,.,.,d y been ~icvcd by using the l'ery e1fCd ive bo ill -in ICloctive j;lten o r the car ; and finall y lhere is the I'Cr)' important req uireme nt thaI the wan ted r.i lllll i docs OOt d rift n ibl OUt or tbe PII$SbaDd d urin&" own " due to d rift in the lronsmil ter o r tbe local recci~"r. A pas.sbarwJ or on ly SO HJ. pves tbe II$Cr II IlC'N coooeption of the need ror h igh o rden of rmjueocy w bilil)' . md lit the present o n the Il.r. ha nds .boY(! abool 14 MH z In 0\'CnI1l oond width of 100 to 200 Ht is a bo lll the limit unlesl high-sta bility eq uip ment is bein. used IS bo th ends.
    R......... '.M.D "" CrJ''''' Fm.n f'ctcr Eo OuI d wick. (J3 RZP. poi nls oUl lba tl~ dllya it is fairly easy 1 aclIieve the IOn or inlerm odulallon dislon ion 0 (i.m..d.)perfOMWlOll you ...an l-"n/II , ..." Qt1J If cr' S/Illfil/rr. He wrilCll: .. We all lit e 1 Ihink thai quanz crysl al ll1ten 0

    in~ po int of + l5 to + 11k1 Dm. Tuminl il round will often . rlo:t the inlem:pl poin l. The i.m.d . prolhx.1s in the pIOw.and Ire more of I problem than th~ rcmo~ed by 10 0120 kH z. Abouf l5 1 IlidUrn is typical rot a 9 M Hu .s.b. 0 fillel at lilis spacin . ~ Tbis means W I u is D 1 Ol 00 difficult for II designer to cod up wilb the lillen (nlll>cr t ban the: mixer ot t. r. slaBC) prOVin,1 limiti na Iactor fo r tbc over all i.m .d . pe rfo rmance. A ,oad q ualit y Schotlky-diode mixct l uch al lba t in F ig. I S' am , wilh + 27dD, of O!ICil1ato r "rive, provide a +37d Um

    a re p1Lv.ivc, linea r. reci pru<;al. I"'o- porl network s. I n practil:c ltley are 1'NO-llIIfI llnd pa..ive; bot Ihey Dre rar rrom linear o r reciprOQOI ~ Typil;ally an b.r. s.s.b, CTY'tal lilter ... ill llave an

    ,..
    " . ....,

    AHA T I!UIl RADiO TIECHNIQU I ,

    ---~----

    :J
    I

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    _

    . . . - . eo .. _ 10 ' lIUUf" G I C "I'OUI .." , - - " _

    .... . l U ' U: P

    ' - u . _ a..-..L.-f_ _ ...... - . . _ _ 11' _ fernatj lt CHOt _ 1 .-. n.o _


    t;..., _ _ ..

    _._.r+.t..

    Io(" al

    + f7dem 5Q.Q o '''"I, lor


    ..... ... ""_.,. . ......
    I _

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    "'0

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    Uoriol ... ... _ _ f lo ool _ 1,.... _ . I _ U ... .. _ ...

    ~ ",

    thi rtl or der in~lf intercerol poi n t. Ev= . dual-pll MOST'F.l miur I I-i. , I ,~) ell" Iie ,bout + 2'd llm inlClUpI bu t i n )' ......'l:l'db lc 1IJ amplitwe moduluion n orse on the 0 1111'''1 of the 1 0Cll1 oscillillor . -, h QID my llwn u perif:rn:c J would "',;n mmc:nd I lownoise bipolar ITM M j' lo r of the type tlc vdnpc:d for C A TV (wlre-II" ,. ;""' i",,, tclcvlslon sy'le""') " " lin fl . nmplilier : such II ' the 2N' I09 or BFWI7 or nrw 17A. If thll i. run wilh "hI'U I 20 mA collecto r current, with MID\O UIl-bYPlU-ed fl11lllcr ru i. l. oce II.OOul 12 Olm,.) you QlD p:!.dequa lc ll" in lo .lIow you 10 UM a Sch"llk y-di od ll mixllr, 101 in Fi ll. 1'9 . . ..or hi.h-pIlrfonna.- m:eivers ODe 0( the mm.l impol. U1nl potn t. afl er i,m _ . it the: question o r tfCi....oca l mnin. d due 10 ,*,11",.....dctwmd noise. and hc thc m nd I~ rrrq~ .ynlhell1rrs e ees nOI heIr . I ~,'C heard one dil.illu~ <kvdopcr re jer 10 ,;ynthcliz>:r as ' . ~Ill)' po.,.. 'Criul madlinc : prodlla'S all rlaluc ~1Q . , Icnt cece, and ~lly I'IlOU lIwl Iw~muIUI.neOWJy. Sol ror me . the pha-e.lod .ed loop i!. h ated wit h iCItlt -JllCion ;and I _ k from lhei r ~h.....,.1ct the 'I!IS-rs to ......-.d uuNlOOt , ldllU l !wi. pbz>c noOse. eeee noo.. CIl:Ilnparisoa rt'Cq\lUlC)' ~d l",d nd the like! ~ oee linal point I would . tress-do ""'" he SO earrie;1 .....y by 1M br .... l1bo.nd . ~I'JI ... ' 0 010 Wllhout l iJRal 1iI1cl'ln,1I1 r ,f. td'orc lhe miter. Some alcua.tioonf; by one

    firm indicucd II"u a t1'lom bic poi ntinl towa rds [ u ' ''PC could p. ovioJc I ""'If out pul dur"'l th e oilthl ! Th ai lIllure co mes from l ummm. all t.... 8lronll signals from l 10 30 MIll. Twu or more tuned , i!l"al Irequency r i....:uib arc slill a good kk:lI. r Ul rome sdcct i~lty in fro nt u f Fia . 1 ~9 ... Part o f the problem with cl'}'lla l lille ", is the ferrilC=; lnCd in !be trans(orn",", o f ha lflall icc filtc"'.
    Ittr...."....,""'tlon of Tr .....

    "*"'......"'" Re<:e l......

    t\'erun&- U at t he iow.(requcncy end th e lill ie P01,lpt or e.w. u.o.tiom ""lla oUy w()rlin& bctYo'ccn the broIldcllst intnlden can be docmlly -.orlll4 o ut , 111m I lmOIl CC1'tain ly the ~ hu TUlONI b ly JOOd ClosHllOduia tiool lnd intennodulal ioll clu.r..etcrishCS. On tile otoo band. if. u unfortunately is rreq uentlJ the Q>C. it en SOUDdI I honiblc II'1C5S then . first n:sort may he 10 If)" .unple , .r. atlcD ... tOl' dira:11y I ' till a erial 10 tIle ~. III C DL. and later N'J'Ubiithcd ill OlJ M .... f'Oo. 9. I"~. Imul Sdunuec:l.... DK 'M L. has prcscolll4 a conIpo'iite diaV*1tl bPod on clctaikd in tcnnodulal_ muwn,mCIIII or IU. lra"'.tn Whid\ ""'"' IUb;ccl:ed 10 ..-ide 1UI1l1 01 inputt at " 2 and 1.'l307 MHz : see Fia. 160.

    Pa-h l~ the bcot.... y 0( aiIeSo.. ina the Pl llCI icIl per fo rm ance of ~y ama leur 1'CI;Cter .. 10 tl)' it Out on' MHz in the early

    inEt

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    .. lnp u.

    !SI.llSCCiveu eveR higber va lue resis lon; 1II'lI': wed, 11 00 1t_I.C. iI applied 10 ella rp-cu lolf va l\es , uch lD the 6AU6.

    m~n l has a sr i<! return resil.lallCe via the . &,C: m uil which . is relatively hia;h. Rct.lu<:inl Ih is resistanoe ma y IIlllkc the e/Tect of lI.rid C urrCllI less important and thus Improve t.m.d . caused b~ non_lilll:ac o pcl'lltion _ In !>Orne of the eompany'l

    bl;sl solut ion would be 10 change this valve for II The input levels ar c im!iCll lc:l.1 On the hor iwlIIlll uit and the vertical axis shows the inlcrmoou lalion products in terms of 61156, 6BZ6 or EF89, b UI il i.o much easier to use a 61lA6 docibe15 difference (the gn:lItcf the <lilTe""noe the more liou r which can be d irectly substituted as it has Ihe sam e base t;(Innedions as the 6AU 6. the Iystc m). Also on this topic, Jan Martin N~in&. LA8AK (nSt.ar,hl (R.,.en .ra~'veJ Reee'verr G~B FV), nolC!l thai the a .g.e. <:ireuit in sorre Heath etltl i~
    Ma ny o ld -time ama teu rs mad e Iheir first nx contacts by means of simple o.v . \ receivers , and mOR: rocenlly illookcd IU thoUIIl we mig ht he Il:lur n ing 10 such simplicity la nd low cos ts) h~ means o f direct-co nversion designs. However, many modern dlrcct-converslcn (lesigns, though less co mplell
    ~

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    AMATEUR ItADIO TECHNIQU ES


    \V 1i" long uWmal",," .Le, MPFI05

    than D good . uperJld , are lendiD to use more com porcnt.s ll. lind 1 :pre<cnl a hJghcr st..ndard of co nstruct ion .h a r. l he 0 c1a-,,-, ical ,caener.ll ;ve d CICl:ln r upproocil. 1'", both .. 11. lInd C.W. TC<:CI' II" " lhc " ' traill hl" ",!'lH.'n ' . live rece.ver can pro... ide quite ~ 1 , 11 ~(3 n,,,...j of perform" a.....,., II I far lo....er " "'. lh., ,, (a.:lo ry_built <;()fIlItlunil:atiOllS rccci,c,"" F i~ . 1M 1m! l li2 Jhow rcp resentll ivc dc.i ll'" fo r scmiwnd"c' lOr~ ~nd vulves. f ig. l ui hy Y. Anatole, FSGY. ll>es two ,j"" I-iMC MOSH :'T. as d . Kmrli !ieT. K(p:nen li\'C detect o r fo lio ".,.) l'l' a n a .r. a mp lifier ""'"' lWO IiCl 09C b ir.olar tr:L n, i, Wrs . It hil S II total br utcry 1:<lll'. lII11pt;QIl or moly a bout (, m A yl;t pro vide, ",,, p ic a UIl'u l fo r hoead pil' " '''' """'rtion. II hilS hn dcs iIlOO<l .., a ' Inglehand na iver for 14 \0 14 Z MH z ~ ptjo n bu t it wo uld be ['I.", il1l " 10 usc pl " ~-,, , cous for (jIlT~'e,, 1 b~I"" (thu u!:h ~oib ~hnu ld be = Ol'f><'d to prevent .illna ls k:.ll< inll f';U1 ll~ w nd Pl'''' inp ul crrcuuj. A hhough 01 usn a. th= -ga nll luni ng ulIOC"ito r neree 12 r f = Iion, ) then: should be litt le d illleulry in a lignmen l If , lUll-lUlled imJI.I<; IOI1i a re ,, ';Cd; the re arc eo i,f. " ..'.. f"rn.,;I ~ '" Q"C,nillo< Ir.~ k; lIlil l o ""01"f1 .. I>oul. ~ co il lap n:plC5Cn" a l>oul one-quarte r the tu rn! fwm Ihe earl hy e nd . F;Il, 162 i. t ~ ( irc uit amm ~'nen t ulC<l by a [lule h rrulllufa...1 urc r fQf the Ra d io Kolor Mo.J<: l IV hu t il ca n 'l u il~ easily be b nil l III ho me. 11 '1<"" lwo Iwilll ri" d e valves, OIlC H' iI COl:ICode-Iy~ rege ncrH ive c ircu it; lhe ot her ll.\ a t""<Mln,," a.f, a lllplitie r. Oe nco C I' (va he In "' ) cn ils may be u",d wilh the windiolil b<; lwcen pin, J and 4 II' a elllllio UBlioo of Ihe m a in luned coil. T hi, lo"'ers lbe frcq"e nq ra nf,C o f t!le coi l a li llie. If thi. i1 tho ullht j"",.:jvisable Ih""" c" ili Cltll ..I!I() be coIll'leClCd with pIa 3 of VI connectcd 10 No.4 "f u wll wilh No. 3 of th e co il connected to ear th. It ;. a l"" plffiiblc by c Of1 ne<:lin ll pio 9 o f Inc coil to "",rl h 10 eon ...... '1Il aeria l IQ p in I M I. ' "" ual " Ilh these coil. Uo"' evrr B' . hnwn the in put , ire uil etTr<; t,,. ly fo rOlI a eupa, it ive_inp ut poten l~llllelcr. Scle,a l <:"II. lrll<:l" n. kave reported good perfonn~ no: " n bolh l.... b. " ..... c.w. silJ.lla b wil.1 11m slm ple r.,..'Ci~e r.
    $.$.8. will. no B.F.O . F" r ~.s. b. lind c.w. re<:eption on rtte il-ers n ot ha..ing a

    "

    C1_ lil p . llw em k:a C2_3 - v..... ",ldQll:n a Nab"

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    .C3.27p sllvt e mlca


    T , ~ ..I

    -...d Oll

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    1- . . _III

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    1 .,.... . . . .~ f , ~.n <y a . to 1.. , _ I<u 1 ' -Ilty. T IHo , MH 11 . ._

    va "

    I, w

    v."d ~ lIluo-tlJl\Cd l orrMf" t . . . .. , ....... . ol io , <lon I..,. ...1>- <. 'll.n on


    ~

    b.

    14 .. d I I MH o. I. . .... 1 . ' r . &abl. _; 11. _ "'Ido .. f <10 1 . ..,l. "'" . .\ to 10 o 1 _ <Ita ' IH. ,'. '" I . 1' ..1 1" . 1 i , h 1

    ~;"i':~:!:.. ..r=:I~."':.I~::.h:"~~\~,:::~~~' ~: '.:'~:':,' '":.~

    ca. loa ~ an .1. In,..

    ""'.Icotl_.... ..

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    It is U..... lly mllCh easier 10 bu ild all exlern .. 1 . f.o . ", Id .

    gc.noJ liab ility a nd ea'l)' tuning than 10 imp ro ve the h-r. o, d llalor an d luni"lil nrr allllements of the maio receive r. You m lY be Ju rp ri...u I I lhe retu l l~ lha l a re "",,~ blt: 01 rcce i\<::f1
    ftC'I"C. int e nded for

    e.s.b.

    """, ihlr at ,-IlInal j'N/II'nry a, we I a. by O mo re u. ua l Lf. 'e b.r.o . Th;" Cd n be pro~Kkd by i . ma ll e~l"ml l oscillat or wilh ltnod ban ili.Pt\'ad IJn inl(. an " c ces no t r"q ~l i re ariy mooutce TIon '" wireu ( u uphnl]. 1 Ihr hl'oa dcast r<:<:e;ver. I n Ihe-e 0 d ay'S "I Il"" d H ,T oscillat,-",> it is ~ d ifficull I" ri, u p II sn", l1 l" ""ble ,l!o<::i llalo r w,lh it, "wn 9'''011 hillery. II need only be p!;we,l "i lh ill a few rccl "f the ,occlver ; o ren the ha rm o nics provide . uflic ient inject ion to rhm ina te the need Io r baads wil" hing. TIle ma in =aV<:r is IJne4 10 ma umum ., mon ~CY-l: ha llCT " " "d theu Ibe . pca:h resolved by Cilrefully lu nll l' the externa l """ iltolN , Wilh Ihis lechn ique. the . Ia b lilly of Ih~ roo:i Y<:r:~ Ioc.al os.:i1llilo r lS fllr ~ ~it ica l IITo'n ...hen a n d . b.f.o . I. u,;ed, srnce mO<lcrllle d n fl will no t a fftt l , r..:e pUnn ude lhe , ilO""l ellilh , il'ht " .. I (o f the p" " w nd , Carner re-in sertion III oigna l fl'<:q U<:t>Cy "'a l quile I-"'O I' ul1l ' in the earfv da >-s of a ""' lcu r s.s ,b. lho ugh il is seldOOl m<:n h ,," w lod a y. Almost a ny . la Me v.r.O.-IyT'C o scillator is suita ble: Ihe one , h owll in H il. 16.1 "'''''''' rrom an ar1 id~ " Si... 1e sitke....d 0 ... . U~ alj- wave ra diQ" lly R. E. Baird, W7CSD (7] , """,z;"', " Ap , il. 1970 l W1CSn re pott ed Iha l, u!,nl\ thi s a ppr nach, ""tl~ pf the bctrcr" all-wa..e " po rla ble ru.""iw rs ga~ res ull' II()<)<./ el'lOOl1' rcr fe ril,u, a mi leur re<:q>ti<>n. Once: , ,, u gel ",."j 10 Ihe ""o-k...o h h m" ,*, l<'C h nlq,,! , . 1 ~nal- frCQucnc y mir<; l ~," can 0'11 '0 pro vide .e ~cel l ~n l s.s.b. = rlion o n ma ny "I lhr oMer h.f. communlc..li" " ,, receive-s where o.cilla to r d rift nr in"uIT..:itn l b.r.o. i~ja:li"n woul d (lthe. ", tle ma r m u lll , Such receiver s shou ld te u,cd wilh the e.r.o. s witched

    r.o.. il i~ we ll wo rth rr mr mbe rillj lha t ca.rier n: -in. ertio ll i.

    off.

    l o w-eo n H.F. Co n..., II ' A N..... Zea l, nd "' Ie rocr. G l ry Molrs, Z l2 115. has la ke n lit< desilln o r u 1 ~ 62 ..a lve h ,f, "onvt rler a nd ada pled it. a~ ,i'~ l'ly and "' d iroclly a. I'o u iblc. for F ET Jenliconduclors. ~ Il J ha s rc-desil].lI:lled il ",, " Th e h.f. J"}lishoo 1:ftTI " : t' 11l. 1M . lie ha. n,ade ~ o ullem pl In re-optlmize C lpo ncn l 1H1 values a nd ha~ fo llowed Ihe orittina l a ,rBllgeme n l, e~eel'l for so-ne rej igginll of Ihe mi...., 51<18'" to , h.lnat il from a pentad" valve 1 a 401122 d ""l '~a le MO St' I:T . Like th e ori l inal . lhere 0 Can he " prohl ~m of breakt hro ugh o r W n ni ~., MHL.I I!\IlU I . lhl1"l/h lhi s Can be Qverc",nc by u. ing 1\ IXIsslY<: ~n d lXl s1 si ~n.l _frcq uc'";y switc hed 1lI1 cr suc h lIS Iha l ", ,, lrnc<:l In "'~ . 165. Th e UUil II hn u .~d in on o ld IcHi n wit h Ihe <:.y'I~1 os: ilh"" r 1" ill " W it ",,'n ;.h ick1<:d cO"'J"'r1""'" I. M..., " f , Iw com po ncrllS I re moun to;d o n Ve~"l , lind lite co ils mouo loo on ' he h" ndc hangr 5wilCh. hUI layout i, not Cri tica l. In scll in.. up. the Ii..t tas k is ' 0 en'\U n: lhat Ihe cr}"l'lal i. r~nc li" n i" l\ <o .,."" ,ly " n J'5 M Ill (for 1 M i ll bandj, 105 MH z \ fllc 14 MH t rn.nd l and 115 Ml ll (fo r 21 Mllz ba m!), a nd th is can be d " "" by usinll l & .o . II, a n .d a hsorp lio n 11....1'1 ", h ile oJj ust inl': Ihe slUll co ..... lI a..ing "" I"" th ree o<;<;lIla lo r C""'" , sw ileh 1<> 7 MHl nnd adj u, 1 L l fur "" w rag<' "r 1 1<> 1 ~ MH Lwith the " I'.f. mrc ' ro nlro l, th is lime usi lll]. lh; lild .o It ~ ,d ,o. N<:.t .,, 'iICh ' 0 l '} M l iz a nd. if no....ssa .y. alte r the Iue of C I hy . "hsl iluli" n '" para lleliltg addil io nul ca pad l. n,." unlil 3'! 1 4 M Hl. ca n he p aked 0 e h~ lit" r.f . Iurc co ol roL SWi lCh 10 14 M I [z a nd a dj uSl l 2 for 14 1<> 14 S M l lt l.Ovcf1'l ge, i1nd Jimila rly a djusl U fllf 21 1 ' 0 21.~ M ll z COl" .. .ge whc: " s wuc ncc 10 tne 2 1 MH ~ hilnd. . (i1l'Y Mo l... ruu nd a pre"d cclOr fI!ler (I'il' 1M ) n...:e.sa ry " !len USillS a 1:" ,><1 ant enn~ , a,><I h lS ..... h ui llKlIIIl a couple d to m id. a'" a d uaH ta ' ll \;'IP'lc ilo<. A. Ihis ws ur i, in3l1y dc.dn ped for a no lhe. ap plication il muy l.'(l Ihal H roth er s'm l,ler It i ~h' p a ~ ~ nllrl ,...", Id . .. niac, II il perfla ps ",,,rth llQlinlll ha l l hc romh i031icn of .. hip 5iabilily conve ner a mi lD: MOSH iT s. s.h. a.la pIo' d """ ibrd belo w a rc 1"~~l he , 'a pable " f e l1 ec lively u,.. ..rad inll n ne of I])C o ldc r h ,f , rece iveI'!. pro vid inG the iIl rt of ""rfOfma n<."" for

    """ill.,.".

    R EC EIVER TOPI C S
    , ;, . , ..,.,..
    ,16.
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    pa" l<u'" n"

    00". "

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    " d d ....II. " I , h' .

    n.'.....

    '~~7"=(;C .....,. , J'

    b. G.., H"I ,

    which one ha< In plly II lidy LIlL dnys for n new h.f. "lC receiver. f or urenrcr d yn ll",i ~ " ,n l/.C Q ,Ii()(\c-q"nd <1oulll ,.

    ,,,;1\

    mixer could lie ",cd. Dick Rollcma. PAOSF, wril"" : I can ~" n nnll lha l .1 i. r",,~ible 10 "I~m l e a slIita llle 3 ' ~ M U I. . ryslal Oil ill seve" ll, nvencne. Since 1% 1 I nave lI ~ed :1 _" nverler for II,e 2810 18 Mil l 1 "",,1s wllh my tunable 3'~-4'5 Mil l receive,. u,inl/. a . inl/.le cry,lu l for l he band1 28 to 7 MI lL. " The ct-cun I 1I.' e i, Ihe Dutler a rrR n ~eme nl (.h,,,, ,, in Fil/.. 166). Ori l:inully Ihe eryslal was ordered 'l'C'Cifyinl lllu, il Yla~ rcqllin:d r" r overlon" ope mnon o n 105. 17 and 24 '~ MHllln ,I ;1 re",lily n<cillnlCS a~ i,llcn"lcoJ . " In t ile 28 MH1 owill;II."o. ili" n the I lug in L is ~ <Ij"'l e<l . unlil the o"Cilll.lnr " " rio reliabl y o n lhe scvcnlh o verln"". lhe co il rcsonalinll 01' 245 Mil l ..... ilho ul nny cdd ilion,,1 capacitance IIp'''' r",m the 'lnl)'. of wiring lind Y atve. Tile 17-5 and J(l'5 MH1 rgon~ n """ ~ rc elft>l: IC by ndjusli ng llle . d lrimmers in th e app ropriale sw i l ~h l"'>Sillon ~ , I ,10 nOI ,,' e

    b~lanccd

    .1 MHll he

    dClCS have lhe disndvnnla ge IhRI lhc ~"iver lun", backward s onthls ban d (i ,e. Innes J5 In J'4 M Utl" rei vc 7-() to 7' 1 Mli z). However, lllis was ntll c"n, ide",.t a ",ri",,; drawbad . as lhe dial is cal ibr:l1eO SC...., TRlcly r" r each ,," nd . 11 ~ houl d also oe cl'pred:lIcO that a single C11 li bo<li~", ror 3 ' ~ In 36 Mll z will not hnld lI-DOd fnr ~ Il bands .i nce llle n vcrl" nc r~ lICnC~ or a erysla l are not exact m ulliplcs or ,h e r Un "~ tllCnla l rn'ilue ,>cy : t he difference ca n aITKtllnl 1 st'\'cral 0 kiloh ert l on Ihe hilj1t er overtones . Th is is due 10 lho: rad 1....1 t llc o""rlo".". an: nol elIn.:a l harmonics bu t ove rtones or 3 mf'Clt"nl"" l vibfation:'

    (" Tl (ta mC Tl , ~ 1 .1 ~ M il l. f, "'l"c ocy , For Mil l iTlJccllo" In'QuCncy is used . as r", 14 MHz . Th is avoids any slm ng lIirdie nn 7 M ill. ahhough II

    lhe os.::illa h>r nTl Ihc


    10 ~

    ,.
    12A ., 7

    Il CCIl2 1

    ",

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    Hum.. n E", ;"u,i"r Ree.;..., Ho w Iilood it lhe prcS<:lt l 8Ooc", Iion o;of rommunica t io;on 1Clvt n '! li as a ll the impol1a nl innovat ive ",uri; no w been done ? A re "''0 in danger of slavishly follo"ina: fashionable In:tllh 1 Are Ihe " roreu iol1J I dai,n en,inecrs really aware of w...., lhe atnalcur wants, or have they I l1ll1ed playin, lhe " umhera ",me " r seekinJ 10 improve 00 t he" l pecirrc:al,on " or eom""lihve models regard less of ..... helhl'. the figures mean unythint/ in " racli<:e ? SlIc h t hl", ghl$ ure da n~",rous . T hey make us look <:. ilK:ally lO l ollr current rueivo:rs. In QST (Ja nllllf)'. 111711, 1'f'21-$1 . Jay Ii. R"" rove. W IVD, " """,nlS a hilj1tly subversive v~ (" HulTllll n enginecrinIJ lhe slulion ruei""r " ) On 5Omc: ofle""" n<'l lo; loo aspco:IS or ruei"". ""rfonnar",;c pnd desIgn. ca lculat oo 10 dis""l any om"l I.Pli..,(l<' lion wilh rent He gives fUll <:rcol il 10 the eareful a ll""Iion 11"'11 tIM Ixcn , iven du rlnll- lhe pall dcatle 10 improving fronl-cnd daian. .solld'1-1alt ruei"",., 81<' u ailabl<: lotlar wilh a dyn am ic ranllC of over Wd K and Qlf'lIhle or cop ,ng ee<'l ively wilh t he sill-nail lhal come I" .';n,l off gootl anlennas . We accept (even If we can not always .If..".d Ihem) t hat lhe hcsl dC'lilln5 are likely 10 uSC h 'lI- h Ie ~ I . <Ioublyblllant:l:d m i~...rs.

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    A M AT EUR R A DI O

    T E C H N I Q UES

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    ' 1""'1.ally loca ! <w:itlnIOI''i artd have " r" I'<" l>" il1 dis'ri bu lio n, ", ilh an e ~edlen l e l'}'~t al Iille r nul far II" wn Ille cha in. Hil i W1\'1) notes nnu " U nfOrlullat d y IlltKh "f the wor k end . wi lh (he e ireu ill'y jll' ( ahea d llf Ihe Lf. fille.: ' He b<:1 i<:...... Ihal. in eO~lll l'n ( i Il8 SO ,uu~h " n t he fron t-end , d~si ltners have 1 1V1 'orrie.:! eno ugh abou l w ha t h" ppoe lU 10 the . i ~I13 1 in the s tng,," Ihnl n~tll" lI y prt>tlu~e th e so u nd 0 ' . I'r o "id_" Ihe lUli" I h~lt ,~,,,I. '" Ih!' ,.,.. .s ihle. " n uUp" Il;, nl 1 ''' 11 " Ihe u,,""" a,"!ell I" Ihe fille ted S I~Il" 1 " hy a se rk \ "f t el" . i. d y .. iJeban d . hilh-ga; n i.f . ~t~ g. unl "_ .... ;"IO' he, ",,,,ww. b,,ntl r,h e. " In", r1..u " hc. J " f the detec tor. T his dou ble lilie r t""h nio.l ue {i.e. ro"tin,l. flile r (1",1 i .<.II. liller) is ,,iddy u,eu in I' n , f"",iull nl r""e" " rs hut c:m be e,pen,ivc_This . h" .. <vcl', " ..... itk, It rcw" r,ling <;>pport u,,,i(y of d ,. willl.! un Ih" l",v """ ,1 er)'~ 1 la. lLler filter.. E\t' n qUI~" a ..,,,-.I .inlle m'C may I>e defl~len l ,n p ro vld mil ~ Il t1 o:,e,, ( r uhi ma le ",jo:<: liun . a nd Ih" ." ,n he: ,,~<:fl:(lmc by uSlIlg ' wu ",,,,,ra te tiller<. . W IVO " ,,,, ~a,I ... .. " itiea l e ye "n :t,g ,e, '~I Ctns. c nJurs ing my""' '' 1'\J'llhd d ""tier th"l ", any 1IIte. sysle ms a re "' !lrsc lh. n nn " _ . " I aU. H < n" tes lha ( Ihe us ua lly r""o~llI ,ed 1:,<, f"" Ii. " f a .\l,c, sysle l11$- " ctlcks. pumpreg, o ver, I",,,,, in. a l''''''l'ria le ,kb~' limes. . d iSlor .io n of Siro nil s illl "" l. "--<,a n all he so l... d hy good ,.",111" p,nellee. B." t he add. It .new e 1 ' .. " rry : ' 11 <1(11. ..e bt: m.. ,-e ~on<xrra:d .. lth lilt "' "l'So< rw ly " , ,,,,,1' n_Il.C' SYil~m? MoSI In an ufa<:i urers eq "a ' " Jl"Od " _ ~ _C, ,ltrc<: lly wi lh a .. flal a.g.c . slope lt be ~~U" o f tnl'lIt s;Il,," l 10 ~lId ip OU I ~'ull. Fo r example . a s rec lhc u lI" n n..~y IUk. th e form of " tess th~ n 3d ll chang e in nud io l>U Il'u l r,,, l(10dH e h ~ nlle of~illnn \ Input ", yel \\ IVO i. CO"~i',,,(c1 .l hat .""h a ~h~ mc l ens ..r; ;1 o UI of " 1(><..... '" an nlll"l e" r ' '''-"<:Iv<; f. ,,,,,,,lu "l1 in nn " nduly " l1 at " ~<'u"t1 ...illwl it ,k",h ~nd ktckilllt ",,,,,,,nee, 1k co mpar ". Ih" .. ilh Ihe "lca.anl .. '''lind '' of' e" aeh ined wit h . I",,,le d " ct:l.. :,,,, ~er.;on , rco:ei,"<:rs npt iroro. pora tll1 Ba .ae. TO e vercoree a \\al ehnr aele n 'lie h" d e~i.ed a "e .... u_B ,e. sY"em fOf the roro""" Il. i." ~ a '''<~ " f ".IN d"" le alle~u nl" " ( 1';11. 16'1 10gethe< .."h " ~a "" hlcl:,un ", II.C. umphlier ( H ~ , 1/,.g1' 0 r'''1ll" Ii"ea . , ari " I,I" , I" ",, a _ . <~" "m which 111: I:a n re~ d lh' be a djusled l " " ", id" a , a li, faclnr y a.g.e. , I"f'" ,

    ""

    ,...... no'"

    I'"""

    .s.

    Fm the p ro duct <1"1"" ' '''. he r"",om"",nd!. Ihe IIlCfca, in..: ll pOjlular ,loo bly ba la"ecd dio<lc ring Illi"" . (F ig , I ~O)} using H I 2800 hOI-<:3H lcr (& ho Ul yl diodl:!l. I'm~ i dcd I h ~ ( ; \ IS rlX<lg ni, ,,d lh a l ,h" will he ve a bou t a &l H co nvers ion lo u . A (ca lure " f s uch a n a rra ngeme nt i. lh a t il pro vid... goo<! iSl;llat iulI between porls an d rcd m.~ hJ.o. brca ll h"'''llh IiI , lmuM ulw min imi'" osd ll alor , idd mnd noise). W1Vn pa~s a 11,,,,,1de.11 ofa lle nl;n n to "' ha t hap Dens in ,"'" a, f. end of Ih" ' IX"ive r; he c"ns i ,l "r~ that far I"" ma ny ra...,i\l'," I'r o<.lu<:c .. n excessive a mo"nl (If h iss a ,kl hum . He re<:u..:ni n:::; 111 11.1 huma n opera 10 ," have in Ihe ir bru inl"'" IUt>~y ~lc'" pe rlln p9 Ih" ,h,1JTlCSI a nd "'''''I nc~ i bk: lilt er a va ila bk , a llll c hic to wurk cfTlXlivcly in hull! ba nd pa"" a nd ba lll.lrcp; l jo n mo.l~. Th i~ [" ,,<Is to male 0 PC,."IOR I.... critil:a l of h um level Ihan ' hey would be o th<:rwise, , ;no." lhey cn n i~n<M"C it by . u!x:""K iously l u n in ~ il ou l . Hi~ h h um le. e1 mny , ~ u l l fru m h ",v i n ~ aud in bcanls. 1",,'011,,<1 uea e u' ~ powe r '.a nd orme r, o r from rauure to " ....e'.e singl" I'o im ea r1 hi nu lh ro ufl!ou i Ih" .. . f. circ u ilry (h um lo ops remai n ''' I'' "r Ihe Ifo.,; ky pr " hl"",,; ill h i. n

    HP 2\lOO

    Ool. bl I ,""'~ c . del eCl., d b. W IVO. T ' . ft<! n p .l .. It . Y.... N o Jl .w. ~ .... . l 1 1 C _"" , d. 1 <a ., le ..l.1 n o ,m I> . y. U1 I. to. ' dB ...... _ '0" I Hl_ , _ 1 p ." ~

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    m .....

    to . ... . . ; ~ ~

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    ""ho u,_

    RECEIVER TOPI C S

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    TR 2 ~~~

    '1, ,1111, W "' ~ I1I ~ rlo , .... .. d . , m ollf, ",l, ~ ,<. TlHo I.p., ' "n,f., , I, ",.,.tI_. . m. 1I ' old T.... I .oco.... .'. I'''.'',n," JO MH. II H . H. ,," , ~.". I"dlu,"" If. ,.... "". N'd , Il h .~, h ,hltH:> at ..... . ..., ,Ito _ o, h.. ~.nd, .

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    .
    l<:para lcsl. or I'l unl jn. ... fi"tC i~" 1 smoot hinll (he u, co n 23,000 "F o;oml'\lter' lImde cl":ltt,lytle in h;'" t1l'l'k nller), Apart (rom hllm. he uls" II j" v"", that carer...1 an "" li,,,, , h" ulJ I", d paid to <l ud io de; iw lI, udnplin ~ cin:"itl')' fro m hi1i p radi c' ~ 1 (lI<\'Oid d i.hlrl ion of the si ~ n al in this pa rt "r thc "",,civer.
    A.G.C. w il h H lgh-p arro rmanc. R.f. Ampliflar The vaiu c of 3. r""eivc r mi~er or wide dyna mic ra" ge ;. " idcly rccoj(nia:d . litH it ~ NJua lly impo rt nnt tha t any d . ampltlkr 1,,<"Ceding s...d , a stalle shuilid 011 Ita .", .....Id .0 . I" rrorm;u.C'C . In I/o ", RtJ<lif} IScl' temher, 1 ~78 , pp&4 -M ) C Andy f\o"". WA I HU . deserit"", a n nrn' II B llIcnt Ihat hn. a g! in cont rol range of better t!wn JfldB witho ut d""l ro, in!' iUi good slBnal-han dlinll Cl<l?'lbHilie1.. Altho ugh hi, design i. for a SO Mill s..b. rOCCIVC,. the I>a.~ic w nfisluratlon i~ l uitablc f"r ot her band' , an d he lJ'I:S ;I simIlar . )"S tem til 'J Mill d. ~ ta ...cs. Th e . tll\:C can ~'ro.jdc a minimum po \\er p in "r "Ome 1Sd B and "'" 'nt,,in, gootI in pul/<><ltPUI Ol"k h 10 SO " hm. Over the rull K . ~ ,C. range. IIi<amptitlct "' a caw",k circuit ... ~in\,l tw" ~Ol'" J fET, . but " illl illl' Ul ,!rive upplfcd to 1l<.lh It'I tc and SOu",e term i na '~ by mean, " r a ta pped tm " i,1 inpul If:lIl. follllCr: Fill 170. While T R3 i, biased oft, th.. h" tune cuecr: hu t "illl i",rea-~i llj. ...\:.e. " olla~e it I",\:in, U1 lurn on , . hunl ina; m"re a nd Illorc nf the ~itlna l eur", nt " " "y from T R ~. !>(. ~ ", rca~i nll ~ta~ llII in. Thel"e rema, n rurt hcr possibilit i"" r"I" imp!'u ,",,"' " t , ror e" ample by uflCratinj( T R3 wilh .. llllQ co lleeto r tocm ill er current bi,,~, or by ... ~i"l! hiCh... r 11m H ,T, : or I'o:;~ihl y by l ul)s til utmt: a !' IN diodc I>r "-'l.;li!kr dlo:><k fOI T R3.

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    F-'

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    0.00 '

    .00'

    A.m.tronr $ up . , . ,e.ren An ama teur ",,,,te 'lSkm ~ if I could t<:ll him ..-lIat a sup<: ' . fCl:t'nc rah"e . ""r iver "' "S; he had come IICrOS$ the lei ", l1u t had no idea "' hol t it me" o t. My im m~ ia le reac tion "'as ttl f<;d II~ Ihough it ~ h ll i e , Ilunk of my youlh had sud tlenly d ""' PJlCa r~ ; "~lemlllllo 2 ~ M I It N"rth America n ama tCl\l1 i cominll throu;h " n thol" 1 000d ~pe ake l" ur a two-valve I",:~i,-cr in 19)6-37 ; c" rt in\: /I porla ble" SCi M Hz rece!....". IIr<lund lhe hills and ' alleys of b moo r ; I:>ci nil inlrlJlucd by the 4S0 MHz Sphon... ~cross lhe ~Vlla l .. nd Ma. s w.h ilc tem!,,'ra rily work Ing '" nh A,rey Nea ce's IS9 flCOpl~ If! Niimcgen In I'J.44 . Arm.t rulillc stumblcd imo su per-regene ration hy a ~" i<len t . In 10,12 1. wh,le !Sl: HinB up an " rdinl ' Y regenerlllil-e receiver, Jtrml t l"n~ ' tlddenly hemd 1I .. ~ na ....,."ing th w uilh at a

    TI,.

    ..."t "me far hey" " ,1 "" 1" ''' 1. li e h:o d limc " nl)' h' i"enul~ n ,, . a ualion in tho: fJr.. ,,~ I ~" Na"y Y ,ml, " ml '" pull ' n sc\( ,a l uther >tatk." . a t " ...ny ur",,, ,,,"mal vult,""" " hen . J",t as ~ ud,lcnl) as il ha.l ""~ u n. lhc efT"" t ,li'.:' Pflt'. re,1. l ' t took "eeks tlf intc nsi.c w,,, k tll tll n """" lhe I" ine'~'lc or whm AI " h lru" il .:al1<-..I su per. rellel1cra li" n " :oS <l n",,' cxtcnston uf th.. recd n.",k I". ind plc. Ilc " "Ill"Il ,t ,al ",1 Ihc ",Idili" n,,1 1I In plif":1I Ii" n ';"'1 i~ ...""ir.t, in a rC j:ellcrati "" ,ICtCCl'" when Ihe n",i llalOry ae1l0 n is interr oPled (q uenched ) ;11 sUI"',"unie fre ~"el'lCi1:< of IIle ord er or;'l.l ItlO klf l. Such ",,, ne 100.0011 a .Iel..... t" , c" n prov ide nn ""' I'hllcallo ll limn; i" a sinille st:lge. S<1" 1l , ,,per rellcnerati,,,, "'," Il;tiktl a' a .. won dc. tlrug " rtlr tne'tliumw:l >C t;>ro"dcMI recep tion: ,he Wlull"" 10 a ll pru Nem. ; the o nly 1.110,,,t means by .. hid , .. simplc t",,, "aile receiver co uid l,n"' i<1.. rull I" " d"",,..ker Iumc r"",p,ion o r "cal. s ill";I~ . I" 1 'l~ 2 RC A h< ~,g"t , p"lent r", 52lMl,IM ) and foO.1I 10 sita ' <'l< . n" t a 1 M 1 1Il",t i ",m<"I~, tely lhe inelcusin" numt",. or b..",Jea,ti "l: ,ta liun, 1"" " I ~b t ;nlo prOlllinc",,'"C o ne uf lhe ,.,'...al p",blelll' tha t ha ve al",~ y, dogged the ' Ul"" rCj, : its lack "r"" Iccti.; t}' :t nt! e<>"<c\l"cn l ..." inabilily 10 h"l d a " c"k ,i ii" '" i" Ihe prese",c ur ' t n> n ~cr sjgllals. SIlOrt the su""mc. d",,c Ihe wl"'t rc~e n . nn ((l v,h.r,. ",hcr.. it pluy",1 u ,I" mina n, role rrom Bi'out 1'12,\ to 1 9 .1 ~ , a'lll a ." b, i<l i" ry hut 'l il1 imp" rlan. role lI" lO' a!'><J1Il . 1 '!4 ~ . The,e was 1I re' i... al "f illterest ' n lhe 'fifl i~ when r uropc s firsl v.h.f.I1.Ill. bmadcn, tinl: ncl", ,, ~ "" as ..,1 up m Wcst (if" n;l"y (lI,e " Ipe r-rellell ~"OI'K-" ,," II " illl widebmal hn...,Ie/l,r L,n . ,i l:nals). Since tl1en il has surfac ed o nly ,... :,,,i,,na lly Bnd lill ie ~e rio us wo rk hns teen do n" o n , i"' pn;....int: t be SUper reIlC n. (:,'i<lcnec th'll nOl ev..' y,,,,e ha, a bando ned i" tere<t iu lbe pl'i ncil'lc is '" he r" untl in " T;uni"l:I the superregclK'rJ ti_" det""t " r " t>y NIII Ilradley, l LlVN ( B",,~ in. No ' ember. 1978, pp4 l o- ~l. fi e pI'CS(1ll$ lhe resuus of pract ical eweli men tat iun with simple recei..c rs up 1 abo ut 1000 M I I ~ . J .i. 0 , ,, rn:lus;nn rs t hat the l ope' -I'l'I'ell is n rasclnali"/1 alld ulln=" rlly m"lillned device , .. Th e apr lk 'll" '" ur mode m Icchnil]ue$ to its des iJll and OOMlnte l ion ca n lIivC it ~ dded perform ance a nd ...ersauluy a r cos t." ZLlVN dOC' no t attempt lO suggcst Ihat hi. "'<Irk 11" suddenlr turned a n \lgly d w:kling into a bea oliful , ,,all. Tu ill en:d lt he lists liS u!le as a sinj(le.slllge ",,,,iti _,, ole"'''''u1;lI01" of a .m, an d r.m. In the v.h.r, 1I,,<.III .hJ , nillllcS(Iypical l)' .e. half-mlcro...olt se nsitivity). a. W neti"'I, lind ,' ....riminal io n :tll~ inS1 impulit no..... In irs Imsie f" rm he n" tco lhe (nll"" 1 1l1l

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    AMATEUR RAD IO TE C H N I Q U E S

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    c la i"''''d ..".,jess f" r c.w. Dr n .b.f.n> ~'CptiOn, 1M: d Ol$ ill . r"e l . h" Ih. t .I CIln he made 1(1 C(lfIC " ilh roth tilde moon . II fl'I rl " (1m . ho,,'ing h" w the FET ca n b" lJ>.e\l in bot h ""If. qucncbed nn d ICp<l ra rely q "e ncllcd de llXh'rs , a ",l lll." a! lin 11 111111100 r. L Sla l:c 1<> pl'<,," ,<le ad d ltiun . 1 i. " la lin" IIl1d redlJl." rad iat i" n. he OOIl>CS u p w., h MSQ llclt:h 1:. le a"a "lIemcn l In ove rco me .h e no il'C problem in lhe .bI;coocc " r . 1 ",, 1 1 1l . 1e commenu : - Lisle nel'$ ' 0 Ihc-sC roi,'C", ; n~niahly 'h in~ ,hey are lis' eni"$- 10 mon: n M pln sq udched SUflC'h<l. : ' " 11 is d irr....... ll 1 summ:l rire a ll rhe ideas and """"""I WoS or 0 Ihis lktailo:oJ i1niclc. bul one lha l mi 'hl ......, rm'" WOfl hwh ilc r"ll"w~ up is : . Lower frequcnqo ,i,,, , ..... 'i Y1:rS a m UI;' i.<c 4 , j cn . as cffc>o;' ;vdy os .. n I. e ,,,,,,ma n l circuit. a nd 'cry usd u1 ,t'ducli<.>", in hl nd wid lh e:in he i:" inc:d ror ti, ed rleql.leney use". T hi~ m igllt ena ble im emelll,n, y r.":,j-ch~ ,,,"' 1 h.r. receiver o r Imn.eei~er 1 be 0 m,,, le very . Im ply i",le,,<I; with lh e p"""ib ilily o f fU rl her seloclivilY hein!: a,k ie~cc.l t.y "., lh"f: a ~i ~ naHfl:quc~y ef)-"I.~ 1 fill" r in lhe in p,,' c io; uit. Z Ll \- N ad lievcs ",,:~plion of n .h.f.m . l illnal. by inj.ing I . lable carrer OI l carrier r,eq"cn,.,.. n:ma . ~ inJ: : H Ih is ... oJ" "", II t he correcl ~l . d cl..,.;ti!.>n r:rt n.h. f.m . .. u go ",d &. by a ny 0100 meaM. prnunUlbty by P""'-IC 1c...,I< inl lhe lktco;tor OIICill'lIion a nd ' eOnll-':!nnll II "" rk Ihe in<:(MTIinll , il"" I:' The il'\jl:cT ion frequency gi n he d en , eel from t he ha rmon iL... (If a I" " 'er freq uellCY O1Cllla lllr, an d Ih i. lcch niq uc el imill.. lcs lhe n!'Cd ro , sq uck hinJil . O ne won ,te,," if L 'h"i quc mi!:hl not a tso h;' be a pplicllble 10 lb e <J cm(l{lullil ion "r ..h.igna1. {ZL3VN he is silen t o n Ihis I"' inll . !"'or reception n f e.w. he u.... L l:OIt inll de~itts 10 pro vid e rhe SQ lIClch a ctin" a nd I" key .111 a.f. OSl"ilialo r.

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    5 I1p .. . -n r e " R eYj~o ' A f~II lc n~lh 1.>1"," , S"l"'~~('M",'i.(' ,('('('1,(',. II~ Dr J. R. ""'hileh~ad (Caml>ndl:e lJ niven.ily r'res.~, 19$0 ), ".1 based 0 11 llle inlen:s ive wlirti me i n vC:Sf;[l.l !io,,,,~ ,""de in to super. lqt" "C'llll;on al T Rh (now Radllf '" Sillnal~ Res" a rch I:slablimmenll, Malve rn. when man y lllm...1 nds of p~lsc TCliponden; f...- nodll' iden titk at ion of .lI ip" lind ai.crafl (Ihe . " I Ff" S~l""') we.e t:>ascd on SUI"'rre,ell c;rctJiu. n..:,.., reIlllir...l Ihal lhe i,,;I;al des ign slmuld I>c: ,, ~ble and fCI''''' duceable, lind a lot of wo . k "'a~ pUI inlO a nalysis of super ' regen cireui ts ;n ord e r 10 uVe":" 1tI<' their rep ula lion fur unr<:lillililily, and in so lvill sume of the q uest in ns It:t'l unanswered hy the early ' Mea reh by Arm'1ro n ~ II ml " Ihel"" .

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    All the d ~ i, n, in Ihe ho"k ar e based on va lves. lind a kli of Ihe pal CS a re ,k\'<' IOO to l h<: mat ll~malic5 o r linca,' a nd loprilhmic mod.,,; of oJ)Cm tion a nd a n imroducliu" t" the CQ",'epl " f K ul nm~lic ~;n $labilill'llio n. BU I n" (he m"re prK tit:ll1 , id e lhe boo k brough t loselltcr y c" lIceli" " or .Icl.icn. f<>r recetvers, transceivers e tc., inci utlinll lhc ."perhet form of "!\,pel-tellen ,. (wbi<:h o~ n:Oflla; (he pml>lem of radiau ion I ' signa l freque ncy) ; Drili.h 11'1' and Germ;,n .. Lid uenslein " rada r-type receive rs: Ind theM f-"f\'mooyne l;m111;: 5Uperhd Itch ni,!"" of D. D. Luu!:hlin, "hich providn ~n .m. broadcast s" perhd rei'-er in which ""'y a 1lnllle double-mode valve is ""'-'<I. aparl f' <II" Ihe a udio F01 r ,.e Itu~e, and fo rms ""ro b.ably Ihe m,~,t econom ea r.m . receiver known "; The o riginal lou ~h' i " MM_ IOlI M Hr. Frcrnodvn e drcu il (which has al'~red III .oulCl;:dition sof the Rad/(J H"mlb,><,J,; ) is sllown in F ill. IHa nd uses I 12An (1:;('(111 ) valve . While Vlh fo,m~ II C "Vcll';oll al lol;al osctnater (lun illll 10'1'7$ te> " 1 29 1~ MH r.), VIa form s t he iUper-re.ene ,al;vc ~l allc (a l 211j MH t ) hlllet;o nini simultllllC(luJ!y as miser, i.f. amplifier "noJ olf!U rn: dlscr lmlna rc r. The l u""r-tl;lIcn is self quc:nchinll I I a t:>oul 20 - 30 kH z b~ virtue uf R l. The . f. Ol/Iput il la ken Irom Ih" cat hode of VIII lu lhe .f. mll pu t Ill g". WlIile the Frcmcdyne d oes rild iille unwa med sigl)llis. this radia lioo is 001a t signa l freq uency alld is o r lu,.. in tensity. The e.r. ra ngc is limited. d ue 1 the relatively In... q uf;:l>Cftin,l 0 fl'cq ucllq, lind then: ",ill illSt> he 1'''''1;: . ;,n,,1distomon d ue to no nltnear; ly. Nn c rthelcu, Dr Whl1ehcad writes: " 1n Ipile of litis urere is n" d"u'" .h l l Ihe "",eive r fulfils its ain, of providing rtlCCplilm o f ( br... <kw t) r.m. ~i gnll is with Ihe ulmos t eco nomy o f e<>illpOnenll ." Tl'te boo k not~s Ihllt It m,,", S111i5fa<:IOIY, though mOre complicaled , Lm. h"'Ullcut receiver Qn be mad e usinll II

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    AMATE UR R AD IO TI!CH N I QU I!S

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    ",,,Iaad h)' f.. cd 1 IlOl whe n l hae h,)~ tw;.m dc\mnilKd : o.;;u.",,,,,, lly it IN ) I'e ' ''XCI.SIlY 10 tqo1lKlr R } ..; \ h I SUllabk l d .c . or 1110; V3riOUS lra nJis, on IKIn! n " lIll t>k, rhe: best reol,>ll, I 'e 1i~c1y to be otlla lncd "'i lh an A n O~ . For c,tmlkd f<al" eng.' m nle it $hO\lkl be pou'bIc In ,",h~ n~ 1.1. \t$i"l ~l .. "<l otf ins" lalon. I nler""t~ . i<W'l l'I(lise ~ of a $upcr-oqcn oklCl _ Im!,l)' th ai ~lOCh I ciretll' has a h " h ooi.e fat t" r ;'he ~ ila ~liooI .n ' he nll~ncl )' hip ",in :

    To Build or Not to Build?


    Fr>t' "", ny yean lhe percen la,., of ho me-built h.r. commWlic.a lions l'CICCiver, In USC on the I mateur bao ds hll boe n ~ry I" ..... 1M ready avallllbiUty o f new , seco nd hand and O ,Wtt nmcnt ""!L1 rplul 1'CICC(~1'1 and tnlnwe iven ba5 nol m eo uraiCd many ama teurs to undertako the fo rmidable t k o r huildin& I'CICClvon or tra nsceivers from scratch, altl>oulI:lt many are stitt prel'ltrW to un dertake modification &lid. upoda ting o r old recetven. However, particularly in an e ra Wt.cll Iho pricu or "aW equ lpme n ls a rc rilio, rapidly, it ill iUlportan t .... c should 001 foriCt thallhere arc still man)' valid rolISOlil in favo ur of do-itynunolf, quite apart from lhe Datura l SO llSO of achievemenl Ih:l t comes from wek projects . It i...... >tI1t cmpltu i. ioa t~t tbe re Is DO need to '0 10

    performaoce 1'CICCiVCB, nor shoul d It he overl ooked lba l OYOn ""1'1. io t he 'e ill:htics, there a re oflcn 1I00d rea.o n. fnr u5ing t he rmionic de vices 1 lhe si",al palhli of l'OICOivofS 0 intended for filIed_S1a tlon operatio n ; I'H)f shou ld .... 0 forllel lhe aflractlona of !lSin, an okl, but medlllnka tly 100<1 . roccivcr as Ihe ba sis o f a now recoivor. Ray Moore, OIK ID IIR, bas wrltlen in f{(JIIl RDJ"' : '1bl! ind ividual aow ucur can no mor a hope 10 bellI tha pr ore..lonal dcsigMr a t his own pmo than he co uld hope 10 bu ild I better and cbeapor fa mil)' Soedan in his bac k)'llrd t ~ (:Itdt is tboll lhe profeaiona.l'l p me II 10 dllilln the uhimalc pcrfortnaroo::e set bU to dOli... a mau- mM I rkel, mlJ t i-bwtd , mulli-mode, decoralor .sty led reoeiver thul a n

    extt"!:llle!l;

    in

    circuit

    wmrk:.1.ily

    whe n

    buUdln,

    hiJlt.

    lID'

    R E C EIVER T O " I CS

    ,~

    ,.

    .. - '" ..

    -'"
    ,

    ...

    "

    .. "'
    _ . . . . ._ " 1;. ._ . YP.I "' P,ot, - . P.I _ _ C -.o _

    "'
    ,y t. ,
    put. ..." _ lor
    '

    sr:
    _

    ... _
    _
    ...

    f;J. 117.

    5""'.,,,,,,, 1

    p.~

    _ ..I.......WO....
    oenl. P.II _
    1-1

    nl_ .,.01 1 1. LI _ 01> _ _. _

    .... _ ....

    _10o

    ...............
    ., _ ,

    w i'"

    .-l......., _ _ . _ wi. . < -I _ I.

    5Jlyap:d it_ tha t no ......nuf.cturt'r 000l1d :tJfor d to polt inlO . Iow-blodp:t receiver. Often il is in the IllOlChaniail lkw ls tha t modem fwary bwlt ra::ciYerS an: h..dcq u:oll'. lISin, the ligtltcsi possible 1Nt.eria1 for ch.a.ssts a nd c:abi.nct .n<! far from idea.J. tllDi.D& mechani$ms.. It Is ~tCf 10 USC heavy PUf;C ~umlniwn p.no::h, a rilPd wAs: and pcr hapr. sam.Aed Nailla medr,. aftistm sud! as the oW NlItioDa1 HRQ.lype d ill<.. Ray Moore poinIs out 11'1II1 _ of lt1c ckliJhts or bome-bW.Idina is W I you c:an o.no:r~llI . ~You ean sun out ....Ih he.l.Y)" aluminium p&a ~ . _ . )'ou autom.llic:aDy in5en p.onu.itir;: s~ . .. )'OOl tan double dOl:ouple 1t\'ftY stllf!lle atlll put in ,=,tensi~ shielding you (all uw: mort' staee\ .. . you c:an U:5C circuits that fOQUlR! consider.abk: diddlin& and ahpment . ,.,.. c:aa _ tbe la test compoomts or JOOI,l ......ccd ilems ... )IOU QII dniaA (or a partic:u1ar band or activity . _ I~ fu1lIn or bome-buill rriYerl ... in 11'Klsc <laoi&ntd (0( a speeiflc:.limited Iask.." One ad,.ru.ae of buil ding or modiryi nc m:ci,~ ir. thaI YOU call Ibm be con!ident of tNintiininc ;t in rood trim . Wbc:1l ])IJ.rdlI.sin& a m:ci-.u thoushl ohouhl be gi~ (Q lhe oooditionll undef" .. hdl iI iJ li ~dy lo be o pcn tcd and ....... t problems IN.)' an.e ....hen lhe inevitab le raul ! oa;urs. ' .'J:Ir enmpIe any n:u:i\'Cl" 1""1 is 10 he w.ed in tropical count","" mUSl be a ble 1 withsta nd lhe c ffc u or hea t , humidity, d ~t 0 e and in!iccts.. Poorly tl"Ofli cali.ed rrinlcd clrt'\lil bolIrd s slill p.... troub le and somr comromcnu are very vuIno:ra b le 10 hwnid conditions.. Ind uct o rs and IrandOfJTl<'n DI hitthvol la lC ma y ... ffer from ", reen spot" corTOSion or -punt:1 l1r : c yariabl c t )'JIC \:arbon ~omJlO~nlJ may be atfoclcd by moi.l urt' ; push-bu uo n swil ~hcs by d ust ; sprinp by 0111, hea l lind humid;ly: rub ber tnay dc1criora lc rapidly. CompkJtity .;an invitc ma inlC'ROlllC'C p robkms in ' Dy OOOlnu y , and euct repl acements ......y be d lfficull IDcome by. Then: a n: thus adYllll\;lllt' fo r the amateu r, pa n i;;ubrly if he is lik~ly to be a disl:LllOC from lhe s upplien or m.nufl<:tlIren, to use tqwpmn u Ih.lt be rocls ""pa ble of l~ in eood cood ition. or Illeut .. bich could be c;u ity mai ntained locally, r.~ll it he does nO!Yo'isll lo bui ld his 00Il'I1 ~t . Look fot eq uipment th,1[ is a.ccom~ by eood iPlItruct ioa books aild ~ic:itIf inst ruttiom.. and .. hictt II5ClI CDmpotlCnts thaI a ~ tilely 10 rem:aiD----R::adi.ly anil:l1:>le. Tak e careful thoulhl or fut ure main. tenai!a'...bnI Qllltanplal iq !be p..mwhat mi&bl be Icrmtd " WIlli profcssiooal" tqUipmeDt.. tha t ;, bishlYcomplcKeq uipmml buill 10 colISwnc N )' J'C 1UtIdvdt. ADd if you do ha .... c:ornpIIex cquipp>elll live wme l"""chl lo tlw: e:nricOQmcnt under whicll it is operaled , aYOiodinc n.lmneI 0( t~ptl'aIU~ and humid ity if tNt. is aI all pos$Ib'e.

    lon,

    or

    "
    SECTION
    FOUR

    Oscillato r Topics
    e cspctiaJ1y in" aro Wlh In POJ>llLarity of 1.I,b.-& requirement o f FOR manyand receivers mor major liable l1hed theama.ttw' lran l mitters ha5 been o r variable tuned <>Oci llato rs. There is no one magic cimait lIUll will p rovide the high ord e.. of Itab ility now demanded, fC1;lIfdlns or o ther ~omideratioDl, an d in many easel the m echanic:al COllllruclIOn of ....oa.ble frcquc:n~y o oct.l latOl'$ it evel')' bit .u imfl"l"lanl &II the circu it used. For Rood "-I.b. o peration on h.f. and v.h.f. the freq umq of the transmiu('f o r receiver need s to be held du rinl C<Jntact10 Wilhi n abl ,ut 2S ~Js. O n 28 Mc:f this is a IIabi ity s of tetter than On<: p Bl1 In a million, o rro oghly Ibc: &ame order o f precilion II' heplnit a watda co rrect to within half a second per _ k . T his p ro bkm has \cd in COfTIl'nCIcial w mmunica lion s pr3l:tK:e to th e evo lvemen t of c:umplex frequeo~y 'lnthcsiscn whiclt de rive lllel. o utpu ls, ", hJch may be vaned in d iscre tc Ite ", of as lin le ;IS 100 cis, frol}) ~1Il'1c hi&h ~lllb ility crystal ill a tcmpelllturc l ta ble o ven. Wlille simple fo mu of synthai~rs have been ad opted by SOme lImIteuo, most ha ve IUId to depend Ul'Un adlievin . th e 1lWlim um potsible stability fro m far lesl cOfllplc1 anarllemenU.
    Cry. t<ol O .ell/aton
    y~d

    leas cr.- el upon IICrics mode <>Oci llators, this type of circu it e or l ite Pierce ci reult il recomrnmded for tranllSlo n . TABU:: I n ..a<1"'1I<;o of B.uk OtriUatOfClr1:Illto
    O _....,leri. lie
    Panlld-mode OIeinato..

    kriamode
    OKiUllOn

    ColpiU.

    Pi=<:

    Miller

    P ower O ~ l p ~ t

    >'!"'biliIY

    <oJ

    10 p.p.",. Modera La To lO MC/1

    l Sp.p.m.
    High

    Sp.p.m. Low w modatlt_ To hil h.t overtOlle


    Tunina

    Freq lleQl;y ra l\j _ AoJj UOlment Oyola1 . ...itehina

    ...,

    To 2(1 Me/.
    Ttaoiq S... tdIi.... or tllll<>d circuits

    No tuoinS

    Switeh, n. of tlUl<ld circuill

    Bt:c. ulC of thlo need for high ltab ility there h.. been a marked revival of interest in cry,:tal oscilla to rs, a lthough without O VCllS corolillcrab le ~ il noeded to .ch~ the dCfa' o f stab ilily n;quircd even wi!Jl ItOQd crys tals . In fa Li, the modem a mateur can n o Ion "" rq;ard qllll.nz OICll lalo u llII always bdn. hl&h . lability dC"Vica, an d lellve n a t that . In pra ctice, withou l s pc.;iAl rrecauliollS, Il,e .verap h.f. C<y!ta1{>$Cilla tof ..... a ~Ulbil i ly o r lhe ord~r or "*50 pa ns per million. or about l kc/s a t 21 Me/I . Transi. lor crys tal ooo;i lla to.. Mv e a fimher pro lliem to con lend wllh _ the a pprt<'ilIble lempc r1ltur'C sc:o",livily o f !he j unct i<>n. mllkin ll it d esira ble for Ihe ~ompkte oscilla tor WIlli' to be enclo.cd in a e~lal oven . In the fUlu re. the redu~..,.1 !lCnsi livily 1<> temperature chan.es o f metal o xide lC1T1irondudo r fockl effect tran .i.t n A ( MOSf'ET) Iho uld enable stab le osc ilbotors 10 be d""ill "e" witllou t o vens, In bo.lh transmitter lIfId receiver a pp1ieabon., <:.0 . should run al low f'Ow Cf" 1c\"C1s and t he min imum am oun t of r.f. ""wer d ra wn r"" nl it; a v<llve with lI i~ mot ua l con, d uelan ce ma kes il (ka . iblc to Ii.eep gystal dr ive lo w. Kcyin l of ~. o. stalles shouk! be a voided If l'Ou ible: due to apprc:riable build ,u r a nd dela y time!. Q UMtZ o,dUalo " 0 l"'ral c ill e ilh er the parallel nr l eries mod e, and the ~ry.lal m.3y be ".",ma ted a t cilhc:r Ihc fundam tal f~IIt'DCY an " t hCll m ullip lied IIp l1S "ea :uary Or en altem alively il ma y he fo rced to resonate III an .. o verlo ne " r~<leney, lIgai n in e ither par a llcl Of IlC1'ie$ mo de. The selection of parallel Or seri el mode l\;Ls lln apprcc:iable elfcet upon the .Iab llity and o u tput. In l!CllCral the stabilily of ICriq rnode oo<;HLatnu is a Il ud dea l hi ~cr Iltan tha i of o par allel typea b ut tbe , .f. OUlJ>llt il considerably lo wer. Sio"" tem pera ture cha.ngc:r o f lnam istor d ULracl erist in ha ve

    N aI" " Adaptod rrom EEA ,Glli4e. StAblll,ty tI,"ra UI = 8 "" m lGI c:ryUa1 conditIon. I'icrce .lId Colplttl filII'" Q .- be ,mpruved. Miller u.abltily il for Iypial ma.umurtl ~lIibl . dn.c 1e",,1. A IIA ty belter lhan I p.p.ftI- il o bla' nable wilh bo1l Meach...... bridac olciUat.orlThe 11I011 widely uled h.f. ctr<:uitl llfe paraUd mode types (Pier". Miller an d ColpillS, ICC 1). Po pular forml of l eries mode cin;u ltl include the Sqlller, tho Butler and wbat ill termed the Robert Dollar. Sc:ticlt rcsolliLlll ci n:wtl lllUAUy include a tuned cimlit 1llld th is ma y be inconvenienl ro r ' wilctlin.

    Fi,.

    '?'
    +

    ..
    f::
    PI ERCE

    M ILL ER

    ,~
    ';1, I. T h_ "'
    h . 1e 11. 1

    ~
    ,-,
    ~R'C
    COLPITTS
    1_

    1"

    '"

    OSC I LLATO R

    T O PI C S

    ,so

    _.... .
    "
    H.F. Cryruh EMly II.r. Q")'IIa1a '*tft mainly of 1M X atod Y ews (!he trpc iI .Jctennined by lhe oncn.... tion of lhe all with l'apCIo;'l to the opl Dl and c) e,."triW aUII). Bolh 1" - ayual arta had appra;:\lablc fl'Ul U<:llC)' driR with van.lionI Ullanpcfa1lIR. 'tbc ImlJlCra lll1ll a.-effir.:lml of the YU)' pof'Ulu X<UI _ 0( thc crder of 13 .-u per million peT -C . Thill at U Mc!s & chan ltC of o nly S'C WOIlld prodUt;C a driA of the order of - 2 k,:! Y<Ut ~ luffCTCd C"alltlOrll.mous1y jeom thil l.'&U-'C. With a lo:mpcralun: oocftk;ent of around 90 1*"' per million pel" ' Co drifl .... abo ut thml limell thai or X<U t cl')'l1all. In llWI y I;UCII thlI freq uency varIaIion loo k the Iorm or dilC:llltojumpl retner Ulan a l leady drift, tere. Dew Cl)'lW cullo-AT aDd BT-wcre iDl rod 1llDlld resulting ID a llW'.ked red UCIioD of I~u lll drift. 1bo AT<Ut cryslal II about lWo-thlrds the l.biebIcu of a aT_ t eee for th e same freq ueDC)'. aDd iI UUII more 0C0Zl0lDi0:&l of quanz. Omenii)'. tllodC!t'll h.f. cryM&b u p 1 about 0 61ok,11. an: AT.-t ; above 6 Mc/s or 10, the AT.-t Cl')'Il&l bc:Dornes m ller fracile ud the aT<U1 .. oAm prd"c..-l. AT.-t aydaIo Imd 10 be ~ IhOft Kti... thAn BT-a.t - . n- ICr}'MaII an: IOlnCtimes rd'enllI1 10 AI .. BfO lClIlJlC'&Iure c:oeffic::ical " ~ from 1Ift\ictl II misht be JuPJlO'lld t1w dlcr -oWd be complctd.y 1oIR8tJ0CICd by tellIpI:mUI'e c:bu1I'CI- UDfonunatdy thia iI by DO n-na tbc cue.. How tbm cao tho mat cn juItifJ tho IIIC or tblt term1 In tho ca..: 0( BToClIl a}'IWI tho frequcacy/lcmpcratllTe C\II"I'ClI ara ill !be form of a ~Ia : ICC Pi&. ~ Allow temperat u re !be c:ryuaI bu _a oqp.t.i" ~ ; If*lhIaIl1 d:r-. aDd theD bcyoIlcI a'itkal lanpentlU'Cl beIiIu 10 mr- apia. At the critical ICIIlpUatU.tt !be curve fo rms the . pu of a parabola alXl. the temper&tllR o W!! ....1 II. 10 I'aa zero Oft!' a IimiIod f'I.lIlJ'!:. TIle maIlllftclu.ref C&II cooll'Ol the t CfllpcnfUre at 1"hiclI !hi.- ape1l occ:un. U...uy IhiI iI made but for a')'!tal.I illiended feM' uM: in t:r')'IUI _ it iI ~ U 'C. l1wI for bmi ted dcputura rn:xn the a pa ~rat~ the -.petal.......oo:6if;:iel:1t is 'If<'{ low iodco:t; but as ltv: lanpcn!1InI 1nOYa ... bstantially above or bdoort' thil licurc. the ooefficIont ~ increUrI&Ir ncpUC. A Iyp ltal BT...... t Cf'J'IIal milla l Iuove a ~ wcfficicnl 0( 40 parts per mlUioa H OC { rom th o apc:ll but lhil ma y incn:oox 10 around 100 paru per million 5O'C from lbe apelt. f-o r this; n:ason cr)'II&.b IbouId DOC be rnounteod close 10 .. hoI-runnin, " COInpODeDu &rid VlLIvet. SiJIl:e the lem perature o f a (:ryItal will a lso be rUled. by o vm1rivi.o.e, th e drive level ill hl;b. Il&b ilily dratltllhould. be kept es Ic w lIS poss ible . A crystal Utl ended for UIl! In 4lI OVCII would have an a pprecia ble lemperat~ coetTklcn t a l room temperatl.l~. AT-alt Cl')'ltals have a ra tller more compleli; frcqwmcy{ ICfnper&ture cu rve and cOIlIid.en.ble chanpl ID the tJ1.&pe 0( this cu rve CI.lI be bfoullht a bout b y onl~ sl.Illbt VlU'latlMl IQ the anale of cu t. Fl . 1(b) shOWI a f&mlly oll\lCh CWYeL II will be noted that all lbcIo CUl'VeI puI Ihrou&II fD'O a l rnotO OC' . . . tho Amtl po int (2rc). AI dlil tempent\ll'e lOme c:ooftlclont cun'Cf PUll from positi ... 10 lleplle; 0I.hen
    ", "

    ",.

    (.)

    ........ ,

    '-.17- -' -- ~"


    (. )

    fl"Olll DCPti" 10 ~(jve. Some CWV'8I remain Yo<Ty fl.t, othcn have IUbowltiA.I ""'""" Foo' the ck:v'Do " f tcmpcn. lI,Jte nri:aricJQ li kely 10 be ~ in &maIcur practice, lbc AT.an it. usu.ally more lItabte than the BT-cut" .-uminl tbat !be com:cc d.ri..: kvell an;: adhen::d to. TyPical!y. a t~ of 20 pam pet mi.lliol:l CID be obtained for a tempct :u urc var1atio.D rrom l7'C 1 7O'C. 0 M OIl amaleun know that KI'ioIWr o\'Crdlivilllt a Cryllal (fot uampIo by cxc:cssivc power d ilSipa tion or feed bac k in tile OICillaIor Slap) em resu ll In permanent damage or evco failun: of tile a')'S lal. 1tI the Ih lnie:s it .....as oommo o praclice 1 cono~ 60 rnA fwe bulb in ..."ies with th e cry_till 0 anollO ad,jlDt !he sUlae &0 tha I the tilameDt did D ala... ot It Is Ie-. widely a pprecia1ed th.iIt overdrivill , al mu ch \ow n Icveb IhaIl th lKClikel y 10 produce actual damage may never -

    tho:lcN cause

    e~""""i ve

    riile In cry~ tal

    tempcrul ure

    w,,1 hence

    uu.

    rc.

    prod\OCl: apprccu. ble fn:q ucncy <lrirl e very time the crystal OKilialor II lurned on. Ml>dcra ova-drivinll C&I1 alIO res ult ill limall pcl1TW>CIIl le dlanJCIIn crystal freq_ y. Such chan,es occur princi pal ly dur in, tho early liCo---mainly in the li m. )'CU-.f .. Cl)'IIal and are then rd'CInId. to ..... ajp:;ol. The d~ of tbc freqUCO()' dlaoll'C durinll a acinl ~ dt:pcndc:n l upon a number 0( fKt on iocludin. drtve and lempera tu re. 10 COlIlIIltf'Cia. .II.f. equipmalt" wilh tho nan<.wer dlannell flOW' used. iI; .. conwnoa pnctice 10 lrim OUI M>CIl dlan,a PCriodically by \V)'Inll !he ~tal load ca pacilaDCe by a trimmer . FeM' t bm!: reuom. in both ltammiltinl aIId. nuivUl, applicatiom. ltv: OKlIbIor It.lIIt ahOl&1d l'III1 a t low polO 1c'idI; a val", ...,!h lti.a. mutual COflduet.llDCt ma1. rr; it p<.>Miblc 10 ~ocp cryslal drive 1ow. Vey low aystal driw i ~ po$IIbIe with Inn'lttlora. Quartz a)'Ra1I, &:&II be Ma km catha' -.dy by mec:bacical Ol'do::tricallhock;wotrary to Pll9UJ,u bcbcf. low r""'lualC)' c:ryIIaIl--aJ~ thicler --.: more proae to IUda d&rna&e tlwI tl'to!c 0( "'&Iler f~ 0( tho _ a&t.. LD raa. _low r~UalQ' gyata" an: UIIIlIltable fur _ ill mobile equ ipmenl.

    M , _

    1bc any ho kJen IDMl by IIl'I&ttun eonmtecl of two ;round. plates mounted borUonl~I.YI ..,;:th tile -...eia!ll 0( ltv:

    top plate pm vidin , llle -.aI'J Riant ~ o pen holden SlJ rfered badly frum eloctrode o .idi.<a.li<Jn and bo tb ltv: dectrodell aM Ibc: ctyItab had. 10 be cleaned f""'l uen tly. Crysta.1l could. be cleaned wllh C&l'botI Iclrad1loridcl o r prerer&b1y with II little lOaM' ...ater. Later tbc pppcd hokkr w.... introduco:1. and ' till lata'" tho e loi:trodcl 'tJft'll p lat ed d.lredly OQ lhe Cl)'ItaL The beat modem bolden lire lalled apins\. moisture wllh meW CllSCS and aW4/mclll l ICala o r w1lh evacuated lin. en ~lopes. H O\to'eel'. leu u pemlve types ' uch lIS pbcnQh c n:sin Of Qer&mic holders with a moblureoexcludln, psket at the jo in an: o;ommooly IIIiIld ill am:tttur pr.tCIice. thoulh tbcy Ibould. n ot be RPI'lkd .. rea11y su ila ble io the IDMt rircorom dimal ic cond itillr'll. RIlCaIIl'y hof. and. v.hJ. ~a11 have been int rod uced wlth miDiature aDd cub-miJliatute bolden (HC06/U Illd

    n-

    '"
    _ ..
    I
    Tyr c
    IOXJ
    I-T 243

    A M A TE U R R AD iO TECHN IQUE S

    HC III/ V) of aUd&u. evacuated type which are ' cl.hned to result in less a,cine drift. compared wi th Dltlal holden. A number of d HYerml holden lind pin dimcn$ioos are used : soc Table 2. Meta l ClL~ where used ~ no l ClXlMCled to either eieerroce.
    TA BLE 1
    Cry,ta l H old..
    Dl~

    '00,

    "
    ~ oo ,

    ~.Spea licaliono

    T,.,.
    C
    0

    S"acioa

    r.

    , ac-w u
    -

    H 0 6/U

    " ,

    .,,,
    O4'U
    O '~ H

    (ill.)

    D'~ (in.)

    ""

    ......
    Pill
    (iD.)

    ".
    octlv. n w cryoa lo. SoII.. W.
    fl I . O v _. ......... oodCI... .

    0200 0192

    .." ....
    'M
    0-l11

    .n 0437
    0-248

    l lA T? /

    I.,.,_ _u. ..._ I c;n. 10:4


    0lIi l:j.

    "'"'If . c a ll

    _.Ih .

    0'13 8

    r.s

    If.z

    vo

    6J 6

    lOp'

    Der,~ specitlcauon No.

    5171

    o f tile quartz plale, modern Ull.il$ may ha"" p lat ed clc<;ltodc& with wire supports to tnecnve par" lIIc crysta l. The C' }', l a/ G~UJ, not<:S that diJiicullles can Ilris.c wbcJJ "lu ted f ay.ral is substituted tor tbe older ~p-moWlted type ; Ihe pl.o.tcd CfY'itai is usuaUy mo re ll<.1ivc. wh ile the ab5aKe of Ihe ga p Increases the cled rical coupling bclWeell crystal and Qmlil. Clystnh in gapped holders can amcral1,. be driven harder th&D pla ted typal . s,,.)' capacitaDce acro~ the cryslal shO\l ld be kept low,

    Sim:e h.r. c:ryst.als tend to oscilla te mainly at the CClll re

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    part icub.r1y witb ue Miller circuil ....Ilere Ihll errecr of such capacitance is iru:reucd by the Mill cffoct. I~ ca pac:l tlLQl;ll: becomel a problem .... here scvcral $wi ystals arc nlled . and whcre lite capacitaneo beeoroes IU IC h may be ad vi$llble to U!'e thc Pierce cin:uit and _witch eadI side of the cryl.l&1 uo it. MU mad er D Cl')'stab r= d<:signe<t 10 llt work into a 101tLd capacitanc:e--iDcludin g the d yn.amic ca p;u:itanee T<:pra4'llte<1 by \be: Miller etfect--(lf 30 1'1'. OwtllC8 in load Qpaatanee chanll" the output f~uency Ilightly. The ourput fre quency r>l' a M iller oscilla tor is Ufoectal by the setting or the anode tuned d ll:lliL In the O,'lal GulJ~. it ill pointe<1 out th&t with Colp itlSand M ,IIer. st ra y switclt capaeitanU appcan. IICl'OIIS each cry...1 in lum . The .hon-circuitinl of cry.talA nn l in actual UIe i. recommended. Typ ical A:T t (th lckne n lheaJ) cryatab in tended fo r UIe -eu wit h _ 30 p F loo d capacilance have a frequeD<;)' varlo.tion for eac h 1 p F c ll.:ulge in joed of from about 4' )"1 2" parts per mill ion . The eo rreopondin l fiJlllrt:l for A:T l (tltlrd -eu overtone) and BT-eu l (thie"""" ohear) crys ta ls a re 0-8- 1') and 2-111-9 respec ti vcly . Most c ryllalJ. between I Mel_ and IS Me/s ere intended primarily fot lUll in potrall c1 raonant mocilla IO.... thougb many Cryslall can be usal .. ti~factorily ill the .., riel mo de. Strict ly _peak in g. IllCh crystals should ha ve the cerrece loodina cap",-;l or win:<! in pual.lel.
    Cr yrtdJ Acetvlty There is co n. iderahle variation belween d ifferen t eryll!lk. e vetl of the lame cut. This variatioD ma y wel l de termine the: su ita bility o f 1I crySUtl f OT usc ill plll1icu1ar cireui!s. The ease with which a <:I"y$tal can be made 10 osc illate ill lermed its activity" and can be meMUrro qUlUltila(lve]y by m..lrumentl devdope<! for this p ur pose C.I. Test Set 193. A limple test 10 provide some illdiCiltioll of c:ryst.l .activi ly iI ~.uible wilh lTIlUly O>Ipitts_typc arid-dip o.cillalol'll. With the tUDin g apac:itance lIet to min imum Ihe cr}'$ta l i. p losgcd in p lace of the co il and the meter readinl no ted . The h igber Iha reading the: more active the cryotal ; if only one CI)'SIa l is beina lested, d>ol:k. that t he readinK is abou l th e .arne as llull wilh the: co il Inserted . Varyln ll the

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    OSCILLATOR TOP'ICS

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    OOUpLin IL 10 tho twmonieally tuned anode circuil); lbc tritrt (see bclow) . WIll 1M modlfied PIerce (with CI)'SLll c:onnccIc<1 between arid and screen-,nd and dectrGll coupkd to the 4Ilode tin:uit). W2LC11 IUqaU Ilwu with h~~ ~ ...... l he IIiCd and Colpltu Cll'Cllila pnlvidc " man: harmotllc outpUt ttIatI tblI modil'kd Pieroc. He fouod dira:r. rdatiwlI ltip bccwcal the IIU.Itua1 cond.~ of IhI! YaIvc and lbc .,:M>W_ or tIM waI.... r~ thiI application.
    lC~ S y"d ...h .... trend to u.b. for pm(es&ioNl .. -n U Ilm&lo:ur ~ hu RIOpo:llC'd lbe whok! ~ or osQI. la tor Il&bility. W Ithou1 aoilI&aU Ihe_r WIth Ilcmard SbIo. wbo once Mill, .. Sdmce is aMYS wrona. 11 fteW'r tolVQ pnJblenI without eatiq: II:ll mon:, il must be admittC'd !bat kduIiq..- tend to bo::ome ~ycly fDClCe compkJI. So It iI 0..1 the Ilrai JlUfo rward '0'.1.0. II pml _ , 10 vuio\g Coma <:tf .. rrtquet'lC)' lynth.0:S7.cn." Thoup this be . new II:nn to scee, IIlltJl I"eIlden will a1rady be wei .,.q~nIDd with ee basic tech niques. Probibly tbe "n, plcot ("'Tn of frequ ency Iyntheoil it lhe ~"'YP" .f,o. with the variable:ote:illalM tuned 10. n:lali'fdy low freq UCllC)'

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    Harmonic guler.lt>", an pllrt iclllal ly IUil, blo tor use iD wmpa.;1 ".r. (ran_lllers &lIlCe lL'Iahk: outpu t un be o bta ined on bod> odd and o:ven twmonic:l 10 , bo ut the alI:'h hanooltic: (or about fourth hatmonie i tho! olcil b tor II m:juimllo dl ivor . .... f"O""U amplifier di RlCl). 'The mOl'! ClXNIIOOty .-d c:in:uil. an tho! Colpitu (with e1ernu o

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    in popularity fur 1IOITIC)'eVa. W 2F hS liflllbt I4nnlap 0( hetel'Oll~ dIe'll as : same IWlin. ralC OD each band.; lAme drift in tmm oC kcls aD tach band : rood re-td aauaq: adllptabIc 1 u.b. eenenJ.ion on , inalc fRqllmq' ; aood 0 kcyin . clwtcriV:icI lUKe both rncl llMon Ql/l Ntl COilliDuousIy. T1'oeIe ad'iantaaes add up 1 0. pft(ly fonnidablt Iotal, ofI'-, only by th~ addilio ...J c:ompIe~ity and tbt need to d'OOIe c:r}St&I aDd IW>llb1c otdIlalor fl'\'Qumcies .uh care I(' awoid birdies " In tIw oul pul . ~ form 01 I)'llIbe&iKt Is to \IX a Unp, hi&hl1 sIable ~ osQUalor (with the ~w In a tempcnI_ controlled oval) at. 'IV)' low fl1lllllmCY aDd Ibm to rnu llipl,. dindl: and bdc:rod)'Dl! tho: outpuI I " p rooluor uablc: outputs in sma ll diJ<=t~ Slept . Alternatively nwnt>cr of gyUak may be .-d. wil h ~bl, variable .. itl1etl'OlAliol:t ~ 0EI 1ator 10 fill In the tap.. 1 Commcrda l l)"llMlS of coMidcnab1e Ql,)fl\plr , ily &riel itf't:Il stability .... ~ been produoed.. In IOfTlC of m.c a " .f.o. is, in effc:d. pl1.ate loded 1 Ihe h iahly I la b le<:ryslal li P'll1. 0 If raJrly small ditcrrte lIers ~ required. lhis , pect rum gt'nCllltor 1 \mvitably raJrly wmrlCJ; III1d results in a 1 freq u.c:ncy !lYI'lhniza" whid! , lhou;h perha ps kq rompliC:UN than the lype whall .lI OUlpu t rrcq ucncial are di nx:tly dcri~ from D. IIn, 1e hi AA-sl.abili ly QUalU OKllLatot . ;, ItiD Dot I particukrly simple I)'pe of d evice. A pha-oe lock d n:uil b ba.< ically Ihc same Iype or 1JaDp" meal U!IIecI for many )'tan for automaho: fRQuatq <:Ontrol
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    par ticularly these used fOl: freq uency synthesize rs o r fo r freq""ncy conversion (10 l (l id riproca l mixing) is an important wllsideralion in modem eq uipment design. In tb is <XlIlOOCIion. Gian M oc:La. llSWX , drn...... attentio n 10 all idea from U lrich Rohde, DJ2L RfW2, EI / r<m;C ~sign, 1 / , It October, 1975. Th .. is a cry<tal osc illator lltTalIgemenl in whic h Ihe cl')"5"'l not on ly forms the f~ urocy-rontrol devK:c but .boo II 1 0w-PllSS til tc;r to ban d-Ium t the noi.e output lind su ppress harmonics, " 'ithou l any substa ntia l sacri fioeof stability bu t at fairly low OUlpu l : Fig, 10. Dl2lR po inl!i out lhal wnventiooal crystal OM:illaton, des pite the: high Q of lhe crys tal, are slill ~ery ooi~y and produce IDIIny spurio us signals, ma inly beca use of the large. " goa] ehll!leteristics or the lra.mi'llOr in the eircu't. The: amlllgcmclli of Fig. 20 Is claimed 10 prov ide two signifICant advant ages . Fir&t, Ihe no ise bandwi dt h i's limi lC IO less tha n <! ]00 H .t ; secor.<l ly all higher harrnonlcs an: sut>stanti.J lly suppressed ( for example IlOdB down ro r the !bird barmonic of a 4 MHz fundamenl.al,. yxO-tll. POCIr Mon", S,nlhalur which provides useful infonnatio n o n VlIO design for the v.h.f. operator, including a , oHd-s1&1e un il wit h MPF I02 vxo followed by 2N4123 and 2N2 102 bu ffer am pl,f!en. This ope rat es at nbovt 61 Me/s and typical ly he u:hie.es solid control ever abo ut 12 kels, represen ting a shirt of up 1 0 about 30Il u /a at 146 Mc/s. He no tes that no two cryalal., ~ven o r nominal ly the same types an d style, CIUl be shined elUl<:lly the same te:nt : Ihree of his crystals provide 300 ke ls sh ifia. one about 260
    " A well designed "'"0 il a poor man'a synthc:sizer, .. Sl&ta D o ug De Maw, Wl CER, in QST (May, 1?72) in an arti<:k

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    II ILu lon a been lUliu:d that II cry ,tal Q.D be .. pu lled" byilIeIudi.na reactance In series or paral lel with II . Fo r a lonll lime the main use of thlt hall b:n for the uirnminl of frequency calibraton 1 zeee beat with Droitwicli or WWV. 0 Bulthe teclmique halla.Ifo b:n U3Cd fo r frequency variation: lICIl Fia. U . Mo t'll l'llOlltltlyamateur interestin variable crylItai osdlIaton bu been revived, prompted in par1 by a QST tLrticle by W3BWK. The usual fo rm (Fla. 19) bas & series lDdU(;lM lltunted with a rail.lOr. with the frcq ueocr sbift rontroUed by a split_stator variable ca pacitor. ContUlU ousl y varlable Iliift. up 10 the OI:der of one part in 300 l;ll[J be achieved, lll<.>uIb the lI abilily fal1l as thl: degree of pullins ill incn&Ied.. 1bc stabi lily depettdilO II ~nsIderable tent, .., in an L-C OIdllator, upon the meclwlil;ai and ~ dulacteristiCll of the cell and ...paci lOr.
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    o;apacilor brings il firmly into IleM n:MInance et the c;h0\efl !Iannonio: and ma kes il easy to F t l oinl ror lhose .... ho do not M Ye a fJ'lXlUUiC)' meier 1""lIa hle.

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    Tlm.. /IoI. Ood/Nlor for ' " folk R_ . .... /I Bill Pocl. G SCY K. hu Mat usin n ~ M ~I' tunable a:seilla tor ( AI ' 22) for 14.4 M el. and 6nd1 tbil il u c:ellent eve n ....ith a kell i.r. bl.ndlOridlh. He reports driR &l very low . but in. illl tha I a very hi&h dqn:c Or YOIIllJC otab iliza tiOl'l-rot u.tmple by fcodin. t hrou. h & leut two zena t diode unnp:ment_il a .-.t. It 8'lCS 'llllilhoul A ti re lhaf the unil IIUI5l be """lllClftned and very ri pd. Pnl.ided IJW: SIJdI preca utioN are ta ken. GSCY K. Ays"il .-II,. works ~ . rod mauiona lhat it hal also beeo IlIOd by G1VUO 1 COIto0 .-er1 a P)'c Wl$m ill$tcr 10 tunable opo!r:tlion .
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    ~ .. QJl be puUcd OC:t muc:h tban th is, but if Ihi~ ~.J.onc t ho:y ICIld 10 kl5e Ihc: sol id l.Ul bolil )' a.uoci.at cd with aystaI conuol "IDOna the u:dul hints ba thl. t ~3 cryscah tend 10 IPw poor rcrl<>ftn&QI;C 1D no appliulK>M. ..iIcu rlalOd tlC~,ttJ typa USIl.'Ily work t:e.t. Overtone ~ opcrued u thrir flllldammc.... r~unM;ICI oI\ea provj"k n:n>afbble swinl:" in frequency .hcn comparcd wilb fundamcnWoI)1lC! a')'WI h.. 21 , ,,,,-,," tho: basic VIlO ~. usin, a FET. The l N9 14 I, ....,d iU a d,,,,,,, p ic and '*14 foun d to utend min by I S kef' III .he llf'l'CI" end 1rq>rnfflC lns )6 l e,'s a l 146 M .: '. ). c" noJ 0SC1l. .... ,-' I U Mel. G 1XGP workw ..u' un J'AI'C'" the &I'l'&tI&emenl .hown in 22. T" h ~ ~n.iokrat>k: ..1is!ACt.i04. in pr.u:ticc lhis rireJ firU ti..... Atlholllh it 1 000 I'Uba" He & Colpi Ua ~latot , it;, in ~il )' a Ha n ley Ioince 1hc: 4 -TpFcapKil.>r is p roYiditll MWion only. and t he roedbacl ill c:um rolllld by adjuWnenI of the '''I' o n lhe indicator. lie finds llul lhe a,~ 2N 3lI191ilr..,.. to ru n al abo,, 1 h.1lf I.....,, ; this ill Tadily fou nd by wnncl;tinI WUr: 10 fJOWld to lind 1<h4(uro-ptcYolti/4!:C ""'11 cu~) a nd then d.lbhtn. the Iowet turns of lbe inductor "'; th the lap. l l:uti'lI I I the lowoot rosition. This cil"t'Uil t.a., the ", nile (lr ""rety (in 1""'1junctiun FlIT p ies are not Noily blo wn " p l. OfIOm Y. ~ui .... few w mflOllcn tl and o tTe rs slmr1ie ily . ShulIlin. the ,In," to ......reo: with 1 22 pF

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    by W4AM N. Th il oKillator co~"'" a 100 ke/l letPncn t of U>e 3'~ Me/. band i1h a co il .lUI ""l....tmcn t to oelllCt the part of Ihe hand rcq ired--eo~erinl lhe fu ll 3'~ M ~II band a1wa.ys degrade. Ille {unlD,l rare on the hl&Jler frequency bwtdl and . hifta of m ore I/Utrl tOO ken anlscldom required In a hurry, T he ci reult !l oho wn in F ig. 24 . ~fuI "llChorin. o f th e ce-ax Inslde the mn ed cll\.'Ilit un il Is a dvlled to ,elher with CIIl: 10 IOlderwmplclely the ou ler obeaH'1 of the eo-u lI.I the VlIlve end. The o u lpul , lllln, Ol.tho<le-rol lower connecti on. fI\llY be rat Iter 10'" IUld stnce th., co llmd loll II at . ,li ghtly" hOI po inl with rc:ference to the tW>Cd cimlil the Ioadln. preserued s1wuld he colllt4!lt, lndil:atlnl tilt need fo r a e111U A llOlallnl .... !l'C . OIcillator runed clrcuits . hoo ld lbo be cvefuUy llOlatCll
    M

    A typical ill' lStr&lK>n o f bow Uti, C&II be achieved il l howD 10 Fj ~ 24 . Thil is based OG a CoI l'itl.l esctnerce (the CarP" G ounel eircuit .1$o kDdl itlelr _ II to thil a pprocw:h), USOlI

    OSCiLLATOR TOPICS

    '"
    ::r---r--t~1
    "" '"
    OUTPUT

    r------------ ----'
    ';'. )1,. _

    of
    _

    ...... _

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    e <..It _ ., ~ - . T loo eo ft e _m. of U 1 . & il. _


    I

    WU.HN '.

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    e.I ...

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    " '00
    pF pI' am

    _. lor_aM .

    ollaftOOo

    fo

    e.

    <0

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    1_

    0 1Ho 1. 11 )oJ

    H e,.

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    0

    zr

    pl' l qI
    I
    --- ~

    am

    ~-- - - - - -- - - - -flom med lWl ical vilmuioD :LIld .... e r~~ tly came across IJl i1utance .... hen: attock waves from the ltClio n of a stra iiht Mone key JIfllr the v.f.o. were apparently sufficient to cause wobble Olt the note ; it ls uften easier to overcome sucll troubles by II rubber or s.i milu support than to a ttempt to inpro_e Ihe rigidity of the vr. A Qa" p <l'l<.ilJa to r h;u the bad feature tha t the marc immWlC you ma ke it to ""temal d tclrica.l changes, uie more proneil bo:;umrs to mcd ' iUllcaJ instab ility. Where tllllCd circulra are bui lt in the main un it, this can tie lh.em....lIy isolated by p laci ng the T uned circui t in its o .... n COtnpat trnefll, I"4inTcd loll_er to ref\cct IIc>II and lined with 6b~10l.<!I Ihcrm&l insulation , W~VVD has reported dr ift rItu~ Ill. I<>w as 18 cis per huur wing this techn ique.
    T.mperOlur. Compen."tIon The use uf oellativOotempcnLlurc-eocfficien t ropacitors to OOmpeJl. le fn r temperature d rift in oscilla to r circuits for \ll receivers amI v.r.o. h.&5 beco me fnir ly popular In recenl ycaJs, ...d the lhniq ue Is de scribed in Ih~ Radio Co mm Ul!/rario/J Ifwulbpok llnd elsewhe re. Althou gh it is seldom possi ble 10 lChicve ab so lulely en~t cempensanon, partly beca use drift .. u~uaI ly d ue to a comhlna tion of venous capac itive an d ir.ductlve c hanlfC'. a considera ble imp rovement can often be ub\ainCl1, "art icu lar ly where a unit r uns fai rly war m. I'AO d iscu ~_ this ttmiq u~ o f temperature COn1f'Cllsa.SI.: lion a.t "",me lenatl, in f.1~CI'''/J (Ma rcil 1964), shuwUllJ ill. dl"ect en a 2~49-4029 kefs eseruetee (Fig. 25). By pmviding l"", l 00 pf' tri.mme", Cl, CJ ills pos~dblc to ad j ust the degree of eompens:uion p ro vkied by C4 whleh is an ~2 pF ceramic tapQCito r witll a ncpllve lelJ1peratu re ~oemciCfl t or - 150 p;trts per million per de~ centigra de. ~ica.lJy Ihe -am. toclm l~lX', bu t us ill g a single d ifferenlia.! 'l. l'lICilor in a h ieh-e C" lpnts osci lla to r has been described by W4JWV (Qst) for lUI a.a.b, eJlciter. Fill. 26 sho""'l Ihe fi ~l c.mve rslon ~alor from the W 4JWV ,lesiiPI with v~ry h il{h C Co lpitt s. Tltis h.as a diff Cfefltial CA pacitor 10 provide di lT~rin g dc,rees o f ron...

    t 50 V

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    '0

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    c a aapc
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    U. V.f.O . f . o m th. W4JWY " . & I . ' In. dl

    p ' IN 7SO); CJ. 17 p' d ill

    b. . .. ' In. ,.,I S H el. llft. t ~ft . CI , 12 t N POII ft. t. 1. . ...1... 1VI , tA U"

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    p '

    pcns..'1tion from two l intilar value furo capa~ilon. C l ;and C , one an N rc tem perature cocflicient type an d the other an N1SO type . D'ffe.ent ApprOd"''''' to rho So.... E"d For those .... ho wiih. 10 uperimellt wiLh cirewlI hue ar e severa l more. 11,., fint (Fi ll_ 21) COmes frOOIl WlFRQ Via. /cc rrp/Jla W,"/d (July, 196 1) wider the litle " Ultra-stable H igh. Z V.F.O." TIlls, in efJtIct, WC'I a a lha.followet 1 0 rec ece Ioo din!l On the 1W\cd. d n:u it . TIle complele v.r.o.
    t2 An

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    I'w . l:OIld doub le triod e (I 2AU71 arTall&OO calhodt foLloM1" (<<diD, buffer &ml'hf.er . The OIcill. ,or- woru em t1lc l 'S Me!. blln<1. The circuil ahown in Fi. 2S i~ I~I u.xd In 1M Central El1ronla 200V I.s.b. tranunincr \reYicwed In QST A Ui\1S1 1% 11-.n1 1n lOme rcopa:tl i. , inu lar \0 the F ran kl n : i, is pcl'TIIrl bihty hilled frl'>m 5-6 Me', (lhoua!l could, of course, be adapted fOf Cllpacilan e<: tun in,).
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    ' " --. _ .... _

    ..

    Th . Radosl.. &t~I. a1u..ou,tl lillk .-d, would I Pf'C&l" ' " be wonb ditvdopinJ, see H I- 29 . Anocher cirtuit Wt has &I lracled im~ r=tly P 1M ~ cia. It, Co!piru" 1_ tl" )01 dctaibed in RadJo aNJ TrlnUiM ,.... "' It is d.imed 10 poweu lhe ad\"anlqe or remamina -..hie oYC:t I much wider freq uency ratlll" than the: ~unod tirl;Uit . TM desilll lh own i. an uperimenlal alTaI>lfCIMnl for 3~ Me' , bUI il coukI ~ ,."..,1i11 adapt ed lTWIy applicalioJll,

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    ........ .

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    REGULATE D

    I$ O Y

    e4
    C;S

    LI

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    l_

    H.'........

    . .... . , . . .... . ' .. _ .,

    v r. ....C1/I . .I. ... ... ..." ' .

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    '0lf'''

    o r .. scillllior Is leu depwdell l ",pon Ihe oooslrUClioo o r ue co iltl1an, ro r example, the Clapp, N outpllllJ low it shoukI be rollowed by a elaJi A pmlode buffer/ISOlator. The I:.IItl1odo-coupled L-C oscillator is d ~ ill Sootian 3 nn "r _lvcn ,"
    Tr".. . J. t'" H J,"'Slcr!lHtry O.d lIGtaorl

    6.) Y
    .._ ' .. " 11... 10 . ....

    T ....... .. 11. - C .. I
    TV

    ' IIa.... _ -

    The mala m&iIldy whidl t;Urrc:n1 equipment S\lffn1 iJ .. dr ulilUl," a diwue propon.iONl ((I thc pIltienl"l tempeTll-

    '.om

    O SCiLLATOR TOPICS

    '"
    + 1:lV

    a_aK
    9 1pF

    3-:1 l1

    iii. U.
    ._

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    cu. aN,..

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    CI

    i.If ca
    lOOOpF C5

    ,:17.,

    .I

    Iu:n:. TI>c: d oo;IOo; pteSCnp lion . ac:rording 10 W3J1IR. is a ' rood d<>loC o f semicondllClOl'S. whil:h o lfer pt'OOlise of real progreu in t he field o r m blc rrequency go:mralwn.. To support h is IIrgwneni W llH R o ffen (CQ Seplem ber , 1963) I .. ,ynlhcl ~ lock " v.r.o. U~ lI& mai nly ex _ARCS (- Command iCrlCS " j components ror !he lurung componenlS (LI . e l, C2) IIlld <;Ul-d <>wn AR CS <;h..>is 10 make I 6 in. by 6 1Q.. by 6 in. un;1wh ich C.lIl be plal:cd well I ...I Y rrom sources o f hl:ll. F ig. 33 sJ~ lhe lwo-$""&'C,,imJit which in lhe o riJi ll.lll provides I 4'9 10 6-1 Mels " ulrUl for 111 ......b. l<arUmlti er. The a ul pul ,s red into a 6A H6 amplific:r.

    _<"::-------,r--- _ I a v .

    meIe r action of 0, C4 lUK1 ("' . Tile o ria inal type 2N 384 ,j Ir.LIISistors are sm.aIl-siMJUJ P' ''''P lypes Wilh a eUI_o lf freq uenq (f. ) o f IIMUt 100 Me/s . nd co uld probably be nlplllQC(\ b y l uch l}' pe,l III llle A Fl 14 o r AF II ' , ere. F8 ND in RDJ io-REF praises this c irCu il. He uses IWO OCl1 l lnnJislo rs wilh oUl Illy s ignifK:lW l eh &ngel in com. pv ncot ""Ita . D:ausc o r the low level o r o ulpu l l he lio ds lha.t the uni l, when bui ll ill a llc.1'eeoed bo lt, un be kep t runni lll c:.oo tinu o uslywillloul interfer iJli w illl lhe recei ver , lh ou&h he prclen \&nil a 9 vo ll rllhet 111111 a 12 vcn l upp ly. Th e Ot.Itp ul is red 1 I h ilhaain "'2 (6A C7) atIlp~ fier. 0 A IOsdul lelte r o n l hi. subjec t comes from 0 3COI . He writ es : .. A boul two yean " 0 , I oeeded a l S Mels v.f.o. 10 ~lerodyne 4 X1 kel l u .b. 0 11 to H Mcll LOd used Ilfl <>C170 in a C Dlpill S ci rCuit with a bout SOO pF tunint ~i l",," (400 p F liu:d phn 100 p F tunin, ) bu l the nOli w.. pool and wo bbly . - Chkina wilh lhe US tv".y HIJIldbook 01 ~mi~/M Ci,(uitl. I rca litt<! 1"'-1 Ille lank c iT<:u il impedance was wr~. On incrC"&Sinlt the tunilli COIlpacilllflCll: 10 I O,(X)O p F (_ Fia. M ), the trOt.lb le _ cured .

    l' I,. M . a. , I I ~ .. . f G J C QJ'


    n ...,

    -J__-J__
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    ~+

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    r-T"-r""'~"---..,r---..,,-W-~ -I~'"
    H oopl

    lu

    <111. _
    k

    10,. Im ....!a

    .,..-It.

    II h...........

    Ma ny l 'IlI\S; ~I <)r UlleiUll-lors len d lO ~ufTer (film .. form of iMlab ilily, wh ich appears u a Ill... freq uellC)" bu rble o n Ihe lil nld, bu t W3JIIR cla im. Ihul lh i. <;ircuil is free from suc:h I,oublu . O ne M'CT<: l ;s lha l the o~ lIalOr lfan.~i slor is conncded aero.. II T<: lati. -ely low im pedan<:<: lind unly very loo. el y cu u pled lu the lun ed elrc uillhru u gh lh e II.C. Jl<Ilenlio.

    -,, ,
    c
    .'. u.
    Sa _
    co

    r-r-T-r-T--~'

    , , , , , ,
    _ _ _ ,. . L-C.GlS ' u Hu A UJ'O taJ

    n 6 + 201 pF

    "
    n OK

    DIOO l

    "
    aoI to<I .. ,,~ I

    lo on

    ' 11_JS. S'm.I I ~ cl " " " .r I ~ ..-.'. .... 1 _ _. I.h,. \ O


    ool "'"om lto h.. two ..... U h O A )U 41 Z ~ _ 1>0.

    m >'" _nlth , h u.. b..lc

    .r. _01

    _"~l.

    ,.. _ n .l llao.. Th 1,1_ 1 . _ III.. ~ ,


    m llh ' b. 11 1 ...

    ".1

    '

    1> hoi

    .. Thi. ~T 111111 vlU:illb le WdUCl&flCC was D'lOR' ecevenient. H owever, lhe same m ult could be oblllincd by l:.pp inJ the tl1U1l isT d own lhe co il inslead of redllCing the Of LC , allO, or by tappiJli C;SpaciliveJy, as in the W31HR cireuit .. I belie ve The troub le iI d ue t o random v:uiatioo of rrarutnor o utput capacitance ralher than var ial io n of ph.a$e sh ift, as is somel: mes Sla ted. Use of a ll'IlllSislor Willi as high II cu t-off frcqucllC)' as po ssible, 10 mipimlze phase shift , il not necess ary. In deed , I found .... bm des;, nina: th e BBC tran~istori zcd ra dio microphone. which has an <ncilla to r at about 20 Me/s, tha i a transis tor with I CUloOfl o f several hundred megacycles co uld aive poorer sta bility than. say , an O CI 70: ' ThCT<: is little doub t lh al transistor v.f.o : s _illl few hU l p roblems-have a bi g future pr ovided tha I Cllre is taken on circuit design.

    ,..

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S

    IGfT VfO The i~~, a u ilab ilily of rairly Iow-oost llingle and dua l ,ale 10 l mlphas ises tho alU'U(lous of ollch dcvi<;cs U o.ciUators and/or butTer amplilio:n. An lOFEr ...r.o. was .s-:ribcd by W2YM in QST (December. 1966) i lhill circuit, loldhcr with lhe rqula ted powe r supply (whictl would 01 cou~ be cQ\I.Illy useru' for manyotber semiconductor eq uipmcnl.5), il mo wn In Fip. )7 and 38. II wiU be no ted tha t the buie osc illator is ba-t OQ the Seiler form of Co lpilll . o r the inclusion of tile d iode in the sate d.rcu,t. WZYM llales : " Bo;ause the MOS lransiotor by ilsclf will not provide Ta:ti~ pte current,

    Mc/s), noise fador of 4dll at 200 Me" and a forward ll'lln$<;(Jn(luetance 0( abou t ~ micromhos.
    Oodl/<Jtof" StabUl I)'

    Some o r the co nclusions reecbed in the 6 n t of &l'rics (" V.F .O. Stabil ity- Recap and I'mlll;Tipt " by WI DF in QST. Part I. Septem ber 1966) ail undt'fline the impol'Uu1Ce o( tempe ....ture O<l the ro mponents, and P'lI rtN;ular ly on the Induclor , ~ in lhc frcqucll(:y de lerm ininl lan k eire uil of. \lllriab le frequcrK:Y oscilla tor . A1tboudl W1DF IUum' that certarn important pnK tieal aspectsorv.f.o. perfo rmanee .rc Uck inK in t he literature. one could rdt'f 10 the boolr. and lkJi~" Df Va"~ O~rlll<lr"" 1-6-.... of 1 V 0 by H. A. ~ Itomas ori~n.ally publish~ in 1939 (bUI probably 1;:--OOpP -::;>1 - 1'1' I II I Ionll OUI o f prin t) ""hoch pl'CKnt<:d euremdy detll.i lcd ioves lipt ion, I O'O~ I u an D.I:! i imo almos l a ll IlSplICU or Irequeney $Iabilizati on . , I AU Ihne sources con firm II C& Itt" . 2N32J l beyond qUC1lioo the tr npona nee o f Ihe Q and tc:mperaturc char lleterislics of the lank ei~u i l. inde pendemly of the act ual C) C5 <>Ki 1l. lOr clreuil, Rnd tha t the internal ert er o f val Vll heat are e less impo rtlUtl thlln that o f lhe ~- ---~:~_____________________ _J heU racllinl the tank circuit (a nd he~ in Irami~l" r eircuit< fl, J7 <:I of WJYM'. lCO RT to. V.I~ .. I th. II t . 4 Me/ l. ft Lt. n the effeeu o f d rallllht'S, erc.) ......., u. & &,,, t~ ' . I I". d l. ... , C t . t ~ U p f , CJ, p f oIt _ 1'1'>1. . , C1.). . . ~ ...... , . In 10 fill' lIS nce-eom pensared cs. _. P~" "' ; a, _ p . . .... '"1. _ _ Il llt 41' II _ ... _ I Z .01.. "".. Induc tors are euncemcd. o ne .u'.~' I ......1 _" parlicular for m " f ooil wa< fo und 10 have II temperalure si licc n d iode i. lIICd in the lilt" circuit, Thi, dio<k conCCJt:ll'ocN;ln o f . bout plu. se~n pa rts!m illion/ 'C eOfnptlml tributes considerably 10 the frequtncy stability of the wilh . ro und 35 p.p.m. (or moll fo rms o f wind inll. This oscill. tor by mitklnll po S$iblc It degree of au tomatic bias consisted of a si lica forlll"r with The wire wull nd In grooves comparable to tha t o btain.ble wilb It therm ion ic vet-e.' wh ile ho t. an d allowed 10 eOnl.Rct : thi~ " aM;cllla r 4'4 1'H The tw<Ht qe llegalive feedbad am plifier which fo Uows ind llClo r eOMi_led of I lur n. , 2'65 In. dtamt:ler . 0 064 in. the o scilll.tor is del.igncd I" minimize the efTce:t of changes in diametc;r wire, with 0 2 in. 111m llP~e i '\Il, A t<'ctlnique which out pllt conditiOllS Of! l he freq uency, and R I pro vides II o fT,," an imprllVllment of live i. worth eonsiderinlt. r aMicu. con"""ienl means of &<Ij...,in , the ou tpu t from the v.f.o. A\ wly sillCC indU<. ors o f rouilhly thi, I)'pe CllII "" round in the 1 with . ny ot her v.f.o. lhe " . bilitr will depend o n the ri,idity ~urplul tnIlrkel. . of the tu ned ~ircui l an d the nururniZllt ion of the clIcet, of W IDF menli ons some >'ery practical poinl s. He emphaant' Ihcrmzl c hanges (which Q.lI be kep t IlIw since the entire si7.CI that in IlJ11IlCUr opt' rllho n one i' internlcd pr lma " ly un ,t i, cnclosoed and d i..ipa!cJ. very lin l,., po wer) . W2Y"! in relat ively ~horf-tc"" ' lability, since we a re seldom conoemc:d with ~tayinl Of! pmj-e ly t he s.:tIt>C frequ<:neY rll. nt<)l<; than an hour at fhe mos t, and th us a male u' requi't. 2 N3241 ~ ""'"" lelld to d iffe r fro m t h<nc of ot her .adi" communicatio ll5 services "'here long_lerm u.hiliry i~ Often (If r~ rRmount importance.

    "TM,,,,

    r---------------------,

    > ---------,,

    I :,

    ~ IZ~ .~ ~2~
    ,

    ,~

    I"

    1 .....

    I"

    ,~

    +6 ' V

    =1"

    +...v

    '"

    ,.

    ' is' lit S ..wllt. . 1 _ d . ~".... Tho _ <aP ..... . .. , OOn " octo<I ..

    Pow.'

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    r---O'OO'-----';: -~ j ~ " -: -r-~- :con";f;:t~


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    _ <aft lI..i

    ' m 04 w lOh 1\ U . .. 10 1 wo ..... <In,.

    I
    1 ,

    ~'

    IO~ I

    OUT ~ur

    quot es "" me performance tilures , indicat ing. f...,quct'lC)' drift of IotsJ Ih.uI 30 e/s in two hoon., .ftcl II J().seoond warllt- up pu1od : Icss t han SO ell with a s- 5 5 Me/' vers ion, a nd . bou t 200 el' ""ith an 89 Mels uni t. Tb ,~ part icu"-r MOSFET tt.. low feedbaclr. Cllf'llciULtlcc {O'2 pF ~ imum). high power p in II SdB l)'pieRl lit 200

    0.002 4 7OpF

    ': 390 n

    ," I . :It. . ... 1. o aci ll ~ . .... ol_ .1 Wt D'. hi'" . ..blll t , hol... d

    _' .e. ,

    O S CILLATOR TOPI C S

    16'

    e ~' :t

    '"

    )9 pP

    6U8A

    ,.:'I '"

    cce
    IS,,"

    n.l
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    ,

    drift _ pensatm, I nlllgcmenta I n: actually leu It.lblc tha n th ,*, ba.in& dctInite poIitivc or ....p liYC eodficiroll.
    OUTPu!'
    HT+10 3 V REGUlJt,TIE D

    VXO ", 'd. CdP"d IOl'l

    He . ,,"0 believes IbIll we lmd 10 judsc the sui tability of "


    penI(Idl: valve for oscilbtor ap llli(:lliiool! by its tnm !lCOn"

    d.m.no:e. but OUs in faa does not Wl'l5tit\l.IC n=al 61llln: of merit, which for 1110&1 cimlil.l Invo lves the irid-U>-tcJttn

    I'C*'.I cireuit uses " hilh-mu IriO<k.

    traaseondUlCtal1oCe which i, not usuall y published : hi! proor the importance of heater var iat ions (IIh(lWft vcry clearly

    ia Dr 1lwxnas's book) , WID F gya : .. in Jookina for ways to red~ hut<!r.voIUlge etrecli II wu foun d tha t " higher aIlOde YQltlgC (105 vo lts ) an d 10,.,..,.. lPid 1e1lk (10 K ohJnl) dfected I wo rth while Imp rovement ." He all<! found

    differences between val-. and noted Ihat 6U8A wu eomiderably bellet than the ear lier 6UB, I'Tfiu' " ably because the 6U8A was dcsJg:wd for co ntro lled hut.u p. On tank ci~itl. WI DF state. Ihat I lull-tun0e4 coil, are .. worse than equivalent coils witl\out slup, since the iron hu " rat her poor tempcnlture coefficient," lie Ilnds Iha t loilvcr mlca-moulded (" pOl tage Slamp ") ftJ<ed cap acito" better than the dip ped Iype. A$ part of this series, W1DF P..,..,D1ed desiill for heterodyne type v.f.o. IlII d the balic Vllrillble OId Ualor IISCI the triode section of I. 6UllA (F ig. 19), of which lhe pentcde section forms the bu ffer (Fig. 40). He stl'e$$C$ Illal "pin in either power Of YoU.." is the Ia.sI Ihina lhal ' hould be cxpected of I. true buffer." Among the points he makes I.I'e lbar. I. buffer lIhould hl \ll: very low YOItago: I.JT\plificatioo to reduce Milkr el!"eet .and this is achieve d by llSinI only . I K ohm I'CSistor .. the Trclnlln.... f d V"dtdr Otclllator load. The Vlllve Ihook! abo operlte dose to iI. norrNI l en A o penti.., po im W ilholll beina dri 'IUI ioto pid A nu mber of I table IransiSlOr oscillalOr circuit. ha,e boen eurrem. G rid current can be delOCled by voltqe drop deacribcd but m",t nfthese have been aimed primarily at thc 1~1l& ICrOSI the buffer erid resistor when chocked with IIl nllll itter v.f.o. T ha nh to L. Williams, BRS2S769, of I. d.e_Vll ive YOIlmC1er. BirTlIlns ha m, we lU'e able 10 include a circu it wh ich ap pears some poin.. 0 0 v.f.o . l tab ility bl <: been raiocd in lhe to ha ye r<:al pro mise fo r bo th transmitters and rcccl~crs b ut corrapondenoe columnI of (}ST. W2NXS belicvCli th&t frequency IICnsilive unita-includ ins recei....". OICilll.tors, +10V frequency mel.ers an d tbe v.f.o.---.hould be kcpl ruMine cOIlIInUOllSJy. l nd not subjeeled 10 normal lur n off "'hC'n nu l 15 0 K '2.';f.mH in \DC. Some of his ow n equipment h... been running fnT 2\) yean ; and he find. tllat this keeps the frequen cy ilCllSit ive ". a partl war m an d dry , and gives good valve life since lhe", liT!: 3N l ~o t :+OoOM no sudden l .... ilchinllUrICi. W6KEV IDeI into lhe ques tion of why chang el in heatcr a ~. a" ab''''::;, OUtput \IOl~ prod uce l uch Ial"ie frequenc y dr ifts, lml l"lli"SLl lhat . ", Ihis il a ImUer of ctlaoacs in cat hode: interface resistance / / wtlich II very IICl\lIitiVll to lanperahm: : he oon. id.m Ihat by 0 005 adding an unbypasscd resiaor in scriCll with the interfa ce II MH . I'I:lil tanoe the ehlnge becomes ba l ignificant. He also pain\-' ~ ~70k HC-O OUI I p in that runnins valves withou t anode currents QlUIICI ttle Inle rfllCC resi. tMce to inc"",s.e ra pid ly (Ihat i. Clllhode 20S mH poillOnina ). WSf) 11C !t~s that the lemllCrnture characterlstlc$ of componcnll of nominally the same Iype differ a pp= iably and recommendl ha t eyelillll lhc tuned circuit eompanenlS or an oacillator : typically tbrell e)'l:les between HOF and O"}'in fiyc minute eyeles. lie also menliollS W I oontrary to popular belief zero-cocflicicnt ceramic capacitOI'l used in

    ,nod

    Va riabh: crysla l os..:illalOl1 (yxO$) ~C'1 er~lly u<e ery,;tal. .. ith seril."s illlluo:tan~ or ..... ith both il\du.:t~!ll;l; ,"'d "a r i~ hlc capac ilance load ing : cryst~I " pulling" by ca pac ita""e wl" nc is Wi""Uy c..,,,rme<! t.l rreq"",;y tri l11 minlt of ca lihra'o", and "'here on ly limited nu llinll ranlle is needed . Ho .....ever. ;n f .lu"''''ir J)~$iKII, 7, 29 Ma " h. 1 9 ' ~ , F rank \V. Noble <hnws that a useful dcgrlX' of cry<tal I'ullinll ,all be I'to~idcd by capac itance alonc pro\'ided t h"l certain <k' ilPl raclOn arC ta ken lnto account. " o r ex;,mple. a S to 7 kll , ,h ift w,th 7 M Hz AT-cut crystals. Sy~ tenlS usiog inductors and active circuits t il . imu lalc inductors can provid e greater freq uency ~h i rl". h nt . uch i",J uct;yC c" ", ,,,men t elemcn ts tend to be unsta ble un,l the cryst,,1 upera te' where the ,lope o r its reac tance \..,~u. fre. qucney charactcri, tie i. rela tively shallo w. The key t o oblaining the wi<Jc, t 'N::rul l'ull inS of a co'}'<ta l by ~nryi 118 the ca pacitive l"'''linll i< til IlC r"und in Uc' ilU1ing fo r the highest poss tbre m~~i mum/m i n im u m cap acita nce ratio, and 'II practice this req uires Ih~ lowe- I l'O"',blc minimum c:apa citance. Fo r an AT-cut' M H/. <:ry. LoIllhK _ho uld tbeoretically be of the order of only) pI'. H" ..."'cr. even with careful dc,i l:n ouch a lo w min imum is unlilely III he "",lI ily a<:hi~,ed aoJ , I'F is suggesled as a more ......etical tllrltCt; e""Q Ihi. lie ure '" lilely III require the u<c of d..al air-spaced VlIriablc G1pacito ", as in I'ill. 41. With /I C... . " C .. ,~ mtio of 10 and . minimum of 7 pF, Ihe m:n imunl becomes 70 p" . ' UllllC"ling the u-'" of a 2 by 140 pI' ganged ca pecuoe. Thi s is ca pa blc o r providing II theorct ical freq uency pulling of about 7 ,) kH z. allbo uch in praCl i~ ~ tl lz Is a mOT!: real istic tigu re . To ac hieve opl imum cond ilions fo r frcquen~'Y pulling, U gyM,oll "'"uld be "'Cd tha t have pl:ltcd area s L lI'tr Ihan twice lhe diametcr of .ta ndard crystals: ~ibly ..,me: eXJ\Cri. men tat ion with some of Ihc large. o lder types of cTY"al migh l be wo rth .....hile.

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    BRS2,S7 6'} wrote : " I ha,"C eeoe rome wor\( 00 a high stabil ity osc illator circu it (Fig , 42) Which is 111l Mil lor "enion of the V&Ckar-Colfli us (T esta) circuit
    sta bility .-..:ei~r o n wh ich I am do iRIl some: design worl<. Published clrl:u ilJ :;cern 10 he C'ilt.er of the Hart ley or Clal'P form. ~lIy willi buffer am plifier$. The Cl has lhe feat ure o f o utp ut varying with fr('Q\IoII r>CY an lnl.l istor u buffers do not l ive as high. degree of ,......Ii"" liS wdl_ deloiifKd v~ ll.&jc. .. The circu il ~ lhe traDsistor terminals ""unled wilh very Iar~ lum ps of f;OIpa.dlan<;<;. U ar c al. o tile output lerm;I\llI". T he varues l ,ven COvel' 2-6-2-$ Mel. , and lhe pro tolype will stay zero bcilt with a Cl)'5lal r~ucllCY stan.dMd for how,;. With C l and C2 polystyrene and C3 ~ jl~ mit.llcmpe..ture drifl ;~ plu l 10 els per dellKC Ceutillrude ; lhis wuJd be ilU provffi by making ('J mixed mica an d ceram IC. T he amplilude of osc- illilliOf\ iI CQT1trolled by C2. InCl"ellSing C2 reduces a mplit ude wHhml! \-a)' much elrca on frequency. F or good <tability tile amplilude should be limiled 10 a few hWldn: d millivolls. ThTI'C lpCl:imc,,< of OC I70 were tried willi tile valu es sllown and all p~ a Ijmll~r perfo rma"l:C."

    ....hich . as far '" we are Awan:, WM described fo r t he firlt time: in Tulr ~ ,rtll Top;CJ.

    "The circuit arose from search for .

    d"

    diffil;Qlt. The elfoct <.>f l<:mpcra ture upo n the indllCtOf il p lU1ic1.<larly important, and may be more noticeable in (fan siota r oscillat ors tha n with V;UVCI, since.. 113 bas been IUUCl ted by 03BIK., valvo: equipment has a re pr oducible heali" l cyc:1e eac h timo it il sw itched on, wllcreu the tcmp:ralu n: o f the W mponent l in t he !rllm ilt o. oscillato r il <lcterminc:<l ma inly by a...bient tem pc:ratuR ; llrId vnIc1I fully enclosed will be lusceptible 10 thl:rml>J currents all(! d lllugh il . G 31llK 11lggnli l b e usc of .. bt-avy PUi e Im lal enclQl;Cd box, with fec:d throup, (:apse ilon r01 supply leads, higharad e doob le-hcarl", u"n' ''e ca pacitor, and mechanical ly l Ia ble, b tlh-Q induc tor, moul ded mica eapaci ton for rft'd bact ~ircuits. a nd preren bly h iJh .tability reoi'lo n l ueh a, hn -oKJ de types (c.a. .Electro.,l TR2). Vo't " C-v-ollMl O rcUkrlor Tn the Wl1nC " f co<per; mc:nrai wor k o n p baoe-Iac k,.loop teclmiq ues, Brian Rrad. ha w, G W3JN A, h at been us ine a novel form of volt.agc contr" Ucd oscilliitor whieh does not invol"", the usc nf the mOre CWloma ry voltaIC vari3blc diodes (V VC). Th e VVC ap prOllC!l, alL ho ugb o rton effecllw:, can sometimes n:.u lt in pro blcmi ar isilll from thc: ir 1 0",-0 nat ure ; lossy diodes may prod lJC(l con duct ion d illon lo o a ni! noiiC Inje crlon at hiah freque ncy when , fo r eK&Jflple lllo yeo b; t o be u'led fo r a di rcct-co n YCnion rccei""'r- sO t hat si, nallr>oise rarlc sulfen. O W3JNA is using a lechni'luc which ap pea red in Wlrt-/~" W.,..ld (-feb ruary, 1 96~) ; ori ginal ly ;n Lcndcd for use at mJ .. he filKb It wo rk. ",,11 to 10 Mell . This tcchniqlJC u..cs wha l is clrcaiw:!y a voftsgo-ronlrollcd va ria.blc rcrcld in ductaD,

    Y eh r or S.I/f!r' " The weJl-lric<l W3JIIR " < ynlht"lic rock " 1r:lllSillor o..cilla to r (Fil_ 33) is based on llle rnue kno wn VIIlve oscillalor develo ped in 1940 by TO_ O. Seiler, W8PK (Ialc i W2EB). origillol.lly de'ICribed in Qsr as a " low-C, electron wupk:d os.cilW.or.' A:ord in g 1 J. K . Cla pp (" F rcq,,",TlCy stab le LC osca, 0 latnn " PnK: lin ', Augu sl. 1954) il. hi&h bility chafll(.sla ten,tics utend o ver a llInina range (If 18 :1 w ml'an:d with 2-S:I f(lr the " tel (194S) Vachl !>OC illato r. F ie. 43 shows tl>c basic CQll6guMl.lions (a ) Vac kal a nd ( b ) Seiler o.cilla lOl1i whik Fi,. 44 sh<.>wJ lhe original Sci"'r valve "<Ci llat,, , which still h., many IX'ssib le applicoltion , . ll lbould be: no ted tha t a 6ft> would lod a y tIC regarded a.. an unsu itable valve for th is appl i<:alioll and a h igh-slope r.f_ pe ntode, with IUI'PresiOl J:lid eonnecred to eMss is. wou ld bc preferable. Many Vacka r circu it" incl u,lil1j: tile transistor ven iou by BM.S2S769, . how t he uSC or II low C tuned circu it. II ", wonh pOi,nLiI1jl ou t lhal the or illinal Vackar eircui l was inlended l p:ifoCil lly for h ighC lu ninl!, wilh C va lue, o f t be order of 1000 I'F ,..;ross th e luned cir'l,it. Th i, ~ UUC Sl llhlll wherr Inw-C lun ing is required the Seiler may pro ~ a better aru ."lCmcnl ; whereas fOI high-C ap plications the Vad.ar may provo:beller. It mU ll be noted lha l l ll LC """ Uato r circui ,S a n: sen,i tive 10 lemperal"'" v~ r i~lionl of lhe tuned eircuit , an d lhat alXUflTe temperatu re co mpen..tio n or this I;:llI1 prove

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    4S. IIticny IhI: oscUblo r luned circui t b cl05l:Iy coupled ttl a d ri>en .... indin, on lhe same to ro id : lhcn. depcndinll o n lhe mutual indueIIIICe M . "IIl he Hu ns ra tio , ashift in the e[""ti >e ind UO:lllnce fl.,) can be aeh in ed using 11 o;liffe,ent i..1 amp lifier, sinu l . 1 _ 1I - Mx (.... here ~ is t he rraction or the lotal em iuer current carr fcd by llle rig ht hand transi, tn r or Ihe pair) . GWJJNA reports lha l l hc wavcshllJ'C i. 1It><><l; t hc~ b " bulfm:d Olllpu t. a nd most imf'!'rtan t the c:l ,nt ru l _olts! rrequeney 11w b verr linea r. Wllh a " a riatiOfl or OS Me,'a II t oout 10 Mc!s It .s possible 10 draw ;a plol "r r~uency ' f Tl UI volt s W llh rulct! Fo r lhe indU(to r he used (>I!C o r t he ~II .. po lo mini " toroid, ( ? fo X IS')) ) wllh LI AILl lum ...... ioof " ii Ol urns of 24. ...... eoam . lie leels lba l ~t h air con:d w ill il mi,ht he po"jb~ to uw: Ihe lcehn ique lIJI lO 28 Me '" Ken Joh Jl$On contlmK t llatt hc origi Mi ideo. ...., published, in . . . h 'C contexl. in IfTI,..,..u W....1d as Ion; qo as 1949. The 19M article: dc1a'ibcd t wide-J"&IIiIC' " Obbuh.IOf coYCrinc ~lO-l ' lJ Mc '! and IJSi.DI thra: OC17'O ~ ( >CIC AI- 46). lie commen" thoIt t~ idea - hil nc-..:r o;:o.ucht Oft . and I SllSJIC'CC t hai tl105{ peq>Ic juM do noc bel~ it ~_ com_ m thai \I/lfonlUll.ld)' _ IIaIo'C hcMd hoed all IOu olIn'! in CCInIlCClIOO wilh rally oriJinai idea. In I96S be lIOlN W\'Ctai ad't1.JlUlC$ IlIat eceruc from ....... ~ illdUClanoc n.1l~r than ...-arillbk Clpacilano: in f l'Cqueno:, mooJuIatlon. lie abo noled th.l - ttIC: ranlOe or varialion olIuinabic ,,,gests that it rnilb t be ~ for II W>ltaF-tunod radIOreailo'Cl opcnlitll O\ct the ..1Io1e lTlC:diumo...... \'C ltand .~
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    Nola Ih;at lhe: ri&hlh;and entia or lhe IWO windinp o f lhe mutual iooUl:hna: o;:o.rry ...-irtually the _ voltaae swin,. II doa not, thcrdon:, rrwUer irthere is an appreciable capacitance between them an d they o;:o.n perlectly WlI:U be bifila.r wou nd so as 1 lI'1 a l'elLoooably tarat= co uplinl with 0 out thc need fo r .. ferrite ecR . . .. With modem tra~sistol'! opc:l1I.lion al 28 Me/hOtl1<i be no problem . bu t e~pcrimcn til a rc nce<ied to lindjusl how the linea rity compa res with .. VVC diode for a ny pa rt icular ra nlle or swing. Tho higher the coupling the bette r tbe linea rily a nd the greater lhe ra nge, bUI the wo rx th e 1111 certai nty o f thc centn: frcqllC ncy... Cry " .. ,... ntl O.u'o". Oocl/lo to ro Ahhll.. ~h mod em cr}'l,u l UnilS MC mo re rel;" hle Jnd k-_ . " hjt 1<> c..n tami...~ t ion f,o m d,rl 'h~n lhe {lid .. a, .... r h" (>f the .t~ ~la l "l aiC i, "" ncnoll) units, nc.".'t hdcs~ lhe

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    lholn ~l MH I M .... r" OWtlOne ' ) """ M i . i~ IlC"Cf'IIIy ~ n,j ...it.-abole IV C"~ le AT . an.! DT......, l'lo''''' f.. r I n.! , ~Ih . 71h lind 9th h;,rlhtln"", (.be .........,"'" fm.l"cn.iQ ,ue "N'fo, imaldv. btll c. """ 'Y. C'Il...l h. ,he harmon~ f'C'IlUlC'ociesl. 'To UIoC III' ' ....c<l~ .~ I ....... dl"ccllwl) ." h ldl-Q luned cil'Clli' muot toe uscO I.. c..:i'e .he CT}.... . 1 in .he dc!.irc\l ILIm ';'; ......,,11:. " nd no ... "'" r"" nccs """""10,1 toe rr~ .1 I ' mish' """i 'e .he "' )~lal '1he. mode. O>C'rH>nC' Cf).' Mk an: dnicncd fOf" ..,ria rn< >nancc lin.,! ;ne rooI s u'l4Ib k f,,, d i.a:1 f ,m. Of n " J)" cms: . hC'y nm be ~ for f'h;o-e.,d 'nil '......., Sach Ctu~C'1CrisIlCS as lol'> 'l(lCralu", ......,rf ,icn l II " equl"IIIe1l1 l'l:SI$'an a"pI) " " I) al the ~ frcqum<:y al'ltl ...iIl dlflCf f{lf "I'Cl<ll io" 011 'he f"n.J.o""",.al (If OIher h3rmon~ oukn , Old 1"n.~u,cI )'rc '"1)"1 " ni. s h 1"l'JCr pt(.'C"CS o f q ....:l.r U ltun lheor mo.Jcm cq ui. alcn's ,11 ""11'TItalO his""r .. i~ h I..... els ; d.a.. 11'" in "n~ I<:WI a\f. Ihe r,cquornq. Mn,1 eryS'a l~ Of\C,.'a1 Mt h illll ,' .i ." . levels may l>C'o:O.lW un a hle, K'n"'l"'''''' Ju..,p i"ll f ,nl (O a ~pllric>us mode. r: ..,., jvc 1I";,, i"Il Itl" ~' ' ''Ul'' a f'lCrman"m shi f! il\ f,cq ue.... )' n'1j 1" "u' .'ry'I"I ..., f'Il"~ ula . l y vulne.a N" '0 fra~ I ''''''j: l _ G t llt . ully, '" " c<1 pos Slhle d n"" levc1~ ""'lIjM. ihl.,. " ,,h ,,,.><lOlarti nl: c ha ..e,e.iSlics . r,e.", r~, ' Y I'<' ~ I'y,, ~ 's m,ay t"':"u 'e i"a d i. c d LlC 10 I"'rt id"" I,., ,,, III" I'"Dt", ,. l!-a' ~e L t>lJl .,;>...,r.,1 "ku n;nl: wit h a b lb.,1 '"~ sim llM .01ve111 ""Ii bu n g I.....'" htad In Ilk 1hl< ,u...." . he don" " ''' h aotdcr-sealbctders ...hieh ",,,,,,1 n" , rc .1 " rc...,..l (Or it iII res ull in a frcq u",IC) . hif, ,""II;: h , ~han llC In 1'""",u"" l. 1' 011 ;\1 <1 u.l'U ~ . il1 ha s a hillhc. Q .h . n Iy n'hct lc <I""" t , all h<lu ~h . his h:l:l the a"vunl a w " r f'Cn CCI cryST"llIne c <I n ,,,III''' "n" unirOfill siz".

    Irim mer

    rcsona ~. and '" .he ""'l<'I.ive n:,,"' M l>o;c mode' ...twn bel" .. ,~...'... ". o..:illa'on u~ i nl funda men lal . U... ~ll1) "f'Cno 'e in .be posiliYc-'C3"' 3~ nlUok ",,1'" " Cf\'~IMb ...11 ... frcquen<a

    (Tr<.....

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    lhal .m>osl a ny of l hC' Cilah lishcd v. I"... osciJl.lI lOf arTan~ lDCIlU can be <I;= .'y adap,..-4 10 f a OfIC"I':St ioo. Tni. n l indiC: led in a nllm ber 01 e~ampln in Ihil Sel;tion . A f"rther O c umple is ....own In Fi.. , 49 whe re IW F t;Ts a rc uSC<J as I $Ou.cc -cou plal 3IfTllntcrnctlt which is . he: d ir1 equ ",. knl of 'he "" I ~ ca , hod~"t'kd oscilL:aI"'. C1 .h. ' uld be dMnC'n 10 " IiI Ihe (l$t~lI"{If freq ucncy bu . will " ft"n be or . llt o rdtr of 10 pr, WId_ _ VXO. O us Ge rke, K 6nU ( H"m /(<1<1'-.. . I\ ul;""' . 11}10 j rep"lI s ItChicvln.. slIlble , win... of u!' 10 !>O kc/s Oil 7 Me!s ...ll ll. """ usi n" 7 Me!. fllo<J "f!X' nlal, t-TI4 t -t )'P" .:I). I,,]s. TIlio is . n appreciably ,"'"Ie1 frc q llen~y v:l.rial inn tlul n ,~ u Su.l ll) eonsidelN ;as be ... , """.. h ie I<lr re.1Uy , Iab le ' W Of'ICr.lUCNI ; although the ''011",,1 1'1-10 pate m fOT vari~bk frcq UC' llC ~ erysl ~l OoSCiH al,," ""n" ...ly wuot,,<J lila ",,11 ..ide " .1 ialioos em. l,", be llcllicYai. K6111J t'.oviok. "".~r:>] "il\-uil~ o n.: l(Or .I lnanoi., ..,. . m which he c laim. p"'''i<lc:s Mable 50 kc:/s p;I<k!in. (In 7 Me/s : see h I- 50. n.c "... il U k 40 10"" of No . 32 p Uf" w,n: e",,",ound CNI .o I in Iu~-Iuned coil formcr. Tr.II1il~l .. r ' ~P an: rda . iYcly _--enuaI IK60U suaats 2~ 706, 2~121 'J, 2S )66 2. 402J 7). H" indICa!..... thaI for minimum thermal d rifl the iIlPllly YOl~~ shNld bl: kept ""'hen ..ptimom v" lllC's Of C ha."; been f.....F>d (u~~ .a I .........n. vafi.abk) II is popibll: 10 ...,place . ~ 11)' t WO fl<l oil'<er-mic.a capacllon o f " ppm"..;'te ..luc (ul ualb "bout :!OO p F). ~ I'l0'O rcrnot ininll: ..... bk Cllpol titan lboWd PR'knb/y tuw 51f11iSh.line-f. e<l""nc,..e h_ra.:IC'r1stic:s 10 prov>dehne "'" ~libf1l.>oo. ~ .-11 V..... MI..... T he inaaoint "'" 01 mi~ in u.b. fronsmill(n., hele.... dyne v.f.o.. s od. po lenlially. in '.equmey Sm1lonite... foT

    SOU'U-c OUI>Je<l' fT OICmo tor One oI t"" ad ... nl~ ~ of u$inCFET tkvicn 3.S osc illal., ... it

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    O S CILLATOR TOPICS
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    bolb rooeption am! transm issio n means tha t then: i$ .. ri$i"ll


    demand fo r baIanoed fTllUr Clra.tJ11o ...hoch dimil\lllc:, 01 at Iea$t grt3tly a ltenu.ate . u marty of the unw anted OUlpuI loignals as pouib le. The con~nlional baIiuJood m i1er eliminates tile os.:iUato r frequency from the o utput, lellviol the inPUt an d the hf;tet'Odyne p rod uo;l$. In a dOllblc-ba\.ulcod minr both the local os.:illal o l and the in pul si lllllll f~umcy ue r:ancdl ed o ut, leaving a much cleaner OIltput. l1Ie circu it of a no\od double-balanooed miller u.'ling valYQ was described back in Oct ober 1960 by H . T . McA lcer in EftC/rtm,": I nduJl ri" J an d Olle veniofl , us ing a doubk:-lriodc:, lubsequ:ntly turned up in a a;'SUl-bank frequnK: y syn thesizer by WJQLV ( QST. Doce moo, I%4). Fill- ~ I . hows t!le more elegant venio n usinll two pen tudes s uc h u the 6AU6 complete ...ith ba la l} inll potentiometer; a nd the c Jimpler double-triode venoion uocd by W 3QLV il shown in

    Fig. 52. An ad vantage o f the.o,e ci"", itl is that un like mod ~lUldard double.balanced mixers th= is no reqlliremo:n t fOl" pll-\h-J>UII dr;'-e for correct o peration . The siml''''r dn llb k:-trlocle

    ,'cruon does nc r p rov ide l uc h 1l0 0d IUI'!ll'CSloiQn Qf It,,;: funda mental frequcn c",s l ince t.!lr: t fecd through rrom inf>\lt tQ outPUt call ccc w thro \.lllh arid-an ud e capaQ~ but il can be more conven ient ly fash ione d wiLh a , inal e d Ollblc triode ~lh-e . The circu it can be th nullhl of n a pai r o f grou n<kd CllthClde amp lifl", .t"!l<'S dr iven ;n parallel h I' a pair Qf lf oundedllrlt.! alllpltlie.... wit h commo n aOO<le tNt.! ; , inee Ilin o f the lIl"0 undcd'lITit.! . ta tel i~ equ. 1and l'l'posile to l hlll of the Ilroundcd~ thode It.get, thf; nel laIn .. zero at the input freq u cnc~.
    0.006l :r

    Tr..... /.tor S "I.",,,.., "'I" A no vel oolJ.noeod O1 i~ er usillll two-<::rol.i co uplet.! tra nsisto rs (somewha l ak in 10 Ihe ,...Ive .:il"Cllit wivcn in the Dote abo~) ..31 a recent co ntribu tio n by L. E. Oei sler In the J~lr""ks " Delillner " ClI.cbooi; .. f~tur<;: (17 October, 1966); see Fill- 5) . 11 ill Claimed that Ih is o fTen lIdvlLll l>ta.et over the popular dic>de qu:r.ds, in that no lpeci~ l t ran.fl'rmer II required! a nd trutl thue II tome lJlIi n instead nf beina inheTellUy ,ouy. TI1e two lranmlon (2N I30J ill the o rillillll1) h a~ oolla: . 10rs in parallel, ...itb bases and em illen C<OIIoCOnnectetl . A po$rtive IOUlI lnPUtlllDll1.wltch ea on one trl1n<i.istor, ...hile the other rema.illl o rr;. llCllOllive ~inl in put swiu;hc1 on lbe oUler tra nsistor b UI llll'liD p rod uces a poroit;ve-.oin. oull"'t pu.Jse ( thf; c ircwt IhLII I1Td 10 baye poaaibilt tic& for frequency oo ub lilll' cornet y balanced. the OIltpUI cumpri_ UIl llCT and lower aidebanols (Ihal i. , bder odynea) of t he two inpUI lienaIa and even order harmo nics 0[ th e input and carr iel li llnala ; bu t no rWl<1amen lal o;om""ncn~ The arcuil functio lll best when d riYCll rro m low impeda.nce 1IOIlr<:a. About . 600 mV oo<:iILilor lienal lhould be uaed fo r a 60 mV ClI rrle r l il(fUll. T o pn:y,,:rll u tcrn al mi_inl. the input c ircu its IUld Ihe crysIoI oscilla tor . hOllk! be ...,11 s hielded.

    "''hen

    0scH1o.0t' f"r 80J0ncood """en An oscilla tor which can p rovi60: balanl.:cd inp"' la fo r balanced miller " ~ hall ' - ' suaeMed by G)JOO. Hi. cin:u it of Fi l . Sol ila mod ified Colpit ts used 10 ob tain two IlIOn: or leu baIanc:ed in puts 10 a miKJ ; If aa:unte balane:e ....... needed one o r other o f lhe capaciton coWd be a trirnmcr, b",t 03JOO r... ds ~ per cen t to1cfancc eorn ponents

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    AMA TE U R RADIO T E CHNIQ U E S

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    have . n umbo: of uiCful (cilIum whell used as variab le or r fixed frcqueno;y oscillatOr! ; and ClIn be used in II.I~I

    It is t>cooming widely m:t>lIllilCd that I\cld e ll"tct device.

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    dite<:1 Iui .... I"nll o r all the ...al"" circ uits. iller bipola r lronl islun; the Ft. . =et>es thermll <Xjuilibrium an d Ihuuld , be quite l Ia ble wilh in 1010 I ~ ~nds, <;ompared wil h the: 10 to I S minulc~ o r &0 wilh thermion ic valves. Bolh bipolars , and FETa hKv" c~l n:mcly low power di... ipa'ion 10 lha t lill ie heat is tr- "" fcrrcd to adja~DI component. even when tlle!lc . a re moun'..... in d ose prOl\(mity. The tcmJlCralu rc Siab ility o f the tuned ~~ n.. Uil itself II thu s Ihe ma in lim ita tio n on the ' Itabi lity o f the ... f.o. -

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    This lIUC'llio n abo recetves Cilreru l eueeucn by A. Lcroc


    W6WQC ln a n in rolllllll ive article A uro-lemperature. GOmflCMo1kd JI'ET VfO" (73 M(Jj{azi1U'. ~ber , 1968) ,

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    Jim Fi. k, WIDTY. ha. de velo ped }-5 to 4-0 Mel' versions . o f the Va~k'H lind Seiler oocillalo rs u$in~ M PF I02 F ET. and "'I'o m ~nl husiulk:ally on t he r<:sulls ad>icvcd. Of the FET Vacksr of Fii . ~6 he 1II )'S " il far su rpasses any v.to . I ha 'o"li c""'" b uill. tra nsL lo r or Va~uu llJ lube" wilh only a ' I kell ch oge " 'hcD t u pply volls were va ried frum n to 9 yolllI. a nd nn oo liceab l<e chiII' or dnn: "'hen keyed . lie lIlen lried a co mpa rabl e Sd l~ :urana:cmcn l Wig. ~7) wllh cqull lly encouraging m ull. ; apart rrorn II Y<:ry shgh! . degradation in the o ulpu l a m"lit u<!e stabj\jly he coul d de. teet 00 dilf"e rena:. Some o;omflSrisons between Ihe slability of L C ....:illat O" It 100 Mels for r ETs nnd bipola", appe.1r In the boo k FIT Appllcml,mr HwoJh.>I>A. Over Ih~ tempera tu re N1ntt<> ~(H OO C, a bil'Obo r u nit driftC<! a bou t $0 ke/I wberca, the d rlfl "' ilh the FIT was only about ~ kels (fo r this lest 1M lempera ture of lhe:utlle r co mpo""nl. was held stcu<ly). The second oom"a ri~on docs Do t aive <lnil' such II swoeping adv"mage 10 Ihe r ET bUI slill sllo.... Ku",ful lmprovemcnt; it also iudiC3 tCl lhllt the F ET ha. " , I<:;1 dy drift lo.. u ... ith rising tcmp'cralu re whereat the bipolar SU.rt5 o ff ..';Ib a llOSinv<: drif laud then lurM over. pouibly maki ng aQ;Vrate tempela lul'tl compcn\Slion more d iffl u ll rcr the bil'Olnr, e
    + I' V '

    co effident ove r a limitcd tem pera ture range. or pos~ibly CY<:II adju~ted to p rovide equ al and 0ll l'O'1Ic dri ft eha raelen . tic to Ihat o r the IW'C<! e,rcuil. Altetna ti""ly a Ihctm;~lor or ot her temperature ocnsili\'ll l'CSiSIOr mighl be Uucrled in the source lead to provide a p recise tem pcra!l lre co rrection.
    ,~

    Thit shows how the temperature ooelfu:lcot o r a JF ET o-<cill.,or can be adj ll ~tcd by va.,.i ntl lhe opcmtina point . an,1 c:a n be S up to provide VIrtu ally zero tempc raH'rc el

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    the spread of f ET charaeterisli<.:s. il is nCCCSlU)' for ma~,!"um bc:nctll to fintlthc 0t'liLn \.lm OflCrIIlina; poinl o f all ind "idual H oT. aud W6WQ c prOV Ides a t ood de.tl o f adv ice on ho""his can bc don e. He also includ es a pnlCli.:al intended to ta ke adl'anla ge o f Ihis uniqllo F~T prope rty o f zero d. c. <lnfl ; see Fi g. !H. It will be 00 IM lhot the uSll, 1 llfid cal'!lll:ilorl~s~tor comh;nKtiOll is Dmitted a nd 11 SOu "", bilu. _ lStnr u~ lI\!1ead. T he orrall gcmcrll thn! I"CS<'mb lca the so-caJled thennlon;';; .. ~ Ia .s A .. oscillators. This FET Q5CillittQr prC>Yid~ only a few mic ro....a ns o f OUlput but thi. can be a mplirlCd to a useful level in the two-Slagc bipolar . mplifier.
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    G3POM "'j,"-5c" bmt y fT V<>d<.. r V.f .O . Su pport for the vi",.. tM I field-elTect dc vkcs al e or par ticular value fo r var iot ble freq uency OOl. lbtlors nxc i""d ; powerful " ' rPOfI fro m Pcle' Manin. CrJPIlM . ...ho de velcped :r. h;, ll-st.niJilily ~a".:r oscillalOr for a .M a rk II version o r .. rtte l\'Cr ... h,ch II... been de",," bed 10 RaJio Comn"",icUlum n "",fbulJA.

    OSCILLATOR

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    The I lllbility he: ach ieved u, inlt II 2N3 819 [unction FET irl co nj unction with bipol ar buffer/isolation in a genuine Vacb .r cin:uit covering ~. 8a to 638 Mc ls is. as G 3PD M pUIS It, ~ incroili ble.... A wa rm-up drift of m ~Is (caused by the Pl~un:e c:apaclll ncc: cha ngin g I S tbe F ET warms up) i.o the lIrlot 60 ilCCOI1ds. a nd t~ rter 2 c!s pe r 30 miomes_ tb.lt i$ a bout l Pilrts in 10'l W hile possibly no bod y co uld rwuantee that such fanw tic: pcrt'ormallQC i, a lwa y, goi ng to prove rep rod ucible. fell: Manin noICS I ~ poin ts to wlltch . (!) Suoogly rcc:orrunen d tho: p:o uinc V"",kl r ~il'\:ui t . I.e. with C I /(04 + C6) - 0 10 _ 6 l PPrQKima Tely. (2) Ux a n FET l'lll""r than I nlve ; lhey a re rTKIre sill blc. last Iolllff, use the:sa me ci rcu ils. I nd are e ven chea pe r. (l) use e strong 00" (ditast c r be tll:r). (4) Use a higlHiual ity va riable: "" paci tQr. 'The: SQ-aIIk:d aJ.f. (straigtlt.lin&-f~uency) l, ws arc roc I tun inll range of 2 : 1 and are llOIuseful for normal l ma ll:u r US<l. H owever, the RF-26 type capacit<.>n: (s till lvaila ble new Q Jec kso n Type VIOl ) provide a n a lm ost perl'eo;t1.I.f. law wben luning SOD kell in. this circuit. (5) To red uce the hea tine d feo;t or the r .f. CUrmT ts in Cl. th is 5hoold be an air-spaced tri mmer : th is l ilows ad j"" t ment Qr feed back 10 lhat ci n:uit j usl ....c llat es. rcd....;nll harmoo.ie o utput and drin due to in te ......t i<'" of h~Tmonic:
    . . . " ,.

    (7) Adju.lta ble temperature compensation can be p rovlded by mea nS o f a " Te mpa lr;rnmer " (Ox ley De velop"

    (6) All vari ab le ca paci tors Ihould be c:ffeo;tive ly c lt:,;,o ncd preflmlbly in an ultrasonic: ba th (G l PD M . trusn. t....t thi. rea lly doeI ma ke a diffe mK:C').

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    ".ow al

    0 1.0" ~ .....

    me nl .). Ca pacily is 6 ~ p F ,,-t 2.ooo pam per mi llion . A lQ'Ner COS I dev ice il Oxley's " Th ermo Tr imm er" with II more res tricted (b ut usually a deq ua le) tel1l(l<'ral urc ra n;e- n om ina l capac itance is 2 ~ pF wilh lem pe ra t ure ~'t:Ie mcient ~ar iable from + 1000 1 - 1000 p.p.m, 0 (8) C I C3 lind C 6 sho uld be s il ~ re<l m ica lype. , Ara l diT ~ 10 surrounding l o lid objects (this red u~ " .... arb!lo ll" du rlnttt he " malle i tesl "). (9) Ttl<: tt- te res isto r ehoutd be l\ 2-Wllll solid carbo n T 1 ype fo r minimum heatin g and low inductance. (10 ) Use o f a bulfer.'iso lali ns am p lifier is ene nti al. W ith , a foed baclr pa ir. the sa in is rc. d ily adj ut ted wh ile nel!ll T i~e feed back r nain ralns low harmo nic cement. (I I) Circu its u. inS a d iode from tllIte to ear lh fo r reeulicariI'D Qut.ide th e fET llp pea r to inc realC dnf! . 112) rower , uppliel must be very wettsta bnlze d, an d d isc eeramfc by. pass capaci lo rs sho uld be lil>e rally used to preven t unw ant ed feedOOck lIl"ng the l upp ly rail " (13) OI<;illato r compone nts a round The tuned c ircu it (l , C f, (""2, C 3, C4, C6. Rl a nd f ET source) sho uld hS\'e s inSle eoJmOlOn e.1Mhin, po int. (Thi s u''''l11y mea nS usinll c ne of th e li.\lnll screws of (."4 .) (14) Ce ramic con fo rmers are p referred (u am p le Ekc"o~lqwJ TO 5C. f" r , to 6 Mcii ). . An iro n dU'1 eore f", ilila t<:l v.r.c. cahbruuon, bill ferrite co res mu.t be 'V<>llled. (U ) Kee p lea ds . hOM, and U511: sTlff wi ~ (16 o r 18 i. W,II,) for interconn ectio ns In tile <cillator ta nk circ:uit. lkt~ Ui of pe rl'o rmance . in D ilio<l tc the warm -up drift d<l and 10001: term siabil ity considot:rtd a bo ve, are I:Ive n by OJ PDM a, ; re~I<JbI/iI)'-llner . witch ioll o ff for 12 hou rs, reIUrns 10 wilh in 10 C.'I of pre' ;"'" freq uency: "" /Iag e J IiJ/Ji/(ry -<withoUI zener d iod e). 10 per eem cha lls e in sUrpl y resu lts In shift o f 8 e ll ; " GJI' DM .1 ""du,,1"",lIt l It JI _ I . erage . h1ft or 6 ell; Jro/e lI_ i/r-ma.timum er ro r ever ~oo kc/l bond. 12 kc l' " withou t a ny Ct>dginJ.. " OJ PD M is planning to try I n lO FEr 10 see if this miih t resu lt In eve n lowe r ,,, rm-UP d rift. Sc>mc idea of t he: degree of lm pro ' -e rncnt wh k h such I u nit l'l:JlA:$Cntl over currem Sla nd ard' Ii ind ica ted in I'lil. 60 whe re G l PD M hIS I:Omp;tred the d rift of his FloT ~.f.<l. 11IIiDst IMI of I f200 tra rosoeh -e r. T he I ' pelint' Iis led lbove sltow t ha i to a chie.... this type o f pcrfQrmance eI,ln siderablc care mllSl be ta ke n In the: elc.:tricl t aDd mo;ha nll:lll ILJpects lhe uni t : b ut at lea' l the: Fl::::T m..~kl'il ioch an e nd rc:su ll P<'SSibie.

    or

    ,..
    Slcl~"

    AMAT EUR R ADI O T E C H NI Q UE S

    ....c:c. Con trol''''

    o,cm"tor.

    "";ll! lempcT alu,c cllarlclerishc of aoom IWO pa n , in 10' per 4e8""" Cen l'IlrAdc. and .. ilh a similar fipm: p"T volt chanse in ,u pplr. rK\lcnt ial, ha, been describe d by 1"'0 Ita lian ell,inte rs (Col li a nd TOnlu ",tti) in Electroni c ~JI!fn (19 July. 1969). Th is co mPTi"" a modifocd Piel'<% mcilla lo r clre uit wi.h Ihecryslal lx.....e. n gale 2. nd dafn ofll d ual. pte MOS rET. lea>';ng ~.e I free In provide' .'uy "tree Ii"" . ,a.c. Th e. cir. cuit i, ~hown in F i, . 6 1(a). .... n r.r. vollnJe " ta ken from the d rain. vi. C), Bnd fed hack 1 ~a !e 1. Any good sneon r.r. diode is cennecsed (1 t.;-' .... eo:n gal e I amj e~,i!I.s a clamp. The ,ys tem th us pro,'ide. bo th d.c. re"dhack. pro portional to Ihe output f.f. a ....plitude. in addition 1<> the I .e. f~dbaek . The IlaliaM sUllF"l t h~l while the former keeps the ou tput r.I. Ic\.-el col'll'ltant fnr d.c. s'lpply . ariati"". from S to I S ... oIl,. thc IIIIer keep' lhe (lIlIPUI wa"er"nn . illu.oid31. wilh IIClligible harmonic co nlcnt , in spite Dr lhe "Iuarc l~ w trall .rer CMraelerislic of the MOSf'ET. l'lo indica linn l' j ho'en or the oOlpu t vollace, hU I ...... SUs ~l tha t this i. fairly q'N . 1 he compollCnl yalue<! an: " ptimizcd fo r II IG--M c;, crystal blJt . he CircUli works wilh"ul allY moddicat ion u around 4H kc 's, AI lower ftcq uencies, because 0( ino;rca$cd cryslal nct;yily. it i. ' ll ~~esled tha t the OUlPUI may 1101 be pcrfC<;\ ly . inu,,,idal ; hQUo'''''n, this ca n he remedied by ino;n:as ing the "lIlue lOr C.l. \\ hik lherc is perh aps slillllnly limited dcmll1ld(all hO\lgh an inun<ing one) for "')llal oS<.~na tor circ uils in which l h".... i$ only ocg h ~ble COI\lrihm;on 1(1 d rifl by Ihe cireuit rt.e. lile limilalinn is virlua lly lha, nf lhe Cf)"$tal il!\Clt), it "o uld seem fn"blc to inco rpor le lhis e.g.c. sYO'ern in a >l 0,,-oUlpUl dual -ga lC M O Sf l::.T Vack ar oscmaioe. Such I 1 'C'C hniqlle mish . " " Ul'lrod uce a moat $Iable , impk ....riab le oscillalur : an ollli inc i\ .ho w" in F ig. ~I lb). Ihoug h co mpo nent >"Iues wou ld h"\ll" to he o ptimized .

    T" o bla in muimum l Iab ility from an oscillator, 1I1fT1e fo rm of a . .e. loo p it desil'llble. A hl~h" l lbility Cry.lH I oscillat or,

    TroIlJirN' " '"'I"ener DI/der Barry Priestley, 03J0 0 , draws euecncn to. transistorized lod::ed-osdllaloT (rl\l~l>C)' divider which ha l nwoller of U," 10 the 1l1UI lcut: f ig. 62. He has used Ih is arnnaemcnl 1 obta in 3 ] Mel. when the on ly ava ilable cry,la l w;u 0 62 Mcls : he hu .lro f0UJl4 1 work, fo r t be division by four t of . n 80 Me!_ drive, wilh ocalod ccmeeeeet values and a
    21'1 2369 Il'llmiSlor. 11 m us t be nole<J th at whe n 11M: correct

    aY l>Chronizin$ drive it not applied. 11M: circuit lICU


    running oscill ator.
    1 ) - 1 "'"

    ll&

    a free

    _vee
    ~

    L-r'_.o22~

    '"

    C3

    '1_

    ........

    2N 384

    ,,,"'"

    "' '"

    :":
    ~

    OUTPUT

    +I2 V

    cs
    l20 p ~

    2 2 ~

    The divider. o rigina.lly de$cribed by J'(:ler Suller. wn,isa of II gro unded bMe lIscilialor. with synchronid nll d rive app liW between bas and earth. For relillblo performance, e 1M tnm,i . tor sho uld have good h.f. cha racterk tlco. The circuit Iw5 d.c . slabilizalion nnd the impcdaua: of tho synchroniring drive 5Ouru: !lh<:>uld no t exceed 1000 ohms . Op limum input is given as 0-7 volts r.m .s. but \'Uri ltioD rrom O'S 1 12 volU should eeveume effect. With a 2O-volt 0 powef eouree, oU'put is about 2 vcre r.m.s. to a 1000 ohms load . Divide,., of this type can be readily = dcd. wi.h each sta~ drivcn from II ta p OD the emilie. rabto. of lhe pre view. sta liC. The report sn.o"" Ihal lhe loc k-in ban dwidlh i. bet leT l han S per cent al freq uency ratios o r 1 : 2, I : ) and 1 : 4 o ver a wide s upp ly voltage ra nge, but becomes a good d"" l mo re ail ~a l (as doca sup ply vollage) al ratlot of I : S. I : 6 and l : 7.

    --"' OUTPUT

    I "~
    2~ op r

    "
    ,

    ~I
    ~

    ,,=

    Low....oIC<lr. S'l'o.....".. ". O. "m"tor " Ideally prod uct detecto rs and diooo-quad balallCCtl modul.al Of'S should be fed o r . ,.,ilched "" th II square- wave rath er Iha n a .inc-wave signal. Whether in pra ctice thh "'_ sutts in a . igr.i/iClint impro"" ment DIUU be ler, I<) o thers to dCl:ide, bUI f iy.. 6l provides a cryst al " cloc k ~ p ro vidinH abo ul 1 " ult nI' SOIl kC/, sq" are-"'l!ve o utput whcu powered

    r---,:---,.--""t-:-:----,--,.~ +14SV

    '01


    ' '' M ,~ u ." I..

    ..... outwr

    '"

    "

    '"acc a
    2 N2219

    .nn,

    tv

    p , . 61( 0 ). H , . ~ ,,;h b l '" . ....' b l. u.. ..t 0,,; 11 010" Ol

    ....

    , 00< 111. '''' ;a <a o. ..i Q ... .<. 1_ . , '''Nu_ Iou w ith 0 "' u h . d ~u .I; 'J .f. , ;11 0 " d l.. d . '

    OSCILLATOR

    TOPIC S

    '"

    r-r- r---r- -- - --r-- > .


    100 TIU 10"

    "
    ,

    '"

    OU TPUT

    the Iundamental bu t regeneralive at UIC overtone fttq ueilCY , an d provided there i, , u.tlid ent gain. will eesun in cvertcae oscilla tion. Th e L, C2 values depend on keepinR t be eorreet reso na nt frequency, an d so it is more convenie nt t o alter Cl to adj ust the excita ucn. T a bl" 2 shows thc elf"" l on C2 if the resonan t Ireq ue ncy rs a t its .. ideal" ~a\ue (gwmclrie mean of wamed and nea rest unwa nted frcqucnc":sl. 1he geo metric mean of ftc qucnci""" "nd b is y"{abl .

    TAHI,E 2.
    Colpl tb O vcrt<M1C Oocillalor

    only by D 1'35 ~oh m~rcu ry cell, T hil circ uit stems fro m Roberl Dilli" n in f:1#'1 ",,,le {).l ll{~, 8 No\'<:mbcr, 1969. CrYllO'I Ol~mator There h~ ' e been mnny cireui lS for transis lo r crysl~ 1 oscitlunrs lhal do no t require t uned circuits, b ut eeot he r has bttn pU I forwDrd by ul l l"li~n ellll'lIccr In the" IdCM for Dtsi~n " , "" lion o f F./r rrronir Dr sl/{n (l Feb ru" ry. 1968). Thill is. cl lI i m~d a' heinli: suilab lc for c ryslals fro m 1- 20 Mcj, operalinj lhem nn lheir funda men tal I' r~ lte l rcsonlll'lOl:

    "",",,00

    Effe<:tive vlIllIe o f C2 relali\'<: to ac tual "alue

    L.C2 re>OnallCe as percenta ge o f " w kin g fm;j ucocy


    ~ll y'

    '''' "h
    "h

    "' %

    ,,(,

    7Hy'

    28-6%

    84~ ~

    flcquencie.

    The o""iltalur , Fig. 64, is bla sically similD 10 a Perce o,.;ilr 1110. but wilh a n emiller followe r which ;ncreasc, lhe in pul imped;lnc;" .. sccn .. by lhe C1'Y"lal lookinll lnlo lite blLSC of TR2. T he F Ihol I her~ on:: lwo e miuer bi.... circuil., il is act stated, helps to reduce ~ain altellnalio n with i ncrea.~jnll (ffilllency. The IwO lra n, i. to r, in the orillina l circulI ere D SY39, BSY38 but Ihe.., co uld be replaceo.l br 2N1Oll , 2N914 or simila r dev ice. Wi lh I'lIt-o fT freQucllCl n o f lhe order of 500 Mcls. Calp ltu Ove.t"~e 0,,11I"1'" a form of ov~rton~ oscillator wh ich appean to ow:n;omc lhe common dilTlCUlLy tha t such osc illalo R tend to be mo n:: Lricky 10 " dj llS l compa red .....ith lhe fu n4a men l.l.l Colpitts arrangemen t. It i. ~l blc to mod ify the conventional Colpitls circuits so lhol lhe crys lal OKiJlates o n a l'Qluired o.-erto ne, by da mping lite uyslal o n illl fllnda men tal or u n_ "Inled lower o~rtO<1Cll. l' f1ICtical tesl1 showed thi$ to be simple an d slroigh Lforw ard wilh no ad justment and no "or/ie$ abO<J l sclf-exciled osci lla tion. 1IlF i,l. 6~ the ad d iLi on o f L to the co nvcolional circu it resuits in the tullC(j cin: lIit C2 L If Ihis i$ reson ated 3. lhe 1 geomeTric mean o f the fundamen tal a nd (SOly) thi rd o see, tooe, then lhe combi na lion loo ks like a coil at lhe funda mental blll a som ewhat reduced <:apa<. l.ll.nce al lbe Ihird i O\<:rlOIl':freq uency. The circ "it will then be del"ll<' r3tive at

    From Darry lind Kay Pri cll lcy (G 3JGO,'G3XIW) comes

    cmcrlle<l .

    FET ' M<:fl S..... e. F2RG has develo ped a venalile ".h.f. sisn~ l lOurcc pro"idin .. a pprco;ill blc Wlpu t o n 144 Me!1 from a n 3 Me/$. cr>"tal b lllfid e ni 1 use II as a minio(ransmitl~r o''l:r a d i, 0 ta noc o r 25 Iun ). II looks like lhe familia rtntel,'mulliplicr wdl kno wn as a valve circui l ; see Fig. 66. This means Illal t here a rc mo re Ij)lIlious ootpu l$ than ir tho QlCiUalor werc o pcralCd as an ove rlooe lIuit. F2 RG stresses thaI 10 a~oid SPllriOUS OUlp uts l he e.nlirc uni l lnclud in, ba lteTy I nd cry51al should bel enc losed iQ a mell l bo~. The Ii",al 1O\I fCC' i, lise<! by F2RO fo r such purpooses u 144 Mels n:ceiVl:l" adjU$tmcn l and for testinJ aerial p:l!le rm, bUI il mighl be won h Ill~ti ",tln ll u a sim ple local oscill alor for a 144 Mels converter o r u lhoe Ul rt o r a 144 Mcls nansmittc:r. nus de vice " as buill by 0 8BCO. A n llmbe, o f "a r'3 1iol\!J were a ttempt ed and lhe mod ified "cRion shown herewith

    Compa ri'lOQ wilh lhe ....2R O circll it dil.u m shows lltal lhe..: a re a num ber o f d~tall d iffe rence<. mos l no licc.ably in relll m inil ihe o;rystal lo Ihe ho I end alIne induo;tor instead of dow n 10 ca nh, a nd the usc of a aimp lc !inlll e tllm OlllPllt loop al the ean hy e nd o f U . Th~ lalter conl;"t~ "r -4 tllm s

    u "",,",,, '.. I . ~ Un.

    l n d ~ . t. n < . u. ln. ",I J n 011 IDn, . " Fe ,. ' . ....Dd 1,.... :IS no "' oil IIn k. ~ .. 1-1 "' d iD "" ., "" ' ~ In , bo " '' 'n "'D "'.... p. d . _ p l.k d U. . IIDw,.,.h u Do "" U I ~ . '''' h ",," 1 .." l uD by . ponlna .., .h"ltl . ,

    ~IT~~J.h:'I::.';~~: J":: ;.m:~ tn:I;r.:.'Z ~".o~':.:'.II':.~~:'~


    or. ThD COUPl ln!

    IJ

    ....

    . .... 11

    .h

    . . ... .

    '"
    2 N3 619

    "' H A Ta u" RADIO TEC:HNIQU I! S


    .~

    .-.
    1.1U


    '"
    9C ~

    'lll01l

    , .",

    ".

    ' "onl

    ~.

    "
    _ , ~"",...,._

    .~
    ..

    G D
    ' ....002

    6 -eo-. .._ " '.

    ~ ..;

    '" ",.

    22 '

    .~ " ""' 1.0 " "''' ' '

    of 18 s...... Wt<ire ...- ound IU I in . dl.mecc r. I I Is lunod by lhe 2-12 pl' capacitor C2 to lhe 1 metn:: baD.d. lbc o llM'riadudor, LI . reIOllalea a l lho <:r)1w frequm<:)'. a ,",,,,', , !lAdconsi~uor21 tumI 01 21 " "'.1- Wlc.d.- WOUlld on a' in.. AWl4in fonner. aDd ;r ic is slUI IU t lhe gopacilo l C ll;lIn COOV'efIi",nly be . 100 pf fP.ed lX:R mk. II II cbinable 10 wirv fhe p ie aad IIOIUU: leads oJ lbe
    To let up lhe caJibral or conned . 0..10 rnA meI in lbe + 9 OIl . - &nil ~I lbe tJUI of L1 unn' 1 cum:nl M madin. dl'Clp& from J rnA to 2 IDA. 1,"","1 short Ialalh of wire in fO the (Q-IAial socket, place the ,," libralOI __ the
    SUtlOD 1 IT1ClfecoaOU1l: , and tune C1 for mallilnum ........

    ~'2 _

    "'"
    _ _ ...... _ .....-........ _ewyoul _ e l _ OJ:lUI _ H _ _ d . ... _ ..U . ....

    FT ~d)' Iol:fOI& the pilll or the (r)YlII1socker.

    __ _ ~ .. 1'1

    The....... 10 wtlicb IIUI osall alWlIliI)' be.m.1l1ed afCmaD)'. 11 bar. boca applied fll'llltlI iC' UDit Ill " low fl<.'Wtt Irms. mltln" by c~ Irac1;n .. the .hird MTTnOftic:. 14 Me,' , from U . I cz, the valuc. of .. hic k &R inaeucd 10 2S turns on. t Ill.

    Ah.houJh 11M ~)'WI of Ihc QtCillator b DOl' crilital. it il. desirable 10 e1lCfoM, il in ~ ea-o 10 mtuce ~ ndUtion.

    as.

    lJu. I..-J formct atw:l 41 pF Iud ceramic:. Arloll'> applklliioa is to 11K II U 'np stale Ioc.al ~ll.lIor for III'~"ct in a mobile ri~ with . hiPQ btul lntCl'JlOlC'd.
    Almosl aDy crystal _ to wort sa tisfactori ly in lhis d rrui l arran,emcrn . i.e. FT2.4) or l OX.

    ....

    ,~

    ..
    ,

    low..... ' C ry ol" O K I/Ioto. Ja n M _NlXd,"J, LA'A K . poinl~ OVI 11\101 ...1'>cn a llc: pcinl m ro mod ify :>. IraMftI~ f.m . or a.m. Ua nllmill for c.". opmIl ion . it may he fOlUld lha l lhe noW ~idc:hlr>ds :>.~ QU5in. J'OOC 1.- II,nals. lie wmmmll : " TI\t cMq>lion ...as lhe: DJRR nn: uil ...hidl I'l'O'I"fd '<:r)' mudl eeue- It.n an y oll1'>c 0Incn.. My .-enoon. tncorpor. .Iin. an i.e . ,"",t:>.$'Ii .......11101" n in 1-1 10. I.. 1. Kducin, r.:illator none il .. ;"'1""'"1 1 l hat Ih e lul'l*Y voI'aa:e .......1d bc:vc:ry " <:leIn " . Tbc: .-ol ... Nni niolOl "rc: .e. voIlage re;u lalOB iI '1" ile prad ical; "nlla,.: . .... I""d repllali"".:Ire: JOOd. a nd c unrlll waste;' IUhslJlnlially Iowcr 'han fur 7r11Cr dioda.. ...-1,,1!: 1M priu ;. only j UlI 'lIllltuly _ than f" r '" XI m W >'C'IIC't" d .ode .~

    rxo

    rf>' r.HJ.

    ,.m,"

    . "'"
    ~

    - ...,~_..I.u. :.,J1;j 1:. :

    A soph;.ti~1Cd VXO deicn. f....luriat: CIecII'OlU(: h. nin, and IhUl faril itatillr: l'CllIOle <:ontrot. appeal'll in Ihe r:n,hlb l. nPJIP VH F C _Io... (Vnl 1. No 2. Ma y 19691 . T1Us VUl., by K . P. Timrnan . OJ9ZR , comprilela 2N J107 -.:illa lor rollowed by IW BF2U ~IaJCI (triplerlJ,mpltflcr\. O Th is unil ha a sweep o r 20 kc ~ al l J6 Mell a nd h intmded for use with I~ ha" ;nlJ .11 i.f. ol 9 Meli . W;lh a 45'4711. Mc,'l (:lySlal (HC\. ;U ",b-millialurel, ~tfoon.. 1lCl: il 1i"""'1 shon term driflof 10 <:/1 In IS minulCIror 20 kc "l; 2O---3O ell f.... 20,/40kels.;uw,f101) 200 ell ror ~' I OO kc" .

    ";-;:.
    0 1. II "

    0.00.7

    ,....._ w l. ~ t D.fU4 <rIpI...

    ";

    OId/r"t,,' N .....

    '; 1- . .. T "- _ 141 H </

    .. '" 0

    .~.

    OJt:l1l ' ,

    1"
    f

    "'. ' 0.1_ .. , Ol IV tll W d ' g d.. 1.1 UI .W.f.) < . ~ p" . 1 , 0," 1 ' _ _. Top 1 t . ", . '""" _ n o, 0:.11 10. -0 . U , _ 111 f . ~ r , . U . 1 u ,. . Ll ~ 11 C ..,..' 11' H el . 10 flw, l oUo ll " </0 1. _ . ' . 10. . ' oJ _ , k_ .." . _ I or L.l, _ tlr. o o<lII o_ " I .. . . . ., "' , 1 , 1 _

    =~-:.. : =~.:..:~; .c:::,~~


    ,

    ft ,.

    H . ,_.<11 ... ""'


    q,. J,

    :..~I;:i~.?:;::

    _Io ,.,
    Ii""'"

    ,,..'" ..,._ . .

    Wl lter S<.:hreucr , X IYl .W. p"in ll o ut tha t even .. 'hen lii'lll ~l;nll ChOlrllClerislicl o f recetve rs hoI'c: been .0 impro \'C d lha l they no l" nltCr repre""nt I rcnl " ",blem, thc ad)llCCnl cllllllnel pc,f" ""lIllro " Ill inaculllBly 1:(IlOO Ill' apinsl ' he a pl'l'rcnl limimllon of O'II:illah.r Md $illnal " na r..:, The ~~PI uf oscillalar noi", m~y " e n toe unfamil;ar 10 mHny rc3dc" (il I, .eloJ''''1 menli u ned In lU I hnub). VU('u"", T,,~ O. rillnl<>rI b y W..... Edoon. p ubli.hcd in 1953. !loU a u!lCful InlrooJ uclion I.. rhi, COllU'pt - aI 111M lime of pr~tica l impo rl811: n' llinly in the field o f llIi,'rowI ..-c rt:ive,.,. Ed. ,," wrote : " It ;$ well kno"'o lhal lhe .ma ll vollalle. < willlin . " lid cono.lu.:IOrs a noJ lhe cor ""r><mdin,l raooJum emiu ;"", uf cllw n, .... ilhi" vacllllm lUbes te l lo..er Iimll
    M

    OSC ILLAT OR TOPI C S

    (fl V)

    WU!C fI....,....-c;.

    '"

    J I-- -+------.I--- - -

    "'f-- ---::i---fj-- - - -

    .-... .

    RK VVUl

    INTfR,.,RING
    _TA.\H$IoI JTTl:1l

    ..1--- - + + -+-- - - "'f--- - + + +:== = =I


    NC IlSlll' _ 1AN 0.

    ~~.
    , ~.

    UN .

    .
    ...1

    CO CJOO. '..

    C10 0' ..

    f
    hu
    w i h ..w

    ' i . 10.

    _m
    I..i
    ,

    ee . U II w 11. '" _ ..' 11_ ..... < _1 1

    "

    ~ j .tl _

    f .... ... ...... w . ";O. 1

    OD the m kllllitU<lD or e lect ricalligna ls wh ich may he: am p lillod and !le1 1ed . . 11 is no t W CORlllloOnJy rca lilCd Iha t noise Cl. YOllall"'" a loo all' lct the OpeTaUoo of OK'illalon . II is lrue l llull on mOlll OIciII;uor applitatioDs 1M elfo;t . 01 no _ . re quite sma ll; b ut in some cases. for eumple In micrDW1l'll:l OIClllatorl WlII:d in p.petIIeler od >1le ~~ , the: noite aidebandl ocrioully I'ell rid lhe ch oke of l.f . , Edson ahowl lhal the OUlput ~ from aa ..atla1of sp-m oul ovet a baDd of f~ ill thl: 1)'pc of wr.oe DIIC ...,.;:ialn ",,!l'l hi&b-C? l Ulled Qmrita. III rnkrowave ro;ci~ IN Icx:oLI oaciIlator may in f.a: ha oe a~ noise ou tpul ee ue sip! ADd ilmte frcqtltnciel. 1O lim itiAc \NbIc rmwtiY itZ. Thil .. ftOise OUIpUI repaents a form 01 jillCf" bt the olCiUi.tor, Ra4 if red btlO Illc miltcr ~ thai the nceivec .ill have _ (Ihoupll\UCb tcduocd ) raponsc to IIia:Dala _ a l':IJl ~ ~ 1 tbe qnad of -=il1ator DOise 0
    'The purity of !be outpUt ( lhal is I"" ~ wil b wbktI IKiI1ator OUIput caD be c:onfioed 10 a Iinale freqUCM)'1 is

    This poinl WllS made a l th a 1?67 l EE confCTCIKO 011 fn:q ualC)' generatio n wllere It W empm.ized lllat lllCl puri ly :1$ of IOlIIe frnJ ucncy IYIllhesizers now uKd io co mmen:ial pnctice waI insulficiatl 10 PRYmI intcrfc:nonoc 10 adja ocot channels : see F ill- 70. II ......uuestcd Ihloltllc eaci~r fA a lra rwniller needed TOulhIY the ..me ~ signal 10 noise rat io ~ as 1M d )'IWDie n nge of t he ~--PUI a l about I ll\:lB ",felTed 10 a I c il bandwid th , in In ad~ dllnncl, .. _ 1 1 .. reject ion of spocil\c dis=:,c lpul'ioln frequmcio:t better than lOOdB . II mu.t be 1!J1:nOd that.. in amateur pn<:I n .,..;illator noise iI DOl usually reprdcd . . . oip>iflClnt problem Rn.d represents tile Delt-bu l-onc hu rdle . Ccruicly, ~n 01 /"lICICIoen for profCHKInai purposes an: &!rudy LJJJr.in1 .boul OIICi1lato!" IlOI$C: and jn ter. Wa lter SCh....-. believes thaI !he noise ~led _ilh w.. power asci lla lon ... IOUrhly 6d U ru,hel rot bipolu tnmJIlon !han foc tbcrmionoc valves. w l\iel'o ill II.m IR DOisier by 6dH lMn field e!T.:t tr;1,nw.ion. This is IlIOIher reHOli wily ..n de ..-ita make ,ood oscilli lon. A1an Ju bb, G lPMR, has measured the lI()~ (un. i.II d ldo:bandt) produced by a 5 Mcll ~ Inm ister osal_ lito!" usiD& I of lnnsiIlon . 111 YXw o f the importl~ of Idjacenl channe pe rformatXe of recei~ a.od lr.UWniuen II KemS wort h puum l on record lo m e o f hIS litIdingll. (l ) T he: low frequency nobe performance or 1M t ra nsislor oppears 10 ha "" p rac ha lly DO mrinJ on the h.r. noise pt1l$Cnt in t hc IMQllalor lpeclru m . TbiI il COI1Ir:lf)' 10 wha l OI\C wou ld Upa:1 if it _ re assun iN th a t lh c no rse , ilkbaDds ere by nlOdula lw ll of lhe t:t nier d ue 10 mi~iog o f Illc .f. n,":Ie a nd ca rrie r by llle non- line.:t rity in hereol in a o, oscilla to r cin;uj, ; lID thil dooI lIOI a ~r 10 be wha l i. hloMlCR in e (21 A.m. noise flUl ofT n::la livocly , I_ ly, a l ahoul Jd Hl octa\"C' of /(Ql.lTicr - silkbllnd fr cqucncy),l .. hilc f.m. nniill: . fa lls otfa t lboul 6d B/OCIavoc. (l ) Conln!)' 10 tb e quot. lion from r>dson (wrilten before the era or lrailsistOl' osdUl lon). G lPMR finds tha i 1M DOOse Pi""ft' rdllivoc 10 tIw: carrier ,J.:"u ino:rcasc as lhe e:arrier power incte:ucs, ar'P'oo,mately lillQrfy .,.jth cmillcr

    r.m .

    varicl:r

    r.roduco:d

    _ .

    (<41) A t.uw:: propoll ion 01 tlte f.m. ng,i"c appean 1 he 0 ca l*d by tha cyc:k: Of c:ollClctor-t.oe voll. mod ulalinl lhe colkd.or.buG depiction Ia)'l'l ..."...:iIa.llOr. which in t W'll modulatellbc ca rrin" frrq.....,;y. (5) T ypical lKllM: p<>"""s for tM OIcil1atot retatiYe Ie !be Ci rrioil' a l an cm illCf" CU ~I 01 I rnA a re J.lj,jB tOl I .ID.. aDd 12SdB ( Of 1.1n. rden'ed IU a ba........ idlh el l c iS.I IO Jr.c /s from lhe c:arrier .

    onea rd'ernd 10 10 lerms eI apcctraI linea as det1ed _ a spec:uwn anal,.r. Pwity ~ wi !l'l iD:::r-. of eiUal~ OUtpu t aDd KkaMty ud with d=Uso! off~ and iohereal aoise of lbe Q/1"C ~ ~ deYJ;e. Edsoo poiIlts OUI that in 10m:: ci n:umsunocs il may be btIlt1" 10 amtnIta OIdllations a, an LrD<les.inbly hi... k-.d
    IIld Ihm a ll eatuala I/lIm bel'ore app\ialioa to tM mir In acllieYe!he 1'CCl\I1~:larnJ'lO speclnom. This applies p rimll rily to valoe 0SIel\t.,10f1. In h.f. a nd v.h.f. prac:lkc a ppriable 10C31os..-illa lor OUlpu l is hardly Ukdy to $pR3d 10 the siPlllI frequellq'. but .any lipillcan l jlueT eauso:s lhe receiYel' 1 respoDd 10 loud.. Ian a ls 0 ctose 1 Ille d<:altcd ligna! freq""ncy. Simila rly if lhe Ullnl ' 0 mi nc i y.l.o. has co rrapondine s pread of OUlflIJ l il will be am {llifled In lhe ma in tl'llR'\IIlln er Sl.1ges a nd theee will be tIld... ,ioo 1 l oJjloa:nt mannel.. evert th Ollg!l chccJr.GIl with 0 , oo Jl1\lll lceh n iqucs. lhe OLllpu t ma y IpPUr liable a nd apparCR lly dea n. Al h.f. oscillator noISe fallt olf YeT)' rapidly indeed a nd lhaoc: eIT ecI.I onl y bcconx: a pparenl when tTyinr to l'lll:dve a - . Jr. tigrlaI a loo pide I very lou d one.

    0._ C".r.N Otc/l"1oto<"f llY: laIc Uuic ~ G2.. H pointe<:l o ut thaI *ttilc ... <n>:nooc CI')'1lIa1 O'\CillatOl c ifcwrs for use wilh lran~slon ma y be kai on. ~s1 y e~ link flUbllcity has been liven in IIIII!Cur lue lOl' U'" 10 tile Circuit recommended by t wo IIWII ( rysliis li l'lll-' : _ Fir. 71. Althou gh the circuil Co d~ .if"IC d fo r Woe wilh lruc oycnonc c~t.als. G 2N H noce<I Ih.ot II mlw 1UncIlO r" \IlI lidac tc>riIy ""Ih a t leut '19 per cen t o f surplus t-T24~ c rySl<lls In 1M 5 10 II Mcls I<1n~. F<:<:<1b.acJr. i. pt"oyilkd by mea ns o f ca r-~ , c itanee tip. av .... idintl lbil nee d folr an y laf' on the roll . The = i!. or n lues l'eCc>mmen ded by lhe: Ilrm , diffe r . litlhlly, b,ll t lhe W IlleS shown In Fig, 71 ha ve pro ycd s uuable in a nu mbe l o f di ff"re nt lIw:ill~IOti. True o ve rton e crysla l, ....ill . Imos! a l...aYl 0penl le os h'e h lIS t heir llflh "y <,none when used in c onju nc rkm ,.dlh lills circuit, G 3DY re pnned on two osc illator clrCIIII, ..... hleh he hR S bee n try inlt in 144 Mc ls l ea r. T tl." s h" wn In F IK. 72 stcms fro m a n aniele in 'J (J une . 1'X,(,) by Fnr.nJr. Jo nes, W6AJF . The croer, F ie. 73, ICOflleS rre m ll>c American JA N e t)"llal Iili . Both cna ble c l')'1Iti ls 10 osc iliRlC in lrd . 51h .. nd 7t h

    AMATEUR RADiO TE CHNIQUES

    .~

    Of the two arr.tllgelTlC'nts, G311Y prefe" the JAN circuit a s it resul ts Ia 1DOn: eompad saae. and he 1Ua&ests lhal the CQ:l lap is OOt real ly wo rth tile trouble .
    ~~Uy,

    ,,,

    I'
    " L.{:

    .'" f'-r

    '"'
    ' 1~
    . ,.. n . o._
    ~.

    "

    ~f

    :!:~

    .... I----<>
    Gl N H . L I. . . .....

    for i~en device, replaced by equivalent m.odm l!ton. He Iw. fOlloo this tip well wonh while. partklllarJy in ecaceclion wilb oscilblor ci rnaits : ol'lc:n ......inll the d ilfe n:Dal belWTI succeO$ amd fo.il11ll;, To a<:llicve maximum OUlput from In overtone ar~ Kemen l , Ihis approach II c!<SCnlllll; po t values of 'O K ohms and lOOK ullIn . are uaudl)' senab le. DlIlII.,"ta M OS'ET Horm c""c OKlllc to ' 0"" of 100 lRdlrlonal eM la l OsctlJMol'I wlUo;;h hal remained popular <m:r man y decades has bc:cn the twin. triode osciUatorfdOllblcr nITaJlP mellt. oOen kn()Wll 'os ~ Jo~s oKillator. All up-to-date lClaptallon of Lllis circuit hI . been ducri bed b y 0.. Baud. H ev, in .. CbciUatcur Jo nes a lran $tilor " (RaJ~RF. fk<:e no""r. I\lm). Th is Is based 011 the use IIr any of the UIUllI dualp lc M OSfET dc vioces w d! Ks t hc JN I40. JN 141, 40602, 40604 c lC; see Fig. 74. In effect

    mend . the .... lie . " wli t,re-.<I polcmlom:tcn fo r careful oc selt itl. of the biasiDJ POint. TheIc: ean l lEn eithe r be left permanen tly in elmu!, o r. once the opt imum value is found

    for (ri tical Iransi.tor circuit!, OlDY reeom-

    _ 11I.._ .. _

    .... _ M

    .......... I.......-Y. X ;" lS . . !IlI,.,cJo _ _ ...,...I _S . . , "'. / . JTl.Q _ ~ T ..... I""_ t .... '" _ _'-,_.

    lI. crt llne modes. O l BY it u.ing a IS Mela erySla l (slllll lU$ HC6 Iypu ) on il$ \lIb lI~rto"" 10 fo rm the Ic>eaI oscillator wur<:e for 144 Me' , co nvener. In Ihis ....y. wit h on ly Olle lta lc , hc avoids all fll:Queney multiplien a nti the ru mtiDl man o f unwa nted ffCQucr..:lt;, . To ~I "cf,,1 (>u l""t on 140 Mef$ G 311Y fnuod it w:ccary 10 use:ll ua.n1Ufo r with ao F,

    +"

    , ..,
    T

    I~

    .,.
    ,
    'I . , 11- 0 _......." ' I ..... , .... LI /Cl

    . ~ ~--,

    ,,,,
    _
    _1Il... _ f . on~ J

    ' ;1. Y " O $ ' IT o.

    ~ .........1c

    ...,....., .
    - '"

    ul.. ~I. I. . . . . ...lcIo ,,"4l

    o. . .

    W tAJ f. 71 - - ..

    IIIIC secuon o f the de. ice is "orkine .. Ihe UyJllIl osci llalt>r. lboo IIlher U I bamonIC mu ltiplier. One o f lhe many po$slble usel of thi~ aI11ln Ccmcnt ",oul d he t o obtain 24 Mell outp ut. for v.h.f. applications, from lUI 8 o r 6 "l eIs cry. wi.

    (lain-bandwidth product ) o f 900

    the

    Mcf~; t his is in llne with that fo r opti mu,n v.h .f. 1""tf" m umce a IranslStOT ' ,.., should be a l 1e..1 five l imes tl>l:: workio. frtQllC ncy. For use 10 abou l 90 MCf$, a 2N106 t.. n~tlor CU be used (wit b. rev<:~ su pp ly p olat iticl) b ut a devi~ wit1l hilh F, win tend to p rovide I~aler o utpu t. ,."qu i ~meot
    _ 12Y

    .....Ill... I'.F.O. for IoU Me/I Some differences of opinion I re ('I~""lorinl on th.e ehoke betwee n , lnd iht " ,{.o. mix er vr.o. o r the vxo fo r v.hr. o pe ra tion . Wi th lhe Ire Dd to _ rds li na\e-cbanJlCl opcnttion
    one o f Ihc$e tccl1niques m l1$1 surely enlClIC IiOOD as Ihe dominant mode. A " mini-v.f.o. fo r t44 Me/. ... a n~ arn.nee mcnt, WII . ......ri bN by Sand ro Fcdcncl, lil t" in RuJltJ RMJrlI

    usinl

    ,..
    I

    :E0 OI ,
    r.;A
    ~

    -ce V

    (No . I , 19 11); Fil. 15. l"lm hu a 35 Mels v.r.e. and 27-930 "l eis cry; 131 o,cilla tor to provide a helerodyne o utp ut on 2.Mets. ~ is thus suitab le for use with nnny 144 Mell tra nsmitkTl. We fec i co nslra ined 10 add a ..... m inl : if lhe
    tllln smiltc r e lreuit. I re suffIC;cntly brg adblndcd to permit unwa ntcd mlAcr pn,doets to l'II:i5 tllrougb., the re coul d he spu n o .... rad~'tion unleu u.tra nmed c ircu ih arc fill ed II, ""Y, 24 Me/slo fo nn a DlOrc efficient b.o.nd pass filt cr OUI""t 10 t he unit.

    "
    0
    01....1 .
    ~ lt c:r

    '"

    eo
    . _ . ,, ~ .

    ... ,
    .,......... ',,,_cf, '.p - " " " ' I ..... (. ' . :MI", , _
    ' ;1.

    T ho J A N C "'1aIo

    t . . ........ t

    , , +1 "" /' (. . . . .. I.ntly . :MI ,f i ........I.

    10 ",. /0 . IJ ....

    24 M e/ _ So,,,I,. ou Amplifier Ian t..c.el, O I CP J. hu been upenmcnl inc with rolAer v.tc. unit, a n d ful l) co nfinns lhat e~lr1I precaulio ns will u. ually be nceded . He wa s a ble to me urc unwan ted mi xer pr<X!,IC t . III a L min l a mp lilUclcs. S<> he bud l a 24 Me/s l u band,..., a mpl ifier tF ig, 76) u~n. d UIII-aale n i s a Dd

    OSCILLATOR TOPI C S

    m
    xx.

    Tl S34
    " . _7S. The . 1I n T ... I ~ I J ... , o. I" 1'1<10 10, IlHf , _

    _
    _

    .ur" -

    j UoI.

    ~' _. ;Io

    Id

    "-

    ...
    L

    Tl S;.\4

    r---.,-Cit----o 2~ M Ho

    .-

    ",100,

    ....-I~ _._

    Ioao.d_ rio"<.... ) .

    xx'"
    TlS34

    '"

    '"

    "mo

    "",

    ~,

    '00

    ' '".
    Input

    1201o

    , , '"

    r-- . _-, i

    l OOk

    --"

    ...
    I

    r-, , ,

    '"

    I~ ,
    1.ln

    .... --,_

    ---, : o.
    I

    , --

    3N14 0

    "'"

    L__ J 1~

    illijl'OSe(l thi s bl:tween lhe ou tpu l of his miMI-V.f.o . and ' he main Il'lLlUmillel o;hain. T his pro vcd cx~mely effe.=tivc; rcdl,lf;jng aU unwanlCd OUlptl wilhoul in lUIy ....-ay 1fI IIn, l the a bilily to lunc the v.foO. acn>ss the ban d. Usln, lhe two Jlalt"ll he fO\loo lhe - 3dO bandwidlh 10 be I Melli, with - lOB po inl.'i al 22 and 26 Me/. Man y amaleu n mi,hl be prepl.red to serue fo r bs than lhis-in which cue a sin, k sta&C would probably . uIfI<:o:. The o Ulpu l is low (I mW into SO ohms} ; tllis is in line with G SCPJ ', polky of keeping PO_I leveli eJrtrcmely low to 144 Me'" and th en pro vidin, virtually aU tbe po wer amplification al lhal fT1Xlueno,:y. Certainly we would reecmmcoo lhat anyonc building the U HF mini-v.f.o. seriously eonsiders usin, a oI'C- 0 1 lwo-s t.ll<' bandpass am pliJler of 1""lype.
    &nII' VXO DTlT U notes the pu rity cr cuiput of the Butl r Oielll.tor. e Thi, circuil (Fi, . 17) wil" Ff243 type crysfal, ean prov ide out put on the fun<.!amenlal or 3rd o r 5th overto nes ; he ,ive~ both wive a nd transistor d rcu ilS and also indicale , how the
    cry~tal aut

    ,;-_I--J.

    no

    -1---"

    "

    no

    ,.)

    ,
    c
    (0)

    -,

    ".
    ~

    be pulled to form 11 vxo. Using a 467 kef' ceystel, he ob tains 14,010 kc/s output an d ca n pull this with 1000 . lIIbility at kast to 14,007 I:/s. Th e ltanda rd valve circuli could be also read ily adapted for F ET rrperation. For vxo o peration, the IWO Inductors should be lightly co upled
    (biAla, winding) .

    C w-J" ' " " ,_ f -e: .. I .... lor ' 4.1'h i ~ .. lJ fr. Me'" '1.-10<0 _ lIl _ . ;... , 10 . 1101 1'1" ' - .. " . - VllO 1' - h _ , ;"';"'." w i'" . .I...
    loct. ..,...1 .

    f1,. n . T......._

    p n-. '

    ..... u

    000111' _1 _.-.11. ' 0.

    on.

    .. nT ........ ~ .I.

    m ..,

    '"
    rr

    AMAT EUR RADIO TECHNIQU ES

    Til. H.."."., p .. V.f.O. S.. bll.~... A lhn iqlle ClPIlblc of stabilizin, II v.r.e, Co .... thin jU&l .. few cycles re' weond and provldm, bulh .hart and tentlo stability, dc:vi 5lX! by Kla.... Sp.u.r prcn, PAOKS"'. was d6eribNI. ill Tttltnk'tU TOf'k1 d W";nl 1117) a nd at lnlaed considenblc inlerat. Thit . tabiliza con"'l:lU" flW-runni llJ v.r.o. into I. .. oscillator whkh can be tuned ma nually in the lISUI.l wa y and whidllbcn luIOmalic:a!l, loeb 10 the nc;uat 0( l ~ of snail predelermir>ed il"QCmCfttal IoICJ"1 . Tbese ll~'.:an he made sutrlc:iecllly amaIl when IlICd in reaiVff appbcat;uM 10 penwl and hold in,L:i~ Jia<Ws. U Il1U... limplc: ~ req~ syn . n d oel not introduce spuriolll prodUCb or f. ,", noise O!I the ooc,llato r OUlpul. It should be appn:ciated thai thi, foma 01 o;ont ,01 do:>cl DOt ~ for r.m..fuun Of aidt:b&nds, migq>honyor any r~ freqllenq .....riWoDI d ue 10 lraMi mts m tile supply voItqe lhat 0.11I ID t he bask d .o. The S)'Sfml II lhUlIK>t ac:un: fot .. ~ bad. .,j.D. but. ita n make .. moderately Iood 001: >'al' lood indeed . FO<' eumplc G4<:O M bu ~"lly ..KId it iD the form of &II QlcrDIIl. roncrol wad in oonjunetion wil h an FR 400 ~ and nd~ tbf tou.! drill: from s-ildkla LO 01111 60 cis ('"til .. muunum rare of dnn 01 only aboo.H I e.,'s mmuk); wilhou1 l he II:tbilurr hit ruci'ta drifts .bouI 1900 c/I d urinl l hc lim boll, and It-eatlCf at about 2jO cia per quat1cr of an bour. G3 BY .""Iied the sy$lellliO a mix."j.o. ill 10 7 M.::s ran., and rcdl,ll;C(ladri fl or aboll l $OIl Qi iD baIf an bow' 10 a f~ cis ~ pc:rioch or4S ",ilI..leI . lbe lyMan depend!! Oil a lia:'oUlI si.,w which .. DOf'lIWIy <kriwd from a slablc a')'$lal (lIOI1.aIOl" .... . dMdcr ct\UQ (it coWd. be bued (Oil maiDI freq llePC)'. 01 the timinl pubcscan be lalen frolD a d'&Iw freq~ mc1a"1. Tbcsc limina: pWsa an: used 10 opal aDd d ooe lhe pIC or 1400 TTL de~ for the prcdcll:nnlncd p :rio<b. l)uriJ!a lbe time the p ic .. opetl a 14191 binary counlCr CO\III15 the ~ hom l he ... f.o .; wtlcn thc pte eloRt lhe !inal diJj l or the . COU1lt l'nJlains ltorcd In lhe counlel'. This dipt ia lbcn ehcdcd to _ If II ia IJQler than or b!l <han 8 (or 4). ThUll sim ply ac hlo:ved siocc foc <1i&Ita 0 to 1 the .2" outplll (pUl 1) of the 74 191 -.rill ind icate a :zero; for d,IPlS 8 10 U the outplll alllUs p in is . Jo.P: I . II .. equal ly poDUIbI<: to \I!loe 1M 2' oulpUl ( pin 61 in wtlid:I C&!le zero output is obuined fordiptaO tohnd M1 Mfocdi,ils 4101. . The rcsuI~ or this d>el:k .. lhen $10m! III a 1414 D-t)'P<l bnlablc devioe. Tl\io; II do ne by rntA<li o f Ihree ~ Ina:u dn1a:s (type 14 12 1) lIS tol ~ ; wbnl the p iC dar-! I"C' 10 xr<) the fin.1 14 121 Inuen. foUo..-N by the .,;m!ld 74121 which duds lhe MI" or "O .. from the eou ntn into

    lori,

    '

    MID"'f.

    ,....
    ~

    ..
    zero.

    the 7474 1nft"l">IJfY: irnniatiau:1y the third n U l ..-. lhe


    . If t he w tPUI or lbc counca- ia lhill is &mr.D&I'4 to i... dQIe t be d oO. froquellC)' " coo low. the 0 son into IN: lTICnIClrY aDd !he Q output bo:omf:I; M I M gaLUhta IN: ~ ~ ~ capacitor C 10 tqia 10 00 aft"octina the .......
    ~.

    the"

    "

    '.. . .. ..'- -"

    rtrt;'
    ::;:~ '";'

    - .., ...
    r...rn.
    ,

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    l ot IUlIUlI diIOo:Ie across lhe 'I J .o. tunina cifeIo/I aDd the '1. f oO. f req UCll/;)' then bc:ai.- to iDlnaie. 0 .. fhe other hand i1 aflu Yo)' tho! fulloerin& Itmiaa puiocI - I M appean &I !he COIlDkl' out~ Ihil ia takm to indicate l llat the freq~ b too hiab. ' and IIle vol. . len:. tbe tlllliD:& dOodc bqins to fan. ne d .o. 0UtJlUI tb ... - . o t l y S... a f~ t t l hish or low ..--nd tbe val ue Ibat wil ctUSC thl:counIa" 10 _ a 01" - 4 fo, lu 1Ina1 djpt. rf lhe pte-oPaI 01" limin. reriods AnI aaaly_1ODOlId then tile IIICIemeDW dqlo bclwcea lbll SllIbiliad frcquenels .....n be 16 e!s fot a>l ... ~ crossowa:; 0-4 --..,;.u IlYe l Co'" "'?'S aDd so 0l1. In practice !be exact f~lICnC)' or the cryIl&I is o f DO ~ictI ~ provided I"-! the divide dla.in pw:s tiIIlq periods 01 .-bout lhe riahl Icn&tr. t o mil: the appIicatioa; lbe .... bility of this OICiJa tor is of COW'le l i"'J'OlUllt iD lktmnini". 1oll,.tenn mbolil, or lholcoOlrOlled """llIlor . TIle pte ~ doocoI .. periods ctO be c:r.lrcmdy shan, sina: only a few m~nds &R ~ to IIOR tho ooun fet outpUl. zetO lhe oo,,"fIT alld lhen reopen the Pte lor IN: next OOWII . 1f iI Dll:I:SI.ry 10 arran.,: lhat lhe \<anodor control o r lhe d .o. is DOt so slow lhal durinl ally <:orTCd ioo period IbI ...J .o. o~ tho eertect freq llCfK:)' 100 far ; on fhe olher hand it mU3t not be100 fasl lo follow dow drill. In pnctioc: tbe ....0 . can he ma.k 1(0 lUOO quil e oolTllally only when the ooolrOI blub oelUCS to tUrtI will ~ frequencY creep lo warcll l hc nearest Ioc:klna po inl aDd eee nay the re. If most ,,(file ran~ oltheconlrol 'iOllll.l'l illo be uoed rrequc:ncy compensation (i.e. l'rom .lmosf zc,ro 10 about "
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    Kl aas SfllllUi-'1re n, PAOKSB. hll.~" of userct idc:u end c;rcuil$ 10 hi, credit. D kk Rollcma in Rcfl~NI~., dlX" PAO SL' ( E/~Cfro", Mar c h, 111741 introd uced an ot her o ne : I Y01Lall""'CQnt rolkd 45 Mi ll. o:scill. IOl tha i can bo: pba se, Io",kcd 10 a 4-4 10 S-I MH~ v.f.o. IV/.houl the usual miser ere. bct.... een the v.C .o.and crysllll rcrc",nce ~UJalor. The \I.f... . is des illncd to co nve rt 144 M il l ch.an nehud eq uIpr n ent to co ntin "" " I'lly-lUnable. This pntt icula r arran gement has res...ll<'>J (rom rome yea~ or e~perimenlat ion by PAOKSH inlO a " ngc o( exoue circu its ; il wnrk. well and has pro\'oo rep roducible, a.~ indi cated by .. number c r amateurs n ow usinll the . p.tem. The cin; uil di agram i. sho wn in Fill- 8S. TR2 is we v.c.c., coe rro tled hy the 3 to ro-vou control lin<: t tt tune betwee n 444 an d 4~ ' 1 MID. Th e v.c.o. signa l i5mtsed in the TBA 120 with 1 40 MH L sian al fro m the c.o. (T RII wh ich """" a n 8 MH, crysta l on it. Afth ~rt"ne (an ll i tema li~e overtone circllit, ,hlc to PAOWSJ', b Iho wn in t-i" 86). The T ltA 120 pro vides th e ph"", dClectOr; lh is IXlmpo.~. the difference (req ""ocy of the e.o. :md V.c.O. with the v.tc . On 4,4 til H MH .. A 741 "p-a mp am plifio the control voltage by 10 tinJt:< before deliver ing thi s 10 Ihe ' -aricap in the v.c.c . Un lillhe loop is locked. posiliW! re<:<JbHck aroUlld the 74\

    resutu In low-freq ue",,'Y OSCilla tion/ b ut when synch m ni.cd the negati~ fced bllCk <lo ps the I. oscillator. 1t3 anrl Cl stabilize the loop. PAOKSB avoid l the ~ o f a scPf.la lc mixer hy usln, ccnnec u ~ on the TBA l 20 (no te lbe oa T8A I205 c:lInno l be wed In Ihis milliner): " in ~ is 1I0 rn' Il1y intended fo r ampl ilude con lrol of af o utp ...1 when the cevce is ,ued as a n detector. The /!1iJ.in, proces s fIT(l<l uces many frcqllllncics bu t the phase dClecto r acts o nly on the di lTc renco: co mponen t (4' 4 to SI MJIl): this works o n ly if the d iffcrc nce rreq~ is some 10 l ~ lower tha n the orig inal freq llllDCies : i [ Ihis IS nOI the C31e a le pa ra te mi,t1' fol lowe d by a bandp,,,.s filter 10 select t he req uired sllU'al will be neede d. Th e folJowinll hints slmrlify adj ust mcnt: tbe ostillMo n are nrc-tune d usio, a J. d.o . Wilh a supply volta(tll o f l 2 votu, the 20,000 oh m 1'01 is adj ustcd so lhat l lider vo\la~ IXlrr e.. ponds 10 lbe volta ge 00 pin ~ o r the T8A I 20 when the loop '" nOflock ed ; aboul 6 volts should Ihe n appea.r !lIthe o ut put of the 741. Volta l" o n p in 8 ihould be a bout ha lf the l Upply volta", bu l thi. is affocted by the d . drtve. As soon as il is SCI, the 100,000 oh m pre~et tl adj usted un til oscilla tion j usl Slllr1J; both sh u uld tben require no further ad j ustment. When lhe system Is in b; k. lunlnl lhe v.tc . fro m high 10 low frcq llelll.Yshould prooucc II con tro l volfa8Cal the OulJl\lt ' o r the 74 1, b uilding up from J I" 10 volts. If tbe varia tion II

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    (4 ) The OK illal on """'Id he ""l'1I ~ 10 fIn''tCl'I1 the llt'PW" llro;;c ur .............. o.i_ b of the 1)1'1: 10 fa mi liar ... itl\ miuor-t)'re ,.r.o. ; it b the cb;lrm of lbe p_l.I. vr.e. IlIat 0f'IC CDI'I . "Oid sud! spuriil (S) Ir UWd in a roceivcT, ao re ~Id lot u tero that roo harmooil:s of the ... r.o., v.e.e. Of I'\'r~ 1:.0. (all (WI the silllal freq....ncy . tho: ima ~ fn:qucrq .... in lhe i.e.~ , (6) Citiun. ILlnd 27 M H, cn~ k hlI\'C a I" ndammu l fl'ftluency of a ho ul 9 MH z . nd ..'Oft IW;l I M lheir ftrth _lone : il i' th " . pouiblc easily and chea ply 10 n per iml;tll belwem U . nd 46 MHz USIn' th IS Iype of Cry'Stal. (7) J'ha_lock loop oscillators or till,. type alloW a '01 .0 . 10 ~ o n Ireq uencies mudt lo .. ft IIwt it. 1""~ 1CI1 in II nuut type ... 1.0. A l"al'lp of I to I'S MH z, for ."..,ml'k . ;" ,.nl irely plK'l ical, prod UClnJ a Vff)' ,.ta bl,. ...1tI\II1: such I'di,....,.."..! i:I nol n:ally nn:dN for I ~ MH z OJ""I'1Ition a llhoudl il would pmnil fC'p.od uci blc fi.cd dta nlll:l l<:kc;t ion .. il11out rte a",t of aystal.,.. (11) In a wd l-sawoc:d p.l .l. '0.1.0. vU1 uall y lhe: only ponihle spwii are IhOSo(' loca led alonssidt the wanlt:<l .ignal and

    LlllOl\ on .Incomin, si~ 1s t. ny v.e.c. i:I inherenl ly ......... 1'1. iNc lo ;my r iwlc on t'O'&ft su pplies ('IC). (9 ) \\'hen """" in a lranwnitt tbr p.a. or Kliahhoukh",l~ be cncr~ . nc r the loop is ""'Ltd ; otherwise thr " .-1 , .. in.... Ih "'..d1 the ba ...... nd Ihit m .... tot .~oidtd C'('D If . he ral ,. cl lo:qurocy ... is SO bip thaI lbe Il JIY l ~ IhlouJh the: rnatl.Uld 01 receeeo. . (10) t- requt~ mod", lallOl'l i:I possible try mod",laune ~lIher lbe cl)'llal osallalor or lhe , 1.0.; the:conUoi Jytll,m IS foUl en<>lflIh 1 Ir.o......CZ ' ....h r.m to lhe ~ .(.o. 0 . ( II) Oul,...t au, be t.okm Irom tbe cou pl,n, linL on tM u: .o. ta n k ria. hIJfkt ..m pl ifio:r t t-;.. 81) . The ..."",1 an then be led d i"~C1 ly Imo a Ja paono; equ il'fll'"l' l 01 tlw tnplcr or a hoIne-mack receiwor.

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    0....._ OodI.... or A sirrlpk O"~noce osc ,ll.alor t bal Icqu irCll no Trimm ine or l unin, is dearty m.erut ror suett a pplicalions as ~. tt :f..'u.h.l. con~. The arran,.en~n l/lo'>wI'l in F il ' n .. dt.mcd by l G . T()I'TW., ""lIi. l ,m r.R I QST , J "n~, 19 61. 10 11 ~1 ........ t ma"i"""""'.... mine " .t....I~ le MOS rTT lhe act ive dn'U. A,. .hown ' I should be .uil;ob~ tor o _ wno: <'Kllta lion in t he low h.f. ra nI'". a nd il i 1 I"""';b~ 10 modirf il .... ~jlh l lY SO t hai it O!iCi llalCS o n 1M I" nd"men",1 Ireq uency a l h . . w bere lhe: r" ndamr;ol. 1 is r'C'l"iraj lhe val"e 0 1 RFC I fa raiso!d [0 abo ut 100 loll or replaced by a 1000 ohm resistor .
    CMOS Hflff _"'" p urr In 11" ", Hadia. Jlc u 'fTl hcr . 1'117. !' AOKS " d('K:ri bct the 1~I""t ,.", i" n lIf thil lisdul ~ ",I Yol' II"'l. h01, n syncm. h differ. r..' m IIIC <'f"i~ in ~ 1 u ranMcmrn l p !iIl(Ip.1 1Iy III using C MOS IlIlIie. rn" ;1 nk o incolllOrnl(:S " ",, ",hoc r lIr olher chantte" or detnil.

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    Pr op o r !;o n. 1 C o .. u ol {. r C. yno l " Ou .." In a . Rd k-cli,,< ,Ioo r J>A'lSr " U /'rt...", . No I. 19 7M l lli, ~ Ih ,lk ,,,,, . c(lI' ... I",<.' " Icn ,:"",r;1I1IrC ,c~u la li "J sy.l"m , I ( ('0' c, y" ,,1 " "' I II,, ' ,,~ in ", h i,'!> ;1 N ir o r ~ N 1 7 1 1 I" ,n, '" '''' ! orn~ Ih . hr "''''l! ' ' dent."" "",I " R(; IOR I,,,n,i-.,, 'r is " ",d 1 ' "","c " WOlin" " " , ly Ih" c,y " "I I"J11 I", r" I" ,e : H I{. 0 '11. Th" "k" "r paJCIlI1) , a n", fr,, '" M"ssirnc> C"ri na l,lcs. 16M C r . n ,e "..,Ia l Ca n, " I' II><: Itn ""S!<1,S " n:: Ic;" d u lly ll w ld" " 'd In 111c mcl"l " " ing <If Iho C')'~ I 'l l uni l i He ll',' lI ), II , n i~h l I.., ,,, d ,,1 ." , ..""cr" lill k sili",,, ,,, ~",."e " ,"'"..... h" . lrill!';'Io ";"' f ~ ' I ,, 1 h' iml't "" c 110" 110"",,,,1 c" n la' l . , , ", i, h 1 h" ;,l ,i ,,~, . Ah em;I11\ d y. N" ti,,,,,,1s.," 'io:o" d " cl"'" ha' " n i "lo~ ,a l"tl . d ' n " t ,o" 'I""a lu I''' c;"1(,,,I....r. " illl Ihe l)'pc " " "1\"" 1 , ~ I :l'J l l . "hieh ,,,mh i "e~ 1 'I'( ,a lu,,, , ,,nSl "1' a nd " " " . '" ,,'n" o l 1"" ",'1;" ,,, II ;, l illltle eh il' . 1 i, " ",, ;Ia L,ic in b"llo ,1 10 111 " ,,, I S-l';n J .d . J):lc blte~ , (i .1S I' ''' ha ~ b een u ,i ,, ~ II", "-'"I a Fa, ' 0 provide a , ir"I'k ,1l' ''I ",r ,U.I. ,'c r, i"" fo , al> cT}'"ml Ill<'m''''IUI . T he Ih", ," ,,,,,,1 " 'II' "e,,~n"'" 1 ~ li de '" n 0 .In 1lt'(,U e'') M~1 II' ,,,, '';,l i,,~ r"-"Q llenq- co u n.....; Ih" , ;1 ' n'... <J~ d 11) he 1>\'110 ~' m p l c :" ,d ""I)' cnmf\.1CI, I he ,';'W il " r H g, ,,~ i\ m" r. "r I", elfe \p iJI " " I '~'y . The w. ha /t1: ",,11 '1 "r lhe scnwr i, 1''''1', ''''0,," 1 ." I"m p<"r.u " rc " ;1 ,1i, " 'RlI"Ir.d with a I" ,"""I.. ~ I~gr 10)' lhe on {lli" " p-a111 I' 11 -1' Whe" Ih... lem"" ,a ! ur~ i~ h...k... . he 1,,1 ,' in' I'l l G JS[ I( II.. , 's a\"' " 1 C l lh" "p-a ll'l' , wild"" o " a I' Jl1x;,lo. " sc,1'.. a heal "" ; 1111 re,,,h inlt Ih" 'cl p"i " l , h" h",, ' ~ ' ;, 1""'0:<1 "fT , All ~' II Il I',,"cn ll a re nl(l" nl"d , m ,, ~nl'l"" r , 1;1' , h " I"'~I IO , Ii,k "1,, ~ly " Wr 111 0 I1lcl al ,,'M o r til " u ) . ,,,L n '\ I! hll,, ~h <'1,"'1 I tl....il:u is "' rai~ llI r"'" a,d r" i,h II", ai,1 .

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    domest ic televi sion ro:;ci~:' The suhje el of lcle~ision inlerference: (TV I) continues tu dominate IIIC ' ho ugh Ul , and aetivilies, o f numy lllT\lIleurs. One scm"" IM t those \lpe~t in,: in peak. tclevi.ion hoon< do so with a lill ie of lh e trepidalio n of w:Lrtime " underground" radio operators. con'llU\IJy glandn, over t he liOOlllder for lhe tir1t sign lIf a erll;~int: cerecrcr vlln, the rin ging of a telephone, or t he M3n -chilHn il knodc: . I th dOll', lLJly lIf which ma y fore_had ow a s udd en cessalion or ;'\<;'\iv;lies. Al1rni lltdl)', so me of \lS ha ve virtu a lly licked (~ hope) the pwhlem by the simple (1) expedient <If moving QTH 10 Wil hiu ,i~hl of ~ main television lra """iller ; Ihe '" i, in rael $I i11 IlCthing li"e a really otronll. tek vision , ijUla l 10 .lll k those remlliniJlijha rmo n i"" . Then again the alm<.osl unive rsa l adoptio n by 'c""'i.i on rlX:Civcr matlufaclu ren In.-oxenl yem s " f the I:t REMA =ommcndc<.l intermedia te f"'Quencics o f 38U Mel ' sou nd a nd :l4'6~ Me(s visiorl ca rr ie r h., ;really reduced interference from iJ. breakthrough . But for Ihuw: am a teur, ill lbe rernilillill8 le levi.iOIl rrillge = S, Ihe problem is slill a lOUgh nne Ihat kCl:f'S m;m y a n opela tOr o ul olf h i, shae" d ur ing yiewin g houlS- TIle most ~ucccssrul methods of . ackling a ma leur TV I a n: now well esta b lished lind can be fOOlld in any o f the lIIua l hWldbook .. But a frcoh ou tloo k iA a lways welc:ome. We ClIm e acroI1in 111. 1: Tra"UN'IIon., "" Radk> I:uqut" cy 11Jl~'/~'~IJC~ (M"y . ' J9~ I)---a COilCnt summary of ' he mo,t impo....... nt pno.;autiolUl to be taken in the d Cllln of in ter ference-rree r.r. powe r &cncra tillg equlp"",nl. This li.l was dr. ..n u~ by E. W. CbRplin wh o, as Ch ief of Ihe La bor:r.tory Division o f the: Am<:rican FCC, ha.~ been respo nsible for laekl inll in lerference pl ob le"" in hundred . of varied. 1ypc5 of eq uipmen t. Du flo l USC tK.lWcr a really in Cll~ of lhat eeeded. (Thill ~h"u ld, b ut ,.,Id",n docs. go wilhout ""'yinll in amal eur praclice ; we mi ~hl add lh al an 3mplifICT ,dlinll a long ....<:11 wilh in its d ... ign rnlints is likely to pr od oce rar less harmonic ou tp ul than o ne in wh ",h e.e ry Sllilc is hard dr ivcn-' compa re l\\ldi o hi_fi pra ct ~.) The uru_""'lIr~ uSC or h igh. tra lUC<>nd ucta nce (hillh .10 ",,) vaIn", .hUllld be avoided M lile"" .e nd Ie::> cau se SJltlri<IUS emission ~. (Amal e ur rill" \. h",1td n, of course, often U'le , fuch ,"3lves s" nu kl be ca refully chock ed fu r pa ras ilics-) The 1JrU'IC:CO."'l')' usc o f ' '(llvn hll~ i ng muc h ben e r h.f. ch3racle,,"~ Ihan req uimJ m ould be a < 'Oiokd. crhi. i. a ra lher surpri. inll viewpuin. since one wou ld e~pect a valvc wilh JC>OJ ". h. r. Char:aclcrililiCS In be pa rt icularly ' ta ble on h.r.). Bcwa re o r the o ld co nct:pt nf "one.point" ea rlhing which m.v.y be sa li, rlll:lo ry for d .c. b ut which results in long lu ds ar>d pllllr bYP"- ing and sp uri" o. fre<jUCney responses, ,,-' (Thi, a lw nUly make some o f u' th ink a b ll.) In ",,,,,,nina, COll"itlcr both lhe m;l.JJlC lic an d electric fields eld .-al1yIhc m"re dijflC\lll ); h cree n ing 11IC II'\IlgrtClic M i. gctlC prefe,obl~' usc ..""rdl staJl."" o r screc:ning (c.ll. flul tank ci!'Cui l~ in a ""ree""d eomparlllle lll within . he ma,n eucloSU!'l!); avo id openi np or pUll' and C<>vcr an y n;CUllry ,..,,,\ ;1 n& ('pen i"&.' wilh nle, h ; u >c p len ly " r sere..... ' 0 0tl
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    peal in put ,-ul l. 1llt C'luAI to lho: anode mure "rten. h.,( in l ~ <>l1 ""r c OlIl)l'l;lina rhe , rid " roil/hI duwn III eh a, a nd r~ onl tile iiJl131 ,n, .. the C;ll k:<lc (the ~",u",led ;rid <If .. ' n'erlcd .. ampl;. l J liell. II .. ~ l'lIlinl .,>,ell more dca, that the " new 10<>1.: " o;> lkn tbe , illlil OM lIfld t!wl UlIl"C " r m ...11" If)' to plod lilt classic ~"nr'll~ra , i,'n Ue m..s1I11l a 1 of 01 a lo nl .. l ood (lle Wt de, ices. R~' n,_ t , ,",ufldnl-ViJ a",phr"'R noro nn = " mrncnd.Iloo ..' u ..b. or ".II.f....... n h 'ft. bu l the ir UKfu~ C'Illendt far b<:)"lId tt... '>'! r..kh, 1\l1mllledJ)". the lTou ndc:d-Ilrid. power " "mp hocr "" ,.,n<>l Q ., I, be: lnCd (or A3 ..nee oome n f lhe: dri\ e power appc-,;"u in the: O\ltpu t (i rt\li t" IJ\&kin. il im",,,_ .. bk ro lI\t"dulale 100 peT ti l- BUI an ilpplCilljon Iha t is l u"ll )' ~illuRt'k to AI . A) ilDoJ ,,3<0 orc:n..n i. IlInr ...., ,n e llelte",. U ampJ,focn, or f ~ ~ duublen. ,......, dur In a CQ .nidl: by W6 ,\JF published N,,\'CIIl....... 1957. ....... "'1: milch ""her l1kful infOf'lnil liurt he ~ .."s l he Inl'\ll impc:dilr.ce and InnSOJlldIllCt&nCC 0( popular , ,,he t)l'<" ,,>cd In It.-I. Imea lS (Incl...J,D, tAG7 90 ohrm. I \.lXlO r ,. .; 6 " 6 266 oIlm , . )7j() LLo.: 616 192 o lum., ,~ r oo. ; 6 10 IH <>tu",; 7000 . ... : II} 267 ohIm, )7~

    )ea" u_ow "",,,y enlinC'C n and' .n r. cDlhuiiallJ hllve blurt"" the j,'lle by ",m<:lilTlCll la kin ~ the Out put tro m llJe c'llhU<le h ilI clllho<lc.r" lIuwer H' ., pla,e rel llrn - amfhller which has an ap nl,CU " a ," \;" .II.r. pm.." . " Illpltlkr i you do n" l
    mon<!
    lI' lI1~ a ,.' I I,,~c l a nd,

    <I,i,..,

    It"

    l'hrt_.

    r .. ,) c oup led with the will'lliu& thaI 100<1 t",ull, wero nu l It kel~ to be ..c h lc~c:d ....ilh !I071. These fi,u rcJ ~fet to ..a l\ cs ope r:llec1 wilh scrocn a nd control Jrid. ItrlIp pcd to chalsis. 0"" fe.:1lu~ o f " ." st.~ in an e1("itcr ill tha I lo w impcd.o.roce "U lpUI (In eaeJl bl.nd ean be din:ctly fce:l either int O the IinllO Ihe ,.... ,' a ~ or 10 the Cil1.hodc 01 me fo llo\O-. int staac: this a voi<.!s the d ua l hithZ. Iow-Z out putl tclluirN in many ~\'<"I'\llonai desians. f ... -' .now. a pnetlcal 6ehcr dnip by S M'AQW wild> oncntpor41ca ma n, of W6AJ F . idaq aDd wIUl:tt _ do:sm bc:d ill the: AmI. 19J91ssuc o f QTC.joumal mthe Swc<los'l lOcic:ty. It " _ four 6AG7s and ~ outpul on ) '!. 7. 14 and 21 Mc/I.. tbe 7 IJld 14 McIs doublcn opo;n.t~ ...ith the ao;m:n and (;Dnlrol plds SU'ilppcd 1OfC\llI:r. while: IJ\ the: fin!: 11.I1'" and the 21 Mc{1 Iriplcr a posit ive vollJoiC k COCH_IN t" the ~.
    H llVUalj lJn, Teuodott We: "'e~ interCIIN to tee i.tl CQ &Il llI1lCle: by WSOSl . "'" bridfC "",,1n.iI, lnl tctrodoes, at ~rn.1ar nn:uit ..... bcoca t-.I.t 0 )"" " noc buie e ireuil is _ r.,rty wdllDown : _F/l- 5. , This is. btidcceireuu which ...hen balanc:cd .-iU dka iYd, 1So01al<' the h.&II IlDpcdaDec arid Cll'<'U ,t from P"'il;..., f4bad d ..., '" ,nd-Io-aoodc a nd Sln.y Ql'Kioanocs.. lhis is lrue whc:ol the rat io of NC : C I is equal to the n1tio of,no. lo-MOOe capac itance ; Jlid.IO<OIlh"de upaatUla: ( i.e. NC/CI - CaJCI k). . fn """'1 obr'" C I is fuled bUI W50 SL m"k cs lhe pot.... {and lhi. hu bocn coolirmedl 0 lllat il is oflen muc h ca,icr" and "'feT 1 ;;adju., t lhe: circult b~ ma ~i n~ C I v"';;lble (.I>o.'ut '<X.J pF mU lmum).

    ."

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    ~;

    PI",ln. SCI, . ",'dl M <Ht. ,n Y....... rho: lo w ...",1 (II<' sOII,lu, 11l)71 ~ ~~ .." 1) 1'<' nllW ov~r 30 l'~a" old) had . for yem. , ;1 1 '111,,1 J,i" cn ,.. It ,d l "t her ' H'" of med.u m rc:>,," C I 1 1 ;l 1 ",,,il\ i,,~ v" lv,,", r,,, n" rm.~ 1 h,f. "'ock

    .,r

    I-Io .......e' . II><

    ,It .. " ..

    1> 14" ( M "I I.." I I yl'<' QV06- 1I)) Ihu

    !!'lined (lOll"'''' ;1 ", 1 ;", in

    ",.1 a.", ,

    .... 1

    ,..;,; .f

    n .. " . ~ ,

    """" ;'-1 11 .,.""""'..,i"lIy",,,nllraClured and ;

    bl.

    ~ i, l. a l...",iIICI'lo. It. ""';l Il.:r I' h) '''';l1 il< ~h~h ll~ hittl'lcr p<-Ct lI Ca. !<) r" t ; n~ ('.111..."11,, c.... ~pio. ...,l. i t~ mudl h i ~hcr " ,;"imu m f.....

    r"." "INI In a lmosl a ll 'M'Wlll in !,

    "Is:.

    TRAN SMITT E R TO P IC S
    Quency, an d its abi lity to provi de full o u tput lit low h.!. a re features. Mo re t~nlly the 6146H and the 'rra t have come alon g wllh inc~;ncd power. Rut modern .. high peoeaece " (high ClIth<>tk em i.'I5ion) \'lIlv,," require some care in use. as more lhan one am at eu r h41d isco\'Crcd too late, RC..t HI'''' Ti/u " llllo;\$ so me ways to en, ure long evity fo r 61461. Th ese ioo...... : c hed t beater , oIt.aK lit lhe ~ al vc soc kera; provide adequat e \'Cnlilation; "" do no t ha ve ,hiny , hieldi1l3 Iwfaces 10 pos itio ned that tMy rd le.:t w r back into the villve: use c ircuilto wllh 1oWQ! possible resisl"flOC in grid llnd screen eircuilto; include 0Ya'load pr<>1tion in a node an d screen circuits ; check tha t the: , &node docs not cha oge col our at full load ; red uce h.l . o r iosert a saccn res istor fu r lun ing under no -load oondi tio nl j do DOl ovcrlo.1d valvco d uringtuninjl up : use odOQUOIte Bri G (!rivc (too 1I\t1c "'ri~e Qfl cause high an ode d i55ipa tioa ); usc llc.\jb1e lead cOM CCl ionl to anode caps to a~oi d slrai n ; aod finally keep ....ith ln l he mllnUraC1urcr'$ ra tini!l. It used to be:: lhe proud,,"t boa", o f most a ma teu rs that they could l e I away wilh abo, ul doubling ma kers' ralinp (p ( even lhe 807 seems 10 IIand 1.000 ~olts for c.w. if an ode dJS1ipati oll it kellll l.lW) b ul it looks U lho ugh we j ust ca MOI itt away with il on thc:sc ~r ,..bes,

    .n all ra~ti~e

    r--,.----- ""

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    'I, . , .

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    f .h. .. d l _ n d
    " ~"' ft ool

    I. . I " "" 144 H eJ. TIl . va rva . 0

    M l ~ . h. '""'"".1 ' 1.. aoo.... I.... d ~ u .l ... o . ...... _ OR b. If un I ' H ci ..

    ope" the filter o;:l.p;\Citorll arc c ha rled to Iho no-lo:td fiJUre : whCII the key is dep~ this highcr voltage u applred momentarily to lbe powe r a mph llcr. UniCOI some eJfCdi,~ " la, " ill a ppli ed t o ' his .fa~ the radiated p ower will be considerabl y lIiihet a t the ccmmcocerocnt of each keyiol pu lse, droppina sharply 10 its ncemat load . Th .. leo dl to produce k eyin (l. " thwnp," detraet io8 ftom the readability or One-knob A.M. MoblH Tr _ /'-ar the s!ina\! and calK i" , WIIlC1oIal'}' frequency sprea d . II The tISC of a single v.f.o. fur nan.miuion a nd rc<:cption is call be cu red by illC'l'li na the tim e-constant (If The I"," filler to wha t would ot herwisc p rod uce cxccssi\'Cly .. sofl by now well fa voumd am ong ~ ..b. ,,"thudll\l$.. BUi thcre is, ot eoerse, DO reason why lite llIImc p rtnciple should DOt be keyinl . Ap art from, an d possibly morc im p<J{1 am th. n the Tbu mp, I pplied to a.m. sel-UpS. Tn DL-(}TC (Ma~h, 1%2) DHYN clcscribCll I compaet 3j Mc/s " Ein ltnop f " mo bile rig wlticlt is tha t such co od itioP! ten d to p roduce sharp s pikts of usa a n EF80 e.e.o. as a basi ~ Tor the lransmitte r mixer.type spurio us em iuion which may eeecr a t al mo st any frcqUl:ncy. Th is is bttaUiC ma ny pow er arnplir,en which . ll: per (oc:t1y IS9 $ l e /s ~l.llb lc a t norm.1l an ode and ECI'lI I U SO [fit "Creen grid volla~ s uffer from I14 ll ER "l l ll R JloOO/J&OO ""lr""Kil lation anMo r poor.utie oscillalion wilen lhooc Jltllntlia k 2055 ~ ' /I a re irn::reased . T o OI'eTWlJlC CRVSU L th is fau lt (wh ich il un.... difficult 10 identify Wilholll a n o llol LU eeec EC li 81 T U~E EFaO Ko pel it n nCCC''il ry eilher 10 IlUFFER Rl / Tx Mt l ER en~ ure lhlll Ihe 5tllgc i5 com~O 95 / p lo:lely I ta b le unde r all the 53 95 . e/ . 1595 _do voIlaKe conditions whieh elIn CllY U L 1; ar ise d urin l opera lio n or a lter_ natively to unpruve the vollage e. Put <If .... P UY N M a" H_ ~ "'1 .-1 ... . ,,,,,. 1 , haw r.<oI> . . .a .. . ......... I_ . rt .....@ . ". ~ m. ll w l ,. ~ d h. _ ., .h 1.". @ tOI.-QTC). -,,"D. tc,uIa tioti o f the h.t, power supply. The sim plest melhod o f u e iter and a lso fu r the receiver InclIl o scillalor : tratl5lT>iner improving regulalion i5 to c h:l.n ge to a ct\Ote-inpul ripp le and rCC1'iver bolh ""'ing llulnm l liCll lly IUDc<l 10 lhe _ liller. e ilher hy (I\c inco rpo ration of " s\\ inainll ch oke o r . channel. F i, . 6 .h "lV~ mOre c k ar ly than word s how th il is mOre simp ly by o m i. .;on of the reservor r ca pacitor . It is worl h oo( inK lhut rur A I o pcralioo , JOO!l voltalf' rqulalion -.:lIievod. (""rtiC\j lar ly ur the lICrccn po;ttelltial) Iii oncn mere impotlaDt o.." l-bo,,,1 SIOrll. tha n elim ina ti"l eVl:ry trace of rip ple. Ofle o r the Iew desil!ll' rutu,inK tile log ical eombtnauon Occa.iOllnlly, when using an h.r. supply lbat il on ly lightly loaded unok1 key_u\,> cundiliu n ~ an d is mdueti\'Cly smoo l of a lew-power 144 Me!, and 18 Mclll Ir3nsmiUer is lhal hcdl produced by G lEOn ro r Th..m-AF.I. It is ill a size iuitab le il is pouible for " rinllinlt " (l hat iI, a i1Crlc$ (If d l mpoa for fixed or mobile opera tio n. Three of the four valves a rc o<ciU. t;OM) 10 la ke pl.eo ID the ilmo olh;ng cholre wheft the u,e d {In oo th baml. but with N nd-cha~ing withou t a ny key i. p rCllled. a od th is ca n . d vCItely Iffoct tho keyinl ,wi l~hinl o f ~.h. r. cire uitl . Thil is a<:hieve<l by incor po ra lin& char4 "1er;'tla. dualrreq uellCy IIJludc eirc ui ts no t unli ke lhe a rrllngemcnt used in I .m./f.m. broad~asl r.."i\<Cn . Fig. 7 sbows the Ih lrd .lage wh ich opera lel .... a rreqUl:nc:y do ublet on v.e.r. IUId as bI.llTer amplifie, on 1'8 Mc./ wit.... ul a ny switch ing. The s lra n. m itt or ill de5CTibcd in lhe RSG B Huu m 1'< (SCpT ember,

    .. ".

    - $I'

    "

    ''0

    'i,.

    19M).

    K.ylor Thump oDd Inudl>/ljty With" convenrtonal ca pacitor-Inpu t riJ'>l'>1c liller a nd a K~rate powe r pack for tbe final .laKe , h.t. vultqca unde r no-loa d COnd itiOM are likely to be jO pcr tent or 10 above thOle a islina a l normal lead . Th y~ with Ihe key contaClS

    AMAT liUIt It A D I O TECHNIQU . S

    e-,ord ~ Grtd ft'/o , 1


    Undu oonn:ll COndilioM.1hc ad .... r key IlaI purdy U all ~ $. ilcll and has 00 beilrini 0tI lhe Rd.-led Ilcna b. 1bal Ihls is not alwa)"S lNe ..as .....-l lOIN )Un qo u GlVA ... bm il WU DOlicfd lhal dial appeared 0I1 1hr ...,.1 . bmc\<cr a ccrtIin bu& key was -=d. Th~ .-as Amott nainly due 10 - contKt tIoutIR _hid! CIJ'I abo C&5i1y oceur in some rdays aad which produtta sharp apike of r:a<Lacion . , the coOlmeucemcnl of .-::h Ir.eyin. po,lbc-in I bul lr.cy """'1, only on the dot .. nu. e-n o/'lcn be am.f by c..dlll adj ltSlmclll of Ihe key (pUIitu.1arly by inc:Ju,u n. d.m l'ill' <WI lbe <Sot U tpfin&)10 !hal no bounoc "'" U"- or .1 Io:mlll '-";:/y by iDcn:alIm, the I ~ I ol lhe 111 !iller so lllal the 6n{ M l9\l<e is C'OOlPle1td bl.fon: the lranuniner output riKt. Rd.a,.. uocd ,n ktyi0l cin:u; IS mUSl be oIlhe hi&h ipml Iype. Thi. has not a lwa)'5 bo:o:n apprec ..'! nftl by proI_ sional desil:ncT'l, ..,01 muc:b t'f the wartime Mone would ha w eoun ded hcller .,;'hoU I the _ re 0101 cllppinl illl~ d um! by ~"r. milO)' inSlllllaliOllS. Tbt dol Q lh (Of too<! m. n....l 9 ;01 is of rhe: order of Ollly )0 millisonds or 10 ; t hus c:lipl' llla Cln begin to be troubbome (pa tlicul. rly wilh an OJlCflIIOr who , bu d)' ten dl In dip hi, d OlI) I( the conllct delio, uc=1\ . btlUl '''''' millllCCOfldl , In order lO ecnaerve Ihe lire o r 1l0<)<1 h i ~ h srecd rel. y II i, .d ~illl ble to key . 1 II poin l " f reJ' li~e:r hi~h irnped...-.cc and also low ~0110je:: fu r uMm ple b y lin an d sc: rccn ttT kcyintt o r 10 ld cont ro l a. ~alY'Ol ke)'CT. Va.I ~e keycl'Sheve much 10 rommend men. pl\rlicu la rly the "" se wilh wh ich la g c har ac lcr islic. can be contr o lled. NOle Illat whn I keyed sll ge in wh ich l h c rom~("l lVundinl or b Uilt. charac le rislics has been Ich iu ed I. (" lInwed by I sua:ession or cia.. C freq ueney mu h iplicn Ind amp lificfl . lhe: ke yin.. puL will te ud 1<'1 be """T _ pcncd . nd "",y cavse d ick, . This is one o f 1M fOT u. ina: .. 'IC<J~ " kcyinr. of P>Q~ tIWl one &tqe. Whe~ a lranWli UCf is used a lso for l...-.de m<>ll"~led le\etlbolly aDd. u yin. is in I n early .uacj ' final .....pinl o f !he ..a'td'orm all. sometimes be oh~,netJ by """ kinl ..... u f t he ind UCt ive dfceu of lhe modubtiun tra ",fo rmer, Bul U lrcme care is neoNcd bcl:a1lW or lhe ftr)' hish . ,' hap Ind UCed IICI'OIS lhe lra Mfonnrr by lhe sudden dl.anE" III CWTttlI- WIlu ,.es which CllU reach as hip I ..... 10 len I,mes the applied e.e. FOI' lJlil te:lIOIl most opera lOrl pre fer 10 play life IJId lhon-arClllllbe IraDSfOl'~ wirwlint-

    I,'

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    F;,. ... _ _ ........


    ....,. _

    If .. - . e

    .... M

    .... H-...o ... Ot.-Q,c.


    _ '"" 'tt.

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    is ~Y due 10 the nm1. d uMa key_up pcr iod l. 10 .pply s ulf>eient ncpl M: OII IJe 10 CUI off c:ompletely !be I!><>de CllfI"mt and so e liminate !he M .r-acer Mli l'l"'b which 0CC\lr if the ..::recn feed is simpl)' bruhn. Fil. 9 U1ow1 I combLrle<1 n..Ive keycr and d.m per valve Il'nTIE"IfIC"lI fo r ICl'CCll keyillJ w l\ich <lues not n:quire H ad ditlo.... 1 source or I\O'J3.U~ volt.ce. Kuth the bias voltaIC for !be kcycr valve . od lhe nept,ve bludUlll volt.:l&e for the ""rem or the r.r. po wer n l, e arc derived frol1\ the r.r. dri ve. Th e Krft'll suppl y f", the d . ~alyc pa sses Ihro u,h I d ro ppina resi stOl' lIJld a ~oha"" re\lu latof tube. Wh ~n lhe . cy is open the clampe r ~a l vc cond ucl' al'lc! lhe volla~ acrou lhe re gu lalor lu bll dr o p, below iI' clllingui shin , \'1lllai e. t hus rcmo >in8 tll4 polil i~c ~"Itl\le and Tcplad~ n Ihro ugh the high ....lue rc.ti. tor wilh n cgat ive bloc:klDi voltage. TlIc kC)'i lll cha.rac leristio;, will he dClernllntd by the cap.aciIOr-reslSlor IlClwork ill lhe clam pe, ~a l Ye grid drcuit and . lso by I h~ slighl dela y in i"n i7a lion Qf Ihe v a rube .
    BnoJI-u. K.yln,.S, rt .... TI>ol ilme basi<: idea lurns up in DL-Q TC (TOx n HB 9QO 1 prov ide a , imple HK Iystem willi rei..... mUI",, : see 0 F iJ,. 10. A n<'plM! supply cor about Z(l..lO volli is ~uirnl, but thIS C1lll o fl en be nblli ~ fr,>m the Innsrnill er bioi... The IlCOO. tube can he a.omall NESI, NO. d~, for ",,~ cut1"ClIIS b<"Iow 2 m A. and .n VR lube fl;)( I . ule. CUlTeIIIS. Wilh the k<'}' up fhe CU=nllhroush andlhe 10K is sufflcien l to k>WCf" lhe vollaae o n !be anode or VI be low the llrilr.inl vol...,.. or 1M neoo : when down. VI i1 !:used b;Idt IDd the neun IInket. pt>ni"l .....ltIIC on h' lhe v.r.c, SCfttO. with an adj ""tablc lO\,It in, vc' It. lIC applioed to

    ''' ."OIt

    "'I .

    Scr.... 1(.,.,. Screen &lid k(yin. is DOl as popular as it mi&hl be. Thil

    ""
    "' I-T--1::~:t O.~"III

    ".

    ~.

    We IIaYC !be foeli", 1....1 MlmC ,,;arc ..... y be needed wilh this a rranlClflCllt if .... i ll' a nd dlCl-, are 1 be a voidcd .li r.cc 0 subsequent d ... C Slaca in the transrn.u c r ca n W ipe!> up the ""a".,rorm and re-in trodutt d icks nd If lhe p . ha, Ippm;qble stmdm, ganen t lhere will be no,~ ra d i:l1ion . I'rovidcd a U thew poin ts a rc kepi ,n 10'...... ~~r. ,ucb a n arran~( 00Il1d pro"" I ,,,,ry Oonvcnicllt opcrali nl aid .
    O.:IIkrl.... 1(' 7'"1 For ) cu S, whe .......-er lhl 'ubjec t lOr U ",;U"lUT Ir.<'}' inl c rop pe4 u p. the lIoc k all, wer o f lhe pund It, h;l. "''Cn .. Don' t : ' Tile di lflc olty Js Ihe fr eqL>C'lCy 111Ir. ' h~ l ' ''CUtl whe n a ' a lve Ron into a nd out o f <>o<;, II ..li",, : ,hil uppe... on :l keyed '1 i.na l nt a ll 1IllpleA ~ rll fu n ll o r " click" wh i< h ca nll<>l be dill1 in.1l(oJ by DCUllvenli llf1a l la, f,ller. Nc~e "ht< las. lhCle he ve a lway. been .orne amaleu~ woo ha .e be<' n o ut p '<l q ua ltl7 IiJtfl'.h wllh a ke )ed ~.lI;o' ol ab le 1<.> Uhc inc lOlion o f a la, c ooke capMo!e o f withst.:>no.Im, h' l h peak voh a,et in the p.... ano.:k c,rcu it is one doo.ll' fu rreud n a Ihe t urn,", ... n " c locks ") .

    the receoee,

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    '" '"
    11 . ' > ....... " ..... ......
    ......... . _ ,liuh_ w ;...

    r.::t

    _ .""'-.-k ..'.
    ~ 1tI'_

    ~ ._ .U1

    1. .. ... Io.t.

    TRAN SMIT T ER T O P ICS

    '"

    300 o hnu co ils wor ks wlil. thou 8lt o ne with 870 o hm coil' woul d not work . G 3GN M uoeta ~ 250 ohm le~hone lype relay- the srna!l lypc with &COi l d iameter of III . " lI villll j dot speeds up 10 well o ver 35 w.p.m . wilh 1.....0 ullmarked and un known Ira n'li'lto l'S. G] N IV also UO($ a PO f'cla.y W JOO ilh ohm o.c. wi" din&,!. G 3R WL with IW O C 71 Irnnl i'lIOn usa O
    T R " N S~ I TT E R

    d ick flit ......u k co no .._ d_l . ln, .bo " . ..n .01

    llil.ll .

    'S.qn n <e~

    h yl o , by u.. of buk u> ohcb. A no. ..... 1 k 001 t b. p..... korln, contac,.. S bo. ..

    cb I 0 0 .... be .. ""o ' b.... , of

    hylolln

    ot<IIII'o.

    I
    Q'

    Then came the r<:-<:mergel\co: "f St:lluellcc keying wilh n riou.. meth '>dsimpl" and ~"mJ.' I"" , of turning On the anal otllac a m"ment ufter the " ""Illal" r and turn ing it o lT a momenl heful"C ; u",i llator l eying once agnin heen.me ""pecll1.l>le. Incidentally, if you use a litrlight key One of the simplest way! or ob laining oequence ley ing i. to use the b>u;k co nta cts to ley the osc.ttator and the fronL cont""t . to key the p.a.-Ihe time IlIken to traverse Ihe liP "'ill automlltically produce Ihe n:qu ired de lay. F ig. 11 sh~ one uf the man y pOil., ible wa)'ll in which thi. can be dune. A ru:w cin:uil rur ()<jCillllLor keying W3!. described by W6N RW in CQ, February. 1959. The cin:uil is Shll.... ll ill r ia. 12 fro nt .... hich it will he _n Ihat V IA forma a cc eventiorwl o-eillatur whilt: the effeet of VI B i~ 10 pl~ a ~ariable rtti.tan between the Catl Ode of VIA atl d ea rth. Thj~ U l due 10 the Chlni" of input rcIlistance of a ifl'und~ llJid amplifier which OCCanl ....ith Ima ll ch anges o r biM. VI B In fact function. IU a lrounded &ri am plif>er iw lutoc staae. d allhoullh the ~in illow o",ino: 10 the low value of the anode mistor. The keyina cons tanta will be det ermined by the I'aloea of th" Ihree co mpo nents in Ihe arid circuit o f VIB.
    EI~VO<l I"

    2 .2K

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    2S}'F
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    ~ _9

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    2S - SO }Jf

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    fla. lJ. 0 .fty"''''ZUAHW ,Low 1 I. <tWl . ... ol . .....1< h1. 10 1. 0 1 11....... ,...... b1 _ l..-oanco __ , 1w>uOd c) )S w.p
    ",,,.~.o-ft' ~j .......... ~ . .

    '"

    Koy.

    Tho ugh" e1-bul' " (ducs Ih" cred it for c" ininS this Ie"" belong 10 OZ7RO who d id "" mlJt;h 10 popu larize I""'n in Europe?) have now been u o..nd (Of mlllly )'ell"-. il""l! is ltill a alel dy ,trCll m of new de, ign... Some:,,( these aR' co mplexunit awilh up 10 abcul 20 tra n. i. tmalllld usilll ""mpu ter to:o.: ho;qu<:'!l. hu t sU'llri.i naly l oad r<!Iuli. <OlIn be ll<:hicvnl with qu; te . imple d"",ian One the mu.t ,1"'1f'"I&r cl-bull *'illll' pu blislll'd in T,c~"lrQI Tuple, was undoubtedly the t"'OotnMlMOr ZI.2AMW keyer : Fil . 13. AllhOOlsh Ihe o ri;ina l dcsian d id not speciry Ihe Iype of rellY. ITUltly Rluler1 repor led lha l lillie " r " " difficulty had been ClIpenenccd in ~ell in. Ihe k" y 10 work u.i na an Olrted I nd junk bo~ R'lar.' and eonyooe ICCnlcd very IlItilaC\l with lcow lt. . G30R. I report, t!wl l GPO type }OOO d"" b\epolt: clla " lIeO'"r rda y with 200 (I(

    II G PO Iype 600 rcl~y wilh 1"' 0 6llOoh m co il. eOIO"",t <:<l ill pa rallel (f",1ob add ing). I" tlll CUrrelll (rum 9 volt ball"ry aboul 35 mA. He 51...,...,.. Ihe impo rLance of ha ,ing Ihe le" sion o r the h,.,.~ co nla.;u corr1 10 a~hicve 10<">1.1 symbol lenlltlto. Inciden tally the cin:u il d....win ~ pun led so llie; th is ronYCtItitJl'\ ind it:aln Ihar o ne pai r o ( eom ac ts i' o pen. thc olher ~ "' hen Ihc l elay is IInencfgU<:<I_

    or

    RELAY

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    An o thcl VCT)' aimplc un il which W publime d Crii inally ai in DL-Q TC i. shown III Fia. 14. Later ZS4M O reported in 1WdI...ZS ItlrIlC mhlll' mod ,flCalions aud refinements to thi, unil. l Ie 10>. ru urt<l t!l;lt interehan l inll tho pos ilio n of the IK anoJ 2K olvns po tentiomet"n ,ivcs & bett"r ranac o r spcc4 adju1tmen l, and also Iha t a 5 K olum porcuuceretee ca n be adlkt..laCTOliiS the 400 ohm relay windi na; to pro vldc a wei~.ht . ing COIIlrol. A !SWi tch acros, 1 leadl to thll trart5lT1 ut..,r M plovides a tu ne-up IwitCh (Al.....ays needed ..... itl't cl. kc)cl'3). ZS4M O also poin ls OUI tllar llle o riginal d iaRram sho wcd dots ~ 10 lhe left b ut ad vi'IC' the . landlO rd prac tice nf m:t.klnj Ihis the ~ " MI't ~ ContaCI . All of wh ich it""" 10 prove IhIIl there lire .till plenty o r amalc un aro und wOO lil " baild inl ll"ar . and arc lhen pro:palCd 10 adjuSi component dct . il~ an " ....alae. " nli l they tel prc:cI'ICly 1M re.ult. they ....a"'.

    .
    =

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES

    "::'~"r;--... .,
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    .. ( IIOl'1 T

    T.R S...It<:"For ""mtl lime: now in erelOI lots been arow ;fla in e learonic

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    ,.

    lIClI."tO!J 1 both 1M In wmillC'f 0


    ebltn&e~YCf

    wilh o ul .. _ itch or rday. AD do::1ronie TR I witdJ pet. rniu full brea kin work ine OIl e.w. a nd ia abo . boon 10 lhe: u.b. enlhusilw and thMl: UJina \'Oice-orlef1IIN o:hante0'<t1' 5)'5tmtl.

    T'-e Aut...Fi,e Willi ''' PC rc:o... d~ .,-. ,bb" in m;on)' oho.:h, it i. wonh n:rnnnng r~om C Q, W! O r-. ~ mplc mrlhod {l'~ Ill} o f ,m nl: .-ne C'It>n I t a " re-= Ofo!ed CO . "to-M'T>d Of r".r l, ." nt !l;,,~l ll..., , ~ hcf r.I ~ .....,, (' II;'" . (\Uk! be. a """ r,'tm (Of lh e IfY O'lM I f<lOl i1i ...... r). The Innslonneo- is stan dard a .f. out pu t I)l'" u.o:d w, lh tile Iow. impedan<:o: ....' nd ' n' . con na;;trc! In the: rcc:nrdc:r', h I. LS. SQl;lelS; wll.\c: t he rdoIy ~"' Id rrd~h ly be: " f lhe hi~ l)'pc, "nd 1\<"1 he: unduly oorn\lUIfI:. Al......1 I ny l~ of IIOekniurn o r o the r rflrm <'Of dt<>d. lea ,l\cr wu ld be " oed. OIlC trick

    Ii.,

    m;adc <:.1.1)' by the treat cha nllll ' I ahla (lroVidc<I o n m.ul)' ' apc dec ks ~ 10 r~ J N C'k III cutler dou~ 0' ha lf-speed "'&I,,,, elC'Cu<>n 1C k. ),. .. hllve r~ f, om . he ~mrJc 10 ihc " hra co m" ,,: . -rhe e re.." t mcwm In h e. 15 is W4UWN K 3K M O ', ,,,,n 'fI" flf ," ' <lI d (u<>uri,c (from 7J M D8"ri"" J une. 19ft21 II ,,"'. .. tw in UK . '<k ' ....'i N7. l lAn . IlAU7 II ' " a ll ..... id 1< he: . uj' ahlc:l. H..inll)', > IS :I ~"' ,ootli ,..alla" .. ; VI " i. i h mil~' l<l "",... id" 1I ro ugh ly squar~. Wi ' " o uC pul. . T" " o nly r ,,,~ " . componC1lt II the hi&h

    V .,

    unpWJ IlCC l ~OOO o " m 0 . i b"'~l h'ahptt<l n"Lty pu llina in a t i OOo t ) mA o lt ~ o n",...at l~ lind a n ,,1eo;t, onio:: ..,mi.,.olmna tie key (a o to d oll . onl y) bOI G lOI T ",nd~ a lona lh" e irc;o il " r one: wb..h h., Ioa~ do."\e1o f'td (Fill. Ifi ) a nd whictJ IIi. ". nu tro uble:. H~ wtotes Thoe p,add k- '~llbly o"ly need be mounted on the Opt'. mi nll t.obl.:, the "'5t can be buill intu the trolnsmiu C'f."

    TIle bil lie priD;ip le behiDd _ of tlM: deIipI p u ~ 10 d.:l.te is 10 eonnecl a low irnped;lnce . ",..al foeder iu the !JSUlIl m:l.nnet to the tnmmittrr ..I\ilc a pu1 llellX'llDeCliOll I' made Ic th e roeeiver via ;t p rolCCli"f: valve sw itch wbidl Slops .ny ;tpprm,able r.r. JKl"'el' f rom ~llhe rlI:iytr : sec Fie. 19, The ,wileh illlelC UIUlUy C'Ofnprises sharp ctJl-o/f .....lve . ml n. ed to lhal wbe n lhe r.f. powct' from lbe lansnliller is .pplied to its UDtuocd iDpol cirQjit. Jrid fl<r\In.Dd by mcans or .lrid-bia' rem tnr this . ppl ies o;x:n:l5iden blt: bW to the vah-e. flXlueiDI the anode curreat practica lly to ~ : t.h us >,,:rr lillie P"""CI" .ppc.an. ill 1M output a rro lt ... llOeh 11 co oplcd ro the flei>oer. w hen the t nonsmiU Cf is off the .....Ivc fllllClioos ~ amp li6cr pass;nll incomio. "'1VI1, to the receb er; lhe trau omiuC'f o ut po t stace lhen p resen t, hi&b irDpcd.occ to me K .ial focdcT IiO th m: need be lill ie lou of ,ian.l. So fa r so ROOd. bot in pnctice Ihcrt: an: - .1dil&ulllcs ~ be ." ' l:nX>me: if the",. is 10 be no dqrlUbtion of the tnCOmIng sognals. no blond spou ...,;I no riU; 0( \.. I , ~ irnoolation break dmon (rorn CCUive r.C vo llajlQ ; the . T R .va lve .may be pr""" to paras.tic. ~lIolion prodoci nl opUnoU5 !lJ1IfI h. nr ther" may be nO\5C rad...t;on (rom lhe . power amplifM:!" du ri"ll kcy-u p ~Vndi l;"n5 bocaw;e 01 t:lt<X5Sive stand.n, ""r....." . A nolhcr impor1an l m. ll .. that a T R , ...Iv~ biot>ed Ih.. way win tend 10 llC"Cf. tc h:tnnon ics and can thus be the ea use 0( TVl . I t is. Imponant-thO\lih nOI alwa ys eas y_ lo h:t\ C cor.e-:Ily rna l~ hed im peda nces co 1M transmill el":ul d T R ,np ul. Various arrallgCllle m , are 5......WIl in FiV'. 2().22.

    cum:nt

    as.

    .n

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    V.. l n lin . .. .. for 144 MHz \ 1,. W. 1'00h ar y. G4 1'UU , poinls o ur uunure s<>r~II'lrid ~ ircu l I or a balanc ed push-pull valve anlplir",r & hoold n" l unbalance th e ampbncr in any ",oy . W hil e ;l ~O oh m l"\':\i<lu,

    0 .5

    VRIOS!30 QU 0I20

    "1.11. k "' ,.. ~ . o "' . " I,,"on" ~o. ~ .. ~., GIOtT .

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    ill the screen ccenectton to th e va l.-t, Wilh a r'Il" I'd r u sc ' e<:n s lIpply. is usua lly a U lhat is rcqu i,..,d , .l " y hy. f"I"' ~lI p""i IOI eo nllOCled d Irec tly 10 Ihe scrce n.grid Can ~a uv: in mllu m.., ~ nd re sult ill ., e ll illll u P difT...ulli e<, AILe"'ali vdr, /I ~urn:<:t1y de"i!-ne d ch ol e should he c"n n,,~ I <:<.I l>et",,,,, n th e '1'01'<1' and all y by pass cllplI~it"r. G 4f U LJ 10 " , hu ill a IIl1mbe r IIf lineur al1lt'l ir."" lIs in, OQV06/40 a nd Q Q V03 /1O va lv". "nd find. l he d ,. u il e a rra ngel1le n l , huw n in ri~. 17 Ie> he sali,fIICI" ry , It ea lls for a s la b;1 !,~d , " rccn Sl'flt'l)' ~ nd ~ I" w. imp eda ",'e bia s 5upp ly tso a ll"w,n~ the cal hixic I" be firmly IlfO" n' lcdl, E,l muml f{a m m , O K.\ I!ZiG SIiCS , wntcs : .. W ilh lil1ea, a mp lif",rs I he 'e i. nm l11 (1c h freedom of ~ h o ice o r lh" e1<'C' :,-,,1c V"IIHIl"'., T I\ en sure 0t',iI11 11 111 lil1e.uilY of lhe QQ \ 06/40 It '-""Ilme s 7 ~O '1'(\1 o n tlte a nod e, z s c voll. 15

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    OS CI L L A TO R TOP ICS
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    150 / 250 v HH

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    TO EARTH OR ...G e LINE

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    30 0 0 pF
    li D...... T.rt 1 1... :0

    , 1 h;li,.<\ on Ihc "" ' '''' 'l-l:ri<.l ( a linear llmrliflCr ",ilh . " A rnui"l( sc r"" n su pply ;, ' IJrely a .""1 radi"'I;,Hl in ler""'I ,,,',1 Ihe Sl ~ l>iliTcd llCl(al;vc C~l" l ,oj g,id bias Ilttd 5 In ee adjusl<;,t 1 ~ II ("1 w for nn id le ~n()ite current of 40 m.... . .... hia5 e;reu " ("1 Wil h Z ener d iodes onl y Is nOl cnsy 10 ~djus l ; a P<llcntioo lCl<; ' across lhe d iodes "o\lld hell' and . nl h nCll r o pcral;oll of Ih" valve ne eds 10 be 'l riclly 1'1 (l>O g l; d currenr!l. us vnfuc "'" , be fairly h i~h .

    _ . 1_ 100 Sof>, _ 10. I. . . eh. ..... 1. ....

    on.

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    .. Whe n a g,>oJ-qua lily l.herlyl'" ""ooe I,, " l circu il is used . Ihe QQV06l40 ",ill deliver n ma. imum "ued o ulrul of 74 wutl. While il i.~ poso:ible 10 sq ueeze more o ul of il. Inc (lreTali" " Ihen i"", ilahly he,:, ,,,,,,,, far r..."n linear (0 l"' ,al o" \\fIo """, I or h~ v ; ng /I I:!ll-wan linea r ' using Ih i:< valve rlea.., ""letl.

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    RECi IV[R

    F' I . ll. c;""..It .. ;....... ....... T .rt._I WO~ _rOJCiJ%.. n . I n y . T h 1. II 1>00 110 I " M ' <l1.pM .... ..... of .h 1 u h h . .W .. hi d> lh eo .n_ . . . h. h l.h It I. , w. < .

    lUN$ IoI IT TE Il;

    LOW

    p...n FILT ER
    AE RIAL ' 50r 3OOn

    f'inlllly, il sho uld he oh.erll ~<I tha t with ~ ~ il11rl ~ ""I rul <;i rcuil, h"rnlOllic ~lI rrrcs.. ion i. un likely 10 be beller Ihn" .111<1 11, "" tha I t be 3<1 dil i"" or II lo",.pilSS filter becomes "" ,n<lalo ry.':
    Dlod . T.R Swllc!. K=lIy, Mike HU~CiI, VE2AUB/WS, senl lit del.ils o r a .~ Iypoc or TR sWHeb offerinl! a num ber or adll;'lnll1ges. Fill. 23 shows lhe ba,ie circuit d l.gram lind Fi" 24 llho",' how l hi~ bas been u.cd by VE2AUH for l o me ume . Hc finds Ih31 !hi l lype ur switc h has Ihc (ollowi"!, I "hln. lagel!; it II broad oond . oilenl in ope rat ion, bali a low 11Ut'rlion loss " r leM than one d b in uie b.r. lange. high lsolalion of

    FEfDER

    -'l ECEIVEIl;
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    AMAT EUR RADIO TECHNIIilIU E S


    design$ for ker ed aerial rd aya dc"Clopcd by VE3AU a.n4 capable of operation up to 40 w,p.m. at power Ie~LJ up to 700 watts, once a,aio provided thaI I~ I IC used on SO-Ohm ro- u line mat Is wdl mat ched. is possible wilh the usc: o f linlle pole double throw reed relllys. Rd ~lay. e>.~ ly quick Illllle and break &Cl ion, b ut their eu~nl ratins i. low.

    ~"~

    nrANI"".

    ..

    --.,..-=Oi'--r-< = i
    0-001

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    up 10 SOd b. 100 i, simple to make and adj USl. IlS maio d, ... d vD nlaa" is that it reQui~ a fa irly high bi.u vol' aac to obta in maximum isolation. EVQl with no billll the swilch It ill p ro tect. the reo::;vel , but under IheK w oditlOllS VE2AUR9/W5 fiow that il pr0d uces some TV! d ue to hi\.fl1\Onic g= tin" in the diodes. Jlut wilh the correct bill, applied he ha. bc<:n unable \0 detect a ny I T,"", (If T VI from t be . witc h. T he 1N2071 i, $llioorl power d iode wilh a puk invcroo vollag<: ra liol o f 600 V<.llt.. and lbiJ is m ,,", Ih.an a<JeqwlIC for tran'lnlilte rs hiving OU pul ~rs of up to 200 waUa and T fccdinl SO 10 " ohm co-uial liDe. provided Ihat the a.w.r. on the line I. fairly low. The reccivin,. bi... loboukl be aboU T 30 voll.llLl'1d tke tnm.mi llinll bi"" shoo ld be in lbe rqion of 3SO vola . VE2A Ua point" oUI that The IlrrallgaTlCllt , bown il not the only puuible one. Fewer diodes cou ld be used, bot one di ode muM alwlYS he ir>eluded in lbe P"Silioll CR.!. A.. .ho", o, the .IWiTeb requin:s I positive blal tor ~plion, and I nep.ti .-.: one for lran.omilti ng. Jr the diodClo are revencd, the bias polarities must of co urse be l't'verscd. Fig. 24 , hon how VE2AUB obtain$ t he bi., by making use of the 1il volll which appear l be key lernlina ls of his tran.milter in the Itcy-up position; lboUI I rnA i, bled from rh n scurce to bias the switch fo. recepnon. He adds that break-in i. lhe best in,~tmcn t he hal ever mado ... far as operating elljoymenr is =mcd.

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    Oncoflhe VE3AU circuits UIClI a 6AQS cont lol v... l\'e; Ih" ct ner simplifll design has no valw:s but Ihi, telulc sln a lillie more dillkully In .voiding d ipped dOls at ~ hiRh krying l pecdS. Tltc .l mplified circuit can be . d.pled for eitbet b1ocled-crid or cathode keying anll reqmres on ly I 12 volt (or up 10 22 volls (or the hil.lll""t keyin, Iprcds l1U pply at . bout 30 rnA . 1lIe blocked-lPid kcytng cireuit is 1hown in in. Fil- :ZS. but il is recommended that the oriK l . rtielc be coQlulled for I detailed description of thio ap plic.T ion or reed rel.)'lI.

    ,
    fll , U . It . r l ft. ornnl_ ' 1_

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    n.

    Elecuo..-:'-'/ull TR SwlCCII One of Ihe snags with man y elcec ron ic TR swilclle:9 occu rs when all"'l1ptinll tu u"" them with a transmilte r in which.lhe p.l . stage il not bia.'ICd to cur-err in the key.up position ; it .. dllficu ll to prevent The noise ~ne ... ted by The COrn:n t flowing io the p.ll. fn>m rca.::hinlj: the = iV<:r. Anot her prob lem IS .. sock-lJul .. of ineomlJllI Sillnal! by lhe In n... miller lank d l1:u;t. To acb lC,'e comp lele iool,,, i,IO between transmiller .1100 raxi,,,,, one , liD needs lin aerial cha n~.,..over switch or relay. For breakin operancn nnnultl swnch.,. lire ou t of ,he questioo Ind ehan~-o"er relays have to be ahle 10 foll" w the keying witno" t d ipping on dotS-II requit ement wdl beyond the u p' bil,Tie& of the usua ltypc of aerial relay. lIowe"er, In OST (JlIly, 19M ) dt1.ai ls arc ,iven of two

    V.m TI' l~ t pvt 1',,1.-. r AllhouGh t he p rofesaiorW UifJIC ' ha s a fairly wide cho ice of power amplifie, vahu dcsilillCd .pecifically for h.t. and v.h.t I pplklliOl\1 Ih""" lend 1 be ra the e mor e 0 eJlpeU$;v" than valves dcsiK""'" for tbe oonawner or cotcr tainment field. Amateun ha ..... alway, drawn 011 such vI IV el fo, use ill trall, millers. At the p,..,..,nl lime, pro bably the besl valves avai labJo: arc thOM: inlended flK usc: in Ihe line outpul "...,. of television rccci\lCt1. SUl: h ' alves have to bc capable of high peak aJrrem_ . m ost valua ble chl racteristic fur S.b.- IUld CllR really kn uck over lUIodc cu nCllt meters at relatively low h.l. Unfortu. nately 11toet'e llf'lIOIDe ~g" Most British types are del.il:"Cd for 0'3 amp. ~ heater chain. and tend to h3.\e add healer volta iC ,l lines (though !K'fIIC are alw ."ailable with 63 volt boaters). For iruu~ lhe PU OO has a 27 "01 1 heater. Secc>n dly, manufacl.un:rs <k! no t norma lly publish data showinG oj>Cl'at ing co ndilions fo, lheir use in rI, appliCllt iotlS. Some remllrks on this lIUbjcct weee noted in the Q~\T (~ptember. I%S) review of t he Swan 3$0 lran=lver whICh II IC S two 611 F5. n lOning at 3$0 WRIIs p.e.p. (}Sr poinl~ "\It Ihal the limitation of tltis type of vlth~ fur u .b. i~ bulb lcrnpera ture. Sylvani.1 have prepared It useful repcrt (by W. O. Mur ph)' in S y/Wl"io lrrJurrriol N~wr, N" vembcr{De<::cmbe" 1964) c:o,u ing six or the mou popu lllr Ame:rican line-<JU tl"Jt v",l'n (or " swp hi""" " as they lire termed). 111<: vaha covered In Ihe Sylvsnia repo rt include fou r designed for blaek..~ndwhile television having anode

    dissipations (continuous ralinl:l of about 17 ",al l&. aNl tWIJ larger 2,3().watl types intended primari ly for eolour television m:c ivcn whi<:h, due 10 the larae neck dillnlrtet of shadow-mas k. tu bes, need ap preciably more deflect ion power at 1001I lil1Cllrit y, A single 6HF5. for cx.amplc, i~ un officiall y fill ed a l up 10 116 waUs inp ut in c10L$S C provid iol an ou tput of 77 wans

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    at 30 Me/.. In dUll ARI for !.l.b. apph catio ll$ .. peaIl: envelope pawn- uulput o f """'" S~ waUs Cl\1I be achieved ,t t Ul dllc:iency of 41 per cent.
    The ;w:;omPilllyinll ta ble Ih~ th e Sr l"ani. ~UllllC311:d Ie", (Inlcrm illcn t Commcrcial and Amilteur Scl'vice) condiliom for t he valves: Ihis l ati na is nomllIlly 15 per cellI hi,,," than the ,-"cs (Conl;n uOUI Commc rdBJ Service) , a tin&.

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    itlfra,ed temperature Il1easurinl e<:l uipmcnt. T he o rilPlI.l ~ Jives full detail s o r the co nditions under which th e ln~ ...,..C eur icd 01,11. usina the ty pical p. . sho wn in F ill. 26. 1lIa1 the va lvn can be np:: ratc d wil h o;oll'lldc r;l.bly mon: tIwl WO vol ts on the a n~ is sU(Utnlcd by :I nu mber of desillU. Care mint . hOW't~r be la ken with anode d issipa . liao ...hich co uld tead 10 e xec"';'e tcmpalllUTe$. The OST ", view of the Swa n )50 pOiHlS OUI lha l care mmt be laken in 1WLinil up, bel;au"C of the: vcry ~'"Y ou l-offeSOMnce anode
    upper Cn UClK)' limit of :q operation an biued o n 7S per con I of the inp ul 5CIC -re..onam frequcnq, and ....h .f. opera tcrs will be intere'5lcd to note lllat I numhcr ur t hc"C ( hu t noc the 6HF $) s hOUld prow wi tab le tor ellicM.nt 144 Me/s opera tion. Nute Ih.al 6JR(. and 60U di ffcr o nly in Ihal the C om>tr tw. $Cp.:1rute pin conIkd,ons C beam. form in; p1a.te5; bot h /la,c a 9-pin OO"iIr ur bao<:. T hc 6JM6 has a 12 pin b;a>e Wilh lowe r peak c urrent g1p.:t bilitin. Th e 6J06 is d~igllCd sriClClllly for 1"... b.t.

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    tdev i. ion IIpl'licatio r". 1iJ1::6 b... a 9-rin no vllr bv.c, ,u,,1 the 6 Hn a 12-p in base . The 6J E6 Iond 6H F5 were d~iflW C col o ur le kvir.ioo . Au cv<:o mo re powrnul n lve (40-"' lll Ol <Ii.~ipal ion, lc mpora ry oV\'r lood s 2QO."'alll) i~ lho: til.f6 .

    a.. " c: 0""r31;oo ( ICAS ) 30 Me/s


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    17-5

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    watll

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    AMAT IUIl; ItADIO TECHNIQUIS

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    E. Harlord . Ol VPF ai.'es info rma lio n on a circu it he lM' t o protect the QQ V01.20A in hi' 70 Mel. portable transmitter. He write' : .. Thi, i. 11 dn elopment or the relay cla mp circ uli where a rtla y rs ....o rked directly by the ll"ioJ
    HT'"

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    . dju \lc<l . lhe: aY'll'm . 'lows the . ..ece and,;rem currenls or tile , . I"C 1 ranain JUbstan tia U u~ under key up 0 y and 10:. 1;)' down o;ondilK>1\S, fl . l ' 1"'-' tIM: .nanacmcnl. ..ith 1M I N)4A diode .. ',",'ICII" as tbe: /lc:att of the idea. Wilb !he key up the d. O<$e biucd in ~ondua M Il.ue. and this puts C4 in p.1f.lId ";11'1 O. rc duo;O"I the r- n -k bdow lhe 'till"" nee ded 10 ....... in ooc:l llation.. Witb the key d ept e:I. !he I r'IlJ.4A is in lhe ofl' '' t:ondi lioD. rcstoriDa r~ 1 its 0 normlIl ... Iuc. Q.~ the arid leU t>i. to iamasc: buI th e Q lhock bia, t.n... 1llc adj ul.tllbk cat bode bas CODlI'Ol (lUI mabln t he: c:ond,tioM 10 be adjuued M) tNl t lbeft il .... o ve 11 dlanSC in bias condition$.. W!'Iell lllii is Ihc cue.lhe

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    of lhe p.a. n. ebll'lilwcs tl'Ic notma.I clamp valw bul has two lIiIad~ : ( II . hId! Cl,JOI lUld 6diclte ..1\iI;b pulb iD 011 12 lIlA; (21- form of OSCl.IblioDtall 0CleLIf wbco 'ltJOI"itinI lIeU the pul l-fn curftftI (i.e.. lime increua, RIa, dooc$, p.a. c:oraaI-' dn~e dfUS' rday ralls out, d";"" iIlcruxs , , , and 110 CItI).. l.lI lhc O l VPF arT&QIICftIICf\ two tnlDIislon an Iaed ill a billable a ~ t "';Ih a bu ill-In bld;:lcx:t to elimi naJ.c the ..-:illaliOIl. nn. c:ireuil i. tt>own in FjJ. 29. My ,......, ~ tnm.islon QIl be 1O>oOCI, pl ovided thai TRI has rairl, bi&h p.io (jJ O>fl SO) .... d TA l is capable of hand lin, It", WITal! throu&h lhe relay 120 mA ill l he G3 VPF on,......I). The gralit dows . 1 I 'S m A. . and opens oi l I mAo bu t 1hr1c paramelen wi ll vary. depend in, on the V.... of TRI .
    CUTCIIl.

    Trldu .. ' til Diode. A. fe..., yea n block. Ot>c: <;>r lhe most popula r of Ihe . ari<>u, 0 lochnical qui~ q UC!ll i"n. wu 1 wo rk 01.11 whal w.. in .. b llek bo . ... .. whir:h al klWC>d scpar.ltc: eireui lS to be ~ tr olled o ver a t in l1le line. Tbe anJ'H, coaaisted of 1M
    in a WB2CCM artic:1c .. The uhilnale trmsmilll" con tro l I ll, Sept ernbn, l%j ) thawln, how two separale rela Y' ean be enet,'-t indi. ld..... l1y or toaetllel' oYer a &in, 1e "';n: ,

    InaeniOll11lle of dioUea. M\X:b IM ..me teeh.lliques lurn

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    TRANSMITTER TOPI CS
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    Il i~ nOI inten ded here to attempt to go into any detail of ju st bow WB2CCM uses the se lind similar tr icks in his co nt rol unit, b ut Fig . 30 sho ws the bas is of the device, WW vo ltallC silicon diodes are used in ccniunc ncn with a 24 volt ener~ iog transforme r an d relays rated at 12_24 volts d.c. Possible applications will occur to rea ders. Two ideas , using diodes, were sub mitted to IT by IVQf Glyn ReI'S (BRS 26(39) after air-tcsting by G3 PKW. These are both bused o n co nvenliona l crys lal d iode!!. F ig. 31 is int: nded to increase oscillator stab ility by red ucing " pulling " On a v.f.o. by the succeed ing stag es. BR S26039 states
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    l o .... p o ... e r C.W. " Tr o o sm ln e r" A miniature keyed 3'~ M Hz .. unu srmncr " which cnn be

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    lOOK

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    3.nlCn nas . bUI which also pro ..ilks ~ Ininia lure t ra" " niUor for Df''' Iox-huru .. events. stemming initially fro m a l" o rwcgianscouting manual. is shown in riil. 33. T he TIL i.e. (SN 7400) fU llcl;o",s as os cillato r. dr ioer alld key. r, wilh a 2N3053 hipo lar lra" .,i, lo r a, .. po wer ampli ncr n. Tma l powe r eon' lImplin" is , laled as ah nul 00) waus fro m 12 voli. The unil c<l n ~ put un a ,mall p-c.b . CIC . lInd endo,ed in u melul bo (e.g. Edo.ly'lnne 7 I 341'). Th e arrange' Illclll mighl a bo pm.. e usdul w d l'ive a I<>w-<:osl V M O S (F!' power atHplir,er 10 pro vide ral her "",te <>Uli'll!. Dlod. C.... H. ,p '"ll..""r" A. llob llily Darry Priestley, G3JG O, has d rawn a ((. .. lion to a circuit do dge deliCrihcd in S S/j PYi"cipl". ,\ Cirelli!. by Pa ppc nfus, Hruene lind Schoenil<c (M<.G ra w lIill, 1964). T his ca n be ' useful in SIIfeguardinl! a nd exlending valve life in linear amplifiers ha ving subs tan tial u.c. resistance be tween grid lind ca rt h (for eJUlmp le 10 fllcililate the lnccr pcrano n of au tomatic level eonrrol). The IImplifler in lhe bo ok uses the high power 4CX l oooA but there seems no reasou why lhc idea should not be a pplied to other lower power vefvcs : for instance G 3JGO POlnls out tbal the d.c . resistanCll \I ith a 6146 shoul d be limited 10 under 30,000 oh ms. GlJOO ha s trie d us ing a diode in the gr id circ uit of hi~ SIHOI linear with no s nail", althoui\h he has not a p..)r of 6l4f,. wit h gri<J em ission to prn ve whelher drift Is red uced . F ig. 34 shows hi. modiflw r trcuit. The diod e WlIS an IStJ l hu t an OA 200 wou ld pro ba bly be j ust as good (in fact anylhing wilh a good rever,;c resistance). A s the corresponding resiMar is much lar ger in some rigs, the life of OU lput va lves (pa rt icularly " sweep tube . " ) co uld be significant ly increased .

    used 3~ :1 ~iium l SOU I"\.'C for l~sl in il and udju~l jng receive rs and

    EtUlO

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    J I UJIOJ' 'KOm _. I h. u.. of . ..ma.... " pwllin ."

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    that he auuffiC!I t hat in the arrangement shown the diode functio ns as II steady lo lLd en the v.f.o. and red uces rcncctc d loading d focts from t be later slages. He colu\cct.s Ihe $CTOCn grid of the buffer valve to the sta bilized h.t. lineas II fW"thcr pra:aut;on: the an od e is run at ntlls imum h. t. fro m a no n stab ilized l u pp ly. Th e circu it, he states. has proved highly sllCCeS$ful and improves the cmcieney of the buffer stage 8S a low power cla. C amp lifier. .. F ig. 32 shows 8 bas ically similar jdea..

    6 146
    57U

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    Pr<I.G . fflcl _
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    o n

    AM A T EU R ItAD I O TECHNI QU E S

    n.. ProW.to 0{ TV'


    m m:ld .... d..isfq;ard of ~led tnllImillcr ~ _bout it. 'Ibis ii , malady that Q.Il ltr1kc doom ... ybodJ; ocwo:omcr or okkima. Bel::a.... of thr IhII'nbcr of nriablcs.. TV I is IlOC a probIern rbll always rapoIIlb. to. purdy t~ 'PPfOKII; empirical perI'IUmCC ollcll eY btt :IS ADd while lbe ~ pro(euioGal be ill bcna" posiDoa. 10 ciesla lIld _ his filler compooc ot ><a.tucs. be ;. u bkd y u aayooc eIx to punue an ~ ~. pa1a&pl due to basiIl& his dfOC't$ 011 the: rni5rakm pranisc throe his fOlllCkn I I ,II f rcq UCflda; and l hal . U lid ...dt ate - - .tl,'e, and ...hal Ihcy an: ~ 10 ~ whc:a ill ~it)'
    ~blc:

    to be: the -=!UlI1 lIOisa of manipulalinlllhc kcy ' Ir ansmll tod

    ODe PQiDt lolwuld be ~ Then: is DOthinJ;


    abGuC

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    ODe

    is Cl.l,ISlllJ TV!. Illlleu

    w.-

    pcrbapi; 1ft thm doin&

    DOthia.

    mronaot.

    . . . . .,

    _ n:-1Chcd
    !hen:
    mI)'

    through. a ccilio.. ioIG llowu 1\a1. But here I. ~oo4dbrI t-.sml,," .k .(./It./',lInUirla: I q ueeti O!l 0{ tubilrl}' 0( tho p ... under III coodlllODl of dm.:. 1000d . IId loodc and ICnICII voillp. l>c vicol iodudc: poansitic ,upPm~ dcr;oupl ml. ':'C'l1...lizin l. voltqe rqu lalion. ~. (subJl'"t -.ell co>aed 1/1 R4tJio C~ H~ l. 2."~ ~ pltl'l'dl/t>ll 1t1w: traps. e fl\cicnl dcw-no,phna. daa B n. lta l han data C; ltalUformcr or pi 1IJ1cntqr:: ~,"I : 1<art in drn<n .. _ II .. p .., ; pi-oc:twort ~ ~ mlO ~ _ 1ChOCI hno-or belief" ar,D I po-L nctworlr; . Nnt.c tkat lransialOf p.l. ..._ oft co haw: bid wa wd'onna thaI amenle ClOCCUi.., h.umoaia.

    "*:

    10 upocl lhc a pple an.. To ~-XW lIOfTE t..~ f.acts and The field 1~ of loca1 lckvisXla SIgnals nries ~)'. Some ~ .....I<;h " ...,u ~ (ro m si,nals of UJIdc.r 100 ,.Vlm (or <:4OdR " above PlW mocrovoll pcr met~) on Band I ; {lll 1~('Ithc' "-nd the rnuumum Rand TV_V ,; 1ft, 1 io ~ . , rou&b ly

    be ,II SOrb of odd

    IQI;l&I]II;Cli

    a lld stray coupliD&t

    nauns.

    3160 !"V,I ln ~ D (}&v)I. At lhe otlKr C1t~ , v.h,f. ,;gnal, rnay be iU hlllllllS say l 00d D (1'\'). Thu I . the: a ma teur In the .!r 0ll, l iplo l .t"'" l!-Ih .. rea. tnII.)' cuily hR,..: bonu. of 60dB oomparal wlth his fnn~1U'ea wl ~. . What l ,gnaJ!intcrfcrcno: ' ilio must be cx<:ce<lcd it the TV

    Ihiddint of ItIRsmlller (~ lhiddinl. pe.nic:uWly or Ia4k 1lCl...-orb. bcc1Cl' tbaa. IiqIc su-in&l; mesh _ all bavrca. IrlC1er Of dOl&I apmu.rea. p1cnt7 cl ~ to ICIQIfll lCnICII,n~ de:. ; UIC .of dJc:rti yc 611crinl 0( al l cmcrginl lcads. noI1n ll di trcn:noar '" c:apow;itor 1)110. lIIIC o f ICl'lICGCd VI'lIa and m ultiple filters ;n. \ide lr.ansmillcr cnclowrc ' lvold < o:rOW<linl components al hiah r.f. do'Ic 10 cdp o( ~ iRlCf'C"l lea w: plenty 01 Sp.M:e beI"'O:fl o:omponc:nts a n<J ~hle kb (olhe.- than ror dccoup hRI caflll<. ilOn and OIher fil let'
    ""ml"llncnl. l.

    ~. ~ ~ ~ IIuItk--.u"n :Good builc

    mlcfl'l3l1on a l C:C I R ligurl:5, th i. mi ~ht I ppur to be or lhe o rde r or SOd B al the! more cri tiClll beat fl'aj ucncin. It II wonn ren ltmt>t rin g lhat Ihe p;lltemi"ll mulllini fro m In Interrer in& cartie r II about I Mc/. o r so (rom lha ~ioion earne r freq ueDC)' II C\lD.lidcnbly more noticeablcllhan &17 I 3 Mel. bl'a l. 1tl colour re<:eflio n. lhe hillier fn:>qtoencict. (particularly uoun d th e 4'4 Me," k1b.ca, til:r j '"' ""y ,rnpon" nl _ blll. ' n Ihe UK . colo ur is conrrncd to ....h ,f. fo.Ihe fo reseea ble future. Af3in. in p rkti<;:c, I " lIllIJiUllcrferencc n.tio 1 ~b1)' lowe r thaD ~ R would be loIcn.b le. th o ...' " it is 1 .....lIy I,"Pled tha i 1 0)' 1i J.l IIIOJe tb:ui l boul one-bUlldmlth P of lhe: T V si~l ",i ll \.ho.... liP on tile screen. This n _ Ihil. I I leal! ltIl"V (rio jte lfeU. a llDOlllll)' poIo!a....1 ~ of ha rmonk n.d iat in n II imponanl and I oomplc(a ClIft II likely 10 come only from 111eI\Iion 10 I coru.kk... w. nu m b of fad Dn . Thnl , if .llldcviskon r:ei'-.:=n had pcrlco;t1y IPaI\:beol IDd balatlOl:d Ie ";"'l I~ema. tblo ~JOCIiorl of IilPl&b odla IhIIl . 1 the Tv fl'l'<l umcics would be very much IUlller thlll il ...lO&Ily " In fI"CI1C': . R.f, cn tr:n Ihe IYCnIJC tdeviUon d1a.... alon, lhe lXHIX n bk foo ...hich lhe re are o Rcfl !lith Oland lnll .... _ M unbool&QOCld comm on mode elfoclI) and Ikl M nlll he n""ntlc.l.... 10 Ihe flu t. Ibe irnporlallOll of pickup lo by and ... .J,a lion fro m the OUlCl scrccm of o>u fco:de n -.nt 10 luI'e been u!l<kr-estllnBlcd lPOSSlbly bccaux t::U~1l T V ac na.l pl'llc lia: d ltrCl\ from Ih.. In !'Ionll Amenc.1l ); '<IO:h ikY1lCClI III lhe d o ublc-far.<by loop and lhe ~1 1io1l1 r..., nts o f fernie nan.r~rnlCn a nd b<llu n. $", 10 lIa'". "'-11 nllk:C III lhe ll~h t " Il., nu T VI. Ooe ...ltl"'u'IY " th,~ 1 lll eK dc_n us"ally I n~"I'e, i ~nion 10 ' loCI .... 1I..:h ma y be: u.......,.I. hIe I" ~Ie...,n ,n fn nl><: a """" '

    pJctum .arc to be comr lelcl)' clea r or ""lIefll;o, ? "dUlllln.

    4. MitlJIrlin", ,tMiiotitnr of /wrmt>nia : uSC o f clftdelll IIcriaI lu ninlllma lcltiol o nil. p~fel1fbly ",illl Fa raday IoCftlCn or Fan ula y co-axloop be llllfto 1 .I.u. Iln<J tr-.uum iue r ; u.., of ll>\ll pasa f,lter (note dew: lopmml of ;lboorpti~ lih ers ) or ban<! pUS filler(e." .. I la rmoniken "I I ch o ice ofacriaJ IO a;~<l luw ' n dial ioD on polana.alioo o f lOCI TV ehanne'- DOlln a dw n. ,en o floo. ... wi re a nd ol~r multi-band dcIi&ns; \'a lue of I'l'O'J aena l b.1anoe I nd l ym llWlry to ..round; IlOleh liltcn fl lu'"

    or

    0C:pllrlf1iofl (Inverse I<I~ .....); lIlke .dvlIl l.l.&C' of the or tnoIO~ ~Oon {~I. IICl1izoolal ly pol arized ltatwniltio, aenal III ;lTUa c( vertICally pobrizcd lV and "'oe wnal ; hl luns on TV a Dd 1ra nsmi llt r aeriaI< ; flO"ihrJil y of roIocatioll ofaerilb; ~ IM I ma ny lV aerial. llho..:t .. T -aerials "';lh pid",p on fdu ; remindrr tb.... pid-up 011 o.b.r. aeriIol S)'IIerD lPay be (a UK! of n'1 0 0 ~ .bl. dwlads.
    hi$b-pass, filter (1'0 ~ J&A and many publisbed ~l ; Iowy fem te hlluo ; "'lckballd ftnite lnftSformct$ or double F. ~y loop; ma im filler ; """'Pill: < l .. co-u tup.-pass ha enee dots D NOC! r.r. ~ OUler co-a.; in lOIDCeatSOOalpaa n' tct-t op acnal ma y IJII(I'f'OC ma lltll due 10 Icsspjd-v p of fundamcllill Oil rocdcr: noccb 6IIcn f5lubl or brid&ed.T). 7. R~. . ,J!"IS DI r.l. "" TV ,","U': Ibis 1liiy be mallet or recollUtllll' pt'l:IbJcrm of tI'Oft-lIloouL uion.. llllCl _ mOlh. Jalioo.. bn:aklhror.>&h I I i.f. rideo OJ .1.1.; iPl!ucllC:e of f1!CIH"'" I .I~ ~ a nd TV .ccciYCl Ia;hQiQUC$; p0ssibility of IlKrcasut ll TV SJp.aI,' nlf:rfemJa: n.lio by bel ",", TV :ac~l. or <ll~I"ICI)' of rod lKlll l dfoca of ra<m-Iioca.ri'l ia by fitlinl .UcrtlUl lor in TV rco:drr ; pos5ibil ily ofphuiol -our inle rference (set below ). .. "'My bo ll " . nd oI lier .. .... tur.l .. dI ode:$. D ifficu lly d d;'J\;nGu;.h;n r this (r"", 'I<>rnC oIller mcc han ;"m l be ndi l d rc-h."",un,l ac:rillll. 9. Sy J lr lllJ """ ", ,,di : nllte <1ilTe~no.:er belwn c.", It m u .. b., .n .II,f.m . n<1 ~, . k. n,llht bmcfil. of f.m , Ioc:h;;iq~ N ol e Jnftuen cc o( ,;I",k l, un d Ihump. on c .w . (dick filte n a nd bell"'. ~ollall<' rellu!uI,,,nl ; =o~izc diffe~ncC'l bc:1WlI Arnen u m lln<1l:uropc."n T V P(lJ~\l~ wilen l<lk ;n ~ ~uidancc fro m A,:""nca n pubhCillton. (fur e~amplc positivc video mooulauon "r 4OSl tne .l y. tem lIlu re prurte to ...me (OMII' d IntcrferellCC'Ih an n.t llllllVC modu lat ion. American ..... u r 3Ol). ohm balallCC'<1 aeria l focJc r, \lK-only ~h allnel I American TV lIorizontal poI arirolion , c le .). 10 . Half" I",,{ : R eeo(lllizc Ihal in diffICult cues it is UIUlU, m uc ll e<llier 10 Cu lt T VI for sOl e b:uwl$ (o rc~en tome pam n
    B. X,~"".I "",../iIw.u liar_it" H~r(J/icHr: II'oe sa<a.lled

    , . RnJltCi", pki..., <HI T V amlllsJlvr,.,: val ue of physical

    brilllIC<1.n .

    .6.

    K~

    / __

    ,""aJ Md ~ r.f. ..", III

    TV

    .wi;

    A TVI Chad. Do aall down_ d lcek UII on 'I VI. Iho ugh. il is rea lized thal lh il lilt IS far fr om nlla ulll~. .l1 i, alwa Y' ...o rtlll<:>ok in .. fo r t~ uneapxleJ . K C')'lnl ' h' l h power Ira .., m,ll e r I llhe e nd of II .....,.1 Sllt'l'ly line can ca\ISC maint YCIllll1C ~_ rialionl tlklt ma,l &trad a p ictu re. On<:r: \Oe<:ame a.:t~, a l;llSC o h o-called 8Cl ... "':R. JlefliItmt compb;nl of " key cl .... .. lu med OUI b

    To revie .... the

    p ~nl sn ue ucn, we ba~e atte mp ted to liel

    ~,

    TR AN SMITTER TOPICS
    0. 212 ..

    '"

    ,~~

    ~" y.

    ... ~ ....

    '~
    IDLING
    ~,

    Co)

    " y- ~y. "",I,~:-l.-< T;;0. 125

    ~n

    " ,0>

    " .. :J$. t.l lO........1 .,.l oel"l. <If . - . " fil..... ( bl ll _ ... _.,;........ <If _~ fi l'. r w ith .. _I ",,_ . , 4& t4 </< ..... . . - ~ if> ...... .,.;can ellul""n tl440 t4 C/o), wol" , M u,l. 0104 1Ori_ r1.. I . .,.-c! ..... ot .. ", _ oq u a r a l" . h rar ... .. 1 . ... _ 1 0-0 .... '_uIMtor owe , I. ~.fil <If.h l.

    much the Ame way &I the a udio high-fidclity CDlhu! w t lin lon, directed h iah er frequent:iC5 to his tweeter, and In!l freq lfencies to bis woofer. In other wo rds, by means of a n effective cross-ever Iilter ..hich separates outlhc v.h.f from tile h.f. an d then matches t he v.h.f. CllCrllY 10 aD idling l'C5i! tivc load where it can do no harm. lea ving the bJ. ene rllYto go to lhe aerial: Fi g. H(a). The QST a rtic le p resen ts dc3ign fo rm ul"" ror 2, 3, 4, S t1ld 6 po lc lilters to Ih l, gencTal ! po:;ificatio n, with OOnItruetion ftl dctails o r a n:presentativc 4-pole IIlter; soc Fig. 3S( b), In pllleti<:e &Orne 16 f1ltcT11 lulve br:en OOl1ltl'1JCll>d. wllh , iltpole unit , provi n, the be. 1 from the sta nd point o f all-r;hann el protection (but remember tha t the Americans a rc no t concerned with the tough Chan""l I problem). An effective no tcll "''1 be p ul in ror e pan icula r channel b)' u~ i n ll one o r more IIeli .o.-tuned lr l p sections. e Prlrtc.4 Circuli 8 0rlrd f lit erJ The.5e absorp tive ruten make use of a cors~ll'1,ICl ion. 1 techn ique which could playa sillDifican t ro le in lhe improvet ment of ftlte.r fCIIultt : the tIMd co.p:aci Or1l, the inlCroormoct inll .. wtreo " an d tbe lCI"eeninlJ '~ a ll fo rmed by winll doubleclad copper prinled circ:uit boa rd. The co ppoe , u rfaoe:s no l o nly provide Iow.ind t.lCUlRCC capacito rs a nd inten;:olll>flCl. bUI. with p roper loy-oul, a n dfc.;tive ".Ifshielded bolt" o r inlernal sereea. Thilarr roacll resul~ in cm~ low co mpued with Olhet" TVI fillcn o f co mpa ra ble poWCl'_hand ling C1pa _ bilitic1. For muJ m um pooNCr-l\londli ns. co ppc r..clad Tellon bnlIrds are rccornmcn dcd . but the more read ily availa ble d o ubl<>-clad li bn>-1l1 ..... IfWlla ted boa od, are reported to haw: performed Slltidactori ly wit" tntueeivers of 100 .... n' ou tpu t. O pAcita.nLe o f boanb per sq u.are loeb. ca n be detcrmirKd usinll a feSl coi l and , rid-dip meter ~ l ub1oquroU y. low_v alue ca paci tOR ca n be fa bricated by ma rkin, ou t the roquiml area of co pper. The outet bolt .. fo r ttlo dltcr ca.n be formed fro m , lmllar board, wilh bot h o Ulc r and , urf'a= boDdold toge ther 10 form a double ICI'CCn. F or trall1miuer powen 0( UDde )00 wattt p.e.p., the v.b .f. itlting lolld a n r comprise a pa ir of 2 W ll 100 o hm rcshto l'1 in pa rallel. i auumin.a re;uoQabl y lIat linll. Allcnuation o f I 6-po1c filler is p""n u better than 40dlJ throu,tlout the v.h.f. stop band . a nd rnmtlr of tile or der 4' . 'lOdB. Fi lte n using pnoted-boarll e&pocilORI are etreetlvt illio t ile u.h.f. ",Ilion ; wIIcn:as simila r lllten bllw on mic.1 <;apaQton may iii"' lill ie a Uen tua tion a t u.h.f. One Iinl l po int c mefllCS vividly rrom thil l rticle : 00 lowpaos liller ...n be fully effoctlve unlelS the ~ic t~llSmi Uer i, adequately w elded. with aJl emerlliDe leads adequa lcly filtered . III a Ch.annel 2 fril13C al'llD , tra lU<:CiVCll o r fnur ditreren.t ma kes ..ere o pera ted-none had adequate Ihleldinlll filterillg, al they ,,0<)<1 ori, inally. to allow the absorptive low_ pass filter 10 do its job properly . In o the r word s, 1I0t even aD ab5o rp ti", filte r CIon hope to c ure TVI if the ha rmonics ca n leak o ut alon, pa llls other than tile aeria l feeder.
    N

    o-, O p

    ;v_ 1.. tha .r1.I....J CUT . ..1 ....

    Q/'balld:s), with some modes all<tpower levels, thatl to achieve


    ~

    o;:ompkte clear bill of health . ;\ par tial Ct1r(l a l Jeil5I111lowl

    sornt lICtivlly.

    I I . Public rellJ/iOl/s; Vicwers are seldom anti-amateur at the outset- but ca n rap idly become .0 if they feel tha t nOlhing is being done abou t complaints. Try to keep' ~ller1l On a oo-npe rat ive bRsis. Thc vocwer has hi." righ ts ' Illd so has the amateu r-bu t bene t slill if both can pursue tbeir inte re.ts willla ul insisting On these ,. riglllS "or engag illl in mutual recriminations. 12. Orhtr merhlJni.ms: Recognize that thi. li. t is quile likely not to include the cau.., or p roced ure for Y'J '" Iro oble. The final word has not bocn written, an d probably never will be. on Ihl. subject. But wilh single-sta ndard u.h.f. TV , the worst is probabl y ov er in the UK -but see elsewbere in this Srxtion . AbJ""plive Filler Approach 10 TVI

    In"",

    or

    For many yean it has bocn taken ro r granted that o ne 0( lite most impo rtan t means o f red ucing harm onic rad iaOnn II the m ultI-sect ion low-pasa lilter. Many designs ha..:: boeQ llubli$1>c\I which, when inserted in a C<Hl ~ial aerial lransmission linc, I l10ul d virtually SlOp an y v.h.f. harmonic; from rear;h ing the acrial d e men ts. Ye t, inc~y, th~ ha", been dou btl .... ethe r t ile hi, h tllwll'til;al a ncnt ua tioa flllli es h thnc fIltC" an: alwa)'! (or e~m o nenl being nchievN in ptllCl iee. A valuabl e eo ntribUl inn to the belter undemandin, o f jus l ...lIy the co n\'C nloonallow-pass filler1l do ll<>' always work u well u u pted allf>Cat'l in a n a n ick ~ I'NO Collins Radio m eineeflln QSTCNnvember. 1968 1. Thll aniclc- AbIoepl i ~ F Uter fo r TV Ha nnOllQ by Rich aod WcinJcich. KOUVU, and R . W. Ca rro1l-do=rvD to be n=ad in itl clltill't y by a nyone .. ho hu ever been d isappointed with the rew lu o f finin l a low-pus filte r. The a u thOll I Uun! thai it is possi ble to increase rathe r tlutn to IUPfll"CU ha" uollies .. ith con ventional L C Iiltcn. Buicallf . IhlS pa rad o.l is beca use luch lilteN are designed 1 be doven from a pun:ly l'C1i$li", IOUIU an d loa ded into .. 0 taI$ti~ tcrmina t,o n. Now. even in a COl"R<:lly sel up filter $)'1lem. the ty pical lf aOlmillcr ou tpu l Impedance tend! to be resosti"' only a t lhe ou tput frequency, and is likely to be h~ly reactive a t _ a t Ieut o f the barmonic f""lucnci"". The tronsmitt cr R U tallCea t thc1c hannon ic1ma y pa rtiall y, OT e..en ..holly, earK:elthe filter inp utll'tl<:tanee'. a nd thus perm il v.h.f. power to ll'3Ch the aerial elemen ~ 1llc Collins ell,lineen believe that tile so lution to lhis ~ unha ppy ch apte r in lllterioll is to use lit ten which ao:hieve lillcrtJll by a b1orptioo of the har mo llie eocfiY ralhe r than by a Ue mpt ml to rellect these hanno olCII N ek into the trallimilter. They IUuest thaI this can bo done ill
    N

    Oedlln, wltll " (Wte, Coble" R.I'. The h igh-p;o.s.s filter inserted between the aerial and the T V recei~r is tile usual technique to reduce the l wampinll or II TV receiver by DD h.f. tra nsmiuer, H owever In so me l;Il.!Ies thil may not be entirely effC(:li", due to tile loca l , llPIal. reaching the TV set in soma other manne r. T he PO!! Office lias dcwlo pcd IOvcral lllten designed to reduce the amount o f signal fellChinl a TV IIel yla the outer cab le. ODe is tho "IOSIY" rerri le filter which cousiltt of j U t ! a few turns o f ec-ax feeder woun d on a ferri te toroidal co referri te normally Inlended only for applicati olll belo .. about 2 Mc!" so tha t it fOlll\! a loss vbalun; " No adjust-

    usin,

    ..
    ,.,
    SOI..c>r:1l INN[ 1l CONOUCTO Il TO !oCRlEN a ND COY~ R "'1 M lM' 1

    AM A TE UR RA D I O TE C H N I Q U E S
    8lfll.. r M ..'", fl h<H

    A mains filler can be most effoctiw in reducilr.a: r.f. allerilill I TV leI Ilanll lhc mains lea d, OJSYC ~ . filler made up in a l iD boll and mounted illSide t he TV llel as _ r as possible 10 the pain t when: the mai ns cable dlsappul'S bno the l,:hauis.

    '.
    J.J 4_
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    1_.. ; 1. 1 <w a ;40 " . 1<01,
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    dl

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    ).

    llM: maim c hoke (Fig. 38) con"st$ 0( 3 ) d ouble lurns o r 22 $.W. l. p.v.l:. co vered wire c lO8l:WOUDd (10. winding length l
    ...
    4

    fl , . H . ",..4 0 ' _ " '0 .... . 01 1..... 1'01.... fo l la l lI.tlc

    1'1 _

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    ' " .. ~ uo' ho " h;"f ""o't I


    ... ,

    f1......,.

    ~ I ". all

    cil'CUmslunc~ ; fo r exa mple. slICh ' 0fIIl: JO or mo re lum s in o rder to

    mellll a rc t l:<lu ired. Th e " lossy balUD ~ will nat meet all I b<l lu.ll wool<! requ ire cope e trcalvcly with 1'8 Me:s r J . AIao Oo ,d on. 03XOI relays in f<,> rtnlIlio n 011 the do uble Farada y loop to: hn ique which some Po , 1 Oflia: engi nee rs rfCORlmead. a nd which in h is own usc proYed highly elfoctivc ill. IIOlvin, a To p Band T VI p rob lem. Tbc sillgle lurn laop ma de ou t o f co-ax . an d fo rmmll a l'a radaysclU:lI . i5 oneo ( the Okksl dadga In tac kling tBnomiller harmonic ra dia lioll. 1bc double loop n:<;ei-..:r filter is one of l hc e l\ca pcst fomu o f filler 10 ma ke Up. M l1uinll a co-ax p lUI y and SacU l on the in""t a nd ou l"" t leadS. the device can readil y be tried o n a ny TV ro: ivcr. Fig . 36 s how, the basic del .ils. 0 3XOl has also ltied a modif'tcd. Ihniq"" whk h also effectivcly l.:UIC$ hb 0.... .11 18 Ml.:h probl em . Ihau &h it mii1:ht ' M rro,~ es good the fnraday doub le loop a t h. f. Tile ' X O version co m prl.&cs jwa D Imgle-Ium OOtIplinll t rMn!'fa rm er using a sh ort scrap of ferril e rOO : see F ig. 31. Some o f lhe$C wide ban d dl.:vil.'cs inlrodUOC' l:Onside,a blc allcnuatio n o f lhe req u ired TV signa ls, llnd cannot he u>eol in .. fnn,., " a n:as . W 110ss l.:an be acllievcd w.in, bi.fi lillr ""lUnd IB ns(ormc rs On Ierrttc beads. Usio g 11 FX2249co re. 0 3JOO turs musllrcd a loss of o nly a bo ut Id S 10 Me,,S. ' as a l ains t 6 to I Od ~ of dou ble Fa rad a y co-ax loops. h sho u ld not be t hou ~htt hDl ferri te tra nsfor me rs a nd lony rerri te haluns a rc tin a/ter_lil'/! 1<,> Ill" better k nown h igh pas. r,lle r<. It ~l>ao.l ld be SIr=<! lh a l the h.p.f. I., the mo~t effective w.y of dcal injl with fllDd.1rncn llll h.f. comin g Ihro ullh the co-u fceder ; who;rca. iwlatin, tra nsfu rmer. a nd double Fa rada y loo ps, etc, 111": inle nded rcr those situa tions where lhe d . is l:"lI ing lntc lhe T V rcivet a la n, Ihe n uter screen of lhe ca ble.

    o f a bou t 85 an) on all -translslo r-rad io ferrite rod aerial o f 8 mm . d iameter. Note the use o f 1100 volt a.l.:.-warkilli ""'pa<:' tOlll One poi.Dl must al way, be slrased in rl,:g'll"\! to an y mai ns filters (CS{:ilIUy u y loaned to Olher viewers) . II is absolute ly c:iI'Il:Dlial thai suc h un il' should be so constructed as to be safe liver lbe ir lifetimes., witb l oad construction and componen ts of adequate e.e. flttin... Jk,;a usc of lega.l,'mora1conso:q~ rcaullin,l from a filter (ailure o r shoclc, it i. ina d vita ble 10 put ho mcbuilt maiM filleD into a ther peo ple', hamel unless you really un<knlaod a nd fo llow all SAfe ty p ro:;au tio ns. A.f . 8reakthroto," Hill Ma ubcwl , OleO. remind, tiS thai stray roctifIca,OOIl in the a udio Ita.ges o f TV set, . broa.d<;a,t I'lXeiven aDd spcoch ampli6cn CI.Q atill give trouble, He I'\lQIIlI a . imple bul dfccl ivc am: advocated in vari Oll1 ed itio ns of the Radio HturdboaIc : lee F ia:- 39. n- filters eo m prlMl jllSt a 47 K resistor o r d . l.:h<>ke in the grid of Ihe o ffendi n, h i&h..lope a .f. amplifier. with a 500 p I" eef5ll1ie by_pass capacitor to the valve c:alhodc tenninal (n ot to eh il\Sis). This prevenu gr id :uld e&thod e being a l d iffCl'l:nt d . potentials, so that rect iflcatio n docs nol lah p laQ:. "III my expe rience, it', simp le, dea d certain, a nd in no way d eleterio L15 to Ihe valve', functi o n." he writcs.

    as

    no

    SImple M""e. S"lId.In, Ma n)' tra nsrnitter dcslllll' usc a silille milliammeter to IllC'1wre va rio us parameters, and somt:ti mcs fa irly COnt9ICI switchin, is in..oIved in ac hieving thls. W1ZOI ill QST (July, 1968) n:parh On a paTlkularly sim ple amltlJCmcnl be U!ltlS 10 mcuure ,rid a nd ca thode current ill 6146 p.a, requirinll the USC onl y a n .. on-atf " (s.p.. I. ) $wltd! : Fi, .4O. With S I d OloCd lbe ..... ter pl \l$ It! fO rml D vcttme rer "l.:rO~S the R2 raisto r in t he cathndc l,:ir<:uit. thus lnd ical in.

    or

    "
    5tCU Rf . ' 1 M I NSVI."II NG ","at

    li NGLE NR .. llETWU" { INNtR ....NO :.eRUN


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    ''''''a

    TRANSMITTER TOPICS

    ,os

    ;
    6 146
    ~o

    I-

    <:um:DI. If the &rid c ur ren t meter is lhuniW 10 pater lhan I rnA Ls.d., il il ~tler to I dd tile Ita IwitebiD8 Deeded to m um i l to m aximum &CTI, itlvilY wllm ....ed II an r.f. volt _ meier: if the basic meter mD~1 is more serultlve tban I rnA, so mu ch the bel le r.
    Deudoed Tunlnr on T, ,,nscelv. rs

    .-

    'The abi litr to " c1etaeh " the lin,le v.r.c. of a tra QSOl:ivet 'SO lhat Iran_ ion Ind recep lion ClUl be 011 ~illhlly di fferent f:q ucPeioes is a f<:atu", wbich has pro~ its value on commernal cqulpmen15 A. Du=>s. F SA D, (Rmli,,-REF, . No vember, 1968) hs ! I neat I rrangement allowin g either tnnsmltter o r l'lCiver frequcoey 10 be d etached fro m Ihe
    no mina l freq uency a lld delUDed by u p 10 a bout S kc/s atld yel ",turned 10 DOminal ll l he f1i<; k of a swi tch. This U!1!$ c hangc-ovcr switches to PUI a differc nti.1vo ila I;\' o n a sinlle variablc-vollagl'K".ll~tallCC diode : ICC ril. 42. 'The VVe, the IOpF Irlnuncr which lIovcml the c1eglCC of delu nin, possible, the 10 o hm resi, lor a nd !he deo.:ouplio, cap&eitor should all bo moun ted close to the lun in, circ uit of the v.r;e. b ut the relllllinillg components (a t d .c. o nly) ClIIl be in any convenient position. 10 p ractice, the two divide r nelw orh fo r co n trollin8 the VVC will depend on the d iode a nd th.. vol tage available . Fo r a BA102 th e permanelll
    + I~V

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    tM cathode current o f the: !lISC. With 51 Qpc:n the: me ter p1\1$ RI imliclltes lhe VQlllae deve loped by Ihe pid drive aaooa RJ . Witb the va luCil al~ by RI , R2, and kJ Ihe I mA r.s .d. Imter read. 200 rnA anOOc cu rre n t ~ m A ~rld c:umll l, bul c learly ot her vl luet couJd give ony requ ",..J comb ination.

    "'on/torlnr

    0,,,,.

    Voharer

    On PI,I.,''C 26 i. IhQWn the useful dio de aUellua h) r used by Ph il HClTVo"OOd, GJ FR B, in hillate st trallS istQrized u .b. c~l;ileT. A fu n het idea used in tbis exclrer b h is mc tbCKl Qf p.o. grid driv'Cvo ltllgc mo nit oring. OJFRB is a firm believer .. lloc value: Qi bui ltin grid volt lTlllte rs fo r thQ ~, but eonsiden. thil i:s Ilno the r ii rnple methcd, As IohQWIIlD Hg. 41 tbc DQTma l grid-currenl meter is . wiu:hed to eeeeme an f.f. I'QltmeleT when the bin Is n:mo~ frQIlI the rrid; the grid forms the" d iooe anode" <If lhe r.r. derccror , Un der such condit ion. it is essential tha I no b.t. sho uld be applied 10 thc p.l. du rin !> mcuUT\'flle"n ts, and a s pr ing-b iase d doublc--polc eh.n&O-Qvet lOUie switch breilk s the h.t ... on .. circuit u a I4rciUlird. in case the user has fo rgolfen to . wilCh off h .l . bcrore mc:asurinll p _a_ grid d rive. Rl is chosen 10 l iVll lhe IPIlropria te fult-scate-deflecrten o f the meter. OJfR B noles lha t it is a good l(\e,l tO C3k:ulale this to l ive ~ r.f. drive voltage r.s.d. , rlll>c:r than r.m.l. volUiae. It is then possible 10 eq uale dri ve with bi.. al the on.ct o r I:rid

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    voltaIC shoul d be +' vo llS. a nd the poten tiometer P Ihoold a lluw an "-"CU rsiOfi of from a bo ut ~ to 9 vohl . F oc a 12 volt con lrol line , suit llble va lues wou l<l be RI 4-' K o hm, R2 68 K o h.... R 'I J. J K o hm. R '247 K o hm and P S K oh m. If a bi[lh vol tlllC liD<: i, o""d for 11ipplyillJ the llClwork, lhis s hool d he Slabllil.Cd by a 12 volt zene r d iod e since llny varia tion of thi~ VOl tsllC will ca use a freq ucOC)" variat ion o f thoe v.f.o. f SA D SURRcoll t luit a 250-volt liM can be U.5ed in con ju nctio n with a 4 7 K ohm. 2 walt d rop p ina resi~tor an d 12 VOll zene r of adeq uale PO""" .-atinS.
    Solj~ _

    Sc"",,, Clomp

    The inereu in l a vaila b ility o r tramiston b&vIn. rclatively high eo llector-to-cmillcr brcak dQWn-vollllF rariDp (BY, ") Is .radlJa11y o penill ' the way to new appheatiollS for so lid state Iw itchiolf. SJ!telTlS. In Ham RDtJItJ (Sep tem ber, 1968), au;s G rant , WOLRW, descri bed a screen cla mp Iyslern intended l or IUC In coo,iunetioo wilh a JOO voll s upply an d provi din' l\ rcllUlated 200-\'Olt 5CrtlelI l upply when r .f. drive II a pplic<l lo lhe p.I., droppin, virlUaUyto zero in t he absrnoe o f d rive. WOLRW indicates vancus adva.olaltO o f such a ayslem eompare4 with the more convenlicmal valoe clamp arI'lUIlCJIlCIIt, in perm; Uina virtu ally d iftc:l 1witehio 8 o f the SCRlCO to ea rth potenl la l, lllld Ihe elimilla llo n o f po "", r_1Q S5

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    5Cllt:tI

    AMATEU R Il A D I O TECHNIQUE S
    2 N34 40 ~21(
    4...

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    cia ble dcl\clctlon power . ha l p ro"'Od ooe of the ma in provide ", of powcr arnplilicr valves for l.I.b. opention. Such types as 61>QS 6QBS . 6GES. 6.1.106, 6JS6, 6KD6. 6 Lf6, 6lQ6 and lhe . Europooll PU05 and PUOO. l>oug D eMaw, W ICER. (QST, J uly, 1968) exa mines t he fa cton invo lved ill IlI;n . four 6KD 6 va l\'C'I in a arouflded-

    Un. Output VaIn. '"~ Un_r AmplJfl. ... Colour television, wilh itt rcq uimnent fo r linc-oUlpul VlLlves eapa blc of prav idina: blah peak curre nt, and appm.

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    2N34 40

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    and heal arisin . from the po wer nUnNllly dissipa ted in clamp valve and vollllgc d ropping rcJilUlr. Tbe fK l th l the ~11 potentia l iI almo'lt in<Jcpendenl of scroeo ~n t is a
    rU" ~

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    beoelit.

    of lhe 1'.e. a poten tial al"""t euctly cqllivlllc:nt co tbe value ellistins lit t he junctioa of tbe low- wattage 91 K an d 220 K volta~ divider. Witb no r.f. drive, the 10"1:1" 2N 3440 il s" itdv:<J on, conneetin, lhe "' C:<:n virt ually to ea rt b. T While the tnmsiston can be T.t. types, Jt ~ of courx eut.<ttia l that t hey should be of the receo t high brea kdown volta ge type. He stales thalt"" silico1l2N3440s have a rated llV ." of 2SO volts, whereas Ilrict ly spukinll the ratin g sho uld equal or exceed that or the sup ply voI lllge (in this case 300 volts); ho wever, he dail1l$ tbat II I those tested showed a Irue figure of at least SOO va lIS an d cou ld be used reasoo.ably s" rely. Th e IWO I N914 diodes prmee t Ihe transislors fro m R'~rse breakdow n al the emlncr-base juflC1 ion.

    FiS. 43 allo",", the a mmsellK'o t describe d by W OLR W , the peesence of r.r. drive put . I neplive volta gc 00 the Iowu 2N3440 t" mSisIOr, CU ll in! il off ; the ot her 2N 3440 is co n ne<:lcd II 10 eminer fo l OWl:r wllich PUll on to t ile screen

    , .
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    Key elld Fill A l ey dkk fillci not invol> -ing an iro n-<::orcd ( hoke an d witable fo t ClI thode.keyed p.a. !lsge5 with aboul SOO volll h.l. il re--publiahl:d in RQl/o-Ekc' ro"ks (Ap ril, 1%8) from i an Hem by VUU N io Thr / Ild/OJI Rmfio Am4lrur : F i(l.. 44.

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    Screen Refutation DJ3WlI in ll L. QTC (June, 19611 ) describes iI method of regulilting o~r a wide, ;,r,dju, tllble value t he .cru"-gri d po tet: ial of a 6D05 po.. eTIImplifier; Fig. 4~ . Th e refen.ma: u > 'oltaee fo r lin El.90 series relUlalor valve is deri ved by rectify,~ I little of the r.f. pDtenllllal l !lc: anode of lhe driver $fate . The dillgram mak es tke prindple cleM. The ~ll voltliioC aUlomatN;ally d rop. in Ike abscocc of d rive: a IIOCful featu re.

    grid, para llel-connected, l OO-walt d.c.-io pu t lilleilr, rho ugh l he lDfo nnali,," app lie' equally 10 lower power stap. In pa rticular, Ill' provides u!\C'ful guida..nce on t he qucst iOfl of para lkl o peration willwllr \loins specially 5Clec,oo ao d marched val'<el. 1 assure equ al or ncar equal I" . d-stulrill' . 0 Whlle the trammitlcr manufacturer ca ll ha ndp ick and grade his va lves befn: pult inl them into h~ equ ipments. Ihe . ""rago amO lellT will not norma lly be able to do tlii, (3 fact whi ch 'ho uld he borne ill mind whell 611illl rq>!aocrncllt, in futory-buill rigl usin, mo re Iltan o ne valve In the power ampli fier). Thil problem ca n be mioim.i.led by arranging for individual a!!juslmentA of billS to eilCh va.lve in ord er to ma"h lhe 1I n-sigll31currents ; Wl CER indicalC's Ihal if lhi~ is done l he dyna mic t rk k "r lhe valves will usu.sUy be within 10 per cen t up to ma l,mum signal OUl put. To f,cilllalOweh adj,,,tfDoCll l!., he sdv OC1I les fining individual low<ost melen in t h. anode ~ireui t of each valve (o r allemal ivdy being able 10 switch I , Ingle meie r Into ClOCb anode cin:uit). Furt her he slr~ 'he po inll hiu bu lb and aDOde temperalures are uSUillly lhe limiting p;lrarnclers with these V3.1~.llnd thaI some type of forced air cooIill~ will be advi.. ble in con fined sp;u:.:s if a nlllJl imum valve life 11 10 be atta ined. Env.:lopc:bulbs sho uld, if l'O",ible, be operated lit leTll!X'falures well below the W ' C usua lly ~l'CClrlCd by lhe ma nufactu re", . Anode lempenllures above ~. C, wh~h he says can cuilyoccur Wilh valves ill compact t....nsmillen: not hwving elfectr.e coo ling, ha~ been shown definitely to <IIoften valve life. Some delails of the hilth-power Iinc.af dc.\Cribed by WI C ER ca n llc !\li heit' d from the . implil\cd cin:u il of HH.46 t thoulth il . hould be no te<! lh.D.t fo r blindS 14 Me!. upwards, bililia t ha ler chokes are advisable. flocause of the heater cu rren t ralinit (2-~-amp fo r each 6K D6 l, WI CE R put his heaters. in :<erie- and uses a 2S2 volt, 2'8 amp hea ler Iransforme r. If higbc r vottallC hearer transl"o rmcrs. arc 'atlnble, it is possible 10 use lhe European r L.$05 with ils 40 volt, 0'3 amp he.tter fat: linear ICrvM:e. Ideal fo r a 3S Me,'S linear wilh inpu t and OU lput pi--nclworb are given in lhe Jalluary, 191\9 issue er Ihe Ikl gian CQIQSO jou.lDlll by ON~J I : Fig. 47.

    TRANSMITTER

    TOPIC S

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    OTH( II. VALVES

    OpcratioD;l l dClIIils arc s iycn u ; grid curren t 30 rnA ; a node current 2SO rnA ; anode poICnlilll 4SO vo lls. The Pl~OS has been IlIpencde4 by tile I'LSO? w hich i$ read ily ava ilable fro m loa l delil,," in Ille UK.
    144 MHa Soncl_.top Fill . .. The usc u f ball ,jr cjlx l f,II. .... a l Ihe receive r is a l lr. e li,', ill lhe case o f in te rference from 70. 144 "nJ 412 M H, Ira n.. lU&lOns, where TV replio n nlay s ome limes be o n rln/uw.:ie~ h i ~hcr lha n, somcli mc. lo we r Iha n. lha l of lh male llr u a "_ n ille r. ,, hn Ma rli " !'l acd i,,!. LASA K . ecco unrc red II pro b lem or ..V re TV I ...h<-rl work ill l ,. " uro , a " .. ';1 100 " -llib OulI' tll t 1l Iln 144 M H ~ ~.w . For s uc h I r~l... ni>;.,io ns his bellm a l1tc" rI.1 1\tC<1"" I" 1'C " irleJ "i rtu~ lly ~lfa illh t ~ I a hou., ~ S<>IUl: IO l n dlS'~nl , ,,-hc; re hi, , i ~ n " l~ hl~"lelC\1 Ihe TV receiver an d Noel ..1 rC<:CI'liun. l he No",'c~ ia n ra d io a nd TV i n l crrc~~e in~"' l ig;rliol\ Ita '" rcun o Ilis <'"<I uip"",nl (Kcn .....ood TR 70 10 dfi vinllQQ EOlI/41J f1 .I,I IO he rc.~,o n~ llly good : u n a rlidc in Ekr'trl" r (No I I. 1'178) cnCOll, a gcd him 10 lry lhl: u' " r ll~ ml.u,1' fillels lllllt4 10 144 M H l and InSI ~ I k:d in lhe neillhh"ur'. TV feN er : Fill. 48. His ,cr. ion o f the l:ketrv tl ,k., i~n ,," , ma de up on a small p it ee of primed cirCUli boa rd I"inll I"w... "'l rompo>nem.; th e tota l p rice, i ~llId i ng cable (""lIfla:l"l"';, being nOI mo re th an :.IM>uI 1.~O 2. Th e tillcr W a ligned as ,"; n8 '1 I~", I cire uil (f"ig. 48(n)} InCOfl',o ra l;n.(ll a l d ll pa" . [(lninM- Ihe restVrla lll ,..; ,,,,,,;1 . a~ r(lllo ...,,;

    TV'

    A s lnb l. n r . ry u ak" lIltolb l SilPlal ttCBCral or , Iwu lll be lI~cd f" r a llSnJn\:nl (e_~. <:ry,I,,1 <:a hbr;ltQr) , -, he ~d ll pad ;s tlll~ to prcvcr n" sho r l-<:i r,,"i lin ~" o r me signa l ~.n" "I <>r ,' ulplIl. as lh i\ ca n C~ II<' f" l..., inJk.u iOllS. LA ltAX found thai Ih is . impl . a , ra nf,. nl. n t . u,ed hi. p. o blem comple tely .

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    AMATEUR RADIO TEC HNIQUES

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    Lo .... . purl/ I MH I f re" u m/tl l' In BrMk _i.. (June, 1979), K. Mars.on. Z L2AJ W. ou, lillCS a 144 MH , l-'I:. "j bipolar . "Iid",a l': n.b.f.m . lran. miller ' ...hkh "~,,l~ . fTer his lindillill hal co nwn lional mul lislage
    spikcs.

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    bipolar dC'lig can procl..,,;c 11 ns . put iL

    He '" co nvinced lllat lhc lll>5wc( i!; to USc 11 mull iplicr-.chain bdse.l "n I' ET. wilh dOll"Ic-' ur'>ed c ircu i" : Fig. 49. T his pm.i,lcs ... clea n " sill'131(a ll spu , i; a l len, " dtl d,wo'n o n ellrri..... " -hen viewed o n 11 spectr um .. " aly""r with SO MJl 2 swee p). T he lron. ..lIiIU provides } -n walts o utput from an . :r und er_ru n !N ~64 1 (l 2-watl ca pstan lyfIC). Alignmenl WIlS carried om u~ illil a n eescrc uon ftl.'QlIency me ier, and no <t ilticullies were e~rerienced. The main lX'; nls 10 ...nteh ure : II) Keep lh ~ d rIVe 10 c:l<:h Jt;llle j\l~ t enough 10 dr ive Ihe ""~ 1 stalle. (2 ) If ;lny in' lahility is fo und in l he driver or o utpu l ' 1l11lC$ a 10 pF Cllt'llcitor from bnse 10 lhe nearest Cll rth "",inl wi ll help: if 'I flCr30iSlS fit one f",m collect o r to ear th . He Wi v"" lhe followinW detail.; fot luned circ uits : L 1 Bt, C l
    33 p F : I .2 8 I,a JJ p F:U 4 I , C3 '3 pF :L4 4t, ~3 ] p F:

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    II link over cold end of L1. L9 '0 Ll2 (all 20 ,_ ._linned w <'Opper nn "It in. diameler "' jlh turns spa ced 10 avoid touchinll): L9 5i l, L10 31; Ll l 31 : a nd L I2 51. R Fe 31 enam . 011 fern Ie bead. Spa"i", hetw""n L1-2. L3--4 , L5---6 . ho uld be I in. Screenln, bel..e"" "'"~CS hel.,. eliminat e unwanted feedlh", u ~h and/o t fe.:dhack . Note lhal ZL2AJ W docs not specify Ihe v~ ria!>le:--u>rcd inducto rs htl! ;t i5 " ''' lI1lCd that lhese a'e of sla l"JlInlt ypc.
    SImI' " ' " MHE S""d"".. FlIlar NOl all wlid,. lule 144 M l iz trausmitterl can be eomiokrcd free fro m <pur;; ; and alth oull h ' I e bcuer 10 minimi ,,, lhese In lhe c.arly <tallC'l of Ihe lr3nsmiuet', this Can involve maj"r modi lieali< IM In pac ka ged equ ipmen t. An altcrnauve melhod "f ..lanillS up the ~ i ~ nll l Is ttl plI'1S the o ulput Ih r",,~h II "."" I",,,~ hirer. K , 1\1 ~ I "' '' l.t, D J ~K II. h;,~ dc<crihed a s,mpl ~ t>nnd p.u< !iller """.,,1 0 11 pr inted induc t"... T hil ; IJ'UW'S " ~na l ~ over ~ he han d of about 14o- I4{ MH l bUI . provid.,. rc" , o nably ",,,flll llll cnua tion to , purii " utside th,l ran", (1 Il h,,"~1I bamJpu filleR a l v.h,r. ~...nn(ll be expa,;le<1 10 " ,,\VIde t h e lype nf ultimate rejt illn pos sible at h.f. l. O<:l ail. Ite shew n in n y. ~() , and m.." imum po wer ha ndlin, "l p~ h i1i ly Is pUI III al>u UI 15 watl . T he tri mm",.. lire ddCri!lc{l as Tr o nso r .l- l ~ p F,
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    Fra llt Harr;' '' n, G3Xll. fo und lhal his T V re<.~ v<:r " as .ulfe";n" TVI fru m his 2~ M II~ lr3Mmissio ns : nut , urprisinll since hil28 Mill. beam is onl y a few f<>.: t away fram the T V

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    o<Clllahlr p lus d iode p ha'C-nlodu hu o r. ,,uh lhe o utpu t l'ke " 10 l h~ ~f)'S 11i1 " ".- et o f lhe n is!l ng Ira ll$miUer ' See k 1. Fig. ~2 . ZUTAJ co nven ed the Uf'l:ln ~1 M .' I~ , 'l 0 "'"1 1 10' Into a triple. to 24 Mc:/ s. l1le addilion~1 .tal'l i. u..,ful ;n overcom;n l thcl lou invol~ in lhe ph...., modula tor . The modula lo r component, a re mo unled in a I l in. b y tI In , square co il !CIn. lO&e lher w ilh L2.
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    va rious . Ia nda rd TCmed ic. _ Fa rad ay in TV reeoe r, b. a id b,ca ker. single' . oj""l i" n 11111' in e.,,, ' re ~.. ,,1Ill1<.'1 0, <If llie ~"a,i al TV reederpTlldu'C<I ..'me im pm """,,,nl bu l noM of lhe m eomplc ldy eured the in lerfe re,,". H""",'OCr, (U Xll lhen rru;<.le ul' , .... u I'orollel tu nw rejector .il\.....i" "n J in. Ala'l,lin ror m. rs. T he were rreluned 1 0 181 M H~ lind ele<.:lri<:. lIy , n, e rle" in Ihe T V e,,,,,,ial fde . ; OIlC in t he cen lre ."nd"'I''', lhe o lher in Ih.e <I"le' hnoid : Fi,. 5 1. The re Wn no I{"" o f p iclu re q,,~lily (G )X II is ah....1 20 miles from Ihe T V rra n, m ill er<) an d lhe inle rfere nl"e clelln:d up eo mpletely. T he lectm iq uc mighl " m Vl;: equally cfl"QCI ivc on o ther rn.n<ls (wit h lhe possil:>i lily of hn v i n ~ m"te tha n o ne filler co n nected In series 10 cover sc'OC""t M n,l, ) Pilrlieu la rly as connrucrfce and a lignmen t "He stra illh l. forwa rd ,
    FHl. ( or Me{f An r,m. lochnique fo r 1I 1rrow-ba nd o pera tion described 1 by P. L. Lynch. Zl4TAJ in B'fak . lf! ( Dco.'Cm be r, 1968) p ro" des II furl hcr melhood of ~01lvert i n 8 a 144 Me,'s IransmUter r... r.m. The p . inciple ' 0 provide a n ad d-on 8 M ef~ crysu l

    ~ n lcll lla/f~der. Th ~ k.op, hi ~hll"'t. f,lte r

    '44

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    PII M odula to r. There i, S. o " ina inte resl in p hase moduJ:u ion _ bu l a lso not a lillie confu'io n be lween freq uency and pbas.. modu lation. An important lldvllnt aae o r pha se modub t ion is tlla t lhere is much less c hance o f prod llCinl so me: o f t ile ra ther roush r.m. signal~ lha l ste In from non- linear rea ctan ce mO<l ula llon of oectlletc rs. TIle u ru a l di:n inetion IIIlIde be lween r.m. and p.m. i, tlutl w(lh dev iation is proport ional to modulatio n am. plitu de, whc~u with p.m . l he devialion is proport iona l t o modulal ion a mp liN de mu !tipiicd by t he modulation rrequellCy. In e treet, p.m. can be c onverted to Lm. II) insen inl a IIClwort. w,th a ll at lenuati on of 6dfl per octave with iDc", u in, frequeDC)', in the a ud io fre quc rn:y amp lificr Sla.ae~ pr't!lCedj.fII 11Ie p hase modulato r. In pracll<:e, fo r ,"",I a ma h"urs. the OI in dis tin ctio n is Iha l f.m. i, usually a produced direclly by reac la nce modu la!io" " f lhe ..""ill;&lur . whe reas p.m . ;! obla lned by va ry ing the pha..e in t he lunc<l ci rcu il o r one o f the . ub!.cq uen l d riVl;: d~ K<'S , ....it .......1 a!Tecting the actu al o K iII.l0 r, T wo sem icoaduclor pha.", modulato n are described , bo lh o f wh ich h.ow: point.!. of (nle",st. B. Sykcs, G2H(.:O , t Uuc-'b th.ot o ne could nol hope fur a simple r llms nlCmenl thfl tha.t shown in Fi g. ' 3. T he vol tap: 0 11 the co llector of t he fina l audio a mplifi. r ;s u- ,d 1 " 0 p ro vide t he SUnd;na b aa.. on the BA l02 luning d iode ; In this lhe vo ltage is a bout 8 volts, which p uis Ihe BA W2 I I . bool the ce ntre o f its eopacltance range. T he resisto r. capa cito r e<>mbinlilio n (R I .C I) pTllvides the necessary ta il. Ortn~ of flequency respo nse, as mentiollcd a~, 10 plov,de a silllllll simila r to r.m. C I ,,1 act s ll' by-pa>.s fOI 110 l he 8 Me l, coi l with the IId vanl,,-&e thalthe a ud io is fed in . 1 a ""inl o f zero d . po tenl ial. The CllPKilive d ivider 10 drive

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    the fln l multiplier Is d e]ibc ..ldy ehosc ll!O allow the BAI02 la'IC proPOnion of the capacilall' a ct\)U Itw:. eoi . The 2-1 pF Irrmmu In the c rysJ;11oscillator prvvidea a >lIvenieDI rmans of IIdjustill a the dri~e tn t he m ultip lier " hai a, The Icvel mcle r is perha!" an optiONllluxury. T'he a rnnlCmtnl sho wn will prod uce fuJI kpl <leviatio n o n 144 Mel. from eilher II 6 or 8 MC/H rYSllll OKill.tto r. C. F . Robjotln~, GS CDZ. p rovidc. II. un it (1"1, . S4) dClilr"c d 10 be placed in front o f a n niuinll ll.m. or c.w. rig, with e.w, eoo hn u;na '0 be a vailable by j u~t rc!TlOvinl the lIutl io inpul 1 the: un il. TIle OU lpu t f rOOI an ~UlKtor whieb 0 C:DIl be r:rytta l-<:ontro lkd. vxc or ... f.o . is connc.; lcd 10 Ihe . unit. tOlCther with . bou t SOO mW o f audio ; the OUlf'IIl 10 Ihe ' Me /1 Cl')'1<la l socket o f the main InlP omill er. He U.eJ a nllle r IlMX'C romplc ~ pt .... modula lor lhan In lhe G 2HOO IIn Un CCmcnl . JI is pouiblc _i lh lheoc II.m. unitllo dri", tbt p.a. o f the main InuumillCT \'l:r)' ha rd for b.i&h rll"dc1lf;y (G Re HZ has II QQ V06-4OA biase,J 10 100 vollo ncptivc and puohcd hard ....ith ""nE 6 10 7 ~IU or dtWc ). La aDd L2 an rach IS tumI 20 I ....,... close .~. SomI: Pw: ntObilo unilS contai n a UThe .annl RqU irN, 001 Tunc-cl TO J ~ Me'" in ...web CalC the ll.r. irIp"t shoukl be iocteaK'd 10 ((l() mW. LI &.lid 1.2. loge1her with Their lunin, Colr-ital'll;el ;l()<! d ocl rortk I\IIlUlI diodcs.lbouId be ICI'OCned ICfIU'IT dy. G8CB.Z _ that lhe di llinoctioa br l_ O p.m. aDd f.m. should nol be fO'~lIcn : be pfen 10 lhink 01 P-lII- at IidebUd with the ca......., re-illSIened 90'" OUI of phase (01' COUfW. the other sNcbud is pmenl). He Nants lhat ir\$ICH oInuMn, p m. with ~ de le<;tilm . DX Cap,ability ca n be mu<b irn~ by rcac jyllll lhc sipah as iidrbotnd. IKin. a b,f,o . or e llrirr ""';n'leT1ioll osci lbtor.

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    When us.etl ove r the ran~ lSllO-J600 ki ll the on ly luni .. ~"ntrol io lhe v.r.o. which ~. jcw-v etuevarill hlc CllP.~Cjr(lf co nnected 10 .... inlS J, 2 or (he main board . Th is an typi<:u.lly l'C ~S pI" Or j(j p F \la ri ~b lc, "';Ih 10 to 20 fir: ~ricsc 3p aci lo r a rranged In It;\/(: the ...,qui n:<l rn:quencr ~ ra n. The h y ;1 c(lnrwxleU ,,,,r01l po lnto J , 4. OUl pu l <I T R4 il abo ul 1 00 mW. an.1 the workin, ""i nt of the fina l Slilte (T RS) iI ad iull ..... by the ' 00 ohm ....ria bl<! rc,i slo f b\:tween b;)~ and en".. is.

    with ..,..;:illa lU.. kc:yinl n u r tlal;\O'dy c:birp a nd clic k free .

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    of TV ~i~ have incfC<l!lCd -'0 that 10 cI05C doIoa d llhll l TV houn II beI:ootirllJ II k-.s aDd leu sa tisfactory s.oIut;"n. Channell 20 1 68, in Mand. IV ~ V, arc muo;;h bc:fICt 0 Itw:l Dunne! I (AS Me/I ) of Dmd I. IIUI DOt .... Iy iI. Ille itlcidt-noe or TVI to n..0Ik J and III Cl,>fltinuiDl at hiP level. bu t .here .. a fec hn l IIIaI the: <>ffiQa1 IUlUsIQ ani rc.illy oat) the tip g( the ioebc,.. Ma ny CUC$ 01 TVJ .,. clcaIt with by the 1ll1\;l!Nr eoftoe"lCd (i f only b)I c1o.m, down durin. TV boIln on . - Of more botods) or 11 in a 1\IftJ\in& ""re _'it b his nciahboun who Dl\r n resort 10 taetla ot her than rcponi", the in lCrfmtnc:e 10 the Post Ofr...... While Band, IV and V arc Ins lilel1 to be arrtcd by IlartllOllir n dilllk>tt from h.f. IranvnlllCn. modem n rcceivel'1 ha-.: become ~naly w.~p1ibJc 10 hiah r.f fiel<k. e-.:n un rre qtlCllC fa r T'CmOYr<J from lhe TV "coal ;...,

    The dqrcc o f improVCf\leUl in the !tr itish TV1 ~tuatioll ill m::enl yea rs ts !eM t han mi&hl haw: hem upcdcd. despile lhe illCrc.l-'IO-1 \III! or u tt.!. for telrvioion no.leplioll. The hou.n

    lJ.J.U. owl TV'

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    voIla,... IwinS a cron the luned clrcu il ma), br ... mc:ir nl 10 run the ~ ...... h b~<! d iode inlO condll.. tion. f la. ~~. from a not e by G . Ilidtlot , rsro. in Ra4i<l- R F (N r 111 970), -J'Iov.'s a o f ~ n:om;n R th i!. d, l1icu lty by usinS 1....0 d indct. 0 ,,1)' " boul I 01 2 volt. o r aud i,,;' rcq ul....d .
    MHI T. o n . m ll U , for QRP lhi. i. Aoo lid. , ta le IrM1Smiu c-rU-' ll. Sfl) for l' S MH ~ c.w. "hkh ""'" a"'llil",hle com po n" " " a nd io bit.o.c<l u n a bipol;1.r < han ~ l", v.t.e. It "'"' been ,l<:scrihcd by S'ellrricd 11 01... D KlfrN tOI.l .\l" " . So ~. 1 9' ~ 1 . With II roo" '" """on' pf l ~
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    i~,~ lf. f "'u'l"' '''t. " t~ ea\ ily dr iVl:n lrno non-li neari ty resultinl i" 'lCver<: cros e-rncd ulatlo n (some TV design. Iecd t ile aerial .lrajght Into a bipoLu trlln, i, tor withou l nnr preliminary lu ned eireu il), and signals le~ k far t oo rc~di y ir rto tlu: iJ, o r lhe a ,f. ' la se s , For mllny yen... mo.t of u. hnye llrowTl u <cd to equating ' lrong TV . ign"l, wilh vinual1y T VI rrce u pe: ralion . It ha s a1WllY" in the pa~l . b""n lhe viewe" 10 lho: me<li um--signal and rrlnge areo.. o r T V who have been ml>St a fTected by local tlllnsmlller harmoni c. and l.f, brell k th rouh . On the o lher hand, where F ront-end uver loa d ing iaconccmcd- u incre... InRly it ii_ the SilWilion t~ndl< to be re"eBCd. C romudu Iation dQrs fWf dcPMd upon the ~t renll:t h or the WlIIlled l illll-ll; thls form of TV I i~ Jusl II likely to .. fTecl s lrong . ' weak signa l rece pucn . T f,ls iI, o f COUf'iC, in co nlra" to harmonic rad ialion . etc. where lhe IlroniCr , ign_1 _""as Ire much be tte r o fT.

    not- un like lhe A me ricau J 58 r.k/. -;rCl....Uy in :to alllll teur band . bu l it is ,till ery easy fur ) -5 Mel. upc:ral<>rs l(l lin d tlx-ir silP\llls gett ing into the colo ur e in:uill of a receber with d isastrous effecl ; a sillliw- situa lion cou ld also
    ~r

    d ue 10 harmonic beals rewl ting f ro m o pe:ral'on o n llimosl any band.

    CDlour olld TVI are lisniflCalltly mute i U5Cl:/"liblc: 10 interfr r. eece in lhe form or pattem inlJ prOO~ by fairly hlSh . ideo bea l frequenclco. Rently we ha d an Opponuo lly of waldling the effecl of in.ie<:1ing a simulaled ,bea l fl'CQUCocy into video sillll3ls 10iDi 10 two s ide-by...lde monil0 r30 one colo ur. the other monochrome. displayin. Ilill.1idcs. It was il11t11edi.1tel y a~nt tllat beat fRqucncics and lItlplitude Iewb wwe h resulte d in barel y no liceable p.;J.lIe m iniOn the monochrome picture (on e o n en had 10 l ook at WlClutlered sky IUlIeS to dele.:t lhe illlerfcrencel produced spectacular effects on tll<! co lu ur mo nilo r. Wh,1e tM rn:ty IlOt bave been en~l r Iypical of actual tcrerreeeece, il did britlK home w ry clear y that c.o!our T V is a 1 more ilkal 01 to bea ts (paftkularly a bout J to j Mel' ) th.1lI mooocltrome I Tile Bri tiSh colour su b<arrie.ron a pproxima tely 44 3 Mc,1 is

    Colour

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    Tha f~lIcl.s of V .H.F. TV II is a lwa ys u..cful to knuw wmtt hing a bout t he: TV signal a nd ill frcqUl'ncics whtn dca linR "ilh T VI. lia nds IV and V in Europe: con ";' ' of C haone l. 21 10 611 (C ltanne l\ 3~ 10 J~ ' are nut If...., a nd the y form lhe lV'I' bclwcrn R"nd IV and Oand V). Each c hannel .5 8 M"is wide (Chan ne l 21 sta n . at 470 Mc/~ 22 al 478 Me/. ell;): in the: Rritl.h 625-1i"" ' Yltem tS)"te m l) the yninn ea rrir:r i, alwa~ + 1-25 Mels fro m t he lo wer cnd o f the cha nne l. and lhe fm. w und carrier + 7-15 fro m the lo~ end . Fi g_60 . h<>W5 l he freque ncy bands Of;CIIpied by the ~a"",,-" compnne nlJ. To find Ihe [0"'" freque llC e dllt' of any eha nne l belween 21 an d 68. sim!'[y Y mulliply t ho: d lan ne l n umbe r by R a nd add 302. II must be no ted , how.:' -er. lhal with in the ma in if. , trip o r a TV recel~r lhc>oc fR'qUC:ncic. are 1T3",~d. with lhe velon ca rrier u-.......Uy a l 39-5 M,,/~ lind the sound c;lnic r (located on lhe " intcn:arrir r " ' hel f o r the Lt_re.ponlt) al ])-5 Mel' " 'ilh lalcr W IIO" i,f. ' lall':' ;II the " ' ie', dille r. lI, e

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    sbould be RpIao;cd by. sim ple hl.~ fU~r ananacmenl tuo:h as thaI 011-1,_ n lb l- At .M _ braid-bra klr\t (i.e. makitl& if: more: dilficult for sipab QD the _~ the c:o-uial ~e to reach the ~M=r a.o.ib) wWd be_ adlie\'ed lUin&.I bllu:n m.n.r0l'TJlCl" t~ -.:menl : F:IJ. SlIt). Simple fil~ of lhis Iypc could be acided ".tU1Wly aJlboLllh G30KX .....wd like 10 _ ,he .... ...-en adopt: such ein:WlS (he ~n lbey _0II1d actual ly c:mt the: lltlM Ics& Ilw) the c o n ~ ~ ) .Nnateln Ihould he- ulft'l1'lCly .....ry of aheriftl: o the r people's ~i\'Cn In any _ Yo o(he, than perhapsjusl fittin. 1.11 e~ l lillcr. Wbe." ,~n arc . till ulina the \I.b.f.,;oe of dWll,,"-ndard let.. it is !lOI f!OI.vblc to lit hi gb-paM filler in o;>n,kr 10 am: 144 M~. TVT. ...".ibiJitie1 bere illl:ludc I lLlb filler bridlJOdT no tch IIller. o r even simple 'Crles-luned 'np m the t ype Ihown in Fi.. sa . Tb il filter j,cl.umcd to .I ltem.1e lnoomina 144 Mel._ ~ I IP"1s by 40 10 6Sd B. E ven when ad<Jed ~.ternall y the O JO HX filters can prooc very effectlve.
    ~ ; J9. tl_1.o ".1.0 ...... 1ft TV 1 _ ... _ 1404 Mcf ft ..... . . _ _ T " - ' " ' - HI 104 <1. J

    8l'klptI- r .... ..,oCtofI FlitSome )'\'An 'IJO. in OQIIntlon with tho: JU'"'lleno::e or o:o-clIantlellllter1CftROe1 Roond I receptioll due 10 Spo""dic:. 0 E p ropap t iun. Ute Poot OlToa: ~ the \110 of an ad d-on bridpT AlI~ r u r-bk of pnwIdinll hidl .lIenIQlion 00 ill rcsonam rrequcn<;y with reillivc:ly link lou OD dosely adjaoenl rrequencin. The filtcr inoert. IIdec p ' )'Il"OlTOI!l rical notch in Iho liana ls cum in, . 1011& the focdcr With. minin. um o r dlslurba nco to . 11 otber frequencies. Tho Post Office n:\o::>w:d informati,}n ,'n tho:iO tillel'l, Intended I I a lW: d freq,-"=",,,y \lnlt rc r 49-7$ Mc/s h boul h it co uld be made IlUlIb le Wnp ly by rep Wcin ,ll hc Ibed a \l:lcitor by a variable IXPl" Tile abillly of this l)'pot of lilte. 10 null otIl . sintle 11l'OIII sianal ha l nol in Il'lc: pul been of ~r ..aluc for combatin, T V) ror wttidl the h illh' p;lll liller has bc-cn far mon: ",idely ....ro. HOIOtO"Cr, lhe chanlina pallem of TVI with. for e.u.m p lc, the ElI'OlHem of lhe tOcaf I.... Mell or 4ll Mell sit::Da1autin, a tv ..110 O"'Crload in Q1.1CS where the llet _1 be l'eQIIired 1 ROrM TV t nnsmiWon. on rreqUCll' 0 IUftIy ma ke 1M cics below thai or lbe am;aleur ..... ioIl. _ IYJIC or fillC'r ~ Iltnct i~ . F ia. $9 pr1)'idn infontUllion 011 tbe Pos t Oftioc . ')-lS "kjl fi.<cd fn:qllCll(y wail. alllKlup thQ eould ~Iy be ...... pICOj I.. <.>t her f~ncics. TIle PO unit is cWmed 10 rnMde OOOl' ) SdH . tW>uaIion lit ~. pgc ~t hal. an Inocnion lou o>f _ l han lIdB.t I Me;" from fftOlIlIlICle.

    _ .1o_..... _..- - .I._.A . = __


    ~T

    811.....c1 _ = .

    eountr iel. v.h.f. c:hannch). A OmlDOO pncticc II to

    v..._ 0"'"'"' TV r..... 1fOO"in, practice CIt ttsin, vanctor diollel to proridce toctronic tWlina of u.h.f. d'Wloe.. (...... 'or. ln _
    TbcR! .. a
    u>c

    Colo

    . ;_

    . .......h l t _ C.... IJ

    _ ,'J _ _..,

    l in.de o1iookI ... U. s1.,...~rrcquo:rc)" t\IIlCd cin:uill .nd a I_-diode I tnnaemcnl fOl' <*'i lla,or tu none As Q JOLl' poinll OUI : .. 'The.: tune" eompound tbe poor liron, cpl propcrtin of bipo{u- Inln~"n. The Vllricap diode Iw 10 be ~venc: bWN and fo r lbil a pplicalion lbe bia.~ is bel_n .bout ) and )0 Ott... a low voiliF ~nlin, lhe hiJhcr ClI~L;I.Il'\CeS. The inn\ICnoe of sIron, sipl ICTOI!I l he llCrial etn;ull CIlI coml<Scnbly db lurb lhe OPCnllioll o r t he tunin, dlndc . " II ma)' . Iter lhe ,.~dtllng: o f the diooX and "'" detunc the dn;l,lil from the wante d l ill.f\al ; II can l weep t he tuniRI diode over I ranp: of "llpacitancc ",il ll sim ilar effect s: lirona cno ua:h II may drl~ the d iodc into l;On<luo:;lion on peak . .. t hlL'l nOI " nl)' dc lunln, lhe cil""llil but a l... a pplyinl aJdilional dump;nl ' " the tunc..l cimlil , Even in nOTllllI (:if'l:urno<1a~ 1M Ilat lc Q of I~ diode!. is mu(:h I~r t han thaI o f lunin, cI l'4cilon . implyln, milch lowe. front . end sclcc1ivll)'. F\lrt""rmore. IO.. artl. ,he limil o f Its QJ"':CI' IiLIlCe nlnlll lhe ' .... inl d iode iI prone 10 aenerate ml ~inl prodU<;!l.. TIle nnlCtOr d iode may be a ,"-'Cr..1 . ay or

    TRANSHI T T f.. TOPICS


    ~ ')I[bn .....

    '"

    ...r

    it iI ~ ~ in the fl"Oft&.-d or a Ielevisioa 1llI:lCin'. Thae delllllia&. ~ elT c:eu apply 10 all IhKc oipaI-fn:qualt)' IIIlIld an:ui~ aDd in uttemoI cutS leave Ibc Itlevislocl ~n with virtllllllly an ap.riodie fUlfllMaIM W/f"ln. on" ty, 1'. A. Shaw, OJ NXS. Itreuea tho roM of ltllIiru wirinc in Ibc tramfer of IJ&nitk;&nI enel1:Y from a Iralllmitler Inlo a TV Itt. Sonxtima al a pa lh rl&hl inlo lhe receiver. bu t of\cD ... &II .. ae rial" re-radi:llq ellUJ)' 10 Ibe viewer'l aerial IX lbe otMr bn.ld or his Cl.ual foeder. In the paot he bas t\1ftId.. Ilutnbef or eua ofTY l 1IIina tbI_ ot.okk' FXlnll lou)' toJ'Otc1I,. ~ IOlIm' of FX lSU is

    a 144 M e,II uaMrlliner, bln too oftn

    a
    a
    < !

    0 +-_ "

    Joille H! of olIk:iaI favour (,.roy because 0( the dilfigdly of obl&ilwl& wlllc:ientlr ~ ferme 10rcOOs). GJNXS suueou. ilia! the &&mCI Iochniqve CUI he \lKG 10 fom! a VCI'J' dI'tM: nains lilter, ~ cno:rg:y wmin, alon& the mains Iud p , dife,;lly inlO the lICt. His usual apprt>lld\ Or. to pul a loruld filter In the mainl lead dOSCl to the bItck uf the I lTected leL Abou! 10 10 " IUrnI in the IIlII1a I biflliar rn&IlllCt with an 0.0 1 ,.1' di5<: Qlf'IlCilOr on lhe lNIilU lod r.el Mdc hetWfltn Uno (L) a nd neu lra l (N). He ~prd.l lTWlY of Ibc uwal t )'1Q of mains filtcra which USC the l! 0( thme-piD IOl:ket l AI ~ since the ~ II oflcn a n equally IatJe amuwu ofllllWUlIed r.L aD the Ekad. But _ . with c:obu ~n. he Is encouJ>lerin, a DeW problem : r.c. re-radiatint: hm lhe rnam. lead ~Iy ilIlO Ibc d _ mod ule wbidl forms the main Lf. ampt iflCl.lioR. Some fomw of module are difl'cult to t.n-u eJfeetiYel.y for r.f. ~y lOme whil;h \llIC h.f. plana.- lilicoo. tnnsiston for a.f. am pli1\cation; u- an: al l 100 efter.:tiVe II r.f. For his OWD reoeivcr he bas n_ replaud the OIllJinal a.c. module ...lth older 1)lIe II'rmanlum Ir&n!'iIlon of the 001 calqOr)' an d tbls has solved the fIItlb\em-but one just l;IlllIot do this ..'ilb OIher pcopl~'1 ....,Is.
    &.lIr A../JoBr.d f ilter OI o;outse, no!: aU TVl is the flull of the rec>eivcn. Tbo:n:is ItiII IA obliptiorl 011 the pa rt of !he ItNteUf 10 k~ !Iarmoctic IDd 'PUriow ndiation down __ and IhaI UNl1Ir eaUs for 1ow-... 1II1Cn. While the Imditionaltypn,. as pven ill all the ~l, are u:auallyeft'tM: wtlnI carTlUIr xt up, they are no!: ......)'1 QI)' 10 alipl IDd cheo;k tritbOlrtIClt CIQIlipmeIll. " dtIl&n wtUch did 001 ~ wllld eDt atIenIioa It !be U... it ...... publ Wled (" AD elfectlve ~ 11lcr," by G lellll R. Wels h, WB6H RM_ QST. JanIW)', bued 1966 II the lXlII Ihown in F.., 61. Thi~ type of ) Oil the instnioll-Jou COna:p! rather Ih.tn the mo re ll-'ua1 imap parameter type, offen lICvcnd Idvanll . et : (1) il u.sea I" '" leu coils for eq uivalent Ito p-band altenultlon: ( 2) it PfO"ioJea relalive flUdom in the relcaioo of frequcrw;iQ 0( IllUimum .. ttenuatioa;;;;~ tasy 10 IUIIC win. only a &rid-dip meier. His IU filler hid a JO M.:/I QIC-otr. with runcd cimaits II 1,40-' and 47-3 MI'/I raultinI: in

    ~~(:t~..:..~~~" :=':~~M=~

    '~ .

    u.

    ....

    low.,.,

    tbe allcouaUoD ~ iihown in FI&- 62. Mu.imIlrn . .......r. introduced by lhe IIlter - . III IJ : I aI 29' 7 Me/.. To uhieve Ibis performance , the usual tiller coaSlruclil'on precautionl mus t be p lten. Coils _ re made from No . 1-4 eoam . coppe r wtre formed o n I I In. <barnett. mD ndm : L1 R lums ; L2, LJ 6 lurna. When the !:Oilt Iwtye been fonned, t he: u P!td ton 0. Col and C6 are ~de !""d across lhem t .nd ia ,tlaU y IWled 1 0 by a dJU!ihDl lhe I1ImI ~~'"a: Wild I &- d.o . !D dkatiC! rt:'SOnanI;'IO.! lhe app ropriate ~uen c:ie$. TIle co d,/c:aPKllor -..:mblll'l arc IDOWI ted III the ehasNI (IrtdMduallyl and fpin dlcd..t.4 f"r ftS(lIWICC _ Filially, Ille dlqlll ca~1OrI (e l, 0, C , arc 1Oidc~ U the 511otf. TlIe WR6Hk M lIIIil ..... bouscd In I ' in. )( IIO ) in. )( 2 ill. a1wnirU1un Miaibon. WIth aluminium lhid d, providiq isoIalion bmocen lbe th _ filter lOCIioni. Altnlholt " 'U drawn 10 lhe need 10 oecun: UdI , bleld II ria;ht plirlts 10 assure i50L.Iiun, and he Iho USotd U1f1t bnl;lttt l 10 rcdu~ It.h ge from lhe enclosure, ..-lIh palnl remnved from l he: cdGe. o f the cow r to insure &ODd m<:1.II.1I i<: OOnlaCI bel_ n " ycrJal'J!in, n.tnaes ....hen 1t:Je unit is .al _ oembled. T1Ksc plllut lon. are lmporu.n l In rn:~nllnc halTllOOk currents from re>ll;hln, the ouuide SUrf ce of the i ho llllo , :md 10 by-passin. lhe filler.

    --....------20 )() 50 00 10

    .to

    _ .. _ _

    F"........."' ,

    rl

    eo

    , .....- .. --..__

    en-

    "'1OIlIDCl:

    en

    ,oud

    SM fJIlY A.ll . he rnativc 10 the brid sed-T filter .. lhe .tub liller IIIin& a 0( eo-. u ble 10 inKn a shull noldl In Itc IianU reao;hina the TV recebe r. Faa. 6J .......... alta.tk1anJ form. 0( WJb. M ~ more tfl"cetivc lo::hniquc il Ia uK two slu'" p1Kc4" a

    Ien.m

    quuttr_.,.

    mw:.

    it "

    ...... "
    ". "

    ce
    ,;.. " . n.. W Il6H aM

    . ..

    -._. _

    ''',

    ce ."

    ...... -. ...;
    ~ I

    ,,'-.

    j ~ IeplratIOll : A&- 64. The no lch can be made 70 10 8Od1l dcfp when " ,m , ll'X"kluaiity in. .:o-ulal cablt: this o;omPlU'C' witlt rou,h1y JOd8 for I ti nKle ,tub. The IIOIch i, aho narrowe r. I I millltt be expected from lhe use of IWO hiJlt oQcin:u ifl . The pr.mibility of usinlll hmo dU~ In or~er to diewlop either I WI)' Ilarro w no tc lt or alterna Uyely USlll , 1l11llff-lUnlll i 10 ~ a Ih.tpcd ~ (utW ~ Ws:1$, .ltbou&h t.heae ideas hay. IlOI boxn fntd. T1K~! of the Jlube to lIOI critic:al-<l~ 1Ug:estS 9 in. It 1-4 McIs, bul baa ured J lit. y. The 1en,IlIa of the

    "

    AH AT EU ,," ...... 010 TECHN I Q U l! 5

    ' -" '':1:;'':1:"(-,., I' -

    ____ .. '-- _ ..
    --....-. . -

    ; t- k

    ..

    ,. _ _a
    , (lo ) _
    _ ~ M

    ..
    A<>dIo~ ' - " _ toW)' yean -.0 " ~ _ oI1bm1 tiruded m60 5qCI wbicb indicated IMI 01U" . . . . ~ cusla.iDterfer. CIlCC. 1bQ time the pn:Iblem tumed cue 10 be: J\OI TVt bu l .. ..ipe-out .. interfc:rmc:e to aD.,1aboraIc hi-3 insWlatioo in oei&hbourint: !at. II pnnoed thorou&h17 iDllXUbic problem. So il: _ with _ b!.~ tMI ... read I uwr", rotmd:-up _ tbIs IlIbjco;1 L. O . MeCv,., WH CP. ot AJUU. ( OST, J1mc 1970)- H__ to bInt1Ie IU-ll iDterfe r. eQQC." He DOteS I~I " It: II 'I'Cf}' I PPVCO from our ma.l I tbaI ,.hile TVI bas bcc:omc InI ud!at of I problerrt (t....A-, ..c "",.iaoIu), UDate1tr iDtetfcrmc:c: 10 tu-e, ta pe 'nlcoc tlcn. electroaie orpns IDd IUdr. I! t " ol cn terllinmcul ~ip. ~I has bc:co acnin. wonc.' He llIanu W I Ihia iI lI'aio1y bcci. use 01 Ibc ~ 10 1ICIl'IicoDductor. in thne Iypcs of c<:JU}pmeOI. II iI JlOI OIl!)' ill teleYWoa tu1lcn thai the swcept.itlWty of t rutSiWmlto O'IO:fI,w.da from local f1. ftelds Is I)eromina appumL Quite SlIII.U f.f. volt 'I'C:I may dme a dcviee iIlto _ _linearity &lMla we n:ctifi. "'1100. WIICP . lr'eua tltat t.bcre iI nothlna lhal I n ama lCW QII do I I hiI (I1II'D ItI.tioa (e~pt l'Nilch otr or YlUt1y Rduc:e ~r) t o el~ te: the ~rity of ltullulccl of thia type of I1Iterference . 10 ot.hcr -oro... IIw amate ur II n Ol 10 blame. Unfortu llliely aomc dcakn IDd Ienice cnp ncen. _bto c:onIU1lcd by a s,,"ere r, are quiltlliUly (uften II'l ianortlnce ) to lha l lhe troublci if; IIw fa ult of Ille amalatr tranl.mtllet. Tbere II no ka1 obliplion (llI thtt part of an aroalc\tr, in thtl U .K . or e 1sP1lttre. 10 do an ythln. abott! a udio amlllitier II'lte rfe~. Bul _ have 10 11", ak!nllldc OUT ociabboun and It doct ror our pu blk Allallons 10 sIlru, olf such com plainl&. 1bc rnlIin t hin.. htl con siden, II to .. lt~p )'UUI coo) " and offer lu talk 101M eORlpWnant'1 dealer or servloc e naina: r, or to IUlllC'Sl lbal btl (or you on IIi. bchalO...nlea diRlctly to the manur~r or the equi pmenl. Thtl amaleur ohould know how 10 trell! and CUI'tl t oe h in lCtfercnct!l , b ut ICoc ral ly , IIauld not IIirrJIClf uodcnak e anr. CM np:I to tbtl tlqIIlpmcn t concerned) stnce lhe owner iI likely to al.CrlbD lily fUlure rilul tllo 1M.. modi1Icatio os. Instel d , o tl'er 10 pus o n your infortTlllllun on th e subject to lhe dea ler. usll'l. d iplomtlcy
    ~ " " '

    GM",a

    O )JOO ee-iden lhal !.here .. no ~_ 10by the o pro c imlil ven.ioll ....ki 1101 be UKd 01\ mnsmittu 10 DOCcb 00 1. 1 ~~. InAomlttn harmon n In Band I. TItil. poanicuJu I . tiocr. hal not ba:n tried ahhoup Ie -.ld _Ill " 1 0$iW UlmUoD or tho: Icchni~1 d i5f;usscd m.ny
    ~."

    iiJDal ,eneralor (&. ib:ribcd In the G3SL . nidic mcIIlloaed below, is llillk\lIC d ue 10 l"llJin, of the fC"C rIIUN'. Capacili~ Nninl of open stubs, or t~ PI" . . . II'l(Wlbk sbon cit'cu;t bas PlO"'td _flU.

    ,,"\1M arc >'elY crilical; unfortunately btnc::h ~t ..ith

    '!1

    ui:t.l stu bs ' ( RSGB &J1,,;,.. "'la rd>, 19S81. Either form of ~nt Itu b cou ld be lNd In "rious MItt app llatloos.. The G1S L aniclc inf","",tion on nuok ln. and ~in . sintle co-uia slubs desianed a round the c h:otKIC m.tia of . n\ll1lbtr of $ll ndolrd .:. leo.. T ypOc:ally he IIIOd ] ft . b

    lao

    T. N. lloYd. OlSL. Cunn, TVI wilb co-

    fl'O'Widal

    1IrOO,

    a;>n$taftl of 0-61 10 lorm a n o pen-dl'aliled quutef-wave .tub to I ucnll&lC ,n Mel _ IIam >onK: ou lput o f lib transmit ler; he ' Uue'lTN " I n in, ",illl .bout , n. tIIbk:.nd sniwinll b il. 0 1T unti! t he notel\ ....... at of) Mel l IlSinl l icnaJ Kelleralu r and val"C OIlmc'le r a lilllmeoj toclIniques. One I'ClIdcr .... ho made aood WoIl or llli. idea. but with l~ r.it""r llutn lhe originalry ~.td 1,\ . tuM., ...... Ab n Williolm" G lKSU .

    7in. of Unindio 70

    fDlce non)

    e&bk """'nl ....d oc'l )'

    ""1fC"

    , ----m=...,.-----------I ~7::
    ,

    nothIrl,

    ij

    " 1. , . " H </

    .U~!

    _ouI

    01_

    111_ _ "

    ., ,. H , I

    G lltSU '

    "

    a nd I&CI. lbc IlQIIble u sually ariJel front a pp red.ble r.f. p K:ked up llId f~ InlO the a udio ampll!k r, when: i1 iI RlICIIflcd and a r pean .. a udio: c.w. IT\tIy "'UIC the outpIIl level 10 cball&e,

    TRANSMITTE Il TOPIC S

    '"

    Where a limDle cure cannot be effected , wrile 10 lhe m.aJluf ac~r ot the eq uipmenl an d ulr. for TUOmmCnda UO!U. Wbc re a n Item of en tertainmenl or dome,tic equipmenl seems unusllll1ly fUS<X1ltible 10 loc:a.l r.f. fields, th e mailer should be broush t 10 Ihe a ltenlion or the fum maldut: or-in the ceee of imported cq uipment-distribulin l lbe cqu.ipmcnt. Th e more n:putabJc manurac lu rers la ke soch ma lle n Y'l'ry seriously.
    Sf>Hdt I'roc-I", for 5 .5.S . The prob lems inY()]voxI in the USC or convenlion.al ' J'i'<'tJCll clippe n (wblch prod uce trape zoidal W ve fonns) for s.s.b. i have led to 1.he devdop mcnl of more comple.. W'jilo dippin8 tbe audio signal a l rof. Allhe 1910 Interna tion a! Broadautillg Conventio n, G . Q_ Herrick IIId H. W. Fallis of .. Radio Liberty " described II b rua dC&liI.lype clipper un it which dCle$ n OI rt' sull in ....pe;wlda l wavc fo lT1ll ~l provt.Jes U>e IIS<' r with lhe same advlUl laaeS in allowing the I Y'C Tltge pcTCCfltage o f modu latlon to be su bslllllw ly Ineru..c<.I. This duillll IIloCI the r".;:oJDizcd priDelplc of c:anylns o ut thc elippiJt8 a l r.r. "lIher tban I .f. "This mea," that the harmon ics produced in the clipflin, pnx:;m a re al a 5ulfleiently high f~ncy to be well ouuldc Ihc bask: aof. spccIrum (lhe problem in cLippin, at &.f is WI, for e~ple, I SOl) e l' lone will p rod uce . ha~ a l 1000, lSOD, 2000 cis, etc . all of which are al

    lb)

    ~J:oc~ fC t]C4 rn\~(D

    ~-T""~~

    ._'-,<..I-..I._*fift .im_.,.. . . _ . . .1M).C_ ' lt


    ' i,. N h .... Ioo . ...i.. _
    ~""

    'd

    io

    . m . I . ~ ..

    aO-Ol

    too ~)

    I. """_ la) f U... ' . J. __.. _ y 0' lac _ ."I.) Mal... ftl_,c:.I

    """'.. _

    (~I", . _ 1_ . _10, _ N ot. t

    1 (..... t "" .

    ..

    _I. I.. all.-I.ft10. , _ Fe w. _ _ J


    _
    _ iI).

    , _ 2M _

    ). 1.) f ll... ,.. -Io


    y

    .-

    hum to . ppear o r th~ ; a.m, usua lly . ppe.an ItS Dormal tpCCl;h ; s.s.b. as &Ibbemh. The e.r; ma y be reac:h1lI8 the amplifier 1\ ill rron t-end (ror eu mple, piCUd-up or tltITiod in via the pic k-up leads) or via lhe mains lead. or_ nd Ih ll soems qui te co mmo n_ via the loudspea ke r leads (un like picl-up leads thc1c: an: seldom shielded I nd may even form I resonanl aerial). On hrinll' aids, t.htl earphone lead Is 1.he usual ,. aerial" Where f.m. lIIDcno form part or lhe hi fl 1nsta1I.lio n, the r.I, TIlItY be corninll in via lhe v.h.f. ae rial (wei are no t f;oneerncd here with normal BO a ffectin g v.b.f.lf.m . nx:c:ption). Sometimcl a dmple CUTe will come fro m jim p ro vidin g a 800<1 earth foc- lhe ampli1ier, ma ki ng s ure lha t I II eeperare mcUll work irl an e labora le hi-Ii. inlll.llation is bo nded Ioacthc r. The limpkst fo rm of fillc-r is 10 bypass e ach loudqleakcr outp ut sock et point 10 ~il via l ("-01 to 0'03 "F dioc cer amic ca paci lor with tbc shorteSi ~sib le lead l : tinoe thf:se po ints will be lo w-lmpcda.ncc soclr.e ts Ihe loss of hid>cr a udio freque ncies sho uld be IIellliiPble. l>or mo re diffieull cascs., Wtl CP suggest.. a DWltber of simple fIIlen : Fig . 66. These: wtu co pe with inted~ coming in via loudspeaker Icad" ma in, leads and input lead l . A more e laborate ma ill3 filte r II aiY'CI] 01] pa ge 194. In stubbo rn eases il ma y be nCOCllllt)' 10 provide l hielded loudspeaker leads. For r.f. coming In ria an f.m. ae rial, tl TVI.type high-pan n lle r or allYo f thc olhcr TVl lechniqucs could be UStd.

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    ou tput drops ou.iy IdS ). The Iystem , for Lm. broa dcutiq applicationl, hal leu lhan I per ccnl dbtonk>R from 70 to 4500,,/.. an d is normal ly used at 6 : I elippin, ratio. All lIul may seem ItIUl;b, mo re com plicated than the pai r of d ipping diodes and 1 w-p&51 filter arran~mellt rom0 monly employt:d in v.n.r. L m. Irall!llTliuel'l ; bul lhea the dt$tortiOll Il _" mucli lowcr . Thill r.f. clipp ina techn ique lJ the on ly WIly to obtain audio limitinl capable (If providin, real l ilflal ~ ia with Ll.b. u-rumute l'S.. The use of COIlvelllional a .r. dtcde cl ippen Q.ll al belt give o nly II fe: decibel s of improvc:meolw and ollen results in a tli,loned silfl3 l whose averallC power may be less Ilwi withuul clippin . With r.f. clippill. techn iques _ IOdIl or dil tortiool ess ~in ClLn be obtained (IIr mu eh Iell \haft the price of a lil'lc:U.
    Comdel e SP- if Spee<;h p~ It Ihus Iml wo n h havin. a brief look al lhe esP. II , of which lhe block oulline: (bUt nOI the: InIIllI latioo frcqucn , ics) is Ideol;"" ! with the " Radio U berty " un it. II is an " ad,J-on" processor unit with internal batt eries intellded 1 , 0 between mic:ro~ne and the l.I.b. OJ a.m. tramrnltter, 0 ca pa ble, by illCrcastn l mean-to-peak mill of lhe speech wave-(orm , of providing a pl}Wer pin o( more than 10d1I. The U.S.A. pnce is aboul 1120 , which. rnay _ m a lot 10 l)<Iy tor a dipper unles s one Ihinks of il either as a subl titllte for a " linea r ,. o r a llerTlltti~ly as one mellns of lep llX run ning the equivalent o r qcne a few kilowau.1 of " p.e .p. ' British I lI"nts for Corn<kl are: Inlerface Internat ional, 29 Market Streel, Crewkel"l'll:, Som e"",l ; lhe -parent t tnn is C<>rn&Ie IInc: , Heverly Airpon. Mass. Ol 9 U , U.S.A. It must hOW<:!ver be ",mem bered that the full hcnc:6t will o nly be obtainc:d if the ol..lion is no l already illCrcasing the mean powcr of iiS o utput by .. ft.aI-lOpp inlJ" -in amaleur q .b. operation this is qu ite:c:omll'lOD, and II "a n be: araued 11\.<1 a mode rate ~ of IIMtoppin, can Increase c:QTIlmvnica tionse: tficieoc:y wilhout introducinl . ilP'ificlnt-iplaIIl11'. The ar(\llTlCnlsagain . t con~nlional audk>Ipch d ippinl: for u .b. I\.Ive been II:t ou t by Walter Schreucr, K IYZW/ G3DC U (ff,,", Radio, February, 197 1). He: shows lhe phisinB prob lems lh4t ri'IC, at Ieall Iheo retically, wben Inr. pewidal W3.vcfomu an: red to a.s.b. 1TU-mitlc:l"I. While . .m~ll llllin it pos. iblc provided thll ce lo..... frcquenc:y n:sp<>n'IC i~ ~s tricted, he: commentl: " I do no l believe lhal :uty ga in n:alilcd thtt>Uglt $JlCOI;h clipp;.n.a in Ihis ma nner II a ny greate:r t hall can be ob tained with I pro""rIy dc:1 illncd
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    lI.utomalic kvo:l wlilrol (1l.I.c.) 5)'1lem or volume comPf"C$" sfon ' Y I"'rn. .. A.I.c. with. lonl recoyery time coostant. wtillc often raulllna in no p.ln in averaao: power, nevenheless olfen
    l;:OIIlide rab k be nefits siDce the o pe rato r doe., DOl have to worry about o verdrlvinl !be outPlit slallC-leS1,Iltin. in . p. prt:e:iable pycltologlral ,,,In. W ith a short rovery time constant between 3 ami IIdB averalC power ga in un be acllieved. Alt houp I.Ome factory ....b. rip have U CClk DI a.1.c. performance, in Glben the pcr1011l'lllllOe leavesmuch to

    He di~.es f .r. djpp~ teclLniqucs, notinllbal .. cost is rather hi&h. and n::trofi"l1I&' older equj~t is liu ly \0 bo difficu h: ' Allhough wilh d . " IiPPlllg, the harmollic problem does n<M arise (see Ilbovc:) inremlodulation (im) prodllCls mo.y IItJU need to be ta ken lnlo ."count. In t his respect M admits that &II " add-on " spch proc:e!l5Or of 1M CSP 11 t~, in whkh till! ou tput is returned back 10 d. sliibtly hl&ber irn d istortif)llis 10 bl: cspocted compared willi straiaht r.r. dippin... Tesli--COnfilled to audio links' ugjlested thai Wllh II. esP-II ISd8 of clippinl produo::e, IOd8 intelligibility p in without .Pr-n::ntdistortion.

    be desi~d.

    a, clipper to an \:Xislin, u . b. tran smHler is e>.plotcd 1 O arl i(;1e by 0 il "ruoe Cla rk, K6JYO, In Ham RmIi<J (A1Iiust, 1911) . He jl(Illlll OII t tha i for I~h ., retrofit tin, " (10 use the Jar&OO), the Collins S-Iine ia one of the best for a\lCh rn04iflcation. Hit; Il!llJ{lOS for tm, view provide a uodul due to what to romider !(you arc thinkina of ad;jpt ing an eWlill' rig. I I Ilo;:fy power supply. ca pable of high averaee eurren t; 2) Use of 6146 tubel (aa lIPpo/lCd to s....eep tuba) co upled wllh e(fective a.l.c. (r.f. compre5llon loop) and I>Cptive (-,.N"k 1 reduce intennodll~t ion products ; 0 (3) Stable, eIf...:tivc Nlauced mod ulllior (carrier ~ur>r>rC'S $ion over SOdB for periods). K6JYO'1 clipper (FIJ.. (9) il q uile l imple bUI in lI11in ll it 10 a 32Sl he 1I1~0 InOOtJlOratC'S an aAditiooal 4'5 11.1011 mo;hanieal 6 ller (see I'll . 70 1 and he dCllCnbcs adjuslments in detail io his arlie e. He also loo k certain other pr_ution s which wou ld be applici-bIe to any type of severe d ipping 10 o..... nrnc the additional atra in on t he lInal amplifier a nd driver d ua 10 !he w ee ir>crclllC in averll,e input powet ; Ihe resu ltanl highe r tem!"Cratul"C$ ean have II detnllll:Qtal elf"':l on valve and com ponent life in the tinal

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    5 _ e -tol Oo! 01"... A 1lritisb _ k i l t wbo IlaI bomJ doial I Iood lkal o r wri: 011 r J . dippioa Philliorwooc!, Ol FR.B ; be proridcs a ~LU)' 011 IOfIIe 0I1lle poootl railed earlia'. Tho dc\oU typeI., be ~ keep l!lQIlinl Illal if a WE q ve II o:1IPI*1 UQli1 il iltql.ltre. end IUCh I .......... o:ontiDIIiDf. I.ll odd bamIonil: _ _ 10 iIllin.ily . illMcd 10 drive aD .....b. aciter. Ibm wt- lbe _ve .....1<:' - alIllle banDooiQ I dd 10 IlbeoftOca.lly.lrlll.a.ite II'Ilplitude. Bul thiI _ _ IPftnite bon dwidth both in lbe ludio atllS lAd II I.r. In pnctke, ... ttl ddibenltelJ \l.mited II. bllIldwidtb you Q;nnot 1Ia..... .q"",", _ _M )'OU (lOCWIlly c:annoc bave inllnit& bandwidth in the rJ . l1.fCl of.1l w::ilft'. I t ia Ih". PCII\ib.. 10 oblllill IOlIIt adYIDlIF rrom IJ. , lippina, aDd \lCl to .boul.$dB ot 10 (:1.1I be 1IIeI1 Ol F Rll SIII&ftU thai it ralher itlraiot diodes ate uloid fot d . dippinJ, rathea' IhatI 4oocie& (:IIJJAbie 01 SWlldtinl In , DLlloseootldl., ~ aoh-anla&lt could be obt.il>l'd 10 IlIlke 1I111'OC'1b ao;eplinllhe hmiLiliom of IUdio hartnOflk:f,. OPe amatew. at least, UKII P>l"l'tt-oUde rtir>tn Ippal'.IIllly dJti~. 14 tbe Q;Ie or r l . dippin&, Gl FRB bcliEwls thai the fillet foUowinl Ille cli Pflel' Ilbollid he a ,ood baDd-pil..l.s liJl:er, fltM IhI.ll lbe ~ Iy... ind ocatod IJI the - RaA>o UhMy" ouUinc, in order 10 mnoYC a ll 1M pvd..etl euepIl dw:. IniI)' In the audio blind which cannot t-e ~Iimina tecl. The e:s.IeIl I 10 which luch 1M pr od lM;ban ~ted drpmds 011 the amoun t 01 d ippin , and thtM the rclative amplit udes at tbe harmonics aeneralOl1, even hatmolIics are la ter 1I1lemt 011I. Ol FR 8 hal madt Iaml: l'I:leUIlrements usinl l Hewldl hc:kud ~ anal,.- :

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    lint baImoed miur (as in lbe K6J'I O un it) t llo u tn pin inl roduo:N below Ihe c lippilll thtnbold will brin, liP lhe unwutcd li a:nab , wc;tl al lideband burn a nd noise:. e tl:. by tbe ta me amounl . To Icd _ some ullhcac (b," not hum or noi!IC) lhe IeI:Olld bandpul I ,' .b . llltcr n<ll 10 be It leuIll p;ood I.$Ille tinlliltl:t. 11 Is ho ped WI lbe1e "arJoo.n 00I1C1 will help 10 ""I H .b. l peech'dippin, inlo some son of pcnpecli~. Some llIeI'w COltnI1'IenII o n pn:~ and ludic). ~ lhapi ror Lf.-1)'l1C prtlCI:SS<1n (01 l.I .tl. ua.",,"c:R"~ p by V. Awn vb . O H2CIl. In H_ /l4JiI>, February. 1' 72. 1bis particular ')'Stem .... dat~ 10 perm'l 1.1I' to 20d H d;pp; nl iI.ll<1 6-9<jD UflI)rovmw;ql In IJ'l'CIIi> IntdJjJibilily when UKd with a Ik an traIIXCI~1:I . As a .... ror desi .... m l2CO .d~l the cond""",JaId>cd in I paper by Th<:ornlIs iI.ll<1 NidClrjohII. .. Thelntd bpbdity of tillcrecklipped apoedt In noi:!e, ~ pu bliahcJ m ~tHIrItJJ A...uo ~i",""", Socwf,.. Vol. I' . No.l.19?O. The respon!lC (withoul dippin&> 01 the OII1CD procaIOf ;. shown in Fl,. 71. Tbt ideaJ. spocdI pmces<in, ror '-S.b. would be locally 10 rtlIl1O'\1l the amplillldc inI'_tion a nd tnmrnil only the: r~lleOC)' informalioD. 111 001I t... dune by : " (or) audio P rocesstlll wiltl I ."., altal:k and da,:a, li_ ; (/10) inf",iledippirla. M any or lhe l udio p r _in, cin;ulll ..tlkh ha-.= been publishod ."., merdy slow I IC. "Y'lemi wbicb. the opcnlOr to modulale lbe Ull,""'lll~ whm ~nl al ""';na d ~ rlOll'll he mi='lphone; lhey oeruInIy canPOI be cla~ IS efT ..:ienl silfl3l J":O'I'""'n, <)"Ilems. To 1ltemp1 trucl syllltbM; l'lIIeIystemt whidl _Id fol low lhe Implil10dc or cacb pin o r the Ipeedl ws.vdorm _ k1 be ~ dilfteu ll 10 acI\icYe, <>Wina in ran 10 pr obkma of cnonVIooI:, 1IlIt1bil iry. et c. In the reedback. loop. La M" .... G6XN. .. Per ronnanoc of d. spcodI dipptn " (H _ /(-110. November. 1972. pp. 26--Jl) llOCI into the su bjcd ~ thoroulhly. He d nl,," Ittenllon 10 the Frendl p.1ptr by 1l~1I''''1 I nd. ( ma ben. nocin J Ihcir n:femocc to the value o r rJ. d lllP,n, ln u>ereUJ."! ue si&DaJ-to-DOisc ra tio o r t.peb lotmd. '!I'tl ILl .. th whic:b are Importanl r" r int dl ilibilily bul low In et'I'IY 000Ienl and ..irich mly otherw ise easi ly 111'1 11Ibmerp:l1ll till noise. III' notes Iha t it tlll l bee n dearly dc mnnalrlled thai,

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    ill ordilllUY $peh, lnldl ip:oo;e II conYe)'Od ent i~J )' by frcqllCR/;J &tid !lOt by amplitude. . G 6XN abo dra.... attention 10 the: f..:t thD. the UIO 0 [ ' '''0 1 hi&h-llI'ade u .b. ftl,", II no l Ideal oinoe these hl V!: )d B bandwid th of beI...... n 2 101)I1 12 lr.eJa, 1UId any oi",., pu:sinJ Ihrouch twO i ueh fillcn du.rinl; ' ..... Nnlssion and possibly o ne or mon: si mi1.lr fil~ in ~tk>n will Inevitably Io$e .arne intdli!li bili ty. H e bdl_ that fil k .... or 1Jichtly I'ducd ~ DOSe s:pl blion IhouId bl:used : in his01'1'lcue. YakumaTllsio Com~ or Tokyo provi6od tIIlen modified 10 . 6d8 butdwidlh of Z'S 1;(;/. rwolhe1" Ulan 22 kc/ Such filtcn wouI ci bot! d>c:lopc;r thaD the cnn'o'Cntloo.al one. if there
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    m lM 0( filtcn dc:sianed for t ile job, fitters comIClIy dniPlC'l! roe o:onvcntioMl S)'IlCfnS bela a uns llila bk. ( 2) I w d timilinl with . d)'Nll'lic: rante lD eo...- 0( 2OdB. (3) Adeq~ prccalillOftl 1O eftIUl1i thai tJ/ llmit ina taUs pIKe between lhe fi!1nS. (4) Ade(lu.l. te ~ ~11ppn . ....\'O
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    WI stiD punks IIIMICUl'I c:onoemiJl, lbe ~Wi.e meritS of : IU. c:bpPin. at\cr prHmphasis (I.e. ..... illl ltv: O\'Ilimum 6dBloxu.yc tOM Cl"mIet Oon); (2) r.l, dipptn. wilhout preempbnis; and (3) d . dippOn. 9itb ~h&sis. 1bc imporurol CGl'If;ha wo is tb&1!he supMol' me1bod is (3/ and lhat Pft'~ Is u ill beneflriaI ~o wbea the (hp p ",. is al r .r. In prKtia: while moot am-teo.n.1""' as to the val.... or a 6dD locta", pre..em p ..... is 011 !lie ... e d'eai'WI:I dippinl; 1Y'te<m. il is c(ten omillcd ror r.f. di ppina To qllOle Heinrk:h RIIf'P : "The d ippifta S)'!ItCID willi p~ .nd freq ueDc)'-convcrs lo n (i .e. dippin, al r.l.) d isllnllU..hed indt in a . pedal lI'IIOnner OYCl' the OIher melhod.t . II ridded intd li&ibi.!ity ~ua an d I .-ble speo:dl q .... lity far very hich Cltpp~KtOn (-4G--SOdB 0( d lPPinll") a nd. funher. 11'1. ~cm be 10 !hose ~IClDI which pcmo,t, even with omaJl dlPpin, :lCIon., tho I Ulillmenl 0( compk:l:c d ynamIC r&n1lC lelrio:do n and llIus ruu impro~cment ror the 5ln rat io. For pra ctical amplitude clippin, in 11'1lnlmi:s:'tiols IYs!CmS, tIlt:""on: . thl. rnt1hod appea rs to be r>anicuLu l)l . pproprinla."' It should be noted lhat Ru JIP lalks a bout i"'f'l"O\'Cmc:nl. equi ~ll.Icnt to an Increa...e in uansns!ller powe r of the orde r o f 100 limes ! Spcc;h prOClt'Solin, II !hUll I "'I'J ~, rul aid indeed. thoo ch It ~ carcrul enllineerinJ 10 achieve an ylhin, like the full JlO" ible benefit. Ru pp ilIso brieny eomi den 100 p ro blem !lull severe f lipp in" brin p u p lhe a mbienl noise dUrlO! speecb IntefVals -ilnd o ullines a ras t-ac tinlll hl'l'Shold Ie... <antralled DOde SUppre\.WI; In nther WtInb .. very qll kk a.:tinll v.a. .

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    " _' 1 _

    n. 1 ,_ _ ........_I.ft..-'...<,... - '..Ia _

    _ _ .... ..._

    p ut. In fad . by Iddilll or Ia1loI away t ra K1diom 0.... can de:sigo ro r varyln, tkarcc:s of petf"nnaoce and ~om pooctIt lolenu>ce. Up to 70dB of IIII"PIWIi0D has !10m IOI;hieved . n... \O'Ott was carried ou t in c:onnoc:lion with line te~unicat>ons &\lI"Ound 100 lu::/s. but Michael Oi nlldl bc:h.,VCI the s)'Stem C1"il" rQ.~iblCl al h.f. Peter Marti nez. G3 PLX. _ the pol )'JIh..se net_ it ail 1 0 cffCl:l. a new ""IY or maki nll a wid&-w nd "udio pluw:-;h]n netwo rk- bul ""llh the ..,ha ntage o r beinl mo re toleran t 01

    P""plll,,, Syll.... fo~ S.s.B. G......"u.... All amal~ur If';tn. mltt~,. e mploy c e e o r th ree syst~ ms for l erI<'l'lllinll l.s .b. : II ) the filler method : (2 ) " hllSinJ (" 00[_ plwinll " or qtlldtalure) melhod : and (lj " third me1bod " (Wea ve, I nd Bar b .)'Stem) . AI present 1 vast majority o f M commerdally manufllClurN rip I,1Sl1tbe filler melhod dcst'ile the relatively hillh<a.t of Ioodu.b_ CTy!ltal or /l'ICChal1lcal

    x<..:c~" ' .... " w.: X < w,t ".


    Hlpl

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    ~OIWct L--f~

    f ll. 74. SO<l_

    TRANSM ITT ER TOPIC S

    ".

    2
    "" ""

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    ...""-".,\.",,.,, - -

    ,."

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    IN PU T

    OU TPUT

    t <~.,..~
    c c

    t-

    m
    o

    ! ..

    ~
    re e

    e e

    T o q uol e from G3 PLX '.ldter; " Re ferring to Fig. 71. and labelling t he input>. 1, 2.1 and 4 and the outp uts ... b. co and d.. ir we feed ..f. mto I and 2 III0" and imo l a nd 4 at 180 (for example by usirq; a phase $pUn er ) then the outp uts from ... b, r an d J will be in the ~ue~ 0". 90', 180". 270" (m;I" q uite a wide ranlll' o f fn:queooes provided that the riaht l;Ompo""nt valUCI ha"" been

    " Consider one lCction on its own with inPUIl a l 0", 0". ISO" Il/ld what hawe:ns to the outpul a t ditrenml audio fRqueoeiel, A I very lo w fn:queno;ies, where \W: can see .0 o iiOOfC the capaci lOI"$, o utpull will n: rtlll.in 0", 0", 1lll1', 18O" ; II vel)' billh (RqUO:ncio;:s, when: "~<;an illllon: the raiston, outputs will be I SO", 0". 0", ISO", But at l be frc:quc:ncy wl>c:n: tee reo '"0 f _ 1/(21<CR ), tho seq ueece will be 270", 0". 9O', 18O" the ~ sequmo;e, 1ltiI is a t o nly '"'" freq uency. but a n er o nly _ sec1Km o f lhe nelwOrk , Ho"",,~r. il i. no t too d iffic:lllt 1o show tha t if the ICqIlCllOC 270' , 0", 90", 180" is fed to th e nes.t secuo n , the OUtp ut (ro m this sond $CCl itm will be in the sequence 0, 90', 180", 270" 'f'ftQrd/~ss 01 TM wUwtl of 1M ttJP<'C/I<N1 and , n u lOfI ofI"" u fONl 1'(110" . Thus. if o ne ,;onno;;u a number of sections In 0l$CIlde, each with different va lUllll'qlresetlted c o by 1!(21<CR1. then the (H.I~t fro m the o;omplcle nel work will be cxaetly 0". 90", no , 270" II each o f lbc dsii" r_ qucneics o f tile various sec1iofll. &rKI ra irly close to tbis in o '0 beI'N'Cen, Thul, fo r a fou r""""",ion netwo rk . lhe respcese curve will be iii shown in Fia, 73 if you thi nk o( the Y 4.dS 4t repf"(:ntinl the ' loodne ' o f lhe lOqucno:c. ' 00 " 1ben, to complete the u. b, Jenerator. Mich:lel Gi ngell (oed, the iI. b, t and d OUtp lil. to (our modulato rs, &Dd OOmbillCl the OlltPllla; eac:h modulalo r ~inl fed with d , ' 00 earrlcrt In thc lCICI.uellI;I: 0", 90". 180"'. 270' , Thi. has the advautap o f eanocllinl out hsrmonlc oldcbands whlclr. oa:ur on each li de or the bannon icl of the carrier fnquency, But a limplet arJalllpllITIClt wo lild be Just t o feed iI and b 10 twe balanl:od modulaton fed wilh caniera a t O WId 90" , In p raetial there may be a lnod n:a.son for no t ignorinl lhe c and d outpu ts, in wh ich case iland t O\I&bt lO be fed in push ' I.. JL D1&J"'''' 1001 100 _ k .... pu ll to .. balanced modulator with .. balanced Inpu t. a nd similarly with b ..00 d , eom ponent valUt:$. With a li " ....UgI: network, whidl can be , .. T o atablilh pl'i\C1lcaJ =lulls I b uilt 1\ co uple o f p oly.. rt:tIiud usinl readily available components, he believel lllat p hue networka after c:aIoJlo.t1nl the Rquirod ccrnponent 10 per oenl 10Jetana: can be used in the fin! five sta ges a nd WIlI$, The resul tt Il1'e very p ro millo,J. I found however, 2 per oenI in the final 1Iage, yet ca pa ble of prov;ding ~ lIlat a Ic ur-section network with desl~ frequen CIes oqllal ly olOdB lidcband l upprelsio n. Suc h a ~hif\ network would spared between 300 and 3000 e ll Rlquim! !lOmeod d wuct" be COnJlrUCIed as in Fig. 72 usin g capaci tors and resi'ltors. . 11 fal ling between normal p referred values , A rlCIItor so 1lllion

    cbose n.

    ,,,

    no",

    ,,,

    II +
    '"
    ",

    11

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    '"
    COOIllPOOICi IU.

    AHA T EUII. II.ADIO TECHNIQU E S

    raull! from IlSinI a 1iJI-:tioIl llelwotk. with rRqllCllC:iel 0( udI sa:tion cboIcn In the _ ra tio at prefeno.t YaIuc: This CIlSUfeI 1M the vah-. _ _ ClIaICl!y 11 preferred values.. F;a. 16 11bow1 1ht: _wwt. 0QIy the liDaI MCtiorI b4b loknnee Qo"" po..ee,1ol, I llIIo... ~ the """u. c:apa.;jlun 11 !hal awl IIinIx doIer I~ eapKitun arc CIL1Kr 10 obI&ia itI lawa" YaI..... WIlb 10 ,... omI COi' 4JOt....U iD tbe ana aJld 2 per COII IIlI the final , tqe, 4Od8 ~ miaht be P'*ibk. HI ha ... tboooon abo tbe citwit olthe pcXypbuemodutauw . The low r.r. carrier IipIak ate Ilkal dira;:tJy frem the ~ lIlllpul' of 141) imepated arcu;c in the ..,._ X I. xz, X l. X l . All four pr.el puIealiumeec:natkd buthcanicr bal.:uxc and "band b&lanoe. aftd the euieaI _ y 10 6nd tlxir Q)ffIlC1 K11iq: would be to adjust than .. IIlIltlnl rot mi nimlllll mod ulall ua on the u.b. output.. . . . . . . I U:JI siDe-wa ... Inpu*: _bdow." A numbcT of s~u1 kl.. '<OSt dffip" have butt bal.ed on Ihn .Y'lnn.

    "balJd

    he...,.

    oq..mJent but wit1l4lkol1. o-.kmp"bWo:ft,. PU09 bu talCId anode ditlipralion JO _1$ Woilb peak. eatbodc CUI'NIII or XlO ....... VIlliI recenlb.lbe 6X.D6, with )J wMts anode dis&ipa tion, _ pmt.bIy the most ~ of theM: 1IDIPliflrn.&.d lbe 6LU wilb ibmaumamalMM1e djssipohoo. of 40 waru aDd .

    two", UIftr 1 ; _ arapIi6en b&Md OQ ~ lubes " (a more nocativc deIcripboa thaD tIR Bri tilb term .. Iino: out put ~ .,. lllc mon commoa tn* include: 6JS6A. 6LM6. 6K.D6. 6LQ6, 6HF5, ~ 1111: PUGS &Ad the Ia1a'PU09 ~ ~ lbe Dean:It ~
    tr&llIOei~

    ~ '''-P

    or

    no:

    iI ~ t b c : ~

    All. ....'

    ,.",..,....,1"' s..s.a. bclMn

    lo B. Nli.-/A.t.b , .1912, F~ Juh nwn . ZUA MJ.dcsl:ri"",, a.impk but dl"ecI1Ye method of a1i8Jtin. PhalinJ-lypc u .b. n citers. .. R eoei~ oso.:illoscopa .lPO"!rum analyzers and ..l hcf tef,1 .ur aR not ~ ; the method b lOI:1pen1iYe accurate ami qu kt." he writes. In fal:t. apart from" pa ir hi,h Im('Odano:e p ho nes . a raislor and two ca paciiOR . lhe o nly rtqllirement ;. th e (bui ll-in) I keh lonoIll'=n(:ra tor a nd a d ummy aeria.L T he ~lIrigU3 p re-K1 controb can be lei up while Jistenin, 19 audible bea l nOles in tbCl p hooea wllh the ohja::tln tbe elimination o f lhe nctes while mai mainln,

    o r

    t.crnporv)' ~ ruial 0(200 _ tu. A smlk 6U'6 provida up to t 7$ -us c .w. _puC or about 17$ W&tU p Ai p. u .b. The 6Lf6 f _ chidr.a" lIwl -w Jb,ss Cllyclorle to wmbM sud. Ia " or cndWI. : ~ dUm WId. dass is of. sperial bea!.-istant lN1Crial; heal er rat1qs 6-) volts AI 2 aftIP'. TIle l1 -pio1 bale _ i o n s are tbe same as for lbe 61(06. A 1df_l.Nncd .. Ski ruUer Unear " lor ) '$-21 I\okII. ~ . sln, le 6l.F6, hu beerI dcKribcd by Douc Dc Maw.. W 1(. "ER, in (}sr aDd re=lI.ly p ublished in Old M_. " October. 19n. from where these noteI uem. The ~ diapn .. IIhown in FiJ. 71. 18 Mel. ...lIS nDt ioc:tuOcd ba;:ausc of the I' ' pI" out put eaJl&C:ltanee. Apart from the p roblem of localin SOU/'I:Cl fo r the 6 LF6, a n eUloCt duplial li on , Iso requha II.. use or Amidon tor oid co res (Amid on Auoe, I20H OW:IO SIred , Nort h lIoUywood. Calif.
    H

    916(7).

    1'g 1IppR'Ci~ l' lhe opmllio n it is ncceua ry 10 lhint of tbe I.pIlCIrutn produoed by a,m. and s..l.b. ttansmilten modulated by a I tel. lKJ( 1I, with the K1-up shown in f1.. 77. With "

    ....tpul .

    fully-mod ula led a.m . slsnallhm= ...iIl be: the carrie r an d tbe: two eq lAlly I Pac:cd heal nr:Mes. al'Id ODe will hear IbCl I " " baa bttfown t he siokblInd.l and the c:arrier. But It tbe c:anier if. ",ll1O\~. _ hear lngead tbl= be:aI ~ the two Iide bands JpacN 2 keh apan . so cee bean 2 keh beal. Now if one or IIIne , Idebanck can be ~ witboouI reiIIlroducina c.arricr. there ...in be no beat: nocc. So _ Iu.... an arTanlCf'lCftl wttiett ten. ua wbelb the <:alTicr .. present (I kef. tone). unwaotod sitkbaDd (2 ke/I 1one) .-M 1t tbe bad...... of 1' - t(Jf"le$ Pl'IJ'ricUnI PI iDdic:alion of the amplilude of tbe unwanl ed siaoal componmt(l). Th... the nal.... call be a1iancd by &dlievia. m u _ output on lhe- meter ( Wll ,."bile d iminat ;fIII llw heaI_ ia I'" phonQ lhil orilI lhen stK- l ha l _ have muimum Iidehand _ put "';Choul ca rrier or a IOCOIId (wrwanted)
    li dc tw.nd .

    The o mpu! lank ci~ui l hoM a daip Q of 10 a t 2SO walts input. T o minimize 1 _ . the 21 Mels section of the 1Ilduciof is err wound , the remainln. bands GtI T200 Amidon WR, US!"1 No . 11 wire. Care sho uld be la.len not to oven l rcss the core while wind;n" buI if iI shoWd bnU it can be repai red with cpo..y ~t. wiboul perlOJlnaQl;e. Tbe inpu t Ira nsC ...-r llSCS IWO Itn&1l T.Q.. o Amidoo COI1lI . uc ked . The No . 44 f>ilot bulb (.... OIl", 0-15 amps) acts haw 10 p rol1 the 6LF6 and also pr0vides visual tu~ ind if;alOt . M... lmum safe dri"" ror lilt r.... output or I1S....lbp. .J!'. illS tIW&tI$, bul rw:n . I S_ eociler will pnMde enov&ta drive 10 '"" allXl'ul iPeraocto aboul22 WUU. AI rllll output- Ihin! and tiflh OfIkrdiuortion produd-, arc about 1Sd B below p..I! .p . ; aI 120 walll p .e.p. about 21d8.
    ~

    atl'ecUnl

    u.

    s....,. T...... .... do- sr._.... IJIwor


    \li" llally all i he carly Ja(l<lneoe".nd manyof lhe Americ:an

    H' gll ' m , _ . '2k l

    QIt,. . . All J1Wt IipI Ol:l sucx::e.rlll Rotkl't St Ur. W2 D !'lJ. in QR P operatiolt " sa,. : use an aerial 11 leoIIla baIf_ ...e loti&. cardully IQ<t!I&Ied aI the operatin, rrequeoqo aPd -eBm;udIed to lhe feed line ; use a " .(.0. ,,)'011 mtIIllO Iuotia:I for OUR'-'CU: doo"t O'o'I:r....ini-.t urile II'loMiRori2:ed circuiD; \ZIIC ~ kcyinc and lend weD ; pKk your freljuetlC7 c:arduJIy ; i l .. impuruntlo .... a Mable l'a:I:iw:r; bIIttet>e1eu be a ...au! JIO""llI" 10_ for tuI Q RP opetIIion with tRmiltorized tra .... ' m'1. One of the man)' Q RP cbi,... from -'CtO!;S lhe At l&nlle ti M The mountai~ _ u h ~ C .w. $tI1ioo" by Wn H.1.yward., W7Z01. and Ten)' White, K7TAU. A ulUM. 19nJ wblt:h. dldudifl& key aJWI s>dr:Iooe UIQlrat or fits into a llandard 1 in . endoted dlaIstI aDd I'lIm o ff a l 2-voll ba tt ery. ina 6 SO mW U<Ltpul for a 101&1 key-down drai n of I rnA r'lus I" rnA for the reoe1't1:r : tM only lu nin, co nlro l o r lhe u.nIRlin.... ti for the ">'SIl l OloCilwor. ...ith Amidon loroid, ; Fi, . 19.

    M _

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    SoIU.. tar. Tranlmlll. '1 While _ remain ullCOnY inad that the hithpower d , so lid-sta te IrarwnllleJ ti yet .. I;O!lI-etfcellve " for amat eur fiMd-stalion op:ntiun. thmi is no d oubt that trarI$iIIor arnpli llers of ~ble po.....- ntio.p a lf: beaiMin, to a ppear on the rnaRCI. For both profc:l!llonal and amtlellr equipment. a pecially with bmlwlband OIIlpul ~1'lI. it

    TRANSMITTER TOPIC S

    '"

    .u I _ .. , f_lr~ ... th ~ - - ..,.,.. ... 101>111, D _ 1lI .lv. 1A rl-lU 1000:;,lv. IA I u ..... turM, 1"1 ... 11,1 I... 1 1jI~ . _ ....... C1 .nd ' H <I. U . 14 ...... 11, ftFe-J-Wfl lI... _ nod 1I~ ...... <...k 50 . u .... 1"1 ... lO -.... _ 4 I... Ion~ 0 ' + In. _ .. . od (or 1J ....... 1"10 .10 . . I I.. .I~ ... w . lll TI "';..- 17 ' M'n, 1"1... . ..... In.. ... - . . tw.. T_ l A... ld..........., _"'Y-1S 1M..... lol... 14 ~ ......... _ 0 _ ... I... U)f Wln " l~ TNOII -..I .. '"l>P' .' .....' 6t-..l. . .. I ............. vol .. .. , .... po, :[ 1.;'"..1.1 ". pp.oMo. < f I...... N o. In par . ltll wi.h 101 "'m. 1 ........ _bon , 1. ... '1 1_1-1 .m.. ' or nil vol . . .0,.. .. p' " 1 , ....... for III . .. 1 ' M ....

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    ~I

    remains imporla m (0 look carefully at the harmonic and Ietermodutation characteristics of-.oytra nslstorlzed amplificr to be: used for s.s.b. opera tion. Thc bipol:u t ransistor docs

    not take k.indly to linear operation. But undoub tedly tile $olid' state transm itter offers many advanlagcs for porta ble and mobile operatio n. R. A. Bastow,

    G3BAC. recomme nds the usc of series tuning a., a means of providing good matchi ng lind protection against the high power dissipation in off-tUlle conditions which occurs when using parallel tuning. Hc has used series luning for some years in an a.m. mob ile rig, wilh. no disastel"$ resulting from running orr-ume or without 1\ le ad.

    '"

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    I,n). UA" tu.n. l"I . :U "".m. on o Idon H <. ,n' 1"1 21 m. On Amidon T 5I'-1 <0'

    ose l ll .t.~

    . 1 . n. T " I" Hlon 01 N T M H ountal" N uI ~ 1 "' , ~. 00 t ~ . n . N o. :U TSII-1 < ~ , . , l " . tu,

    'Ubl Ion I05T. m. On "'mldo n ," . ~

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    '"

    AHATEUIl. "ADIO TECHNIQUE5

    ~
    a.m.

    A minkl..... b. lransmitlcr appe:us in Ekcr__ ( ~ 1m) by F. Prim, PAOGG. bMed 011 one in 7J MQlu iIw. 0Il1y r-o rJ. ~ with. 21 McJscrysW.r'~' of &1. tnaIiI&on, it CtoD proWie up 10 ahout wan d..... " with \IP 10 &bold 4lldB g,rrifJr &upPn:::I:SloQ III CODwmil'onaJ dj()de bUuoed lDl)duLIIOl' ; Ibc 2N2041 . . . " operatod as a liocat . To aliPI U>e lransmi ucr it Is a4ri1ablc 10 check t he rwonam Qn:uill with . Jrid-dippu aDd lhm to 1M the: s.mctcr or & n:o::iVCT. Witll the b.JlUIIlOd modulator oonlrolld 00 1 or balance, the iii wm prod uQIil low.~
    SoIu..wte fpan.m/ft... HInbH" lII-J aodU-m Brandl. OJ IZB . reporn hia apaialCU of IOlidoSlat~ lnnImillcn - he bepn experimcntiDI with tbcm almost all too1I U Aliu.hk uamiIlon _ availabll:. Orraid,. bo: ia usilll a QRP (2 -a: oulplU) ri, for ) '5-21 J>k;s Co... ....th a 1N)Sn poMO" arnpIi1la". ~ by I' "Ill" from dry cel ls. But in additiorl he bal tried m&ll.)' dill"en::at biabtt po-r deYlocI usinI a 14-"1011 tuPPb. With ~ mum drive of I _ It typc$ sudl u Bol07 (1TI). BOI1-4 ( PbiliptfMuI1r.rd). 8 011 7 (50S). BDYIl (Siemens) an4 2N3871{79 (RCA) aD ~ _ 4- S wattlI OUlPUC 111 Mc,", rioin, to :aboul 10 ....lU at )S Mefl., TbI BOY'I all lloup il ,hoes allou l lhe Sllfllll power OUlput. bal a ralbof DalWW W e openlin , a ou for this a ppliUlion aod is Iiablc to be de!;lro~ U Ihl: 10wcr froquencies. Th e BDY'JO-92 funily IfJCll1I 10 be , ood at fn:q\OCflCiel up 10 14 MC/I Ulin, 24 voIll OT 10 7 Mell w;in1l 11 volls, p rovid Jn, up to IS Wllb OU lpul with suitab le dri~e (3 watt s muimuml. For 18 Mell OJ IZB ...... a 2 NS06I (M Olorola. fT abou( 4 Mc/s miJ\imurn "I I lltnPl driven by a llSY aS o r 2N 2:011 CIut A drlftf . DJl ZB', preferred m.mistoc" amphllcT circWl is IIhown in Fie. n and dilfen from tbac NCOmmcnded bY GlBAe as be doca rwr _ Eries I ~ He has fOlZlld tIw tbc capacilor CI'! f!"om eol~ to around. " neccuary 10 aooid uasIi...etr Ili&!l r .r. voltaeca aI !be eollo::tor ..1lcn the: p..a if, luned. He ~ lhat llOOd for C. is O l,or i.o other W'IXdI !be 1aI;1all(ll! or C. be equal 10 lilt tranWOC" load rc:siIwIcc (Ro. )( V.."aP.). OIl. !be bialla freq uency bands and when the cffOcncy of tbe ampIi6u becomes 10'It' (~Iy wben= tram~ on with hid!;1l\CnIlI l:&paci l&nQC:il are used) the n.lue for C, can be reduced unti1 opt imum dficic:nty hal boca ~-btJ I p rot ee:s ion apiml ue e rrect o f mllm&lC hn must be mai ntai ned $0 (hal . c0mpromise mly be necaAJY. 10 order 10 ll~ol d tow_frequency pa,,",silic oscillaliDlII lho: eeneeor chou RFO is only j\l!ll " hi"'. value Inductance

    , .. . . . L--.. . .. .... ..._

    - . . . . . . 1'1

    _. __

    =
    GI

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    McIo _

    Ill<: 10 . . . _ ....

    f ir., 80 oulli/lCl the p.a. state o r h .. .,jid-su'le, ).,~", u.b. Inm,mineJ whidl ddl~n I~ _~ p.c.p . CN\p1.It. TIle ~~ dj n f;Ur ~ Q1 ;u el lO ~ rnA by rOl"WJlrd b w on lhe bue. ;mot ,h.. ,an be ru d,ly w kc:4 up 10 an indicated $00 rnA "';nll ill N706 I'\Ulllinlll O rnA & 12 vu lu. The l ilieon diod e. , :w:ro.. t he bMe of 1M: 8 Dl 23 .l'R!\Illnl ete.IRl'lion ufl ha beseemiuer junction b y o.".,.billSlDll o r o verd riviOIl. With IICries IWI;nl lhe power ampl i ~r current rilQ Oft raon&lI~ and Itic ll>;ld pull s il d own. Good rqulalion and deco uplin, -.n 1l \:eu4ry wilh the puk alfreDIS of &r0ll1l4 I amp a no.! f onl ......ry p&po:f lubula r ~Ion a re u~1cu fo r !he c:oUeo:cor dou}'linl ~~ ilor .

    l _-pow ... O.s .B.JA.NI . fr~ TIleR an br bn k doubt that for Il(lDo(:bannd Opt-B lion In the p rac1lltlt of rando m intcrl~ ee aydcnl prm'il!in,
    the
    hil~

    IwtinC

    dqrce 0( eomoll. nicalionl

    etJea~ open

    to

    lhe h .f. operator would be d Jl,b. (suppreaed c:arricr) Ira".. m'.... ions roo::e; -ed.,.. . bin-.au ral danodublor. f.ve:n 'to'ilboul .~al fo rms of ckmodulal ion, d . .b . is a \'elY d tivc S)'SInn .....J fu lly comp.llihlc: wilh I-S.b."nc:c it can be HtVl:l'11 inlll u, b. wllhin lhe mx;vcr. II is , 1'10' Iystcn t wh ich is ~ I " itl 10 low-(ml O R I' ' ransm;II~rt-, pal'I icuiarly fo r opera lio n on such b.and. a~ 28 M<::I' wheAl ttlcn! i. room for Iwu
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    T"AN SMITTER TOPICS

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    Ihould have a. much hllh value. 300-2:lXlO ,. H. T hb resu lts iD the puasitit ~nanoea of the outpu t an d l':r, ut circ uit beiD 'mY di fferent ;n f~ueocy and SO a vol s ponible a oscillations of the .. TPTG ' (tuned-p late tuned-arid ) type . To llC:hieve hi gh lnd lleW'lc:C a nd low e.e. res istaooe be ha5 onen UJCd a pot COil' for t he baMl cho ke; fo r the colJocto r choke, RFC2, r.f.i."\lpp~sor type ferrit e chok es have proved ....ti$fllCtmy. When tnmistors a re uocd which ha ve 00 IV very low iotlcmlll emitto:r n::sistors, UJ! Z 8 recommends t he usc o f " Iow-vaIuc C>lternal n::sistor; t he d.e. voh a Be drop should be about 0' 5 volt on t he lm.t:r-freq llCllC)' bands whe re the curTent is h igh . It is n ol ad visloblc to bypass this resistor: the impro vemen t ;n pin is low, and a not her fonn of pa rasitic oscillation , of the grounded-base type , may devclop. 111..... Cllpcr; mcn ts havc been concerned mai nly with c.w . operation ; with lo w-cost tI'lUlSkto rs, wicho ut internal emi tter l"C$inOl"S, the in tcrmod ub. tioo distcrtlon p rod ucts o f a lin(a.r I,ll'lllli6cr tcod 10 be about 20dB below the desitod power. Po r safe o pcn.tion und er all co nd itions of m ism.n cb a t fll1l drive of low-eos t l ower tr ansistors OI'Il i p.itically de . $iaucd to be U5Cld III h. power ampl itlel'l, O U ZO ha s fo und fhe fo llowinll three rul cs to be help ful ; (I ) Tbc l up ply vo llaae Ih ould be lowe r than f VCE OIus. (2) The tra nsistor d iuipa tion r.UiI:la and the heat lin k should be designed to hllldJe tbc fu ll e.e. inp ut po wer. (3) If po s$ible the opera ti", po int of the transisto r even when deruned lJ. ould lie within the d .c. saf~ ope ra t;"ll a rea. , For higher POIIWS he mcntiom the OLY9IA, BLY87 A (Philips. Valvo, Mul la rd ) a nd 2 NS641 (Mo toro la, Sol Hron or Solid Sta te ScientifIC) ; for C>1:n hiaher POWfiS the RCA 2N5018139/6) ~ filllUly aivn up to 70 wat ts output a t ) .$ Men with 36 vo lts supp ly lind 4 -8 watts d ri ~.
    Sim ple T....Mmn l.r (or HunlSnC from R<Kf~ZS (Sep temlx:r, 1973) co mes the desian o f a limple lrans istor tran smitt er used for d .L conle nts On ) S Me/I , bu t which co uld readily Ix: ad.o.pto:d for J'8 Mels. The who le un it is based o njU5t two AUY IO l.rar\$iltors with modulatio n provided ellhct by a Cltrban m icrophone or b y a carbon microphOllClfocdbac k tone 1ICncra.lor fo r A2 trans_ missions. t n the form shown . th~ oulput cl ~i t i~ l uitable fo r feedl" 1I hal f-way vollase-fcd aerial s. PclerOiclcriel1, ZS20 , wnees;" Sincemo. t of tho .c lak ina part in the d .f. \VOfk arc lISina o rdi nary pOrl.llblcs with loo p aerials. it WIIJ found l'"Iel:e'ISI. r)' t o include D. Ilm plc means of amplitude modulD.tlnll the t ransmitter u well as to modulate it with a lo ne for easier IdentificatIon unde r low iipaJ conditions. " Ano ther ronsid crati on wal the avai la ble !lancey powe r aDd the r.f. power tleCded 10 (l(>Ver tbc ana With improvised aerials; &fler severul a llempll this dcsilll ernefllIe(I . As Fla. lJ)

    as necessary, UA....lly 20-80 ,.H ; the bese choke R FC I

    shows , onl y two trWl';O\on an: woJ.; both u rthc po wer type AUY1 0 n OW chc ap ly availD.ble The two r.f. chokes lin:: . 0' 1 m H Iypes. Th e o u lp ut s~ worb in C, makinS the imple ; since there is no impedance ma.lcI>lnll bias ing very & betwee n oscilla.to r rolloctor a nd the b<I..'\C o f the p.a . l..n,;SlOr il pa ys to have a Iat'IIC II ll.m~tor in the O$Cilla to r sla.. SO"" t o havc cnough d rive po wer. The aeri al cQupling for hai r-win: aerials works bo:tlcr than tho mere usual qwon.cr.wa"" arranpTlcrlt l ince po wer is not wasted in carth Iosscs. ~ la p on the output co il may n<l ~o mc D.d) U3lmcrlt ; with 2!1 t Uml on a 2 em d iam ele r form er t ho ~p .. at the: fifth t um fro m the ro ld' end . When adju~t i na the transmi tto:r con tICICl a l\a.sh.bu lb to It one- turn loo p wou nd o ver the told end o f t he ou tpul co il. Thi~ co li ha5 then to be broullht in l" =nancc Wilh Ihe help o f a short Plco: of fe rrite ma tcti o.l stuck: into the former an d adjusto:d to m.uimwn brightness ; a nd then the flIP can be muio:oizcd . It i. a d visa ble to reduce the supply voltaac d u rina !CItin a up 10 a void po ..ib le dan ger to the o ulpu t transistor, .. The mlldu la tion problem has been sol ved by simply COlmQCtina a carbon microphone in serie, with the pow.:r supply. Tbc "1I1C basic arrange ment is used for the: to ne modu1a.tioll. bul in this CMe a carbon mtcr op ao oe (tclct>hon c type) has been alU<ld 00 10 a ~ loud speaker a nd bo th ceeeeeted in series. Whe n switc hed into circu il th is Q5CiUa tes

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    d ue to ac o ll-" ie feed hack ar>d p rovides a tone wh ich """m . u, t rlllllt for th is applicatio n. The sc,;ondary co il o f a small OU' p ut tran "former WlL' co nnected in parallel wil h the loud .pukcr and the IOU -P<lIIl u docoup led from the d .e. lb' p ath by an e1cclro lytio: ea plll.itor 10 " void da ma ge to the spea ker. POIO'Cr WPPIy COf\5i$ted o f fOur PM9 batteries in ocrlcll, p rov!d,nll ) 1 -voIts. Input powe r ca n bo tip 10 a bo ut 5 or 7 .... tts. Aoot""r vari a tio n is shown in Fill 86, th islimc: f".. 1'8MHz, Despite the crude modulation system he has had Rood reports with 9-YO,lIIl power sl,lpp ly and 2j mil es wit h 17 '0'011;$. He uses a n L-nelwork AT U with " ro llcfoCOMler" inducto r, tun ing for muimu m response on a field sfrenlll h meIer. The SWH I. h' O ~lJmlrt .. Tr-.lHr Once: upon a lime I Will conn ected wilh a n oriQni za tion l hat made notable usc o f co mp3CI lo ...... h.f. t rans -

    po"",

    A M ATEU R RA D I O TE CHN IQUE S

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    m; l1c r-ftO! iv ~n for purpme-; w hich !wi bet ter be left. vague. TIlc:sc """'" oflen 01 lower po~T and Ies$ c:ompJe~ thlUl t he more widely kno w'l 0 2 and Polish" . uito;a.sc set. Hut the upcrience left me with a la.<tin. belief;" what can, in certain ciTt'U~LltIces, be IICbicve<l with a n o-v-l receive r and a crys till 01':111.1.1<.> ' _ , well as a profound ~pecI for th o"" mm an d woIJx'1\wh.. operat ed liu<:h equi pment> in the tiel.! in the mou Wlfavourable circu msla """" imaginable. So q u.i le Ii few mcmurie'l "'~n: a wahned by a descript ion by K ilrl KOllcnho ll", SM4BSN . in QTC. No . 6/7, 1912, of wh.o1I mu- t be the !oi mpk,; t J " Me,'. complete tmnsoeier for , ma ny II. )'ar. Thili QR f> ri g-Fig, 84--i, b:I.sed On .. eryllal controlled fixed channel direct-eon,."nion tei ver; the JXlwer "r the c it:$: j . ;n" relLS'Cd on In.,,.m;, 10 abolul I wa lt by . wilchi ng o ut the 500 u hms emi lie. resis ter. TIle chanoel call be cball~cd by u~i llJ a select io n o f ~'f)'>Otals. Th c idu o f a flAcd-<:hannct h .f. n:a:i,~ma.y seem od d , a nd ther c migh t well be a n ad o'am all" in makinllthe lI'l1'illa.lor a \"Xu. wilhout add in ~ loo m~h complexiTY. But even with an o "li llary crys ta l "",maim, the lack or receiver l\ln ins cou ld pro~e lc$, of a ha ndicap than il m illlll ap pea r ; l he s imp le e.c. receiver wou ld a llow sta tio ns ul' 10 about ~ kels fra n' me cr}"'lal fr.:q ue'lI."y In be recei~ed, an d the ma in dimcully mi,d ll <;<>me trom \ Ilu i"", .... ho net ITlQ&t .l<XW"1I.1ely to ~ro
    M

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    1lIc lank circ u' l lIr t he 05Cil1alor usc' an onliRllry a irco rN ind uc to r: Ihe Itt<'i~c r input circuit is baI;e,lon a Smll il ferri le toro id Cu re . SM4BSN ino.! io lln Ihal lhe UFY J4 ,,'o u ld bea su itah le ah c ma l i,~ 10 the 2N 16\) an d Ihe TA AUi)

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    TR AN SMITTE R TOP ICS

    rig using a p ricted circuit board . So for the " optimist" this seems a mmt interes ting litt le
    ~""r,
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    u the amplifier in place of the TAA l41. S M4BSN buil t

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    capable of fu rthe r develop ment at the cost of slight extra co mpk:xity. It is unlikely to dominate it~ channel , but in the absence 01 QRM co uld well give useful (OOta<;ts 011 1'8, 3'~ or 7 Mels with suitable coils an d crystals. The transmitter section of thc Optimist can form the basis of a useful QRP, 3 ~ M els, e.w. transmitter, 'Ihe arrangement shown hi Fog. 8~ can IUII u p to a bout 2' ~ watts input and dtaws eo current ill the key-u p posit ion .

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    HI.."""'" TV! fllte,. U. lnr p",,~ Clrwlt Boord. Double-sided copper laminate board s for the construction of low-pMs tiI:rs can be used to reduce harmonic output {rom transmin en. K . S. Beddoe, 0 3YOM , has fillIlple high_ pa.ss TVI filters for u.n.r. television receivers ma de from doublo-sidod boa rd. He pornu ou t that a high-pass fLlter in !he lICrial lead forms a very effective way of elimina ting breakthro ugh l rom amateur transmitters, provided that the inscrtion loss is nol too For most cases a sin gle-section filter ~hoult1 be adequme , but rorthe more d iffieull u.<.esad o ubllOClio n design is given. Tertnlnanon of IUch filters is by mUM of &landan! TV plup an d sockets, &0 mak..inll In ~lal lation easy. 1.11. view of the .mall size or the filters they can easily be blddell behi nd the TV rece iver wihout traili ng leads. In the majorit y of cases where TVI il beina: eau.<.ed by a ~ia::nal picked up on the aerial o r do wnlead , Ihis type o f filler will prove elfcd i~ in red ucing o r elimimtling the trouble. "jnser n on 1 0M of sinitle-lOClion fillCT IS Iypic:tlly: jOO Me!s, 2d B; 14 Mejl , 25d B ; 10 M e/. , ))dB ; below 10 Me/I, :> 33dD (not meullrN). F or a do ubJo.llCCIion filter typi ul liJ ures are : SOO Me!I , 3SdB; 144 Me /I, JOdD; 10 Mej!!, 4~d ll ; below 10 Me!.. > 4SdD (nOI mea'll~):'

    T~ 'I
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    50 x 25 : ~:. .c.: ",.,. _ ,:,: ": ,,~ ," .,.,,,..::" ,: -'o'o ..,In , ,: "~ := .-.: .: =, , ~ , .:~ . 0 w e."u In In. copp,or to' 0' ''' <Opoc,lor " lOi n
    (n.b .f.m.) co mpilrN wilh a mr>lit\l\lc:mod ulMed !ilPlals (a.m. . nd u.b. ). A BIIC RC5Carclo Report (No. 1969,' " Th e ~IlSCCJlt; bi hly 9 <>f po rtable Band II FM ..,.",i,'C'rslo inlerfetClICC try servees opcnalinlt in .djacent fn:quenc:y bands " ) high hghu the <:X>O\$idcnble . d V1l.nta gc:s of n.b .f.m. in Ihis tCSpocI. The rq><>rt oonfitmll t ha t ..i lh typial broa dc.ast receive'" a 10 to 20d H 1ri8ltu Itotl of inlerfcrin,l l ign. ' is IQle\1lble ...hen lhe interfelinl si..... l employ, n.b.f.m. I1Ilhe, IlIan a.m . mooJc:a. The improveme nl '" wc:oerally of lhe " rder of ZOdB, r>rovided lhal l he inlmerinl IIgn.1 is bclQW lhe n:a:iver overl oad level. Selli nr N.B.f .M_O...iotion C. F. Ro bjohn.... G ltCHZ_ believes Ihlll fOT Ihe ama tcur ..i th a sta ndllfd h.f. eum muniealion, rece i ~ eT it i$ betler to na:ivc ph_moo ul. led l il nm IL. th!JUlth .i deba nd. u..in ~ a hJ .o. on:a rricr re-in-.trtion o"" iUlIIor, l1 t1her Ihan by tunonll the ~vcr 10 pro vide T tiV<ly illl:lIkle nt slope detect ion. cla Th i$ is ~ble bcea u'IC n.bJ.m. ean be Iho ughl of li S s.s.b. "ilh lhe earner re-lnse ncd 90' 0111of phase:. A fllrt her applieaion of Ilti$ concep r t urns up in QST (Oa::cmbel, 1912) when D. Co llin!, K4GOI!I. not es th"t il pro vides a , imr le mea ns 01 scni ng n.bJ .m. (6F3 ) dcvia t klll lie wrile!: u sc an 1.I.b . receiver with the ell.a1ted-carTicr me tbod of recep tion , tllllt is. tunc the n.b.f.m. si1frl"1 as lbouih II wen: u. b. (.rero beat wilh carrier). lhe o adjU5t the lra ns.miuer mod ulation level to a po int IliJht ly below where lhe aud io begins to Jel di~ortcd.:.....r.J 1 j<Jb lJ done. The M theory behind Iltit "pl"OCCdurc II tho' t 1M sidebands in " n n.b.f.m. pluuc- mod ulau:d signal are ind i$1inluillta ble from those itt II d .s.b. o r 1I.m. Ila:.n:tl. The ollly d ilTcl"COCC betwee n tbe two is thai in n.b.Lm. tlte ~deb""ds an d carrier are 90' ou t 01 ph;t$cl; by, in elro.:t, rcpl:tcilll! the o riginal carrier wi,h by InlCn llll 1I Il ronJer. loe. 11y 1 tM CXlI1led curler ~nerated c"'trier), tlte rocci\'ed silfL11 will appear to be 1 identical wilh a .m.-Iype tran llll issio nl if (an d (ll\ly in . he lrammitted lipal II tru ly narrow _b.:tnd .

    80/TV' and N.8 .f .M. 11 il illCrUli nitly RCOp iz.cd thai TV ~""n lin: Ie", ..... . ceptible to IUIrTOw-ban d-{n:qumcymodolatcd lignJlls

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S

    ANorp,"" TV' f ihM' The &'*"Pli~c filla tw ~ ;n dcsiJl\ by 113M A.Rohrt.dlo:r. DJ l."'lN. in C Q-DL. AlI' l>SI. 1!n6 (FiC_ 89). TIIII .. C'b,mo:d to rtduc:e ~.h.r. harmonICS oI.n "-f. transmitter by WIM 70 to IClOd B and . as M ad ded rcal llrc., ind..d<:s hwnonic DUlput iDda lor 11Ll. aJIowI an _ . liona.l or c:orllln~ dood to to:made of the IOIaI harmonic: OUIpu 01 tllII U;oMfT\iUcr. loimpIy by ..-sllri n, the volute l KfotS the Iwormonlc diss ipa lint raastoI" . 1 tile: end or tbr h ~ lICII:tiom. DJlNN cmp..... JIC$ how midi the h.atm(\flic oulP\lI of an s.s.b. lra,"mittc:r ~ whe n 1M linear OUlpw .la~ " 0'0'CIlIriwa ~ WI fb t
    N N

    The Illuslrlll ion $ in the Gaman ma princ Ihow lUI bu ilt h i. h.p. and I.p. sedio ns in KPArate (I;lIlIJpti1mallS in the liller box boot does; ""'" use !IClUM bmrrn lIM: iDdnoidual !lCCtio ns , I llhov&h thc!c m: eardully bid OUI 10 minimu.: QOUplm,.
    DJ~N N

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    144 MH2 .lerial : _ . -.. 9 1. With Ihil filler DO addiliooal bnid-breaker IJ'JIC filla- wu folUld .-ary. Tbe main allC nWllion .. IlOdI pro vided by the ~ trap is p lad 10 thlI 144 MH l band , _ ullilla Ia . Uop-b&nd allenu.l lio n of some 4~B or the fuodamcntal l.-arnmilTtt JiJ.fl.lll. II iladvisable 10 kftCIlhc 2-2 pF capaciton prcssod neu lhe calC 10 rcd~ ind u;:tanoc ..hich Qll cau~ lou of the incorni n. u.h.f. TV ~gnab. Al i""nxnt ""nsists simply of 1_ ldlII the co il unt il lbc null II near the 144 Mi ll blind and lhen peeklnll il more accutaldy b, means of ee Irimm<:r Upllcllo r.
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    II.1-m.1H "OX B. r AOU l , in EJt1'Qlf (J1llle. 1974) prO'rid1$ a IIX for lhe M OSFET o'bi polar TAA 320 te. a nd al lne _ I~ WIIICI up . ,Ih an r.f...ct\Iated _itch ..hic.h be \l5C$ in conjunaioo . -ilb an add -on an\jl'lif ..... th one or l he popu1u lef loow-t'O"'~r n .b.f.m. rillS. To lnau<c the power or his Kenwood Triol TR l2OO. ...ilh ib nom ina l I _ n, he UK:S a Iransislor llmrl ificr (BLY87. ilL Ylt91 bUI ~ aomc: way of ~oicc swilchin, Ihis un;l. fo' l . 90 dtow. hiL solu t ion, ut ili' an r.f. swilcl'tlll& v<>1L.l1:C. The syslem would ~ eq ually wllabl e f(>r olhc~ bands and OI;hcr ri, s. The rdal \lICId b)' rA OZH w illi I SIemens un,l Wllh 7S<k.Jhm co il bul ibis sho uld no t lxl und uly cri lical.

    Slmpl. H1rlt-f>" u TV' , aw" A siml'le ocria-tuned tral' connected aaoa lhe TV fooler cllbl. l;an reduce 144 MHz signals ruchina: thc fro ntcl\4 of a T V recei~er. A shlhll)' mere aophisllCllled ..mioD of lhis v rllnMcmcnl, Iud udinl lowvaluc capacitllrs to provide
    a hi.h-ra-n cha racter;" tic, .. rcporlcd by . n..lTY Priestley, 0 3)0 0 , 10 haw pr oved uocful,o cur ill& TV llo a 1nI1l1oislor iu d lI.hL TV SOli with ilO <>erial on lv ) fl . from a

    Allbouch l he aIkoIilWtalC uansmincr II by now vodI I:SliIblishcd 011 bi . it ililill rdl lM:iy rare OG h.f. A \"&ricly of reuo" , COIlkI be put rorwvd 10 C1pl.a.ia. this. but pc:rh&ps tile most co.a.vmciaa lIthal.,al tbc PD"":'" lc\oc)" UICd 011 bJ~ 'l is 001 easy 10 INnkwiIdt aln ns lSlorizal f'O'&U ampIi6cr, and tbc a1ler nl lM broadbilod Ii.neaf lechniq ue Is ftO'I _ lbiq lO be underta l<.cG !i&btl)'; ~ y ....ith r.r. r--er transislon. ..hio;h arc WllICI)efo" towards rnislil/o:.es and Ih.. may Mile an op:ratio nal lifetimc mcuurcd iD rnit:nKccondJ. Th en "Pin mos l lOIid-f,ta tc Irammillcn. ..ith limited p ili per SIa&C. .....)'1 rcern 10 require I vuy Iarp: nl.lllbet 01 l staaes ...hen companld with ....Ivcd lraosmitten. Some nc_1 1>rnC ideas wcro notloed howeYCr in an anidll "Solid-state drcuita for .....b." by J, W. Herbert . ZUBDB IBrNk.ill , November, 197' ), ...ttich d= ibcd 1 0 all+)\ id~ Ie rront..,n d .. for a J -' nt I4 MH z 20 Will i p.e.p . ....b. transceiver rc updale an earlier dcs il:"; il Ieat ures a rt><>d5t nu mber of . 1111"'!' and simple band..... ilChiD see Fill. 92, lI: Ie4 Most of lhe idcucould be U in an, equ iPfDCnt bIl..'ie4 on. 9 Mllz ..b. filler. Amon lillhe Dl rc unusual re..tures are lh e lliC of lWO smallO Slilla! d ual-gate MOSFE'fI in pra llel to form a !i_ dri '"ef ' Illll. and lhe use nr a hiah-power ~ .h.f. Irarulslor &I h.r. The HLY 89 used in Ih is manDCr prov idcll a hip . .... p in. a lIlOdal 20 WIl lIS p.e .p. oulpul bul , aoxordin. to

    TRAN SMI T TER TOPI CS

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    ZUBDB, ;. .. vinUllIl)' inde>lrm:tible wilhi n the operating lndilion~ " . Th e i'lLYS9 has It muximum ooll<:<:lor curreo t I"Jlinr. lit 10 lim"" wh<:n u'lCd at v.b.f. but in thi.!. circu it i. operated under derated cond itions ill order to lake , d vllnl/Ije o r the 6dn ;octave aain Increase wlth d rc.uiol trequency. II d pouible uli og lr llllli& lIlrs with an F. o r ' bout roo MHz 1<1 obtatn nowee aa ins of up [0 JOdB (1000 limes) ira the lower part of thll lI .r. ' peclr um, which is lU eood :u, or better tha n, whl il nonnan)' It<:hillvcd wilh val..... ; but of ecurse in such con ditio ns the lran~istor is vcr)' vulne rable 10 destructive pllnu ltil: osdllatio n (panicular l)' v.II.f. parilSitiCll) unlcss it is run at much lower ~r thao would be f""ible at .b.f. gtece th e M OSF ET driver has. I tage ga in of rather mo re thall25dn , an <n uaJI power lIllin of some XldB is achieved in two ~ta&CS. TIle d river is fe<l fro m a do uble-balanced diod e rinJ mixer prov idinl o nly about 100 ",W p.e.p. but the high MOSFET in put impedance mean s that F.(lme ] to S volts peak-t~peak d rh'e is supplied b)' the tCliODlln l circuil of lhe
    prc-tC1cl\lt0l'.

    In his .nide Z L2BllB provides full des;.n not es on bo tb these hllth-pin linear amplifier ItallCS . Hc ShoWItlwtl . single type 40841 d ual. pte MOSFE T can Pfovide about 62S mW OII lput o r ac me 125 mW with two devices. He gives t he followin. sum mary of tbe two stages : over<ill aain 49dB; input J va lli p.p. hillh.jmpedanoe ; out put 20 wntts p.e.p. in 50 ohm, ; d.c. IDl'ut ] 4 .... am ( 1] '5 volts al 25 am~) ; efficiency S7 per a mt. It sho uld be O1l:f1 tio ned thai the 40481 MOSf' ET. are p refer. bl)' se1cded fro m a number of de~ iceI, on the bu;s of usin. those with the highc3t VIllueo nr drain curren t wilh ecro bias <l.e. bigh I d..). The step-do wn DlIllch ina net work. between the MOSH iT I and thc BLYS9 (9:1 and the n 4:1) 6nt drops, the impeda nce to aoo ut '46 ohma and the n to abo ul U S ohms with the bese" seelns " abo ul

    5 ohms bocause of lhc elfc<;t (,f lhe 27 " hm Teldtor'-T he very low o ulput irnpe d ancc of the BLYKII (abu ut J ' 6 olum) 01 impedance tral1!irormcd ill the ou lpu t netwo rk 10 . about 360 u hms ( 1;100) an d then ma tched 10 50 ohlllll. A b,later. 1 stallC , using l w" ll Cl 0K, is inte rposed bc:""'CCn lhe II MHz s.s.b. filter Ilnd the r!nll mixer. Th e v.f.o. tunes H I 10 55 MHz for 3'5 and 14 MH t and IK 10 2'0 MHz ro r 7 M llz. T ho r .f. MOSF ET am plifier on t"eive is ru n with fixed gain ,lIId biased for minimum cmu-01odu to.linn , this sta ge beina uuned by applyinll a posit i..., po lenl ial to me source lin lrlln. mil. A1to~lher Ibis .. fron t..,nd " seems to aploit IICtnic!mduW)f' teduliqun in a vcr)' IOllio,:al way; for full con structio nal info rma tio n it is necc:ssary to reree to the orillinlll IIrliele but il is hoped tha t t he"" notel will d raw atten lion to some ur the dC';lln jdea~ . T he IUI nIC issue ot !Jffak.j" ill(:llld0:3 a linear Ilmllli1icr, based o n two or 010: 6146 val~s, inte nded to r use with lhis !.Olid-tlate Iransceiver. Co li w ta : LI 2...H {101llrnS, 3l7 mm diam. , 250 mm loog. ta p 1 turn, 12 s.w.a. silvered ); L2 07 ",H (10 1UmI, 12S mm d iam., 168 mm long , 221.w.s. coam.l ; U Pltilips l4 by 9 b)' 5 mOl (violet) tornid 8 pluJ 8 turns. bifilar wollnd ; U core u 1.3, 5 plus 5 plw 5 turn s, Irifilar WOUDd ; U IO",U . 100 turns, 6 mm slus former with IWO " UllI; L6 2 1'H , 10 turns, 6 mm, L7 and L9 tor oid (llS l4) t :l tutnI. 3 pluJ 3 lurllt bili ar ; U 4 ...H , 14 tu rns. 6 mm slug; L10 15 t urn l Ph ilips 2] by 14 by 7 mm toroid (violet). L3 to L9 ]0 I.W.I. enllIn. wire.

    "'I;

    Sclld _u /lI<Jlve Tr <JMmll1e. Interf<Jee Mike Small, G4DV I, provides details of the aTrarlio:ment he uses to interface an u.b. n ciler mo du le based OIl the Pleuey SL600 series of intellrated circui ts with !be valve

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    AMATE U R RAD I O TE CHNI Q U E S

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    amI'M.:,. dnv er in his h,f. u ansceiver which hIlS

    TI,e inlcrfaCl: problem is to I nc~ the SO mV or 10 of f.f. Ollll'"l fro m the a.s.b . modu le tc abou t t to averts10 d rive the 12DY7A wh Uc usinG only . 6-.01 1 po wer ra il a mi evoidln.. the use of lUlled c in;u its. Th e solu lion p rov ed 10 be to U!lO I SL6 I1C lIllll ", i<kband r.f. am ph lio:r &Jvin, some: 26dB aa!n lind feed in, this o ulpu t to II 21'i22111 medium-power tran,i. lor iD the cathode of lhe 12BY1A : lee Fi~ . 94. T he \'lIlve lind the tra nsisto r are located In lIePlirale oox~ Joined by a bou t I fl. o f coaxia l cable. R ~. i'l c< mjunet ioo wilh th e 11'1 0 100000hm resisto rs reed inll

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    T R A N S M IT TER T OP I C S (31 Avo i..t common ea rth imped a nces between input a nd o~tl'~t eimJ i~ of the SL61 IC . {4J Do fIOr UiIC a d river valve ha ving a su pp ressor gr id ilI:rually co n nected fa its cat hode (e.g. EUl4). Fi, . 9' s hows an a llemat ive arrangement which Ph il Horwood , G 3 FR D, reports to be ClIJ"'ble of providi ng lulJIcieotV id d rive to be used directly with a power am plifier wilholl.t a n inte rm ediate thermionic dr ivcr stago. The p-n_p lnln! ilItor m u.,t be It high -voltage type chosen 10 s uit Ihe F ilIlwinll of the Dllr ti~lll llr amplilier va l\'ll, but the HFX 29 Blllitll ble for u.c with a n RO? , 6 146 or similar valve . T he p!MC1 resistor il adj usted to pr ovide the correct ADi anode current for the out put valve.
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    lhe intclhllib ilily a nd ove rall II'CO'o'h IIwtlily o f -.s. b. fillettype tran!m isaio n. io the prc:cioc fmjuern:y o f the Clltrierwhich is aenetated only to be auPJlfCl;w:d! Yet lhe need I'R'Clscly to ., match " the CIIrrier freque ncy to the , e:spon'C serve o f the CfY$1a1 (or nlOChani<:al) filter acldom MleInI 10 recetve the att en tion it d cscrYeS. Mall Yof tbc staod ard ro:ferecce bono are .. woolly" <HI th is poinl ; ofte n tbc only practical a dvice they ,iyo i5 tbal the corrier mould be a l t ho - 2OdB point o f Ihe filler response curve: a tllJUTlll ba l may have been nca r e m> lh correct f..... mten o f the 'fifties b UI is u not nt'OCSliilrily 00!TtlCt roe modem filten.. Th_ is a further po inl tb.t Is onen ipon:d. Th e carrier Ilel:dl to be eccu rare to with in, a t the most, a few tena o f hertz of 1 e op tiJ1\UIIl 111J~ lhis demands a n order of 1I procision (penicuJarly with Wiers in thc , to 10 7 MH~ range) W I cannot be guaranteed sim ply by plulJlJin. in a crystal of nomi nally cerrecr fmjuency a nd bop in. fot thc best. At the hil her fmjuc:nQoa. otray ca pacita ncn vary crystal " Ioadin, " and hellCC the carricl: fmj uc:ncy ; roo docs temperature; roo docs the type o f osci llalor circ uit uac:d a nd wtx:ther th is is intended for lite series 01" parallcl rc:aonan<:e of tho crystal. If one thinU of the basic Operatioll of a fIlter_typc ..... b. lCfICIalo r, il becomes easy to ICC why thc relationship between carrier frequency and tbc filler response d etcnniocs the audio sp:o;trum !haIlS acIuaUy tran smi tted : see FilJ. %. Sbin the carrier fmjucncy by, "Y. 400 H~ (IlOl much at 9 MHz.)and we shift b y 400 HI. lhe a ud io pusbnnd. Sup pose the ~taIfil~ has a (- 6<1 8) passband of 27 Io.H z, the n with the " C01Tl!Ct " auricr freque:ncy we wHl n om inally

    C"rrl.r f'.q......cles OM SOS.8. It is .. ~r ..dUll that one o f the im port.an t facto n a lfectiD,

    tra nsmi t a JOO to 3000 Hz span of aud io : 1I. 400 Hz slli flln camer wo uld cha nge th is 1 eitbcr l).2600 H~ (witb no add i. 0 tio nal carr ier luppression) or 700 to 3400 Hz. Ne:ilhcr would IIOUnd .. r illht ., III the K!i\'in lJ end. M Olt lIuth orit iQ 1I.1fCl: that JOt) to JOOO Hz or 300 to 4000 Hz is a bo ut oplimum f... rspeech ill1ellisi bilit y if"e ha _e vet'}' stee p sided filten., or usc an ....ym .....ltic-sha pcd s.s.b. filler wnn the stoep side T>Ca"",t 10 <:arTier freq ue ncy. However, q ui te a lot o f amatcur l .s.b. 61t n; ba_-ea ra ther narrow c .. nose " band width (poosiblydown to llbout H k.Hz). In tbis case the " optimllm .. a. f. s pectrum ...-ould be o f the order of 400 10 2SOO H ~ lit - 6<l B. The pn:fcm:d ca rrier freq uency a nd its.pos itio nintt <HI the fl Ue!' res ponse CUM: th ul depend on the fille' cha ra cteristics. lind a re de terrnmed by the required low-frcqucocy roll-oll . Poe an y fillcr wilh a band....." of 27 !tHz or mere, II rou.-off frcqueno;y of JOt) Hz is probably lhe bc:<t clt oicc; for narrower fillc",. 400 lI z CiUI be mc d. H ow far d own the res ponse CUI'V'C the carner .. sits. " is delermined by the filte r charactcnstics; It mi ght be 20 (If 2$d H' it m;lht ewen he more than 3OdB. ld~IIY. lldjur;.tmefll c:alla precil ion te;t eq uifl'llCnt , although wllb ca re it is poso.iblc to ma ke final adjll,tmc nU by lislCn inlt to the low_ IeYeI s.s.b. slanals o n a loud recetver, p rovided that it i~ a pprociated wha t one is doi ~l l-nd ,whal one is ~imi ng Bt . The point 10 note is tlla t tinal IIdJuotmc nt .cqllll'C! so ma form of eryIlul .. lrinunln, ,. rat her tha n aslllnUlIl tha t the carri frcq uc:ncy m USI be correct beca u.~ one is usin l I~talluf>JIlicd by the filter ma nufact ure r or beca usc the rii

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    tI

    SECTION

    SIX

    Audio & Modulation


    value of a lle'malive modes, illclud ina: e.m., u.b.Jm. d .s.b. (with w pPl"C>S<Xl .:arrier) a nd . for microwave oper'l.Ilon, pulse code mOdulation (p.c.m.). Low. noi iIC A.f. p n>-1llflPlific:n, clippl;r_filtcr un its, simple mo dulation systenu and spco;b ClJm prcuo rs have, 1000elher WIth u the r items, p rovi ded Tuhn'C Topics wi th a d,verse tlt ere.....,IIon of the audio and modu lat ion pct- pcu rrt. The devdOJl m<:nt of ",lativdy sim ple measuring instrument. h;u tended to ma ke some amataJrs un du ly secsinve to Optimum perl'ormanot: fi~ that may In fact have rellltivt:ly lill Ie Telll communications value. Mao y a.m . ~mate urs would today ht!lit.ate 10 annck modula lc a loo wau trlInsmiller Wilh a n a. f. aml'liflC1' livinl . mu imum output in lhe rqion o f 30 wa llS. Yel, as W SE HC n;minds '" in CQ JI '6 wa ll l o f audio wo uld l ive 80 pe r o;ent. modulation llIId few lis tenen co uld even det ect , under <:omm uniclllions cooditious. lhe 2db d iITe ",m:e in speec h Ir:vel from 100 per cem. modulali(lD. In so mlDy mallen ",Iatinl to signa l leY<:ls it ia viul lO remember tOOl lhe ear has. rou.ghly loga t ithm ic and IlOI a Iinur I"eiIf'Onse : 200 wallS loo ks o n paper ." much mo re Q RO lllu the lqal limit o f ISO wa lls bu t rcp rcxntS a slana! impro'",ment "f leu lha n. 14d b. It w"uld roq uil'il c::< tremcly acute ...an to de lect t.he d, lfCTrnl:e on 1U1 an1JIlCur ba nd . Th e I"garitlun ic ba sis of aural ~n:ep t i"n mea.n, t haI rlld io ITBnsmill er s and aena ls an:: Wide ly to lc:ran t of incorroct adju51m<:nl _providcd alwaY" tha t t.he erro r is nn tho; n iht side. U nder-mod ulation, IJnlea Y'CTY KYCrc, w ill us uall y go urlOot i<Xd , but it nee ds ooly a lill Ie a .m. o VCTTTI <>dur"tio n, ~ , .. b. w latter or ot her f"rm o f sp urious tr amrni-\O'<ion to ca use in tc:rferco<:e o ut o f a ll p roportitm 10 lhe ac tua l degree of

    HO UG H r a sleady &l'OWl h n.r. f, ALT etfect ivo---it =t years ha ve MlCn cert aitnly this.:an In hi&hly b im l'Orta.at to r.ognise l>ll CODllnued
    and v.h
    ~ i n ~ le-s; <IcbH nd -a n d

    be

    error.
    AudJo O utS'lIt RotJn,. Fo r ma ny yea>, ir h~ bQeo th e st.10da rd practice in the U K to rale m <>dul.. lIlih tidcli ty am plillen, ..te.. in t = o f the muimum poss ible s usta iued r.m.s o u tp ut POW'" f<Jf a 'l'ificd dea:roc: o f pe rmissible d istorti o n. This IS nonnally measurod by applying a sin e-wa ve inp ut 10 lhe stago: an ti mClUUrin r th e o ut p ut. In lbe a ud io field. entia o r Ihis . yslc:rn haY<: long po in leJ out lha t sine w",,,,,rorms a rc !lCldom e neount e red In M IIJrea sust a ined wltis tle botn.: Ihe nearest aJlprolIC:h-and th'll th e max u num poHible llndis lt>rto:d <>\Itput on Ihe sp iky 1y waveforms of normal speech and music is usu..1 apprecia1:JW llr ~a ter lhan the r .m.S. ralin, . This is mlIinly bcoca u.sc: of del\c:'e neies in the ",gu la tion o f the l upply vo ltqn to Ihe elo;t rndes. Since, in p rac tice. an o ul"",t si a llit' il ca lled upon ttl eetoer high o utp u t only for rJlof l perioda of time before the d ro p in volt ages m a kes nse rr felt, lhe poor tq;ulalion h85 mueh leMeffcct u pon normal signals tha n WOIIld be ' ''uested from lhe TtlC8'Iuremc nts with s ine-wave siltf\llls. Th is argWTlC'l1l k:d to the gen e ral a doptioel in !be U nited ,:o SIll.U of a n a he rna ' iY<: form of OUtPlll Stitgo: ra tin, for !lilh fioklily worlr. lbe so -ar lk:d .. mu sic ra ting ." This ca n

    roughl y be regarded ... t he OUtpul which IWOUId be delivere4 witll a Jino. wavc: in"",t wen:: t he .la p! bcilll open,ted with perfectl y re gu latfld p ower su pplies. W h ile Ibia nll inl Ii""" I tnOn:: reeusue idea of tItc maximum power available it iI considerably more di mcu lt to tTlcaSU t'C or cbcck. M ~ I1Itinp are COIUidcml to be ~ IIIlla" for Il'fIRIistOr I" IOliJslat e ") a ud io cquipments. Some of lhese may provide only a modest aioe-wave output ",hell opera ted from the usoc:i..ted pOWl;r . u pplies. and poaaibh' for this re.lIt n lhere is a n illCtl:aSina: te nd ency fo r Drilil!. o firms 10 UJe thete millie ratinp . The point is proba bly not o f grea t Jrnponance 111 10 fa r as ama teu r operation is conc:emcd, but II is worth rcalizinJ thllt a n eq uipment ra ted. iD lhis "'ay is nOI q u ite w ha t one Illlty t hink, Ullles$ the ditr~ beewocn the lWO fOntll of ra u ngs i.I understood, W hile o n the su bject o f a ud io power an a rlic lo In Mulfard Outlook doole with the q uestiotl of why the ilCtua l outPUt power o f a 800d d eal o f audio eq uiPmcPl fal ls well below !be value quoted in the mal er'l liiti fot' the particular outp ut valvs). One of the m ost important fact ors iSIlOD-optimWll mftleltintt 10 the o ut put loo d . F or domest.ie amp lifiers it Is st a led th at o ne of the mo st common ....uses of m ismatdlina is lha t the d.c . resis ta nce or the primary and !IIt'COlIdUI windings of the OUtput trlIlUfurmer an d of ue Iw<hpeahr leads Ilave been ~ected.. F urther , It is 001 a lwll)' a pprociated lha l valve dlara.eteriltW:s arc q uo led in tenns o f QlI(I(/,/ l'OlrQge /II "'3p' 01 c"rh",w and this i. often confu ted with !be vOllllte belweeD lhe h .t. line lind c ha w . T bc aetUll an<>de >rohqe Is in fact usoaJ ly the h.t. line vol tai C k:s5 IlK voll a~ d ropped aetOSS the prima ry o f the OUlput transformer (which oftCl1 ha s 8Jl IIppn:ciable d,c. res i. tan ce) anil IICI"ruIll the Qtthodc b iasing resistor. H ow im ponanl th lliH vannu.~ fact ort ca n be were graphically iliustTllted by a nal)'lb o f a .ingJe.ended amplifier usin. lD ELS4 which the des1lncl ho ped wn llld pro vide 42 wa u s but. from the <;:IIU"", meJllIon N abnve, a ct ua lly lave ooIy 2 _ liS undistortcd out pUI.

    t,,".

    Rlbboll Mlctof'ltoll" (Of' Clo.. S peoJtm.

    The ribbon microphone has lon, been

    0( lhe best types rc r high-qua lity wo rk and is q ui te widell

    as

    000:

    u$ed in d<>mestil: la pe: rocord ina: and p ub lic ad dress. Man, such m icrophones live poor m u lts whe n used for dolo speaking and lire also very p rone to p iek up wi nd noilc. Admittedly, then: an: SDITID erxnpact ribbon micropbn llCl whic h overcome Iheoc pr ob lel1ll by insr::n ing small pad s II the back o f lhe microp hone . However tbere a ~ sl ill many in w hich a .. pro:timity effect" S!lOWI u p on elOfoC . . -kinll. T hi. is in pa rt dee to s hirtina: (If th e r ibbo n by JOUn<.Is suc h the exp losive " p " and. in PITt Ix:eausc o f 100 prominent bus reaponse un der s uc h ~"'l1dit i(lns . In E:/u rr<m /u World II is suggested lha t these etfr:cts can be o vcn:o mc by a d ua l p ronJ 1I11l1CL In the lb-st pll,Ctl !be m icrophon e i!1~nclom by a piece of oylon lIoc1i:inllUl'POJ'tod on a cage (fashioned fro m 20 SoW.I . wire). The bus efl' ctil o e1imi natN by a s imp le bass atten uatoe nelwork at the mil<'!

    no

    AUDIO AND MODULATION

    C I ~ cu n

    '"
    ,.r -- +
    ,,~

    U~ " . l

    "'
    '" FOU r
    WCROI'HO Hl

    f i,. 4. WlI U C Ioopoo. oJ.< ooIA: ' "


    ",,",-0- ' a n
    .~

    ....,. _
    ~.

    >h
    12 AU 7

    .-.

    ..,. ,i.,.......

    Jl" ._<l
    ......1

    . ud ia 1_

    i ~ " . .I ~ ,

    ( IiCC&2) &]29

    1O ~ ~m pliflCt . The WIe r Ihould begin to cut oll"ar OlJ nd 200<:Is IltId be a ro Wld 16d b d oWll at SO cli. MI. I ~owa. cGu it used wilh is 470 ohm impcdaooe 'ra nsmor pre&mpliliu.

    T. ..n. llt....lud M....ln' ....OU M Iu""""" AmpIJtl. ... A w e for ..f. transi.l ors whidllhoWd n ol be o verlooked il based 00 Ibeir a bilily to n an$form impedances. Fig . 2 sIIows a simp le whkb ap pcan:d in Eleclran} ". lI/,.,,,alf4 10 cruWlc a IlI"IWl 2 in. movin ll QOillowlspealr.er

    cin:u,'

    lUll

    r - I.-.... IOK A

    IO~ '

    " H~o~ 1
    T
    U I0 9

    -f

    O~ Ir~ T

    9Y :

    !-l Ui

    '11. 1. U N . 1

    "'"

    &.I . ...--.10 _ p" _ ..... I . ";';. (Voco_a 11I_04).

    p 'I~

    1\d ., ...

    maIdUn, to a standard hiah-lmpOO.a.D<:<: amplifier sod.el. With SOOIC poss ible cin:u.il val ue clw1sca almost lUly ..C . uansi$tor oho uld be ouilllble. The spea ker WlU on e of the type used in lran. i. lo r receivers with a 10 O/lm spcccb coil. When a.new or better qualily n,j(:ro pl,o nc il obta.Utcd, the llOCd oft en ari scs fo r additioo&l Pl e-amplifiallio n o r fo r ' lmpedana: mal chin lil. Fig. 3 from Furtk_TuJrnik .hows a cimJil inlen ded fur usc with a d )'lWlllc or 5lmilar microphone &lid d ra winll power from the main spccc.h ampliAer. It i. designed for 11\ im pul im redancc D )O-SO ohms Ilnd with C an OUlpu l iml'Cdan<:e o r a boul 4000 oruns .
    M Ic/'OflItotl. IlIpuT C'.eulll

    10 be used as a. microp hone Wilhoul a. It;cP.-UP lrand omltr The tran~or prov~ a mod~1 gaiu while lI1lowin, dlr1

    W 5S UC ha s shown Iha t the gain of lhi. amLn semC1lI is m uch im pro ved b y t he UK o r a low anode: load resistor, &I Ihe incr ease in mic ro phone: ~nml mor e than COmlX'lliales fo r the 10M d ue 10 ITIlHnlttdlinl : ICC F ig. 4. K8l!R V liu l itema_ + t ively ind icated Ihlll a mall wilh Ihe usual s~ lern is thal Un: ehange of nUcrolJl,one rniJbLncc: is HI- I somduna suf&knl to Inlroduce disl o n ion by I" ~ I elIOeSIive Vlrillion or tile operaling point of th e y .. vefve. In EI~c"Dnle. World (February , 1962), K8ERV gives a l.llW.it which lak n the micm phon e 01,11 of Ihe bias clrcutt Oul re tains all Ike a dvan lllgC$; !ICC I'i, . 5. This Qrcuit atJ;o f>r'O\'kk:s an ad di tiona l inl'U l conl Ii. KlI!RV. i~p a' . iro .. nc<;tion ror usc wilh liiah f . an ar hi oh hn~ u; Iu.. im podan<:e m il:rophonn . ph a n .. Shoo k! it be mtui.w to adju'<t Ihe l\iI in o f lhe sta ge 10 equalize the OUII'UI of the Ivro I y"",, ' " microphone a n a ddi lional rr. isto r C&It be shun ted *,- OSS R4 (I " lowe r tJ,e gain fro m the c.arbun mit:ropoone) Dr T . Ilc:mlltivcly belWl'ell II .T . and the ju net ion or R21R4 (tu mcrcese Cltrlmn microphone euncnl an d heeee pin). R2 . R3 sn d C2 will be the norm al compone" l valu es for the pa rtil"U lur vulue ul<:</..

    "

    'N PUTOi:'r---1 .

    '.

    Lo w Nok .. A.F. Constructiall Th e fitlll $laIC o f I( hillh p in lI..f. s pdl "mplifiet is

    .udio valve:s su<:b M tM l'iBR7, Z729 and Ef 86 have helped

    panicula rly su scq>lib lc: to hwo and micr o ph ony. Specia l

    Me bile opot;ra lON and olhers who usc carbo n mkropho~ illY!' Ionll used Ihe Irick of conneclinll tJ,e micr opho ne in cathode circuil of lhe finl Ilmplifier ,tage wh ich is opcnIlcd .... arounded. grid Input l lallC. This elim ina les Ihe nd (o r 111 illput lran d ormcr and ba n eI)'.

    r - r - - . - -.....

    ,m

    a great d ea l in Ibis respo.-t. Rut th e benefits confotrr<! by low noise valves can be IO'l1 un les s reasonab le precaulions are tak lt:ll in layout and ,In. lruc lion . TIle followin " n ot es are based on """Clitions In GEe lUId M uI1ard pu blICatio ns o n aud io amplificn. Vllh -e h oldcn for this stage sltOllId be low. i leaka ge types (c.,. n yl"nIDltded phenolic) .... th skirts an d mellli cent re bOloS, with both . "i,ol and skim ear thed. Ha ler supply wirn should be twisled and \UTanged liD thai Ihe c url'e", is as low as possible Ohis is achicvQ:l by lTUI.kin ll Ihe lirsl Slal:e the end of the hc.II.ler line.., thaI th e leads to the valveholder d o 001 QfT)' o.:urrcn t (or !he o ther vnlws). The earhcde b ias raislor .tlould be adeqoately bypassed (I.e. d o no l laY!' th c resist or un b)1lllS,ed in o rd er 10 ob taJn negatJve eurrenl feedback), with the lead s o f th e bypasl c:apa.;llor as Dc:llI" as possibl e to t he sillM-l IUld pin /Uld th e ca pacilor urtbed a l the signal Inpul eocket, Pre ferab ly. tile a:otre-ta pped b ealer supp ly a. d Ilt hi;h-et.a.bililY n raistot1 In lhe an ode and IPid circui ts oC Ihe f11'l11 litage. In Iayou l. 10 avoid ma gnetic indu ctJon, ket'P III .c. ClStf)'in1l 1eIda(aWns Input- Indicator lamps, etc .) IttU .. ....,. from lhe valve . Cllre m ou ld be W<en 10 a void oornooon 'lltfled.anoc COUplinll lO other sta l es, ror exam ple by ltavin l a separate

    m
    earth rctvrn (or tbe b ier slqa talco dirlect to lhe b.I.1'eIen'Oir capacitor, wilh the input I~ OOllIUlCIed 10 c~1J at the iDput 1IOCk"'. 11M: rQCfYOir eapaator is then ut\bcd by mc&DS of a
    ieJIlLl'ate kad taken to the input

    AMATEUR R ADIO TE CHNIQU E S

    PLUG

    toeicl . T he lower the output U ~7 , from Ille microph one , tile fllO!'e \ impon&nt beconw:s t ile d..uan of ttle lint .1. ata ge.. ; In this R:SP'ICt, we: no tice thai a number 0( tape rocordcn ",n SOO K (and I' leasl one hi&!> fidelity atn(lliller) haw: adopted the '":l:::!::::::!~,--.Lr-L---l""':':':'-..J doublo>trlode c:awodc eircuit ~ for w-llOi5e a.f. wo rk , tlIOU&!l ~ I CROPHON E lh;~ It pomly in order to _ Ll , m.1I Ill _ impro\'C high frequency res. '~ " WI' H'. YOnl.~"" ..... W"'N N I m pl _. (~ r ).. , ISH pPtItIC. A rypica1 L f. cascode cin:uil is Illown In Fla:. 6. A rcnl double triode forlow 11 is I.1so necessary 10 watd:l Ih.I.t twisted leads, aensibly rO<.lIod., are used for p ilo t 1am~ and a.c. p rima ry wirin.. noi'IC audio work il thc ECC807 (Drimar). While L C. icalt.Ige from the beater timlit UJually prod~ T' lUIsisto n can be made rela tively Immune to hum -pick-up SO ell hum ... o pJlO5ed to the 100 cis bum from f\lllwavc b.t and microphollY; the AC I07 has been l('OCially d~1opN ripple, it il worth n acin, lhal electronic: WII<1ue:lion befWCICn as a low-no i5e p'&-ampl ifier. This lrall i istor i. used along_ cathode an 4 hea ler, due to the hea ler &ctin, .. an " an ode . ide ...alva In Ilum ber <>f modem tape m:orden. A major dilllculty In tnu::lng hum in new design, i. that ...ith low applied e.e. po(eot.ia.b (the healer vo ll&.$'C), Cln cauae eitller SO or 100 cll hutll. The ""medy for this I)"JIC 01 it m a y be from several d ifferen t f;aUses., '" that hum Is 10 JM.11 II po l itiVl! b iu o f d,ou t SO volts on the heal clwtBC:S wtlich reduce bwn from one IOIlI'l'C lI'llly Ilavc lillie effect on othen. It Is abo nry cuy to produa: m isleading line, pro vided tblll the calhode/bcalcr insu1lllion will 11&1I4 Ihis. The bias potelliialsalurales the dco;trQflic: o:<lnd uClion. Where equipment ~Iop. hum after hein, in 1J5C fOI SOlIlll time/ it can u,u~ he traced 10 defective valve inur "OK dectro<k lflsulal ion, dricd-out elcetrolytk3 o r transfonmr - " ' ' - OUn UT lieId. le"b ,e. y, .~. no

    ri'" ,

    ,.,

    -'

    ..: If--''E::I

    .'

    .,n ,w

    arism.

    ... ,
    '"
    ~

    : ...70

    ,'" t
    " Ie. , .

    ........
    0'
    .... 0. '

    n.. SImfII-I Modulotot' For those who ron e.w.oOlIly tnmsrnlllers. but who fcc1
    the I,Il"IC to make &fl O<:CllSional p houe conw:c without lhe or " high power .m. m.od.ulalOC" o r a modulalioo transformer o r eveJI any &dditl Qflal h.t, supllly. QODIpcHile ?thode modulallon offen a &impleeohntoa . n,.; KII;(I~y m, dia#am (Fl,. 8), sbO'Q ODe version of lhis IdIcme by WIPH , pro""iin, a modulaIOC" which CllII bejust ptuued 1010 the usua l kerial jack: on DWly traru.miuen. Wh en the modulator is \n$erlcd In tile p... ca thode Ic;ld, it pro vid es prlncip.a1ly crid blu modu lation. al thO\lgh there Il is a IIITI& amoun t 0( U'c:oInpalIyin ll anode aDd sc:m::n... ld ~u1Itlon . Alm ost &fly p...--triodce. lel rodcs o r penlodcs, sm&le-cndcd or puab pu11---aould respond to this trealmen t The elftdcnc:y is a 100d dcal. la-r than with anode modula. lio n. b UI GOOd qualily can be obW:Dcd ejnce the frJIU operaling condihOl1S ~ developed aImo$l automalically. The lransmiu er Is. fit'It luned u p all tor c..... and loaded 10 normal power : the IllO<hIlallJr is !hen pluJ8'fld in. lbe p.. aI'IOde CllITeIII sboul4 drop 10 aboUI It&lf the I'""iOUI rudiDl---.nd lhi, ;, the COlTCCl condition for p kone. The small tiltcr choke (L l ) ""moves the L f. fm pol>Cn1 from tbe h.t. IUpply fOC" the two-slalC l peech liUIIpli1leT: in th is c:ase a 6S L7. -The h.t . tupp ly tor the p.a. (from ...hlch Ibemo4ula lor b.t. is deri ved) II a boul 400-600 volu.
    l:lIpeIl'"

    ...7 K

    e:-."". ..,. _ VI l lA X J (I"Ce o).. .......... _ .......... I D m canb.in,

    w"

    symp ll>ll'll: fo r example eli ppina on I'lIlra SI'1'IOO\binJ caPKiton may actually ClIU8e the hum ~llo rise bo.::ausc incolTCCl of the e.pacilor may Utjoc;I some of the tipple currenl inlO a .i ana! circuil-hut this wo u l4 nol iDdicale thst the unit had eeeeive ImOOlh.illJ1 Smoothing capKitor connectiolU 10 the earth .. bus " line are in flCl irrll"<X1&Dl and Ihould be the mirror IlJ\ll~ of the JI.I. posi tive dimibution lyolll1Tl (for this RlUOQ lXXTUIIon eartb ecaeeelio nl in m uh iple section capacilon are tomelimel 10 he "voided). The imponanoe o f ~, Iwlsled lca4s for a .c. beltcr wiring ill well known bul a fair ly common faull ill &bown in Fi ... 7.

    WRONG
    Pli. J . H _

    CO RRECT

    " . ' . Tho

    .......... _

    wl. I"I .....

    10.-.. _

    _ h. ..'....
    ,.....

    HI,,, G,,1n 1'/ooa SpJlrl e", The develOpmen l of two-dlutnd audio systems for IICKO reprodllClKm bu JM.1t a p l'ml iwn on !he WoO o f hillh pin .wio &mpWlen an d l?1taK Ifllilun. With the low o utp ut or many hiih Mdity pK:k:..... ps II is clearly an economic lid. van lago (an d d O\lbly 10 with Itl:f"CO) tO llmp lif'y the sigrt&b in .. f""" seap as pouible. Inci4cnlal1y Ih is &110 maka it ~er 10 apply oep live flledbac:k becal1le of the redlKtioll m p haJe Ihift. Many of the _ c;onaiderationt afll>/y 10

    AUDIO AND MODULAT ION


    .pl'l/cll amplifiers for use with low output microphoncil. and it may therefore be useful 10 drllw attention to $OmCl cireLliI

    amngerne:ots DOW llttractinl interest in hifi cirelcs. TIley eould be of interest to operators wishing to change to a belletquality microphone with out fittinlan additionalatage in the speec h &mplificr. The IlLin of a pemode is lovcmcd 10 a great CJl1cnt by the \'lIue of the load into which it o pcra u:a. With con ventiona l
    (6).1 F ! UOl(

    I NPUT

    .,
    ""

    .,
    '"

    "
    ....... OUT PUT I

    ,. 0' '"

    ""
    '0'
    "70K

    E : : r:

    ... :fn

    .0

    "

    ...:i.

    "
    100.0.

    sece

    ,. '"
    NEGA,nVE
    fEEDBACK

    -$0

    'If. , . ' h... ""U...... ;n...........t1on

    a1"'_' _101_ ... ohtaln h llh pin In the ..-tooI. _ t l.....

    R-C co upled stages there is II practical limit to lhe w.lue of the load resistor becacsc the d. c.. voltage d rop will bring!h<': anode voltage weu below the SlOl1:CII potential. Thi s means lhal in practice the stage lains realized are often far below ",hal is theoretically possible. One way of inerca.slng vollall" ampliflClltion is to ope rate the vallll: under" starvation" conditions with an eK:tn:mcly low ser~ vol~ which permits the load rtlSistor to be raised col\$idcrably. TIle sc:reen potential may be obtained fT the cathod e of the s~in/l om Slag.:, wmetimes in co njunction witll a pos itive feedback: loop. All exam ple of a 20 watt am plifier using this a)'Stern appeared in HI-Fi Ne ws (March . 1961), and the voltal!'l= amplifier/ phase spliner pert of the circuit is shown in Fig. 9. The sensitivity for 20 watts outf'ut frnm the pair of El34 output valves is given as 400mV but this co uld be considerably improved upon fOT co mmunication purposes by reducing the amoun t of negative feedback .

    ... ,"",
    .,
    ~

    ... ..
    '"

    vr

    V2

    RI 0 5 1.1

    .,

    '"
    .

    FI,.

    n.. 'hole D....tl et....t co fttPDl .......'

    com,......l_ l n _ .mlt

    n .

    to proylde .o4lD

    " 7M
    b8R.

    ~,

    '"
    r-r-

    O-OS)'F

    N ... :~
    .,0

    '.,j

    ;:: ....,
    27 K O .S}'F

    ,,

    O.S),F

    ...->--

    A tra nsistor phase spliuer using a complo:rtJl'lllasY pair of /1"n.p and np- n transistOrs capable o f pr oviding a g.a.in of around I~ is shown in Fil. 11. Origina lly the circu it wss publi shed in Efecl'Qllie Deslgll. It cons;!ts basically of a tw o-stage direct -coupled amplifier co nnected as II co mplementary pair with fOcdback, providing both phasc-lplitting and ap preciab le gain with a small number of comp onents.
    Audio Con1I' I"ftIIon

    yo

    2}'F

    r--

    icc
    ~

    'f: I I "'" ''''')''


    I- U

    "
    nl~

    ''''''
    ....- .,11.... t.

    Fl 10. T h. klrh

    h l.h 8 d.ll .., WD'. ......lIy. 1_ _ I...., 11'" to the _ _ of the ,.n..... .-;on.

    Ie_ _

    eo....,. ,.,1_

    Fo r many years, 801Tl8 comm ercial trarWnitten and public: addreill amplifiers ha ve Incorporated circuits prov iding what il variously termed automatic: level con trol (a.l.e.). automati~ modulation con trol . audio co mpJeslion. and " vogad" (voico-opera tod p in adj ustmCl1t device ). BasicllUy th~ systems amount to an a.f. automatic volume ccecoi to bo ld thcl o utput of the modutato r reasonably level for fairly ' wide variations of input; they thus eliminate the DClCld for constant ercee !peaking and can also be a4justed to make it imp<)!Sible to over-modulate the transmitter. MOlt IYStc:ms m:tify small portion of the modulator output and \IlIO:

    ,,.
    $lagc in the amplifier. As In reoelYer .I.e. pnctice, !be diode flller Mou ld have II tiDle-<:oItaDt of about the wm:o;:I: order; \00 101l1l a time wmtllllt win C1..., the ecmpressio n 10 Ia$t too Ionl; too rmaU II ODe would renck:r the

    AM ATEUR .. ADIO TECHNIQU ES


    KT+ e c v Al':G

    an e8.l"ly

    the oega tivc d .o;. po ten tial obtai.n.ed 10 control lbe pin of

    "'"
    , ::= '

    control ecuce rut enouab to

    cut OUI Donna! ........tiOllS In

    p;>cch volume. An example of an ..I.e. e\rI;u;1 uxd OIl a small ~ . h.r. commercial transmitter (from V.H.F. 1ltJd~ MdnlIaI by P. R. Keller) is !Ihown In Fi, . 12. Part of the audio OUlplll II """' pled 10 the rect ifier val..." V2, producinJr; II ncp,live bias IP9lied to II varia ble $lope valve, VI . in the carly pan of the Ipth lUTlplilIo::r. The point I I which the

    '"
    ,

    ""'" ,.

    '"

    :J

    I
    ,
    '"

    I "' I~,. ,.. "1


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    M ' ","M

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    diode .,.,nducu is determine<! by

    !he "" lI i1l g o f the p Olenciomc ln RI. Where ,..;h cimliu are lISC'd ill cvnjuoc;lioon with h ell")' l J'l'.<'Ch dippina: it is desirab le tha i (he contro l voltage far the e.te . lyatern should be " _ ..._ d,,,,,I< " ......... WJCU 1ft ' 1 taken bef"re dippin, ; with low ' Is. n . A _-..ooN_ VI. _ ..... Vll.I'Ml . C II I. 2," 4, 'b4OW. .ft(QM , 1"",",,,1, N U A. ST, ..,., 1Ht). level c lipp iolt it is po ssible to we a ""P"Jl'IC e.r.e. am p lifier ,la&\,. Jk~lI y similar C1rcui... are find ing th~ir way ;010 SIt noJ Pow*," Aotd/o Compren .... a ma tn., cquipmeot. A\I4io co mpressors aro uWul oo t o nly for tnutlmitl i~ A s pccc:h compraso r sui l ab!~ for u.b. o r a.m. an d uwd a, but a1so rOl the tape ro;ol(liD, o r speec h l igna b oll" the air . a $(IJ :.oonl.uncd uni t between Ihe microphone and the usual A limp~ dn.ic:e whic h CftJ\ be used for a n umber o f such spnrll ampllfiao is iIbowu in F ig. 13. (De:silPl by W9C ZZ ln ftppticatio"" and which i. entirely ~rcd by the Signlll QST). A similar typ;: of wUt but with transistOR a rJlown in 470K F ig. 14 from a design by W2ZL F in E1HI,onic~ lIIusI,tIt~d. QI Op" r.llCS III a bool-stm Pfl<:d cmi ll er_ llower providiog fo a high_iInpet.hLncc inp ut c ircuil wita hle f Ol USt: dirtly WIth aystal or ceramic m icrophones. Q2 is atl ltm plifier whose INPUT OUTPuT gain is con tro lled by th~ =tiflCf and ave raged output from Q 3. If the gain o f Q2 is eJlca. iV(!. capacitor C7 shou ld be

    ,. "'" ... -

    va

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    ~~

    v-

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    eees

    ,.

    .. u.
    -

    rem oved .

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    fl . IS. a ,. _1
    ,~

    audl. oa m _ _ ell. a...l ' . IRA' bu' 0.0." I>a .......

    <_,,,

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    cu ... ta

    F i.. IS from

    beinI: eompresmJ is d>own in a design in EIff..


    World.

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    .~

    f l . i t. S_I> _ .........'.R YR" ""Ra

    "R

    _ 1;11 . Q1, Gil. 1 . -......._ ........ .

    ..

    This device will hold a udio o ut pu t .teady to within about ld b r an!!'" o lhe : orderroof input chpro vided f that ~ 2Odb. +- yO do no t m ind iOIsinl a m""iIl mum o f 60db in the rJT ocen (thi s toss eo..n be made l oad in .ubscqll~nt IlmrJlifict. lhoo, h no sepa rate amplifkor wOllld be needed if. fo r c~amp1c. t he devia! _ inserted between me OUlpu t of. roceiYCI and the in put of Il domc:$t ...., ta p" recc rder) . The a udio in put Qtl be f, om -..lvaln , a.boUI 0"2 volll to 6 vol tl;

    1NlICJ

    AUDIO AND MODULATION

    .o ,t

    .,.
    320lt
    .~,
    . ~,

    ,_.

    "~

    '00'

    ".

    f2

    c-eca

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    .~

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    aaoc

    10.001

    ---

    ." "

    .....

    "" It. P OalO-Cu ,..... . .... ... ......... . 1 ,.... ... . . -4 ., . . ... _~ . ...pl i. _. ....... . ' _ .T.._

    4 ....... VI. Ieetl.

    lJu: OUlpu, remains w nl lan t at lUll under S mY. III the cwnplc lbow n. the a'lN:k time ;, 2" mUli.sond.anrl relea.o;e time (1-1 Sl!COud. Such a lIllil would Iho be allraclil'Cl for public addteu work. where the mi~rophone OUlput ill llllblc: te vary mu~h nloOn:> than In normal &nUl1eur close ta lkins.
    Audio C/lpp/fUc.,. From time 10 time several add-on I pd , compression units have hoen lno;luded In IT, but we cannot roroll oct bsvina: p rovided any -.intila r .letaUI of clip per Wlill. To pul lhis n&ht, Fla:. 16 cornea fro m F'IIIk .TAn1k {No. 2, 1965) 11II1 In the original d csilJ'l included D. compllC\ po wer .up ply 10 that the whole un;t was lle1t oonlaintld . Provilion il mad e far &djUltment o f the d ippin, levell on beth neptive IIlId positive peak~. The low I'U'I filter In the o ut!?"t Ilim<'vq the II;lIlllcr w mponem. and 1110 r...,rieta ~ ma in pauband to about JOO.JOOO ~/" If the unitla to be pla<:al llhead of lhe main If":CCh amplifier some can: may be needed 10 pn:>ven, b~m plCk. u p. Note Iha t germa.olwn d iodes ~ U$Cd ; wilh silieno <Uodenddi!lonal pre-clippin larnplifialtIOfl l& needed.

    The o riainal art i<,:1c: a lso provides CDJ11tIUCliol:W dda.ils o f


    the m ultiimpedance mod ul.ation tramfo rmer.

    ,...",...../y.

    M04JvI. rJo#I

    r ....M(or .....

    Modulat ion l ran sformen fo r I .m.. PansnUtten II"' nne the ~hea.pest of componc:nlS, and two ideu for IessaJiDI the COI l POlCJn wort/\ PI-'llIin ~ <>n . The 6m, by K IIEEY (OSTl ill to uw I IWlI.Iard IflWe pu 'lh-pu ll ou tput transformer in. 10..

    .,.
    MO DULATOR
    'II. II. 14 It. .......
    p I0- 11 ....

    '"
    t - O TM U

    .r.

    uu

    r ..o-ora/Y. Jl)..wal'

    M oduleC .....

    _
    w I

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    For ecrne of IU, Ihe olde r type numben 0( valva hi"" b<come 10 ingrain ed thaI we often fo rl et Ul.lt lI\Ifly usefu l DeW types cont inu e 10 be int rod uced . We have already referred once before 10 the EC LUlOO ....hich 'Qu ~_ two output penrod ea and a triod e inlo Ihe WIle min ialUre B9A mvelopcl. DLlI1M In DL-Q TC (JlUluary, I% S) MOWI how one o f these, pllU II miniatu re do uble-tr iode valve. can be used for . eornp3C! modulator or am plifier with an ou tpul of lOme 10 ntlll when UlIcd with a 250-voll h.t . lIUpply and aboul It 'IOltaoffu.ed llia..s. n.e two- stale spf:h arnp1i6er is fo llowed by a phue , pllller and push. pull oo tpo l ~ : ~ Fig. 17.

    ...

    " I. '" I U n Y. on). T . ..1...Ii., " W' _ < h o I .

    power mobile ria havina a 6AQS p.l., 6AQ S modulato r : I Fig. 18. In effoct th1I co nnecllon .....ovidea I : I lut~ lTansforme r with the ,.... and mod ula t"r anode currmts lend ins 10 de-u.tura te the Inuufonn<T ro re. The o ther ~cme. thouah DOC new , ma y be fresh to 10_: il is 1 usc a nllim IraMformer {p ro vided this ha.lI a:ood 0 bn:al down Insull tion ..lln p ) :II a modulat ion Iransformer fo r. hiJh po wer ria. Some lL ocful n<>!CIo n nn w to calculate pennisstble ra llnS' anti impe<./;lno;c tran .rn nn at lo ni _re JiVa1 by K l RGX ( lUItfHl;t .' WM /d. Ml Y 1%0). An

    :f
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    ~

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    _W'OIl ..fR

    210 V

    .~

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    ~

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    0"

    AMATUA RADIO TECHNIQU I;$

    I~-::..

    1--::'t~-"i '

    ,n,

    101.

    .... 1

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    ~--

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    ur

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    OC

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    fw

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    .~

    I-ll'l- adberaIll ba~

    Ev IinoD a... b.

    !heir pown IoeI in lo tha pwduo:tioD of -nen """only lI'e iI 10 eatI5Il: ~erodyne tnlerfen:nec. Be !hal u II may. ICYI:l'a! IIChann M e COlTIe alonl ....tIidr. permit lei mon: ..udio ~ 10 be pu l OCI 10 lbc: carrier. For eumpk. the A1Jal ul.ra modw.r.11oft cimJiI C ST Odober. a ,,~; CQ Ap ril, 19J9) petTllill an &l1dio/c:alTkt r" lio of liP 10 2 : I Insl-.l of the IlIIlIa1 I : 2. II hilh-Jeotcl l)'SIeIn a11in. for KmIJ hich-vollqe re;lincn aDd. hiah walla. . ..-isIor 10 ab50rtl the neplive peats 0( lhe L f. wa vdorm , ptrmi ninl m uch are-l cr positive: peats to be u.W wlthool ownnodula'ion U'OXlJrrlna. N_. very limpk kror lev<:l politi" r-t n pandfr I\q been dclcribcd by W38SA (CO June, 19S9) : we Fi, _ 20. Tho sim ple twol'Cdi ller net....o rk, in which lhe delftle 0( nqa.live: pea k

    oa the - . COOWftllioGal smarud Uflder lhe I&IIIlI that most of

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    w-,rJd M ."".",' .....
    IP1d modw.tioo with

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    For thoeo woo requ ire only ~o..l1.Clct>hony. then it

    I.

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    modest audio requlmnmls. A sim ple dmlit----.ee FlI , 22. bic:b ~nlel !he dlffieu!ty of f1ndin. COrrM lfanI. former IILtioI II described by W1E PM/6 In CQ. This 11m a Hci sin, dtoke syslem and if an odd power Illpply llIlll' dloke is UJCld the cI\antQ ..-.:: thaI III in lcmaJ capacity wIU dfcctlvely by.pow Ole unwllJ1tod lIia/le:r aueUo-f'requmQca. lbc UlOl o f VRl llbel or neon b1l bl to provldo voltqc 1
    droppin, (or lCr'CIeIl. pid d rcuIUlIl&l _ eno.I.ur.ctIoaI. D L6KS -.nd DnZU we Ole idea . . . ~ of IUJDa

    mud!. to IIX:OmmenoJ

    J<nCIl

    i I, vet'I

    AUD IO AND MODULATION

    lboblip out or tcftIClI arid modulati on Camenlly re&&nIed u trkky to adiUIC fOl" optimum IUl.Il ts) w d t() provide a form or COlItrollod-m. effect. Fil. 23 Ihows the cin:uit u livm
    1)1)8

    iD the Germao journal, althoulh theR is no indication of the of p... v.I..., io 11K. On modull.tlon peaks the IICI'C'CD ooltap 00 the p... riles 10 thai USI:d for e.w. o pcnuion.
    ' llT'-A CHOKE-

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    :l50-300'l

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    27 5 ""11 ,..-+,'0'"

    ~+

    ra

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    It our dkllOlUUY-f.ided Radiua of the oriii nal al1icJe is eotfe<:t, we p thcr that DJ8ZU po ints ou t that Ilthougll the l yalem worked very satlifaet oril y with a pI1l'tku tar typo of IIOOIl IWilchln a lube (a type ORZI ma4e by O:rbcros of SwillCl'Jaud) wh ich happened 10 be a l lllUld/ il has n OI been l((lled wilh any of the Ulua llypes of VR IUDC,
    HT+ 70 C IV

    which is DOt Ilways availab le. An<Kher form of acmcn modulation a\!n ll a lintilar outpu t ~t but wi thout nep.tivc bias wu dctcribod by FAORG in ElfroIf (October, 1!l61l. MOR! na:ntly CkCfrClII. Apri1, 1962) he hu delCI"ibed an impm ........ IQllm modula tor of this Iype ,"lna an ECX:81 and inoDrporatin& a dipper and Iow- paa lilta- : ... FI&- 2-&. Th e .. f. mput w the lim triode slage sbould be of the on1cr 6 volts, 10 thai a simple pro.amplifier will be DIded in fronl or Ihe ECC8 I .
    Z_ BIGI Mod" " ' -

    ::.
    usinJ

    ~+

    '1 . 11 I . .......,.w .......I.lIe. ~ .l ... . _

    hoM, lorOUltlIDJn.u.

    Much ravounld for many ~ ha ~ been modulalon a ~ of 801s in the class 8 ;n:ro biu &rT&lIteD"'Cftt. F Ktoti to th1IIoololl1alldiD1 popularity ar c tho ~ of components &lid tho elimination of a blas supply. 1be usual elrcuil comms or COIlDeCliD& Ihc aisnal in put diRlcI.Iy 10 !be ICI'llCII &rick. and , via IftiStcm or aboul 22 K DbIIlI, 10th e silDal

    arids.

    II is thus pouibk thai lOme ex.perimentina with various VR tuM may be 1lOCded, Ilthoualt there -..wId seem to be no fundamental I'C&IOO wh y a1moII any IypC should not wort .
    I)'peI of neon or

    ~ how

    biih pcnazx:e leU'Odcs. I... QST(Fd:>roary, 1962) W2YM

    This arnoaemml is no l well suited fo r

    \IX

    with mod em

    .../tIt ell,.,.,. The ICric&-ptc type or Ia'eelI modulation ill simple and effective but requirela low im pedaDc:e ~live biallUpply

    s.:r-rrld Modu'_

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    Ihc: 5" lern can be adapted 10 mod<:ro valves l ueb as !hole IlICd in Ihe line o Ulput Slap or telcvilio... rrociven (" lweep luber "). Tho:l modil'icat lon consists buic:a11y of the Jl naI input oonncctioo a rrom 1. . 1I1D'1 and OOIUIeclilll theIe to earth: h_ a'"J W2YM also how a doublo-lriodc e:an be \IKId adva.alaaeous/)' as a c:alhocl.....oLkrwa" driver aac: see Fli. 2$.

    slm'J!.TemOvitl.1

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    no

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    500 V

    220C

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    , TO Pol. , seR U N GRI D ,

    100 , ..

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES


    ad"" Mod..1ftIoft
    speech in lhe pnIllellCe of noite, panicWarly wilh low l iiD&1-

    BRS26OJ9 an d O J PKW "-VC UICd simple clam p mod ul,tion S)"lml Otl. a.m. tTalUm;t\~ of up 10 40 ....1 111: Fi&, 26. The dJwjt all shown is l uitable for \&Ie with . Qfboll mi=>pboM;. bill BRS 2fJ039 laYS that with crystal mictop honc, the m ode portion o f the ECUlO If DOl used bu t the sii""l . ncr ampli fication ~ aay an ECOIJ double triode can bol fed directly to the &rid of the pcn lode Itap.. The degm: of mod uLation can be adjusted by a11e:rin& the potential on lhc Il.nleO grid (112 at the damp valve, but I ' no ) lime should il exceed the anode voltqe otherw iM: Iim;\;CI will oecer .

    :KXXl

    oise ratiOl. A cb&nte 10 500 cis for the lower edge or to ell for the uppa- edge wero both found to dqrade iDlel\iaibility.

    ....,'"'-

    DowTIward f RlqUl!f>C)' sblRirlc tend , 10 produce &"'A lei' deteriontion than upward shi flt., and as the lil tenina: eonditiOlll delerionte lb. tamble I.m()Wl/; of freq w:ncy m ilt is

    With a I'CIllly Iood si&noJ. ~h Qn be ah iflcd 400 cis upwanb or 300 ell down.... mb wit hout undul y impairina ru intelligi bility C commuoialt;01\I p urposea. or W ill! . r.ir l ill:Jl,al , pi ta 200 or minus 100 ell ~ abo\It the limi t.. With .. poor sllfll1l. shifll of "'OR than 100 eli I re unsatisfact ory .

    o. aS M
    EC ~O ~~ ~

    '"

    Hf+ 300V OIl 1'0 ,~ MY " _MOU llllll tl4~

    ]1'" \

    _v l.'(

    Un_...... AJoIl. 1.11 view of the nu mbel o f desiina for 1inear ampWicn il ill .~risinr tllat thoro has DOl been more ~1 in teRs! i ll their UIe for &rnIItau am. traosm iltcB with Iow~l modulation. ellCCpI pcrbaps in so me tnn5ceivcrs. O no or lhox
    who ha ve made dftive Dill of th il leCbnlq uc .II O K U X who ...:ports thai he U5Jl:$ serlet-p te modulation of lUIbllfl'cr st.~ followed by linear vsllll pou-al le1 4-12SAs 10 provide IoOrne 600 wIUa p.e. p , He lAr- Ilia! OKI BMW bu funher adopted thiJteehllique to employ the ""ri.,.pte a.m. mod ulator also ~ ar id ItabilizeT 0 11 u .b., and a keyinl valye fo r e.w.

    LId",

    ~M"

    'f'

    MICROP HONE TIl....I'IV'OIl... EA

    as.

    $.$.8 . ,,,r.lllr1blllfr

    For oevcrlll yean. the civil airl~ have been oollliderinll the use of a.!. b . illltead 01 Un. for lon a-d isl.J.oee ni, hll, and aft ARINC ehaIa<:terilt ic has ncently bocn Iuued on the lu b}cc:l. One o f the m ain q ucs tio ns, for lUChapplical ions , is how fa r QIl the equi pment be o lftune" (thai Is when tho lllSerted carTiu differs fro m the: ori;ina1suwrcw:d caniCl", as to some ClllClll il will alway!! tend 10 be) . II f'l!:prin t! rq'>Ort of an [n_;ption made into Ihis ques lMllI, which
    it.eludes IIOme points of Inl~ to amateur operators.

    II ..... feund that an band of 3(l().)OOO cts prtn'idco higher intelligibility than any other for frequency lh iftcd

    a.r.

    r - - - - - - -::-- T- --- - - -..-r..

    AItodoo Mod,,'..tln, . TeIrOde The tClChnl q ue of ampli tud e modu latinll a le trode valYCl wilhout usinl a n ~ modu lati on is ~f",.red to in lDOU thatl one book. One or the places where it appears il in the STC Applic:a. tio n Re port on lhe $B/243M IerieI or powet tetrodeA (ol\en kno wn u miniatllR 8071) : see Fli . 21. It il pointed ou t that the Inclusion or a 30 Henry ehcke e... bIcI the ICreCn to be: " Iloa tlng " 10 Lf. w hi le a l the IlItne time fixed to d.c:. The lQClance of the: choke 10YUlIS the lo~ a .f. to be han dled, a nd should be equal to lhe r.tio of t he d.c. ICftleII voltale divided by dol:. e<;:I"CICIl CUIT'C1I1. It is claimed thalthc: a rr&/1iemenl provides a higher dellT'C o f modulalion fMklity and makes the powet amplifier leN alfect ed by o Yel"drivin,:. The same booklet abo omdcrlinn the iInportangc of drivinaclass CpoweT am plifim from a low impedance ,5V 1OlJ1U'. u otherwise the waYCl is llanened Ieo.dinl to poor modula tion e/WKtcri.tics, h igher har. mo nic: output an d lower efficiency.

    ,J.

    Ow...rr>od"hrticwl Richard Fu. niak, G1TFX , Iw

    S..,.,........"

    w..

    ,--+::::f'.!
    '"

    e.m. tr.onunittcr : Fig. 28. He considers it to be a n extetlllicn of

    been uMn; a fo rm of overmodula lion .u~ 00 a low -f\OW1:r

    the form of o ycrmodula tion-indica_

    '"

    tor which relies on detectiq the app:arana: o f a neptive yoitaae on tilt MOde of a p.a. valve,ra condit iOll which indicates 0".".
    modulation. But In G 3TFX'. U1angemenl, this condition II used to reduce automatica1ly the pin of the lirst L f. am plifler by appIY;"l II ~tatte 0( the rectified YO ta,., to t he IUJlPreIIOf

    AUDIO AND MODULATION

    Th e s)'ltem dau "'" p"1K1I ".t.tntJ<1ldDII,,~ b ut prevents 1 the del~ o f modlilatioo risin& to a va lllO whe re It uuseo sp1a.llU. U i. puossiblc lhat by placina a fixed bi.. in .me. wilh !he diode il eolild be ilITlUIged t o conduct befOIl: 100 pe r ","I mod ulatio n, allow inl lhe circu it also 10 pravidc
    1st AF
    spco;h com prcsslun.

    '"

    r ....""lno' MIc,oft""". Impe<la- . Tr....of_


    An idea. for di mirllltini Ihe need for a microphone u-.nsfo rme r and al the same time providi~ p.io is shown In

    lrid of th,s stage, resuJ tina in l lHlap~ of a " bole" in lbe au dio peaks.. In hili ~ IHl llnd. thaI 100 lIluch volll&c feo:dbU tend s 1.0mak e !he circui l lou nd " ploppy .. but this c:an be ....riod by rnocam o f !he polenl lOlllclcr. He UllCI a

    F il . 29 and comes from k~mmlcs U arld, Matcll , 1967. This is a rathu more eqlU\t eirtl.lil (inlcudcd primllri ly fo r hillh.quality a udio) Ih. n the more usual li ngle slage step up amlnl"mcnt . II is .. Iorm of .. operalional am plifier " usinl direct OOUplilll: with tbe in pul tr. nsislo r operaled in lhe OOIDmon blllCl confisunlioo, and wllh llIble matcbi~ alld p in cbanlelcrillk$.. Tbc value o r R I is choscll to m.tclt ue ROlTIinal impedance of the microp hone, wbUe R2 I Ovcnu lbc c!oRd.1oop voltage p in (typica l valu e l bout 100 K ohms). ThIs particular unit wu d esil.llcd for lIIe ",ilb hiahbeta 11 1CQII 1nns.i ~1'I (examples 2Nl906. 2N29U or 1 2NJ644) bul ether types cou ld al mosl oertI.inly be usod.

    ,,.,,.p

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    W' CROPHON!

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    Dptamlc S,...eh ComjHI_' A oompre50S0r, cap lble or coosidcrablc .....ri.llon in the dewec o f com p ression, is shown in Fia:- 30, ",bJCh coma from an anicle by PAOCHD In Dult" " (Jllluary, 1967) but which we believe is bas<d on. circui t in the ARRL p ublication .. SingJ. Sideband fOf the Rldio AmalCUl'" : It U$Ct tJa principle of splill ina thci d . signal anl1 passitlj OlIO Kellen O&dher with L f. f11terin& 10 limit lb th rough a COftlpRlSOr. 1 bandwidth . nd lhe harmonic co nte nt.
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    lilioon po wer diode (1000 p.tv.) but poinlJo out tha I any SUila ble diode, im:ludi~ .. tubu.... IICIcnlum rectitler mould work. Sinot Ihere will be hla:h peak \I<lllqel at this poi nt, rel llrd should be pa id to lbe IU'tifler p.tv, ,..tm p, particu_ larl y if lhe ~I is lased on a hlchcr power rig.

    Ron Gou ldsto lle, GnAG . KTIds.lool a citaUl (o rililllJly teem SOS- Fa irchild Applic.ll ion Report No. 169) on a new balaooed modulator/prod uct delector bued on the BFX 78 MO STfIGFET; the repo rt includes per formance 1l1\ll"C8 fer 4j j kcls Ind 10 MeI'- Fi J. 31 aivcs lhc circu it for a 4jj kc/I deilin . When usod as a. product dekCIo r the i.f. slp lls fed inlO the o utput rocket and the ta ken from lbc audio inpul JOCkI'!. Clai med carrier reject ion us ina' BFX78 1sup to 90dB belo w usdlll signal. OlTAO rcpo rtllhal he has tried . luh_up version "flhis cil'Cllil usin l lU\ iru mOl' MOST device : I l().t um link wound on I II old H .I. was u!lCd for TJ. and T2 buill up 00 III old

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    AMATEUR

    RADIO TECHNIQU E S

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    little _ceninll: would prooobly brinj lhis down 10 about '.lOd8and he add, : " without. doubt th i. I, tM bee.l b-llanocd modul 'lo r I havelried ; carrier imertiOll I. NIY,}u1l add e .e. lupply to the audio input ; the simplest to bulld ,uliesl Jo 1Ct lip, and lIlOf,l liable yet 1 l bi . IlIlelt\I yet another ClW1lple WMI 0IlC wrilCr on
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    MOSFl!h llreucd nantl,. : " these make poalble aimpleand oflcn I\Ipnlor CIrcuit. and meril IXllllidefttlmlln YlnIl.Ll!r .n applicWom which pn:RDtly _ lraftti_on or

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    output transisto r from Ihe hiah ind ucti ve voltap IMI I ppe;lr It lhe re lay term inals when the re la y<Dil cin:uil is interrupted ~ co mbined aud io ml1Cr. wmp~r and li~ rlvcr unit (FiA. 34) ca n Ix: used to ~ the outputs from the p~mplifier and Ihe loQe O5Cillill o r wilh provision, io the cumplo Ih OW1l, for. funher two input sources. T he comPI'ClII!K>T can be adjusted 10 tha I an f inpu t signal berweea about 50 mV and HI volt wHl pr ovIde an o utput o f ab o llt 1-6 volt. 1lIe linc>driver K d~ilfll\lcd for o pera tion III I vol t un.s. into a liPeof 250 ohma. The remt;ve miller is Il11Iighlfol'Wu d but the: ...., ..,( a n

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    MOSFET IS :1 voltagt: variable re".'o rj.U cnt....tor n in_ ina. Th o technique could be readil y adapted for l och other a pplicAlio ll$ u audio-dcriftd .lJ.C or for IVnOlc pin com rol of a.f. amplifk rs by meaRi of a d.c . con trol \'Olla ~. A second MOSFET b; .-d as hiih-im~dance implilkr, with . two-stage bipola r line d river ampltller. ln ilia l bin for the MOSFET a uenua lur is 101:1 by the SK linear-taper polentiometer. When tile de~i<:e i, bia sed 01T il has hig h rc-j,lanal and IIlere is lillie auenu<1tion of Ihe OW& aod tbe input circuit. All bi.. it rtlduced, c ur rent U dl'lliJl..IOIII= rcWlanCe d fOP', fo rming a ~a riabl c ShUll I across Ille a.f. pa lh, Ihus incrcasin a:auenceucn, To pro vide I S\l;tablc: conlrol voltlll", Il. lillie o f Ihe dri~er OUtpul siiJI ol is Rl;tified and fed bac k to the MOSF ET . Tbcsc three units ca n con~ellienl l ~ be aMCmblcd iOlo I lirlllie COJ\IroI unil o r II' cus to mbuil l control s)'Stems for Lm. or I.s.b.
    SImp'- P"""uct M 04.. Iaon>r Lovelock , GlWHC, describes I prod uct modulator which he believes ;' o f ultimale slm plki lY.. In l~oi dlDlt Iht;: llCCd for any b8lanc:in& adjustmenlS, and ideal fer home oon&lrucllon. A disadYilnla~ iI IM I it u nOl intended for U'IC much lbove 465 kC/s. The ~I Fil. 3S, is baled o n Ihe Olrlicr Fai rchi ld desilD (palle 2291 ~I uses a dual.gate MOS F ET. With an . RCA 3N 14 1, a lfpicaI ple-one 10 d rain C&paI.';luce is ODly 0-00 pF Ihlll dimlnll~ the need for Ihe IlCUtl1llil.lllion usocl in the carlier cireuil at 465 ke lso ar A b fQl.d..tJo d etecun resulted in a c:arricr IcvcI of - S4<lB (rela live 1 peak envelope volll&e) IlKIvidcd lha.lllle 0 I .r. is rest ricted to 1 vol l pe.a klopcak, a nd a pte Iwitch!og
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    5.S.8 . G_G'llon .. /tit CAJ02Q U C

    , Nick van Weed e, G3YNC, Ila. b\lill I soli d st'Ue n. b. titer fo r 18 Mcis ClPCl1Ilion using II ~cry lntcrellling method o r geoeratinltlle lower siJo.band lill11ll a t 4SS kC/l. His lyatem rcvotves around all RCA CA3OlOlinear inlelrate<l d reuit which is \lSCd IS both bala nced modu lato r Illd micropltonc lmplute.r The CA3020 Is \1&uaJ ly dcwribed IS I m ulti. purpose wide- band power amplifier; Ille cil'Ctlil is a stabilized direcH :OUpled Implifier lind iocludes a tcmpe rl luro-tl'adina: voltajle regu lato r to flcilita te sta b le opua tion over I wide lem pera ture ra n~. The device is = di ly availlble In the UK a t reasona b le cost. G3VNCpoinls o ul Ihlll .. hite possibly a chea per u .b. gene ra to r co uld be made 115'111 dj,.;re tc cemponent tile pins in simp licity, me and slabil ity lurely ou tWl:illh the , Ii, hl e~ lra. COSI.

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    lie lists poin ts 10 note fol lows : Carritt WPl'mJ :dOD b e.wellclot. bein g lim ited mainl y by "ray l'eQel.lncc, dccouplio g, e iC . (2) b.ce llcnl sl.Ibilicy. (l) Su il.able fo r p nnto<!. c1r<.:",it Isy-o ut bu t not e tlta l symmetrical lay-oul lm pro 'oU ca rrie r suppresRlon. (4) The OUlpu t lra nsformer hal I p rim.:u y Imr>e<lancc of 1)() ohms an d I IC:COlldary winding to ma ll;h Ihe liller in use. (5) A ca rriei' voltllp: of 0 2 ""It e.m.s. 1\1I. been used . bu t th is value h.ils nn l bem optimized. (6) The eerrer rt cons um ption al 9 voila is about 15 m I'.. The sclllng up i. l imr>1e. but VRI mUSI be kept nca r midtnodr. to avoid ~ ve d i.ipad oll in One or aliter half of the OUlput tra nsl' to rs; 110 ca.pBcilive bal a nehl, will nceded in lhe prototype. (8) O ood qu.lity ca rbo n trI ck trimmer potcntiomelcn shou ld be used. (') ) A simita r circu it could p roba bly be used as I.r. am pllo fierltlliAu for conveB ion 10 lop ba nd (in pra clice !he 0 3Vl'l"C exciter \ISCI I. COnVCl\ I;01l31 ha lf.Q:>wll.n m ixer immcdi.tely fo Uowinl I. ha lf_lattlc;e IUle r). (10) A lrif~", wou nd ou lpu t tr lllllfonncr is r=lmmcnded 10 ens ure light COOptinl. (I I) t1ilJher c.o rrier f~uencie. co uld be used . although t ltil waul d depend o n lhe (~uency "",POrl3': of lhe CA lOW (Il: CA lisl . typica l ldB bandwMlth of 6 Mclt In widcbllnd a mp lifier a pplicat ion). ( 12) The arnneemcnl has lulflCknl pin for UI;C wilh......,t dYl\ll.ll1.ic a nd Cl'YStal micrQllhonei. (13) When lIeUinl up . it iI ad visable to include " milliImmeter in the lea d . Tho d .-.b. ()U lput a ppclll'5 to be free of ha rm onicJ . un l...., the a udio is 100 h ijOh , whe n limitinl may res ult in the prod uctio n of harnltln"l . The CA3020 il oI'tcn usod III an a ud io amplifier, and in thll role ca n IUl'I'ly an ou tput of aboul200 m W wlth a 6 volt lUI'p ly. In B,rak i" November, 1969. R . Mil. m. Z Ll Wl., Ind,ca tod how with the .ddi ooll o f a n MPF I04 F ET pream plifie r to inocnasI: Ihe In",,! Imped a nce it could ta ke care of thc .udio req uiremcnts o f I. typical ".,:elver from d iodedeleclo r onwards. AI 9 vo lts it ca ll delivcr Iibout 5SO mW. "' t the h ialter power levell . a hea l sinlr.lhould he used: the device ila TD- S type pac kage willt 12 leads . Z I.I WI. fOlUld tbal conncctinl ....1J'CI 10 the clO1Cll' spa Ded pins Pl'e$C1l11 pr oblems and u:dn g long....,.., p lien be carefully ben l the 1oa<1s
    (I )

    a l rillht an , les. leavinl 0.3 in. bctweo:n the bend a n d the l.e, ba.oc ; If this ....... too dra stic he IUUCStcd bend inl rhe Iu ds only 4 5 deg rees.

    Audio Om ill r Fo r IhC'se witb. handful o ra.f. IraMistors (Iyp e should D Ol be erf tl.... O an effective l ud io pell. lim iter suitable for 1.lob.. k e.m nd n.b.Lm. a ppl icat)ons is dc:ocri bcd by Ja n Card Do. ZLlUI ( lIrrak .fn. October . 1% <)) . Th is 1I.1I0~ somc IO dD or .... mo re . "" ra ge OUlput. ~ flUl lI.!la ck (about one millisecond, a nd re lease time or ab<,'u t 100 milliseconds). A lIumbe r o f l'l"cw Zeal and sta lions .IC u1ing the limiter (Fig. 37) . <lCOC1oSfully. A hilh -im pedance emittc rfollower (T R I) Is fo llowed by the pin-eon lrolled slaae ITRl) Ullnll common-c miucr CO D figura tio n with the em lncr byopas1cd thro ugh TR3 which coniro illhe ~ in ; TR4-5 form a e.e. Ilmp lilicr Ihe uutput of wh leb Is n:x:tlficd by lh e d, odes to provi de the conlrol for TR3. lim iled to abou l 002 vo ll by llteO"'85 co nnecled d ;r'Cl;I' b' across CI. II.I10wini fa'lt rdeMe even on loud noise pulsa. 11le who te un il !hOllJd be well sb ielded to pn:venl r.f. pi<:k-up . nd hum. no t for g<': tlln ll the Input an d OUlPUl leads. sellin l up p rocedu re...' o Ul linc<l by Z LIU I, is It! (oUows: Adj"'l trarwniltn a"dio p in fo r C0 I'1"" 1operation before connectl nl the limiler. Nnle !letti", an d <io not chan~ it unl il aner R2 h.ils bee n adj u.led . TrtuI8fer micro p hone from II'ltMmilter to lin,iter, and con nec t limite r 1 Irarumitt er .ud io inpul SwilCh On lhe 0 linlliu and sct RI lit muinwm. Speak mto microphol'lli normal ly and adjusl R2 for correct operalion : do not after. ward s chlnl/C xuing o r R 2. AdjllSl deIt'ee o f limlti,.. by IU (up to about 12to I ~ B of limitinaJ. Adju st IIIllUnlltll7 a udio lIlin conl ro l fo r correct coereoc with desired smount oflim itin, . Siocc it is po ..ible 10 O\'erJoad the Hrniter, R I should be ad j ustod SO lhat th is does not h1ippe o . W ith. limiter ill circuit It is desirab le 1 a vo id bratlhing a nd backgro UDd 0 no lscs IU far as ~lblc. Remembe r that llle use o f . llmilu will Impose a ddi tio nal demand>; un the lra.nsmlue r. whla. will haw: to o perate almoot u nder C.W co nditlollS_ so watch fOl . o verhcal;nl. Audi o fn:quency res pun.e should be l hapcd II far as POSStble 10 300 10 }OOO eJs.

    '_lr

    AUDIO AND MODULATION

    'r....""'Jn' O"..r/nOd..,..,Jon Harry Burt on. ZL2A PC, !las d rawn our allcn tio n 10 a pea>. limiter, which he described in B,eWl -/" (May, 1%5 ), l uitable for am plit ude_modu lated v.h.1. or h.1. trans mittetll : Fig. 38. The lWO active com ponents are a neon bu lb IUld tho light dependent resistor (LD R) which arc houscd in a Iil!lt-tilbt container with the neon bu lb anunp to illuminate tM LDR . The neon bulb i5 oct to ilP'-itc al say 95 per cent modulation. In its da de. .1.Iltc Ihe LU R (o f t he type: developed for auto ma tic contrast co ntro l In TV ~t, ahhough ~ld om \>$CId in el1fTC1l t models e.lt. 118 731 03) h.aa II resiSl-an QC of &bout 10 M o h!Tl5. A con as the neon iltnitcs, the resista nce of the LDR d TOJM """'lily and n:dUCCll the p in of the speoch amplilkr. Si""" lICOns stri ke at II faJrly con. tan t voltage, the whole IUTIln~lIt C'llllbliJl>cs a COll-ltan t limiting level. It will be noted th at Ihe ncon ca n be isolated from Ihe potentials, and the TOI'll'O IUC of Ihe LDR I, ' uch that aud io froqllMCY nrilltioT15 arc no t fed back; recove ry of the LOR ill about 200,000 ohms/, . Zl2APC UBCd the ,ystem wit h II modulato r WliDg pu ,h pull EU45 dril'C'n by a 6BA6 pllMo , plitter an d pair of 68A lI!I as spc:cch amplifiers, and II WAS llmlnged to limit at a lcvel o r about 1O",. . tts. Tests . howod I'C'ry clftive limit_

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    Quick Guide to Pulse Modulation


    In the 19 )/)$ ... hen e n~illa'n " ;:;1'\: de-..:IOflins microw ave il WU rc.Ilizcd lhaltherc wOlJ ld be ad vanlap if Ibe wgnal co uld be tranunit u;d a.. a seric:s of pul_ lal her t han 11'1 co nt;nllOtlS a....1 01U l illMt Th islcd to the ~lopmcnt e (If VllriOUI mud ulatiun $~Ien. wh.ieh W(>uld all ow the lJoLoic ;nlellixcnee , such a. s~h. 10 be Iran!ll1inod in pul~ wavefonm. T1Ic systems tha i were proposed included pulse amplitud e mod ula tion (p.a. m. ); p ulse width mod ulatio n (al'lO kno w n ... p ul", durat ion mod ulali o n. p.w.m . Of p.d.m.l ; pul.., po. ilion n'od " latioo : and p ulse code n>Odula tion. In pul 'tC lUlIp <k: modulatio n t he amplit ude of t he pubc litu II illCra';ed o r dcaused about a reference Iel clto a <kgee dClcrmincd by the amplitud e of the ori,ina l analogue signal, and wllel""r It is of po , itive ()( nc:i'lIlYe pol;lrjty . In pulse dura!illn mod ulation , the duration o r tlle pulses toceeses of d""rci<<;c:S BfOll nd a reference fi8.ure . In pul,., pos.ition modu l>.tio n the preclse .taning time ofthe pulses is sdvanoed o r delayed by tbe input signa.! . I n Blit he above pulse systems, the fidelity o f the si,nalaftcr transmi!l8 ion is determined by the lLCCW'2l:Y of the reference in lern" of lUllplitllde o r time . To obtain the full bene fit of a pul.., system it is desirable that tbe only fact o r lhat really needs to be dete rmined at lhe distant en!! i. simply the P1'Cl<.'I\OC o r abKlICC of the p ubf;$. If Ihis can be done then one achiCVilS for speech oJl the basic ruggedness of a c.w. Or MOT8C . illna! which can lo lera te very great d istorti on of the " ,n~ lIinil pulses withou t Introducing eIToT1l. This is bas ica lly because a replica o r the o riginal pul. e can be l'C'gcnemted loca lly if necessary. Th ese gre~t ad vantage. Ire ac hie...cd in pulu (od~ modulo/wit IUld in ""me of the related systems such lIS d ifferentia l pulse code mod ulaliu n. In p.c.m. the !IlLII1ple of the inrormat ion to be tnnsmittcd is flm eon~rted 10 the nearest of a IIlled number of disc rete levels. To each of t~ levels h gi~n n spoda l code aroup or 1)mbol. con,ist;nlt or just pulses or the a bsc""" o r pulses. For example, ir a binary ,i sod;git cod e i. !x'inl uwl , the ocquence !KXJOOI mighl be used to ind icate " level I," oo 10 level:!.:
    .~.tems.

    lltX.lOll level 3 and 80 o n up to 111111 which would repre5CIl1 " level 63." T hese code .. wo rds " can then be Iranamitted In simple c o-err ly j'>C of . i pUing, f or exampl e I cou ld be rep resented by a pulse. 0 by the a bsence of a pulse. In other wont s nO the infollJ1lltion is ~nt in a form of telegraphy, on-a t! or mark-space . The code gr o up o r word. on receipt , Is decode d to pve 11 level , whiCh ill o ur",ump lcoould be anywhere bet""",," 0 and 6 3. And a signal rep resenting th i, level can be lelletllted. If we transmi t la"", num~ o r t hese eode word s. with le~1s on sam phng lhr o riginn! wa,,,form. M the distant end we can re-create 1hc5c level loamplcs and by the lllrnplini theory meo tioned earlier in t~ introd uctio n to d liPta electronics, we lhen have thcneo::s.saryinformation 10 re<>a.te lhe equivalent o r the orl llinal siplal. The O\Ilpu l si&n&l h0wever will be con fined to the levels " provided hy o ur OO<le iJfOUP o r word ; l here il thus some inheren t d istorti on which .. termed qumtf/r<l11mt N>be . By u teod in, lhe number of levels in o ur code, for elUlmple by usln, eilbt-bitl per word instead of sis bi~ we can reduce lh is q uanlUalion no ise to any dcW ro,Ilcvel. The important advanlallCS o r p .c.m. are ilS czg:pU ona lly lo w slda:plibilily 10 nol.." 10 inlerfcrmce M d 10 di81Ol1ion o f lhe tignal, d urinllfVlSl1liulon or Ilora ae. and the ease: with which t he o rigina l wa~orm ca n be! ~l od . The p.c. m. syslent W devised in 1936 by A. H. ROC'ttS, flS who soon rea lized that it rouId be one of the most powerlul loo ls ever Invented aplnst the ell'fIClS of intcrfercng: and no;'" On lpec:o;h tr-ansmlssio n. BUI it w;U not until 1947-3 that pnu:t ica1 Implementallon of lpeech lransmiu ion by p.c.m . w... aUcmp tod and then , with o nly thermion ic valvea available. il Itill _mod mQlt unli kely lhat it woul d ever be widely u$t:d. 1t will be a ppRlciated lhal all the Iwltching and tliiPtai lulic operaliollJ requ ired to encode 1P"'"'I'h. trammit II. regenerate It and finally decode ll inyolves larwc n umbers of swilehing type ~tionl at ~ry blah I~ ; mo5I un.ultable Ior va lve cm:uita-bul rar. faJ' . impler with llCmi conductOR an d Intca r& ted cireuitl . For a n umber of yean

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    n.

    AMATEUR RADIO T ECHNIQUES

    now & grea t deal of use has beo:n made of p.c.m. s~tems. which IL1ll idOlllly luilN for muJtiplclling tOJlOlhcr II number of ditfemlt speech circui lS. in the ordinary Idc:pbonc net works, panicUJarly (or whal an: ca lled urblin juncliQ Q routes of aboul 10 miles or "', ~ bit rate required fo r p.c.m . is . fun<':lio n of the number of di~le lewis and the b""ic samp lina: ra te, an d IheK io tum depend upon the bandwidth of the opcoch or other ;ntd liecoo: nnd the &a:cfllabk: level of quanlw.tion no ise. Good - telepho ne q uality " IlPCh (about )00 10 3400 cis ntio of bettcr 11w1 4OdBl il t)'l'icaUy sampled llOOO ';mclI & second IllId coded into !levcn or ci$lu-bit wo n4 to provide 128 ~ls. . " Fot hip,.fiddity broadcut Quality, with . frequcncy response to " 1;15 and signllJ.lo- noise flllio bellu . IIwI 7OdO, the !)'lItem might neve a s;unplill$ nile above 30 ke l' and a 14-bi Lwurd (13 im o n nali" n bill p lM a parity b iLfor errorch<>::kin Rj. On the o tller hand il sho uld be DOled that speech in telli Kibility is co nveyed almosl elllirdy by f~uency and Iwdly at al l by lUllplitude (thl., is lhe fltCl r o tha t mIlkrs .peceh pro<;cssin, and clippin g $0 effect ive) . II b Ihus Quile p""ib\e t(l ""nYe)' lnl elli",nce usin , j ust a lhree or four bit word, provided that the sampling rato is above
    7000 times II sea>nd ; such , hort .. wonls " w mide rably simplll'y the circu itry requ ired to con verl from aD~ 10 di lltal (o rm and 5ho u ld not be (lveTloo kcd as a fea.~ ible lyo len, (or IUnl.teurs . It sh ould he no ted t M I th e lr&nlffiissi<>n o f " high speed bit Sl ream req uires " subst antial bandw;,ll h "; nce II. repetitive waw:(orm of p ulses of short duration mUSI a lways wntain many bigb (,cquem;y hllfRlooia. Th is means IM t the tra nsmission (If sems (If hi(lh speed pul.es wou ld Rqu inl el<' tremel y wide b8nd wid lh if lhis had t(l be don e without dist ortion of the pulse weverorm. BlIt fortunately for p.e.m. uooted earl ieT.'tWYwosidembte distortion 01 the waveform can be lolem ted (this is of co une t rue o f c.w. where lbe w..-dorm of t he outpulIiJR'lI In the hcadplwocs usu a lly has very lilt le resemblance to an ideAl on-o ff seq uence o( M o rse c hanl;(en). This means th aI the bandwidth of a p.c.m_oiJDal ea.n be a good d<:aIless than the th<:on:tica l llglire . Nevert heless bccaUJ<: o f the t ra nsmission bandwidth p .c.m . techniques are o f main interest fo r the u .h L and microwave b&ndl where t bey ~~t pole nt ially one (If the m 05t elfealve moanl of IrlllWTlill ing opeh ove r lo og disllUlCCS . baDdw idlb, hArmonic

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    H .8.F.M. Adoptor f fH' A.M . Tron,mln.... A wnvenieat . w mpact lUl d self-Q;>ntalncd adapter .. hich en a bles allD05I llIly 144 Mc /~ a.m. lra nsrnille r 10 o pera te On lI.bJ .rn. i, described by Austill DaVitt. KI MHD , in QST (July. 1973). u...,. a varr.c to r diode In conjunction with the 8 Me ', eryslal. !- g. 40 shows the es,.,ntlal delails . II ii sUIted lhat Ihe l de via tWll .. hell nmltiplied 16 limes can he to a mulmum of 10 kef. (this does nol mean that ' ho ld be ~tod with this deviation i). Two smal l 9v ol t balleries provio.le powc r for the t YPl' 74 l op-a mpl.

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    AMAT EUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S

    No switch is needed since no CUrni m is drawn from tile 9-"011 1rlln~blor radio ba ttery excer>t when the ley iii depressed.

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    02 780 Key. ' Upd"t'fd


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    TlIc key.,. g i ll be adjus ted fro m about 5 word~lminulc "l' to around J(I words/minute lind it shou ld be found Ihat al abollt 18 to:20 word~imlnule a ll the prese u art: ver)' close to mid-positions. 'The usual rn.ark~paeo rntio chocks CIIll be made uAinK all oh rnn\Cter (t.e. SO per cen t of (,I,d . 00 d o ~ a D<! " per cen t on d MheS) ; Ihis IS a check wonh makinl sioce it IS slIprisinK how sc:n, itIVfl the ea r is to inco rrect dotJ l pace raliO$! The ke)'inK paddle is piece of "u it.bly~haped dou bleaided copper-elad bOllrd atl ached to a small piece of junio r hacks aw blade damped witb smal l b10clLs of foam spongy material. CMO S /_8.., for P o rloble Un In C Q /)f.. No 1. 1978, Urs Hado m , HIN ABO, described a (.:MOS-ly>'C e1eclro n;c keycr wilh low. po wer con~umplion, ma king it suilabl e fo r I"""Ql>lc ojlemlio n. TM IOllic M uangtIllcmt is de rived direcdy fro m /I. hycr u, in, res tsto r-rra ns;~I(,,ll'llic tRT L) c.lC5l;ri l:>cd $Ome yell" ago in QS7". It hili been upd ., .cd by using C MOS devices. so tIuci ng po wer eon <llnlpl ion to. modest 2 rnA al ') 'loll s (, uPf'ly voltage Cl n be from 3 10 IS vnlt~). T he keycr is Imcn<1ec.l for speNs I I rn>m " ~ 10 ~O halld. m.1 inlaininll H co n, tant dil-oJlI. h liminl rchlt;onship inc.l erc:ffik'll of Ihe keylnll. rate.
    D ua ' Po la , lty Ke yl" , for CM OS I" n Mar t;n Nned i"ll. LA8AK . wriles ; " 011 1 pola nI)' 11

    Re lays are viewed with suspicion bu t sea led un it. are Cllpable of millions of operatiom and ea.n be acq uirN V<lry cheaply. Relay A is a minia ture scaled rela y mad e by Ma, net ic Devices Ltd., 12 vollS (H C6U size); Relll)' isa roed rday fro m an ex-comoerer pan el. 12 'lOllS. When tile p;ldd le is operaled bot h relays A and B o perate ; co ntac t A I brea ks the supply and (.:1 discha ren lhrollll.h R V2 and RV3; when the pot cntial between the buse o r TR2 a"d C'OU"th falls below 1)-6 vohs . relay B rt:leu es. l)cpendenl upon the sell Ul, of RV3, relay A w ill rclc.ll"" Ihortly after 8 and Ihis dclerrnin"" Ihe .. space .. per iod . When A releases , the cycle staru IIp in. Th e qu an til)' Ilr charge in Cl dccidC'l how lon, D will hold up and this ISldjusled by RV I 10 de termine the " do ts " .

    ~ eying

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    AUD I O
    ~OO

    AND M O DU L ATI ON

    up USinll . n:l1l II) key lhe d ilrer~ nl I rn lls nliHe r~ wnn Y ,"'hieh Ihe key., r m3Y be used ; Ih... ~...n devel"p inl" a c"rn plic. 'c:d d""ill" in or de r to mabie II k~Jer imen ded ror , polSl livc key,nil l i.e. Ihe k ey i n ~ of . "," Il" 'C v" h ll ~c II' in t:llhodc t eyin!!) 10 be u<al Ills" in conj urn:li,,,, with a Ill1n,mille, using f.rid. hlueki "~ k~)'i ntt (' 1 lllive keyinW ) .....' And m051 dual pi.> ",rily .I", i, ,,. ha ve 1"0 ", ,,eh ellrrcn l ,Irai II 10 be used W C MOS-l) !'C ")'> lCIl1. ... ilh LA8.A K hu found Ihe . , r""ll" menl uf T'i, . ' 1l1;.rll< 'lu'r : il reqinr.... . 'el) lillie ad dil i"nal cu " elll ,j ' Il "' , fhe lotal dra ln from Ill.: 4' von "'U lery. irn; lud inll IllIee CMOS de vice. in Ihe keyer pro per, h a ~ hc:c n meas uretl nl I ,' ilIA. <,) th,,! a ball~ry .... ill iast a long lime, A swileh selocls Ihe " m,,,l e " 11 ",1 it is p,,<.il>le 1 l" e lhe 0 .. wro n, " peenion fo r l1I ninll (i.e. key,l" .... n . ilullli" nl .in<.., I~ proteclio n diod e con d ue ,", The ~r>cci r~ed I rlln ~; .tm" will 1"11"",.1",1 vonagcs \II' 10 Sll vnll. Ir h' llher vollUIl"" ure cllCoume rnl . it sho ul,1 pro ve posslhle 1 lind lin Illlen "' I;vc 0 oom[tlcmcnlary pa ir or devices. LAMAK mou nled a switc h o n the ",,, td le fo r" Ir~n~m il ", and " ", Is this "", ull. in e~w ooerauo stncc he has no wi. h 1 lISe Ihe v,,~ r" r C.w. N o pro blems o r RF I a re e~ rtt: rie n"e d. 0 even Iho ugh he n il's 200 walls illr"l o n 144 M l tl and II Tri "

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    TS. R2(l o n h.r, fl" ..... c''Cf, shou ld r .f. 1rou Nes Itt, en<-':>l-"'lered 'I ....o uld l>c I'< ihle 10 u"., a simple 10 ....' ""'" f,he, . <-.:>,,'iMi njt ..... " r Iwo 1000 pI'" .. , paCiIOr>lind a 100 o hm d . ch"k e. i""" , IN " b tween t he .wild ) a nd l he jac~ , e

    '-------Quick Guide to RTTY--- ll.adi" ld erri nling ;s the m" SI "ommOIl fo, m " f mad ,;,... 1 ,leg",,,II)'. a nd ca n be bas ed o n slarl<la,d d.,., tr omaJ:net ic Iclc[trinlc", provid ing meHlIjtCs 0 11 rolls o r raper la pe in II page form al , or eicctro nc system s in .....hich lite "',,"',"" ap\'Cnr o n a " "Ullt dIsplay unit ( v.d.u.}. Al Ihe lra nsmili ing stalio n. ~gcs arc IYI,,:<I oUI " n M keyboard. nnd senl eilhc r d i,cclly or a "I {M '~1 I ica lly fro m punc hed tape ..... hlch can 00 prepa retl prio , I" tra nsm ission . Each ro-m of telcpri n l~r pro vitles a keyed d ..:. lone II I II . peciflc Ira no;r"i..ion speed. measu red in haud . /3 Imud ... . equal to a "Ill.' of one bit per second j in aCCtm la ....., wll h II " aooa rd Id cllra ph cod e. so ar ranJed lhat (u" liLe Mo ,"el e\ery symbol oceopics the f;alllC period 01 lime. T he usual code is a ' unil internmio na l code (CC ITT No 2 code ) hhou lth oomrnt:l'Cial.lll1 i" ... "'. y ~ 7_uni l < "Ode lo r c..Or I'r< lleclion, while Ihc mos l tOrn mO" tb la cod e is ASC II or lS07 8 unil code (1 Unil otrmhut C1Mle pillS11 pa , ily check I>ill. Tde"'-;nl~rli ...~n: ''' 'I:,na lly devel"""d lo r Iandline nper. u"" .llntl whcn ' un " t:otfcs a n; used fOI Rr TY it will be fou nd lhal a \IU<II1 . igna l lo-noisc: rn' jo is net:dOO al lhe nx:civing end 1 provide rcaso nat>l y ~rror free copy. Noi", 0 aoo inlerrel'COCC ma ~ ceusc lhe mae hine 10 prim inco rrecl s)m hok. and ~uth e<roo arc nOI rc. d ily derccsed .... ilh"u l , lhe ""'" ,tl" m<tn: ""ph~l ica lcti l mosmi"ion SySlffllS. The Icleprinler coce e ronsider('(\ In lite fo rm o r " rnarks" (on ) and ' SPR~ ( off). and Ill.:rc are Dnllmbe r of ' . ;gnal ~nl o r lransm lssioo S)"Slems in use or .... hieh lbe most commo n is .. rreq ucncy shifl keyin, " (T .) or .. ilUt.litl ,s.k r~ uen cy shiT keyin, " (a. f.s,t.). In Ih ill syslcm II C I Mrle r i5 lransmh lctl ct.>nlinllOU. ly (100 per cenl dUly cy<: lcl b'll Ihe r""luency i5 shifted bclWft'fl lhe " ma rk' and "SPIlt e" l""I uenelCS .. hleh Iypically ma y be N:l'llflllcd hy 170 Hz. This ca n be accom pli.he<J 1M an I .s ,b. I rll n smill~r hy fee<l inll the a ppru priM o lllrkist'll< sin;1c andiu lun"" h, IlJ . in[tU1 le .., (bu t no le Ihal hc<;allSC of 1Itt, hillh d Uly cyd~ m",,1 . s. b. tIDnsm in.... OlllSl he of""aIN r,,, I . .k. III "ell below nurmal power level. ). Olher u ",nsruiuefll a n: a,TlInlletl so llla l ' h~ rrcq nency ~hill i5 upf'IiClI h ' lin tlo<: illillur. r", ....a," ple I>y rnt:lI n~ or '" v"lIlIb var iablc-cilf"'d laIlCC ,Ii,,,le /IIA I I I o r 'C even silkon po......... <l i<Mtcs such '" IIY I06'1 . AI Ihe ra ,,, ivinll srauon :l l~rnli".,II/I'i' (I,U.) is ust:tl 10 co nvert i nco m i ,, ~ aud io signal. inlo II (o,m . uilahle T r r"",d inl 10 II!<' ,,,I.,. o prinler : Ihis involves eo nverlloll tile siilna l. into co nSlanl amplilu,lc Iq"" n: ...aves to elimiM le Ihe dro;l ~ of fad in\!: the I lSC of I lreq uency co nverle' 10 conver t Ihe rretjltO IlCY d ifference betwee n IW aud io 10llCS into d.c. mark" and O spoce" .i gnals 01 opposite po l:lrily ; slicin, and d.c. 3 mplifyinil Ihtse " gna ls 10 provide OU lpUI, Iypically of 10 ' 0111. SUfI'lus I tkprin l~'" may have ~YJlc h ron" lts mo", r' wblch make il d iflk ult 10 vary the lrn nsmi..io n!rec:eiv inll sP.~etl : orbe r mac hines "perille a l a st>""d sc i by a " 1I"" ~rIlo r ' a ",1 i, is uSlially possible tor t hese IU be nl<ttJ ifu:d to use at 4' " baud.. ....idely lL5Cd fo r MrtUl lellf RITY (allh uuJ:h Ihe UK tc ee ce no longer Insuts o n Ihis re te). C"nve nlionlll RTT Y is 00' a Iully " synch ro no us " sYStCm bUI Ihe IW Omachine. are bf(lu,ht mto synch ro nism Slnrl Ull" sillnal . Mllny surplus machines are designe fo r ' O ba ud u~ra l ion (mo lo, speed 3000 r.p.rn.) a nd req uire adjuslmenl (Creetl MlttJc1 7 by 7f ao(ie loek.wise lurns of , overno rpdju slinll 8~ n;wl 10 red uce meter speed 10 2727 r.p .rn. fo r 4 " ~ ba uds . S",p\u, machines inte nded fo r line o perati o n may 8 110 need modifi cali o n 10 r~duce " hash " R H , A useful guide (0 t he elemen ts o r Rn Y. R1T Y_lh~ ~a"y way . is puh lished by Ihe British Amat eur Il. ad io T elepri nter G rou p.

    "I ..

    AMATEUR RADIO TE CHN IQUE S

    ' -- --Quick Guide to SSTV,- - - Siow-Mdln lc1t~islon is a r' N"m of ~;tlro I r<l nsmis.~ion I'<'qui ti nll ,,,,Iy a na rrow ba nd o r r~ l&' I< ie5 (nul 3", al'" Ihl\l1 s.i ,h, lr" n,",is~ion) 1I",1 is lh,, " >"il able rw U~ on h,r, lind ~ , h.r, u m~ I('l1r ha nds, pcrm in ing ," " of co r"'c nl;o nal 1r.1I"' ''';II'''' an"l Tl1-ei~er.; in eunju nclion ,.,ilh lhe nccnollry achic~" nnrrow m ndwid lh, au . iliary "'d~, nju i ~m('m _ Ill" 'p lelll ":>c:i lI f' f' r"",i~ bl y lower d"rlllilioil lh an hr oaclensl , ~I ~v .. ioll (no rma Uy 120 lin"" in' tcud "f 6 2~ /~ 2 ~ Ilou;s) w,.J " rr.. me ra te Or 0 "'" o:otllp1< l" p;,:tur,, ;n seven or ",ilth! = omls instead o r !$!30 frames per fICl.'"Ond. The i)">tcnl is Ihus ""IriciN I" Ihc 1I1lnsmi>sil>l\ ur U JCric:s o r "l ill piClur es rUlhc r than Ihc movin~ nictur es "r normal tcl c~ision. H.'wcv~ . 'M ny " m., lcur< find the ,,"<hahF o r p holo gra ph" ..I".. 'n . c l<_.. l ' h "" in o t""l ,..,,,n ll ie,< .. 1~""Ut;II I"W U roc l o f pnUI"u ' ' ;ltli" <'PC'lJli<:In. '"n" I'h.. lra n'IIl;t1ctl >iltnal has In < ey inrornHui on On Ihe lumina """ tt\laek Ihtoolh ((ley to "h ilel o f "",, 11 niclure " lemCllt, lo&elllcr w.lh oynctlro n;zing info rma li" n. Tb il is .Jon e by Irc nsmis. io n ur ~n a udio lun e (l ube" " i",), va ryinll fro m 2300 Hz fo r 'p<:~ k white 10 1'00 Hz for bl" , k I~vel, nnd I:!OO Hz fo , $~ n.: ", ro rma tion . To dis play SST V picture.; p ,;:alhotlc-ray 1Ibc with .. Ion, l f"' r<i< t"oc" I"ho<l"h", i. r<'<lll itC'd (e.g. P7 phospho, ....." h y"lIn w fille r to mini mize tbe visibility o f the blllC' shott ren " tc:ncc phOSl'ho r antl h il:hlighl lhoe ltlllfi!'fncislence yello w plwspho r); ahernalively il IS no ,",' f'O!I'ihlc to UM: slow-lo-fasl.s':'1'l el",:ln mk co nv" rsion In allow the 5 S rv p i,lm"" to he di slll,, ~ed on onr",al TV ''('i vc.... .s"'~'" ~II Jnfornl.lUnn is ..... llh in Ihe boInd widlh nf .udio cqu, pmen l , SSTV 5 i ~ oKIl can be IMded (O u.;han ~-.:d) f o n nudio ta pe casscnes.

    T"

    SECTION

    S E V E N

    Power Supplies
    lower lo rward rCSlUarlOC and IS u.'ted lo r cu,mll l a bove aboul 1 limp . Silicon, Ihou ah , li&htly lcss elT....i cnl , has a ",i der :;, t.r. "'l1l'l ifl<;l'$ has m<;:a nl lha l lhere ;, . lill a req uirement fu r lemperalure l'D.lano and illtCllc rll.1ly wed fo r carrenu o f 1c5!I than 1 amp, incma.,In&lY in 1M 1.10 amp range. "' ell' lal'oi hud h illh-\'<,>1tage uni l . Because of th e low forward resist ance.. YCl)' lillIe h..... t is For ma ny a p plical io ns, ind ud inll 1'' '' 111 hk: a",l mulli l... dissipaled. The !IlI\Illicr l illcon dlod es ha" e no ne<:<l. o f <;001Olle,. lio n, Ihere lias been 1I w n lin ued """", h ror rncll1<'I<l, ,' f in, tins , ean bel made R$ oornlW:t a ImaU l'l:Sisto~, and t&Il ,c<!ucing lhe weigh l nod vol ume of r><,,,,,,r u nil' , and bel simi la rly supported dim::t ly In thc wirinl . A I wilh tnetaI c\' "OlWln ica l way s of oom hall ing Ihe infla li" na ry ......1 of rectl licl'$, n o h ..... ter aupplies an nee ded . All these points la 'll" . iro n-co rc<.l Ch O~C5 a nd tmnsrcr mers. Slleh "on. ide r_ add up to a h iihly clrJCimt rectific r with very ~l advan laFS .liona po i"l increa singly 1 s uch. lco;:h niljllCS as ' '''ih:hcoJ- for many ap plicallon s o ver aU th e cartier types o r ~r 0 mode (inverler ) po " ...r unils a nd I\:g Ulnl0rs 10 la ke IId"" ol llge roctilicn . ,,,,,,,II h i, llcral le m.ntinl/ freq ue ncies lh an th e ~ or 60 Hl Whal thai are the sn" lP? TIle main p ro blems an.... paTtly u f e" nvm llot.a l ma i"" 5UI'pIiM: ah h ()tJgh swilch ing-mo de fro m Ibe rela lively 1 '" tllllllt inverse volla lCS w hich can bel 0 unil' ",a n p rese nl ",o l>lc" .. o r r .r. inle rfCfCncc . \ wilbltood by diodcs manul aet ute.:l a t th e PTl:"CllI stalc of Many or the presenl In ' hn iq ues COI n be Im C! d irec lly 10 the art and PArtly fro m 1M i.nhcrmt bilh cffil;iency o f the 100 a m v. 1in lilt: ""rly 'siXlies o r silicon po_r ,I;"""" wh ich Wl.i l. kIlu lIC Ihe forw ard res i$l;u\ce is SO lo w, Ihe Iil.ioon rnpid ly <>\1,1",- 1 Ihenni<Jn i<: ..." " ir,en i", ludin.. both " har d diode QtI readily pt!SI destnlCUvcly hi~ CUlTCIIU if vaeuum" an d ,. me" ry va po ur " w oes : bUI it was no l voltages a rc a pplied even for a Ih o rt period (Chill com pares un1il l he laIc ''\<'Y<:nli lha l a sign ir,<'Dlll dem and arose fo r unfavourab ly wilh Ihe a vet1l$c selesuum rco;li f\c-r which i$ hiihc urre nl , low.vol llll-'<' . " pplie< 1(1 e lla ble rc l.1livcly high usuaJIy tl!Ilcd rOl'" un liml led 1ll ~lilll llUlCOUI peak CIllT\'lltl) . power .. . II-solid l la le " e'l Uip menl h. he o pcm loo from A frcquenl l;lll.llC or silicon diode fai lurca in this c:oo.rttry and ma illS s up plies as a n " lle rnal;ve In veh i.:k: ba lleriat. etsewbere is now known 10 be th e momentary vO ltaae I urp which ooxur at Irregular in le rvals Oil IlK: d earie lupply Why U.. Silicon Aooct ,p.,., 1 main:s; tht:sc overvollal/.es are 1MW.Il,. of too short du rai ton Man y am a leur s haVCI fouOO 10 their l.'OSt th&t it is 1111 too 1 alTet:t electric Ilppliano:::s (K lamps. 0 easy 10 des tro y silicon diodca-logcther o flcn enou l/.h , wilb TbeIc transient overvolla ga enee nti se during po wer l he UIOCi&lcd mains tramlormcr. T ills is not due to an,. l upply sw;lchinl/. o perations, o r fro m llllttninl/ stril C5. inhcre lll unreliabilil y of silicon diodee, bUI flU rna", ofIeli Lllltrnln, caU ICS InInsicntx 10 a ppear on th e power lines by because 1I11u fficicni &lIClltiotl ha s been paid to fundamcnl&1 direct Ilrike 01" b y induct io n, even ....here tbc normal ~ 1It\Jlinll: dc!IilPl pr oblema. The subject is of l ufficienl importan: to lIt"lUler hal fuoctioocd co tn:<:tly. Prcs lUllo:l.bly boca o f thc lUfl jUltify a review oI' how these breakdown s OI;CU' , aod how they IIIll1llet usc o r o__bcad lince, ligh tnill, lran sien ts uc more caD be a\lOidcd . 5CVCrC a.nd o f longer du tll.lio n in Nral &r C8ll IlInn In urban Fint. con sider why it ill wonh bothering about 11........ dis tricts . A M"IIard in\"cstiralion W>owN lhat for llXllml'le, at rectificn. Aft er a lt, we have l:>cm usina thermioni c and Dudley, W Ot...... durins: a period of tlx wecl<s Iile follow . aelenium metal rcctirocn h.lppily cnouah for ~ aod have substan tial OVCtVOlla gc:s \VCfC rceordcQ: 3S of 20-40 per cenl them well tamod. And , a l present prices, a well-designco:l power supply wilh l ilicon di odcs is net likely 10 pro ve ebev e ncrmal ; 7 o r 40-70 per o;:cnt; and I of 0'1 100 per cem. At ChClUll , Surrey, dU rlnl a pe riod o f 121 wceltl, recorded lian ltlcan tly cl>capcr than with Olher t ypes of rectifiers.. ove rvo lta,es amounlcd 1 27 o r 2040 per ca ll; 4 or 40-70 pcr 0 Neither valve nor mctaI rmifien can meel lhc definition t;Ul 1; and 8 or 70- \ 00 per cenl. Suc h ltal w cnts may Iasl o nly a o f the Ideal rect ifier, lha l il to say , a <1evi!;l: which o ffers zero few m icmseconds and hav c lillie eaect 011 va lvo rcctiCIcl"I impcdaDco to cum::nt flow In ODC d iRction (fo rwar d rcsi$(cxa:r"t some large lla:I-fillcd types' . Butl l ince a 100 per eeee ~) an d infin ite impedance In the othcr (revcrac rel lslam:e). It CILll bellho'Nn simpl y (th ou llt painfully) by louchinl/. the o vcrvolta.gc on 230 \1011 maim IS cq w~alen l 10 460 volts r.m.... o r 650 vol ts peak. II will bel a p precia ted tha i Ihese envclopc IlIat a valve rectiIIu bas a fairly h iah forw ard rc:sWance-Ihc hich Opcrallnl lcmpaatu rc of the envelope volt.ll# Sllrl/.Cl can all 100 eas ily result in scmlcondUl:1ot failurcs, ev.... in o therwi se well dcsi~ed power su pplies . deriv cs from Iile power wh id> Is heln l wa:ltcfu11y diss ipaled Th e bllillilI protect illn lIpinit \IOltagc transienu vari es Inside it. The val vc rcctlfler m ust 1\1.0be mnsidcrc:d as ha vinj with lhe typcand ma ke of. ilioon dloo cs_ somc800voll (c.w.v.) a IImlled life. Metal rcct irlCn hllve lIPPreciabl c fOfWllr pJ .v. types ha vc Il'llrtu cnt invcl"lC \IOllqc n1liIlp or ar(lund rcsl~Wt ce , whidl ill why cooling fins a n: filled . A melll ~ rectifier ta kcs up oo nsldcr ab lc sp3OC ; Itln t>crrnorc the for_ 13ro volts. but ill llWly of th c earlier di odes th e margin is a aood dcaI less. Fo r th e amateur desilflCl", who willscldom ward resislaDCC tends to inct'tO$\l with ap:. ThUll bo th vlll~ have any n: liable inrormat ion on the o verv oh al/.' " likc ly to and mc talrectificn occu py apprcc:ia.b le ubinct SflllllC, requite wcdaI mo untinjln th c form of a valvc soc; ket or mo un tinl ap pear on hi, pIU'1lcuinr mains supp ly, and wh o may not CYCll ha ve rull malt er'1 information o n th c diadCli he wishes clips, need 100 vc:ntilation, aDd llCt\crate a ;reat <ka.l Ileat ....h idl may cause Iud! dTccu lIS osc illat o r drin, or th e dctcrioru.Uon of rubber wirin llllfld c lectro lytic capacitor&. Gennan lum and silicon Junction rcctificn are m IlCh nearer Ihe ideal; tl'>cy have very low forward resistance and biih rcver5C RSistancc. o r thc two . lICI'TIll\I'1ium h... the o fsem ucl<>n has "",ulted in hasis T HoEnrise \lSe n f i<:ondhigh-eu"" nl>tasuppli",,0: rn:wemplinea r low-voltage, oo-ver liM,: con tinue d lhc rm io nic dcv;.. fu r high _po","

    "r

    =-ve

    ".

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNI QUES

    to I,OIC, " practlc&l 1a!~lUlIId iJ 10 jeeve t he most , enerola. possi ble wo:I y ....argjn, thaI . ~ OC(lDom 1caJ1y practicLl.

    $ur,_ Urnlllnl
    Wicon or mercury-vapeur
    With an y rcrt.ticr lIavi". " low fnnwllrd J'fti&tanco (....
    ~iticrs)

    o;onsidcnlion must be

    gien 10 ille effoct of o pera tl" , Into a capa.citlve load soch as ItIaI prc&eIllal by the racrvOl, ca pacito r of the con vc:fItloILll rip ple lill"," AI Ibe moment of $Wi1chinll OIl. m e rex."oir . CIIpllCilOr fCl"I"C&ClItI an -'most dir;t sh lln -<:in:uit KJ'OSS tbe ou tput o f the TtClificr. Add ilionally, If 11.. v.I"" of lhe caPKilo r b h igh, t~n large oealu:u rtenlS ...ill now durin, the rdalively anon dUly-cyck of the rcdi6er. The peak aIff'eIl l wh ich wi] Dow at IWitch-on Wlll lkpend upon Ow: preeae mo ment I the a, c. cyd c when the OOleh is c1o!iOd ; ~ wOM flOS!iblc co nditions eccur wilen the swi tch cl o!ltS a a<:tly a l lhl: pu.k or the sine wave. A sil icon l'1'd i ~ r h.. no protective wum-up time so Uu.1 it q, poli.\iblc fo' II 1~"Y JUf&e of current to now 1 1IIo the ~rv(lir o;ap'lCilor . AI wilh mercU!)' vapour an d o ther low impe<!lulcc recti_ 6en. this problem CIUI be: 1ar"ly $fIlve4 by ""; "1 <;ho koInPlIt ra lhcr \haD a CIlpacilivo-UlPUt, ripple fIIln' ; th il cllanllC Will IIlw im p rovc vo ltaae rqulllCion. thou ah a t the 0;:001 <>f lOme lowerinl of d.c. vo lUill" OUlput . Ho~er, . cho ke is a bulky and fal rb c;lpcn sivc COlllpo nent and there are nuuw ap plicatio n. whe re th it; iOlul WD iI in o;onvnicnl. In sud! (;I f'l;Wl1Stanoc:II it is h ighly adviJable to lit a aurIC Iimilin. resin or between th e rectifier and the reservca paci lo r. evcIl lhouah Ibis resuru in SOOlC 1055 o( n:o;tillcatio n clficiClX:1 uK! the ptel'&Ilo~ 01 lIdd illol\lJ heal. An lICt.:ef'Iable value for .. sur ge h mitiJlll l'e'<i. to r is roughly 30 o bma per di ode: tb ur with a seriGl m i ni o f tlll'tt di odes. II lUi14ble value relistOf wo uld be 100 o llm s. TramiCQI ......lf3&CI; are p:neratcd wben e....r II 1l\31"di< com ponen t b ud!. u tr."srOtll\C. o r choke) is cncrltil.cd Of oJ_ ", rgilzd. Fo r e.uunp lc, t nn.~ i cn l vo l la~ o f a peal ampli lu de severa.! limes that of nOrlll:l1 <:an be ~cral ed Ihrou&h the sudden i DlCrruptiO. of <;U1TtJI1 by " vudtinlWe th us have IWO main dcs i... problC1Tll : In the finl " iaa we rr\lul make IUfC that under normal wo rkin g cond itions we an: kocp lnl well with in the p.i.v . r/ltlng of ea ch diode; oocondly . ... 1<1 juat as Imp OfW ll. _ mus.t do IOmethin l to limit the bi llb volta I C and cw mlt ' W"JCS thai Illcvitabl, apptar in power sUl'fllil'$ /II lhc: mome nl o f cwilchml an d durill il mains oveTVo ltages. Some mal e n distinguish bel ween these two pro blem. by .oopting Ihe lerm .. am worH, g .......I&&C .. (e.w.\I.) for the muimum p<lak Yolt...., ""hidl ou;un under n o rmal re perm ve eonl!it ion , . U o ppo'lCd 10 Ihe tran~cn t ra tinl which is _ hi....... Vl)lta~ wllleh ea n be accept ed (o r II. momen l/lry period eore"/.. Un, P.I.Y. Rm ln
    suppl y using silic:on d iodl'$ ill lO calculate the basie peak in ve_ vo lUlges ( lu t i. aut work inS volla p ) wbkh will
    'TlIc Ii.., It ep' '"""" ""nri de M g th e d""i &/l " f a po we r

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    ICrics (we co uld US<" " oe d iode nlleO at 400 p.Lv . in serics with One of 800 pJ .v. bU as we , hBll oce 181 the re are I. er. some d i.wvaJ\lagc:s in mims d i lf~n t Iypes 0( d iooes).

    appear II<."fOII each diode. Fi,. I llt o "",, the IoilJ..lalioll rcr the: mo.t co mmonly used d rcui ll ({heac thC<l~tir:al llillfCl igno ~ lran ,rormcr and r:t.illcr ......llage d ro tll- etc. but thill 10 o f lill Ie f'lrartical co noeqnenoc ). Cc n si!kr th e cu e o f th e very populu bi-ph a.te o r fullW\lW ei n:ull (Fig. l {a ). The p.i.v. across coch Ictt o f lh e rtetifICf \I a pprollimately equal 10 2. II 2 (a bou t 2 '8) times tbe IItemo.tins voilaI"' ( rnca.IlUcd In r.m .s.) lIQ'OU each half oflhe uan~former RCOndary wiro:linl . TbllS with a 3so.o.3SO volt tron,fonner. the p.1.v. aero ......eh r..,til1~ oect;on will be roughly 28 x l SO volt.., whim I. 980 voUs. To pro vide _ rcasoniIblc margin of .. rety. r. will he ad vi<ahlc ro r eacn lO:Iion to hllve a pj v. o f a bout 1200 WIlts. A Jin gle d iode: ovItlllhi, ruting would ten d 10 be rat ha Clrpcrllive; in practic1: WIl mighl well decide to nse th ra: 400 p.l.v. lypeS in

    TI1Ul, fo r the power supply, lit leas t ,i~ 400 p.i.v, di odes wo uld be needed in lWO :scries- ~trin&l o f th ree d iodes each. In th is calcuLt lio n it h.u bcfl\ ~..ry ." o.Iiol;nJuil~ belween !hc e.e. inp ut to the RiClifien and the tt roret ical e.e. outpa l. TIli, " because th e In.Illil' lication fact<.>r 10 <.>bta ln the p.i.v , fro m the theorc\i c.l.1 d.c. output rs ] ' 18. a ppria biy hijl,er t han the 2S used. TIll.! can be in,roortltJll since we enen lettd 1<.> th ink in ICrlTll <.>f It 3SO volt power supp ly, rather lhan of on e u~ina: a ]<;().tl.1S0 volt I""". former. (or gett ing th.sl the lwo a re not t he Mme . In o rder 10 ob tain a rating or 1200 vo llll p.l.v . we C&n 1101 jusl co nnect Itlreoc 400 p.i.v, d i<>tia in scrie$.. The rClll.llanl p.Lv. would be t2(X) VGIU o nly If tbe l'C"iCnC l'CIi'l ancc or Cl\<;h di ode were Prcclsel1 the sa me. A~llll.lly the voltage d islrih ution ac ross llle th ree diod es TC-."CIl1hl", lha t o f a potentiomete r rompr;,mtt three diIJlnIIl v.lue ""ilIonIt.e hi gher Ihe ~VBK m1' laJK:C of an y pul icula r d ,ode, lhe J{l't\Ittcr will be it . 8 ~.re o f the t otal inverse \lOlllllle. Un(orlW>&ld y. th e reverse l'CIislan ee of CUlTCrlt t yllCl o( silicon dIodcs vary _PPe d_bly. A ran ll" or u p 10 ) to I Iw bftn quot~ even (or the AmC make and t )'llC of di o..\e. ",hi'" much grealer d,!IC~panaCl ean be found am on, mi>cd l ype! WId ma.lGl. Since. l(rnil Is reach ed whe n an y o ne of the r1iodcs hu . reverse veItage o f 400 vclu, the IhFft 400 p.i.v. diod cs are likely 10 ha ve _ combined !ll:rics ntt;,,; .." U below 1200 volts unl~ elllb<!r:tte Iters ha ve been taken 10 ma ldl

    U_ J'on unarcly Ihl, prote ca n be o vercome by ~~' rmcctin. em an equaliz7<lg ll:lIi. tn' au..... each diode (u shOll'" be don. incidentall y for . ericsoO'>tlno;Ied VR -tllbc:s and eltro lytic ca pacitn Tl). Th e 'IItlllC of lhe resistor rnll11 be ~lll.l i vety .malt compared with the reverse "",iSI&nl:Cl " f the diodes. Th. reak invenc \loltages .~ then .~ aJma n cqUAl l1 bc1wem th o dilX!co d""pile any crrrerences in the d ,od es thenl$lva. A typiutl value would be 150.000 o hms. These rt'5i.lon will. o f co W'SC, aUow a certain lUTI<lun l of e.e. to bypa.u lhe di ad et but thi. rarms o nly /I smo ll pan nl"thc ripple curreet . The a~ acres clea rly sh.. w Ihe advisa bilily o r aIwl yt mini eQualilillg res;i ,l ol'l wilh It serics llrl nll' o f dlode3 unlell

    POW ER SUPPLIE S

    ,.

    here is a great margin of sa,{ t;y. It is true thai o ne st illll<:e! c 150 K ISDK lOOK llWly published designs in whiclilbis pr(Cllution is omillcd; the dcsigllCfs hav e either been luck y in their choice ofd iod c:s, or are depcrld~ upo n th e conserva tism of mak:ers' ratin gs, or have trouble 10 sto re ! Even with equa.lizin, resistors it is advi$able 0011 0 ope rate scnes-conoectcd diodes right up to their full P.'.i.v. rultngs if thi s cart be: avoided. A good safely marain will Jive you somcthing in hand to meet unavoidable FUSE "'S'" current an d voltage sur~. All an ene reenve to resistors, eq ua lizin g cepacitors may sometimes be recommended fo r this purpose, fo rming an a.c. polentiomctcr. 150 K lOOK ' SOli There are vari ous circu it methods o f reducing the effccls of lransients ar ising fro m switch ing surges Md ma ins over. 1.. J . Typlc.1 JlO . o lt p ow.' . u p p ly oal . . . . .1 co " llIco. voltages. G2BVN passes &long the information tha t on e d locl.. Ul..... . ln . ...... al <1>0 p ..........' u. dl , h .. British manufacturer ad vises the usc, with 800 p.i.v. di odc:s, of tran sient dampinlt devices across the rectiller out pu t and per cen t lit 100" C1.al though thc figures vary a Iiltle with type. also across the transfo rme r scoondary: each of these:dampinlt ThU! a 250 rnA lliod e mighl have to be ...... triet<:d t u a bout devices consists of WI O'!I'F ca pacItor in serid with a 1 K 100 lilA if req uired to operate a t a high tempe rature. In . uch enms resistor (he re a&l\in watch II . C. mti ngs) ; a n example o f cases , il Is. ulways advisable to check: ..... ith ma kers' literatu re. the usc o f ca pacaors is shown in Fi g. 2, Md o f resistors in The lUJIount o f hea l gencrated in th e recti fier ir..clf i. lu....., Fig. 3. the d iodC!ll various methods of combating high tran sient vcltagea 10 tha t it sbould usuall y be po ssible to en sure that rea.sona ble fW1 coer, They sllould be mounted so that a continue to be developed. Silicon diodes have been d evcl. ollCd capable o f withstanding transtenr p.i.v. o f man y kilo. wnOWIt of co ol ai r CWI reach all outside surfaces; they m ould he kept Bway from heat producing va.!v WId comp<>nal ts. "" volts. "ft'umicn t sllp p ression comlX'nCllts of various types The l'\llUling tempef"dtute of any equalizing o r sur gc-lIrnitUig have been developed, includ ing the use of srnaU rnctal rectt- reslston can be kep t lo w by tilt ing lfCZ\erous ly ra ted typcl. 6<'11 connected across the su pply, altho UJiI these are not in , T ry to ensWl: that the diod es are no t mounted in CUlTCllts o f general use by amateurs . warm air com ing from valves, e tc. Controlled avalanche rectifiers are like ly to be inere.llsin~IY ...00, UIC5e have a care full y contro Ued non.destructlve M I.cel'on_ . PoInts internal avalanche breakdown 10 project the junction; in other words the recnn cr can , so to spce k, Ila.sh over without It I, the unforlunalc tend ency of silico n diodes when dcstroying itself. break ing down to sho rt - ra tber than to o pcn-circu il. nus. of course, grea lly Uicreases the dan ger th ..t a fa.ult in one T. mp_lI.... Eff_ diode will be f"Uo.....ed by others and SO endanger the tram.. The characteristics o f ~ilioon jundl uo n:ctiilCl"5, like those fo rme r and ot he r components in the po wcr pack . To .....It a t of ot her scmicondlK.1o r devi=, are sens itive to chan ges in extent can thct;e hazard~ be avoid ed by protective fuses? temperature, Alt hough silicon di odc:sc.a.n be used at temperaThc typica l power su pply of Fig. 3 shows II fuse in the lead rures well a bo ve the boi~ ng po lnt o f water (l0if C), the maxito the transformer centre-lap, Such a fuse is ve ry useful in mum safe d.c . oUlput cu rreot falls qui te m pidly with incrcaspr oviding prll\ e<;ti on agai nst II. sho rt-circuit across the teed in8 temperature. Ju st 113 man y transrnluer va lvc:s have to be being fed by t he pl>wer . upply. It m ust be readily adm itt ed, "derated " with increasin g freq uency, 110 the nwd mum ho wevcr, that it will provil1conly limit ed prot ect ion agaiJtllt output o f sllicon dio des m~t be reduced wit h incre.asing other faults , for the fo llowing reasons : ambient temperatu re. Some d iodes are rated at 25' (.' or If cee diode in a string sho rt-ci rcuits, the p.i.v. acrou the l ~ C. ot hers a t 70' C so th is point has 10 be watched . remainin, on es inerC8SC!t, and these in turn arc likely to fail. Th e eJltent of Ihe demtina: necessary can be quite severe: Regardless whether Or no t th e fuse blows. this process ma y for example, a uni t rated for full o utp u t at 35" C may need con tin ue UDtii all six d iodeo have b roken down ; mould the.e to be derated b y 25 p ceJlt a t 55' C an d b y no less than 60 aU short.d!cuit then an effective sh ort-circui t ap pea.n aero", the tOlal t ran sformCl'socom!ary winding and th " may bum o ut. Better prorecuoc for the Iransf0':lller is .affo,rded ~y co nnecting a fuse in th e transformer pnmary C1f'CUIt. Thillho.....ever CWUlOt u.u:lIly be done with a conVClltional cartridge fuse .inL'C one ra ted 10..... enough to o ffer adequate pro lectlon i. likely to blow durina: &witdling on surges . S~proof Mag_Nickel delay fuses ere likely to be more satisfltClory. But fo r maximwn prot ect ion what is reall y needed i , ",me device which would immediately disconn ect the unit on lbe: failun: of on e diode. The conn ection of two silicon diodes 10 paraDcl in o rder to inc rca'iC the maximum curren t rating &:h ould be a voided if ""ssible; this I. because the forw ard resistan ce of indi vidual diodes mILl' difTer a ppr cdably so thai the e urfC1lt load will not be shared equally between Ihem . Shoul d par allel o pera tion be decided UPOIl, the un its sho uld eith er be derated by abo ut 30 per cen t o r individ ual CQualizillg res istors of u pwacdao f a bo ut 10 oluns shou ld be connected in scries with fl . 1. Di., ce.. "," ""p.cl g..d ,u pp '.uo I. hl.h.v.I ...... . 1Ii' on diod e "., uppt fc>r. 2 kV t , CI each d iode, w. uld b . O'iKlS u f (5 .V) .1Id , h mal "ln. "". .e1 0 001 u F Most malen warn users to take care 10 a void d am age to ( 1-] k V). Th "u. 1 "u.... be 1 d locl I.. ueh . tri w.uld d.p.nd thc hermetic sea.lingand to avo id overheat ing of the junction <h. l. p.l.v ,,"...

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    A MA TE UR "'''010 TECHNIQU E S

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    Back. in NO'<mlber. 19S1, asr,Todlnkal ii.dlcor-W IDF - ...,Ole on .. t1le mo l'!: dTcctive uliliJatIon of Imll1I JIO'ilf"U tran.rol'Tmn " and ~ ho w II non",,] t)1lC' 3 ~3 60 vo ll , I IOrnA, tramful'Tl'Ia w uld bel UJCd in .. bridc circuit to J'l'Ovlde lOme 6O().(,SO Ol" II' 100. ))0 mA plu 220 yolll at u.SO mA o Since' III.... hi. elrcu ll h4lI belen d o""rvNly popular but requ ire!l II KI'l'IllI C matCf IraJUl'o nner lIJId . pace for two 6X~ and .. SV4 ra:tlftcT valves. All in tc rnlina a <.bp lion of th i. circui t (111\( inciden tAlly' '' f fKti. 1 cal .I.b. rIa for ) 'S-30 Mc/s) was nolod in K4EEU . .. A ph.a. Il IYfIe . idchandcT" (Q.) No vember 19"1. A sinlle ,in 7. eom p;lct 3SQ...O.. l 50 volt, 160 rnA lrun'lformer lu ppliH 1M cnl i ~ h,\. O:<juin:m<II'- o r illc riL wilh .. main h .l, l'llllof7lJ(). 800 vo lt. and . Io~ r rai l or 2j(J W>ltll. "" lIldlln tum provida lWO ted l up plies or l lOand lOS volta. The key compoMil" o f 11111 l:ln;u!1 ( R I" 4) ... C R I and CR2, d1lI;:on teCliflen raled II' 840 \'0 I. , r.m.s. 42!1 rnA . The oriPnal dnlcn ....... Sa . . .. Tan:lan lype I2lJSM. A point un<lerliMd by WA4EPY in EIHrr-k. W."fJ (JUM 196) il thai. QDIl O'mlional ) ~ vo ll powet eatI '1ft)' USl ly ~ oon"Uted 10 provide InntlTlillel' III$lpl or y 100 vol lS by aJdin. I... SIl;lI1' or t ilieoro diodes ....a dwlPnI !he co.WUliolW ~tor in put JmOOChlnIm ler 11110 d1Dke

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    III:I'OIOl the siliooll dioda. Wbile 400 p.!.... d >o<b with .. 31SoO-3" voll . transl'om>c:r. we foci II ooouId be Afc:r 10 add an enno. diode to -=h ItrinIIO take can! 0( mainI tralWmlL 1\010 800 p.i. ' YJlCS in eadllllrini (four altoFtherl wauId ci~ ft&5OIl&bIc

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    eireuit iI that the cf5ciax:J is rovllbb' 40 pef QI:III bi&bcr tIIlm fill" the full........ cin:uiI ; this ~ th.& .. uamforDJa CI.lI ddiYeT CODIidcrabIy more po:wa-. III in.... miUo:nt ~ -.:b .. f..... amuaor traDsInJItina. lhc powa" OUIJNI caD be ...- to 150 or _ 200 po:r """" ollhc ori$Ulal: iD odla" ~ If tile oriciDal pack ~ .,. 200 mA aI 3~ voila, it ooould boo; f.trty $ale to dR... lip III a1mosI 1IW QlrRPI aI 100 \oOJIs (Ins it ~ ~ i:I dra_ from the " ' - vollqe rail. if allY).

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    POWER SUPPLIES
    ICtO1inC to the: way in which lhey ate IXInnectcd; lhk I:rI&bIes lhe uu it to be lid fo r QRP o r tu.ltin, up !limpl y by revenin& the IXInncdions to the prim&ry for 11M of t tw. tBnIfonnct'l. A lI$dul feahll'Co f tb.iI. c:ircuilll that it mablca, for e:umple, a SOO voh power uu itlo be eon verted for 800 'l'Ol1$ for linle more tI:'an the I' ria: of a JOO volt tr:anllfonner UIl1 possibly tbe fllCtificn. Tho nw.n dra wback IS that Ute MIalion on TI must be IOOd enou.a:h to wiUt$lan d ttw. combined voltages of T I and 1'2 10 !hat a IGlcrous!y ra ted nndOl'lJln is _ ti&!. But ~ are IOrne vcry line 3 ~ noand SCJO.O-SOO ex-Admiralty tran !f'ormcn around which _ wen ar.pablc of bein & so u!lCld. Ooe of the rcuom why ~ price of thcIe tranllf rmcrs .tays fairly lo w ill tha t they o ottm have OfIly ooe e volt hate!" wmdiog. It hal been found that. if thi! is well insulated, one ar.n be used fo r the 2 ' volt 'amp. heater o f each 1616, U5ing exlended le&ds 10 p rovide ~ voltaae dro p. In all varves used all power recliticra it is important 10 remember tI...t in suffJciatt heater vo lta Be, lllCa!\I~ a t the valveho lder, ill a fml uent CilUSC of fllilun:.
    VoIwr- Multlpllcat10n C ll'ClIlU

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    Tbele can be few o f U5 who have n OI a t some time o r o thc r had pa.in ful rea..on to re gret th e effects o f a short ciKuit on the avera~ power IUI' ply-<md mo re particularly on th e reo;t lfier valve. Ho w m uch better it wou ld be if the o utpu t volta IC &imply fell a WllYra pidly if th e ra ted load were lubslantia lly exaedcd .

    The _vai l,.bi llty of reasonably priced sur plU5 silicon power diodcll (we have noted $<'mc 1000 p.l.v. unitl in th e Ito ra m:cntly fo r around 1' 1') offen a good opportunity for experimenting with voltage mu ltip liCll:liOll po wer sUI!plic$. BeaUle o f the lo w forward !",ls.lanee ~f !oC.l!Ueeeducto r di odes, much bett er -rquwllon I' pollSlble WIth

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    <wc....

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    voltaIC mulllpilcatio n UUU\ Wit possible with thermionic diodes an d telenium met a l recl illers. Doe standard o;:in:u it which is en ee o verlookal. b u t wh idl migh t fo rm the basis 01_ uxful tl1llWTlin.,.. lupply usin g o nly a stan dard ra;civer mains lIa.lllfol'T>l is the voltaIC q uadru pler IbowD ia fi e. 7. Thls is ln elfe.. two o f th e c:a.scadc in lel'"a to r-type volta ge 1 dou b1eB with the ou tflUt in oerieI. AnoIhct ~ C r th is tvpe o of d KU11 is 10 o btain . bias .... P~ of a bout 2S V\>ltI from a 6'3 voll windin, ulln Bomallay.t diOOca. Wit h high voltage uni ts luitable aurse an d tTu>licDt JUppreaiorl oom poneota Ihould normally be added. lnt:loknta.UY a , ligh t moditlcation to th e usual ciKuil . (or ooe of t' - uyn llnctrbl Iype of voltaIC doub len permlls th e ~ of th e twin elo;trolrtk eal'llCitor willi lhc out er aue IXlRUnOn 10 both teelloru:.,., Fil. 8. Ooe _ tion is lid for halatio n and lhc other fomu the =etVOir

    W3FQlt ( QST, OClober, 1%2) t>t>intl OIIt that th il can be lItT aed Quite limply by al ways uain Cli limi tina ca pac;it<>r an in ICrica with Ule tranJfOm>f:<" ~ windio .. Fif. 9 &hOWl hill practiell d~ll'I fo r _ power aur pl y wlolch providn a , tab i1iud 10' volt o u tpu t for 10adA 0 ()'30 mAo sl>owl II , li&l>t riac between J().)8 rnA as the v.:>ltage rqu1ator is exlini" i&hed. but then droP'l_wa y ra pi dly 10 0 volts a t about " rnA. 11 i5 ctaimed UI.tI the o utput can be aho lH ircui ted inddlnitely without caUl in, damalC. Th e VR -tube j um pl:1 ill crnmcctal. 10 that there .. 00 output wtlas the VR.tube ill Inserted. Tho key totn pooncnt is the 3 ,.1', 400 vall pafHT o:apacitor (polarimi clect.rolylio.:$ are not lWl4 blc (or Ihis a pplica lio n). Also in W 1FQ Il. article II _ no vel me th od ob taining im proved lCpl1lr.tion and m:I...:cd rrx tilkr cu m'llt ill II voltago-doublc:r power IUPply (and such Iupp liea "'e becomin C moR and more po pular to ob tain high transmitt er vol t. ages) : Fi g. to . The on ly SIllI, il the need for I a':I1 lfo.ta~ o r dual_wound thoke. The I)'Ilcm is ak in 10 II choke inpu t smoolh ingcircu it bul with the thokes o n t t>e e.e. i<Je o f the rectiticn. WSMCV,u in QST(l'eb ruary 1963) has rou nd that

    or

    .i . IV. "' Ihnl...<t_

    h WI~ 1ft w hl<h .-u I...........d .al ",

    . ;r<~;"

    1001.. 1ft _ ,

    <aft "'" ~

    far <~r..RI
    d . ~'I.r

    caPAcitor.

    ]
    "'.. .. H ........ _
    _

    ,--.---.
    . , OWl ,........,

    . _ _

    d .~I>I . r

    ,.ad....

    _I~""

    ..

    _",I.

    o ld m.am.tfllJlSformers provide nne so lu lion if a ll windin, . other than the h.l. SCQJJIdary are stri~ o lf and the l;Lntin.ationa restaeked to provide a b utt Jomt. With , uch I cho ke an d a 3JO.O.330 volt transtcrmer h e was able 10 obtain I I BOvoll1 (with II bleeder current o f 40 mA l dfoppml by on ly 100 volts at the fu1l200 rnA load. A low_volla.go current regulated IUpp ly for InoruiAtor and . imilar al'pUcu.liolUl is described by S. E. Bammc1ln RadioEl~ctro"la(January 1963): Fig. II . Thi. huldy unitl""ovidcl a variable voltage from O2-lS vo lll (regul ated 10 within volt) with a continuously variablc curren f limit o f about 3-100 rnA . The output volla BC fal ll awayallTlOllt to zero for about 30 per oent overloadl ma king it al mos t impouible to bunt ou t a traJlliltor if the current rtruIator hal been

    &,

    .
    "

    A M ATE U R R ADIO TECHN I QUE S

    socn
    1 2 n

    5.

    ""'"' '"'
    1001"

    non

    21'1' Will

    '0'

    without lreally 1nI;n:aain. tha SO\JJ'Ce ImpcojalKo by the

    IlJe

    of lICrics resistors.
    .~ lale ly.

    Sc~eul

    simple bul lnJCl'1 lous ~rcuitl Mill:

    \II ...

    '"

    IQO }'F

    o.

    as the voltage 1- i~ . n ,l. circuit comes frllm III llJticle by W6WTU In Wu,.... R4Jlo AmJJu~" "
    Ano ther ~rul small un it (from Rild/I1oElterr<Htia, Deoernber 1%0) i. shown ill F i. 14. This mAkes use of Il1I inclusiI:l&ly popullLT foon of voll.ll~ dollb lcr. ,ometimci referred to as the ,,-If.wave eascade doubleT. WiUI rectlflel" I ooly COllJlCICtro, the n.e. cireui l is t hat of. convmlional ha lf_wave raotillc:r. but when rectifier 2 II $Witched on i\ becomes a vollql:: 40ubler atr.lngernent. provid iD, II, d..e. ou tpu t appro~jmatcbr Iwiccl tha t of the tran dormer ...md inlRECTI

    13 UIowt a v()JtaRc-ronlro~lU1ator clrcuil which eatI eMily bel . ddW 10 a normal ...wI power p&Ck 10 provide a variable su pply of about 75 \0 300 volts. VOllAi" l'Ci\1lation will be quilt good on lo w vollallC$. but (alb olf

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    ~

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    11 10 _ I l Oll; 1

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    S(I 10 . ~table value. T he unit. il i. llIaled, it pot dama&Cd by allY load. illdudiPll a ahort-circnit, The two co nt rols QUI be d i1'llC\ly u.libn ted (t he current cal ibra tiun i, by 00 means IirlCll.r) with a voll/lIlA metei'. To calibrate the "o ltage Ul ob simply co nn ect a vo ltmeter aetOll$lhe ou tpu t 5O'kelS. ToQ!ibn He for curRllt lim itation , 00AAC<.. a mi lliam met er in ocrics with VR I wilh the "ullase 1 k.Jl<Jb ~ to 10. The lellu1ltin a: trans isto r dWipation does nol e~ e bout 15 .....'" eo there should be no need In muunl II n n a hut sink.

    ]
    oom~ with 10 UJO II 1l00d

    .,'
    '"

    r'"n,lfl''' P"we' UnIt A wen reiUlilled, low riJl1'Ic power unil whid! deliver .woUI 6 vcru d .c. al 2llO mA ISdescribed in EIUfrM/u World (Oct ober 1963) : 5CC Fi l . 12. This t.as the edvunllge o fbclnll

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    " . 11 A .
    po

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    po ........ 1' . 0;. ' ,, -........ Z.... ofl h 1ft h" .'_ ul. ,"" <Ire GI l, J N JOI o . , 1 11.. h ., 1 of.. ll ft .... 111..11 _ .. o.-c.. t-, .

    ."

    Jl.:;aulC: the ripple vol ta", in IhC\C citcuil. i. mainl)' 50 CIs. 100 c/o of II ruUwave 1'IlC\ilicT u il necessary . smoolhin a; filler. Included in Iht s circuit II p rovi . ion for a low vollage e.c. OUlput obt.ined from a 63 voll heater windin ll and u sing two small ll':fffiiUlium cry. ta l diodC$ in alCCOnd vollaill doubler o f thisl)'pC ; in this cas c with thc d.e. outpul controlled by a polmtiome'lcr, p ro vidinll a co nvenient :suppl y for bl.lLt or uluuisto r IJ'l\'lli Qll ions .

    .... ... .

    "

    h ri<ll'
    iI

    xe",. ,

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    $hun l n:gul ated un it Illther than tho more usual .eriC'S Ullulntion IIDd will wilhlland a tl\<Jrt-c:ircuiting o f the OUlrut without dQma lle_ The uni l consis" o f a (X'n'<'e1llional bridll': rcclifter with a sh un t.re,ula tor a m .btin s or II . t..ldard power trn nsiot" r witb a 57 vo lt, 2$0 mW Zener dfode. This is u$ually a co nl idc ra t>ty cheaper . ystem thiut u..in S a biBb po~r zetlc r diode: regula tor alune. Q I act.s as IU1 cmluerfo llower wlwHe input \'Ullage is governed by Ihe Zen er diode.

    "" '00'

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    nov II01 1..::~:'::::t"11---1:-: 15o' A

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    . 1 . IS.

    Vorlob'- V"Il"I. P" w., Podul


    A usc ful """C'SSOI)' fo r Ihe shac-k 111 11 power . u pp ly Whicll can rcaillIy be adjusted 10 give ""Yeral vo llllge outputs
    SIMI LA R;

    I YI ....

    c.m ....

    ~ I II

    ...

    - . . -.. _ . . . I

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    A.

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    OIJTPUT

    Fi~ IS and 16 show two compact l la biliUll1 power P1Kks provid.in, IS lIlA an d 40 rnA between 110 and 250 volts, A huakicr variab le :supp ly unit , Fill- 17. "'as lPveII by KOHVK in CQ (November 1960); in this tho rcvu 1ll.tOf "al~ also &<;l u fu lJ.Wll.\It! rectt fiera 10 provide a su pp ly whic h can be vlUicd from about 80 to vol ta. The 16 19 val va used b y KOHVK are a larSCr vers ion o r the: 61.6 IllId co uld be ~placed by alrnostlUl)' !arlO oul pu t types IUCb ..

    no

    ,
    " O Wt R S UP Pl. IES

    2<,
    -He

    whereb y a sta biliml 300 ven nne can b<: ubulined from any sup ply delivering aho ut 3 1 ~ vo lts un der loa d. T he onl y oomponents ~uircd an: two "on 47 K ohm 1 wau resi'I"'s all<! II lN69 diode: ~ FiB. 18. The , ~, IN69 Is tisted lU .. b",nc".l '0 l-I ...., purpo se germ aniu m diooe MY. mg maxi mum in"",..., yolt.!. of ~, 75 &J1d a n"",imutn r"rwud cu~t .VCl1l~ of 40 mAo In 150 K dfllCf. before Ignitioll . U,c rq:u_ Lal r tuba lLte ",,,,,,,ted lIS o t1u lb _ n th uugh in parallel llClV1<I 11K supp ly, but o n firing Inc bias is remo..w from the diod e wlUch " , . ,.. Co mpa.. . . , ula . "" 114 'ly 14Ift. ll ....Z!lll YDI.. . , . . . ...... 1 TI, Z4G-O-:Ho V til mil. t hen ro nducts. urus p lacing -..a4 " .._ N I-J D' . Im ll 'YPI , VI. 6)(4 11 1.l'O,V 1I h Vl" I CI.6L the two rl'gular l ubes in ~ries . Out put volta le will be a lill ie 807, 1625, eiC. The SUQ4 reo.;tificr which provi des the lTill . boye 300 vo ila, bcca u!Ie of th e l"C!IiSflntt o f th e d iOolk. and eontrol V QhallC cou ld be: repteced by a suitable metlll the de aree o f ~KUl alion , Iightl,yn::ducW bu l q u ite Slll isfllctOl'}" rectifier if an iwlaloo healer l upply il not availnble. for mOil purP<'~. There is often. need both in M.b. and e.m. rip for . 'l"bl ltzed voltaIC rail of abom 300 voru, u~uaHy for the VoIta, _ Re,uI..ror TIp Krtt7l gri<1s 0 ou tput Ictrndes. This sup ply is USUD.lly '" """"",,, hat similar idell u \IICId i.ll dlwit in Ekc'Nmk obtainOll by oon n~ti nB two VR l SO/OA2 rcl(Ulatorlln 1U1e!.. D~$II .. (Apri l 11 19(2) bill for m bilizcd lines \lSln& . silllle .. 1 Vft lu be. In th. s ease , the a ppl ialtlon is when:: I~ VR lube

    "

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    It unab le to tire becau'I<: 01' ins ufficient polen tial wilh kl&d COMCC1af. and .. hn1: it b not wi.hcd lu rain,," the val ue o f the voIl.,.:-drnppinl resis tor. In 1';8_19 .. anall. ili<:on d iode D l d isconnoc:LS R I and lhe ...... from the v a lube UIltil ancr II Ms tltod . Oooc: Ill k bu h.~ IMn Ihe circu it Opelllle'S DonnaUy U l;Cpl fo r a ' r.,;tfon of a .....,It In.:reau In OUlput vo ltage b.IolISt o r tile omln Y lts-d ro p through D I. o
    VR.Tuh Scr_ Oro,.,.....

    with l\ilh nlue Iftiston lIICroSSthem 10 ~ lp i!ion. But .


    common difficuky is tha t such an OlTlUlJiMlCllI feCI",l"", an inilial il1lit in. potenllal of approxim.lle1y 370 Wllt$1nd this may not aJ wa~ be . Yailabk . G3 WW dntWi lllentlon 10 an ;l\lI"" ioo , circuit dC"Yice (ENc-trOllia WoPld. Septem ber 1%0)

    , n

    ,w

    A \'C'f7 simp k .....y 0( =lucing screen vo lta", in I'&riollJ C\nnm t oond ll'Oll. II to UR" volt'ltC'"regu.lltO! lube M <\1'OppCr. ro r IPfllialtiom whe re the KTeCJl I require so me 15 101:10 \'Olu k:s:I h.l . Ihan the an ooel : see Fl,. 20. It will bI: a pprecia.l cd lIill thi, '~lem dOel nOI smooth ou t an)' fluc tuat ion , orlhe h. l . line C'a ll.IC'<i by cllUl B o pe ra tion or th e ' n ....

    ,w in,

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    _ .... 100_ _h _ - ... -1 -.. . ouflI<l_ ... 1..,1"_,..'" III " H I. _ _ :lOI _h ... two V ; . I" M _ . I'whlch

    Fl . 20.

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    rolto,.

    A MATE UR ItAPI O TE CHN I Q U E S

    Mo:u orus hlVllIona: acted on the UNmpoOOQ thaI NI CU)' ...., o f improvll\, t ile lI a bili ly o r lUI otdIlalor 111 lim ply to opente it from lupply aabili.l:cd by VR-rubc ror valyc cim>itl or 1M COITCIpOooinl bncr diode for lran.mon. The ........ .. har...urbtb of thaoo dcvia:l ate - 0 , tUeu
    prel ly mudl (or &nnlcd. Bul in QST Coaobcr 1964) W6UGAsh there it.~ okallTKN'l:: to VR .rubc chancurirotb llwJ one olIm thirW., and ' ''-I one: <:aD run IDlo 1Ille1pa:&ed troubleL lie me:... tN.1 the charac1cNtiQ CUI talc the form of ~ 1009. appro;:lably redudnl; lhe dqftc 0( YOltaae llabili7.1ltion it the tUbe it lIllIde 10 operate 0 " 100 wide CWftllI r&nFThis can also lead 1 form of reluaholl Okillatioa II 0 e:at*dt_ lfatcr than .bout 0. 1 lO P ~ .............ted ill paralld Wlt1l the rube. Some: ~ problema can MmiIalb' arDe wit1lo diodes and this .. UJ><I,crlincd in nol'c from Rca Hanvnans. 0 21 0 tIrho ...nlea: .. An dl't whil:b puWed. me for few hours ..... OlOOtbI qo COfKel'N tbe - - . . , . , 01 tlw ~""lucney 011I<ffiQcnI of. d l,Oll 10 tho: UillOduWon of , bnct diode. I had COMtrw;led . 11 M.;/I U'&Mislor " .r.o. and Iud RICCCIIlded in ,eniD, Ihas 10 fUQClioa widtiD 2O.).JOO c;/I with a ....na.bk OI~ powu ... ppl, from 16V doow to JV . Thus lheaddilionola Z - d>uda ~IIabitolllly ~iqtill& l:lul was tboucht WOfth..nile fOlf mobile ocoer-IMI. You CIJI Ima$iDe my ~ when 1 fOWld thai lbe tiluatioa 101 viokDu,. wone 1IntIIlbc 'h&tr. A docd &boItrl llIaI lhe OIl.I&e was ranaiDina _ I al -9'1 (U1c ~ diode voIl.1&e1 **- lhe aIPPb'...nod from - 16 to _ 11'1, bioi t he r~ue>lf;)' . . . dwl..... by _:11 k.c;{1w Mer ....... IhouuJhI I came 1 !be DDndUlion lhat !be 0 zeeee di ode, wno.e .m~ is both qu ite ktw and l1iJ.. rio<;Uy \'U>able wil h vo~ was Klin. . . a variable Ih unl KTOSI lbc 0" I ~F by'1"Yt' o:apKilM lZIOd to aJmC)leIc !be r.r. rclul'D path f.om collcc1m' 10 ernlllcr ria p-ound . ~ ..... y a Js.o ha"'t been tome .......... QPKilllQOC, with dwIfe 01 alfl"ef>l bult............ld ha-.e bem qWle Jmall comr-ml with lloe <1- 1 ,. F. Bul tho: ~0I 1) I ..F on 17 Mo:/I it abouI I ohm ...bid> it. DOl by an, ..-nIl low eoou&h 10 .no- OOI!: 10 '1JIloOR Ihe i~ of lhe: ZM <li lldr wtUc:h can "" ... low .. ~ otunl. M)' lOI.. tion was to ..parale the diode from !be bypus ~(l.t" by a - 'I r.r. moke whidr. th ... Itoldil oir the ....liable Zen i ~ from th e 1.1. pltIt.w

    i i.,""'*'

    aweat aaoa the I.c.d. 1be _ _ ir. Ielcctcd to be about 0,5- 1 voh !at than the mi nimum work ln. voltqc of the equipmerll. U it Is (OIJnd that the l;UfI'Cftl variatloa thtouP the I.e-d. durina battel'J' lira R uoeaiYll thi, can be ~ by p uttiua: unaJI reaistor in serial with the I.c.d. Ub I IClICI', the h .d. ahibitr. DllII-Iu-r Il:PItalKI.' dw'ac:teriItiaI and there is I~ ~l dwl., lhrouah it (or $IIlIII volt . eh.:1n1ft IoC1'OSI iu taminals.
    H _ ...._ _

    Few amatcw'1; wo uld llOlIlemplate opcrati:na v.r.o. CIr no:eivu U . 0IWlat.... from aD UftItabllized. 1Lt. .. ppiy. But h is oCtm fOlf'lOCtI!D thai chaaps in hfIaIer .... MamaIt

    z.-r

    v.r.o.

    _ _ ........ ,.. . ,

    .... n
    _

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    suppliQ Q.II

    ew:a

    I'OOft:

    subat and.J

    rreq~ ~

    (particu1&rty <luriDl pow.er cub or if )'OIt. are un(~ ~ 10 $Ulfer 1'00I POOfb rqulatal maiM 5UPPtieIL

    The L E.D. Voh.., . ItKllc<r.....

    Wi th the IncasiDI need t.... hi&her ll.abditicl, more auentloa could UJduII )' be PO'CIl 10 this ~ Some fKtOrJbuilt RCleivoen have .-.1 .......... 1)'pQ 0( banalen. 10 NbioIize '-ta' supplies to ,..;n"IOf" vaJyQ Uor eumplc IbII GeIoto OaJ9R). A _ lechnique f", o:I}' doae rqqlatioe 0( a 6-l yo h G-l amp valw in ~I1-W1 (Jan...,.,. 196) _ rqK'iDlcdfrorn H~ f f _ ~ AppI~ tW Nom. TbullIe$ hoG z-er dktdcI eonncded Mck~to-bId: in a bridet~ . When lIc:I up COIRICIIy. il II swal. that thit 1)'51,,", O""\&. 21) will n:sull in a beater YOhaae ~io n or lea t han (H)4 per omt fOf". uanlionner W'OItqe chanae or I l per cent.

    hln Davis. GlZXV. proWJc.. a " oeM balla')' .... I..IC ind n lOr bttsed on lhe uw or a Ila h....:.T!ltl lJlI diode (1.c.cl.). TbcK use ful de~io:eI hOl-.e heromc readll, available and arc 1101 npc:lUiV'C lukinl in lO .-:c;aun l lheir Ion, li' , and lhe: fad thai l he:)' do nol need a hnlckT. T1ley Uti easil)' .... pushed Ihrou&h Iltna ll h,, '" d rilled in a n nisliDa piVld . T1ley can 00 lbou&hl or .. tin)' Ind k:aI01" bUlbi Openllinl on a falrty wide r&lIll'e of f;Ilrml l u luco (C&'I il)' vil ible from a f""" ll'lA to 20 o r mo re mA l. Fi. _ 21 l howl (UZX V'I utlUI. emc: nl 10 &iV'C a lnd"ul Ind i",,,i rm or lhe 11.1.Ie o f lhe: hol llcry vo lla ge d urln,the: enrtre di ochr.e p ~nd ...i.h ncld l~ble c:urre nl con....ml' lioo In IIIe .. b.'l1er)' lo w " , The JerKr diode b.'I<:kl-OfT most o f lhe bAil er)' vo lta ge wilh the rc<ull lha l o nl)' voll nll" Vllrinlion,

    ' i., n . T"" ...... _ f ..... 11

    .. .. _ ....._ _ ..... "'.~_. . ..... _ _ ___

    .....-----..--,----,
    , ,
    ~

    pao; b fo r use with t raml'lo r equipment have Men lP~ from time 10 time. Rut o ne of the limplal dodptl (1,,()If/Q WOf'IJ. I llit e 1963) i, l im ply 10 1lOM:I IltI'\;ID ba ltCTY of appropriale voilaII"' lIal:tss the OUl pu l 0I1he power flIU'k. This n ot onI)' Ita b ihlClll the o ut put but a1Io rcd_

    Several methcds o r I la bUirin, 1h<t OUlp!.ll from anall pet....

    if required :

    PI . 11.

    o n: x y" ....ttMJ _

    ... ... 1 ....... . ....1

    tipple and can bet UKd 10 replaca Ihe o utpu t tl P1'1e tapaQtor He Fl, . Jl. Provided thai the vol ~ or Iht pack an d th e baUe r)' arc I'OOIlhJy Ibe 1:Ut'l(l, the totill eurre:D1 drawn from th e ba llery "";U be Very low ao that the batlcr}' Ihould hut prac;tlc::all)' ltnhdflife. A daI&n wln, thl, ')'Item islltOWll in Fl, . 2.4.

    150 .....

    ee '"
    +

    rav

    ACCllr.tULATOR

    ..... ..., ...11. VDl

    ~ :" ;"h":':r::::'~~" H MeH u:::,,:~ .= ~.:.,:""gJ::; ' "':'1"':. ,:I lH oolta. H 'Ri m u",
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    0-, _ I T hl 1'10'" Oft _ up to I '0' . 100 lod . 11,1 10 1 , .. ... _ hi .. tM , I. '!-<or<! "
    ,

    ef

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    von"p 01'Of>ll'llr

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    C<>p<tcltor,

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    Some rc-... lllO tlwre WI' Wla ll Pbilco broadcast eecQVI:1 usln. serll:S-Q(lnnoctl valV(l!l,ute", bUI Wllh Ihe usual
    'IOllalO"droppinl power resis to r R!pllleed by & 2,' $OF paper-

    In modulalors Or t~illen ; !he Q PlIcilOr also providQ f;tlInfll limllin . In Ihis f";U1icu\a.r circu il the k. y componenl e Is C I , a 1'fIt'U """,acilo r roiled at 600 volu. 1lI<! val~ 0-07 ,.P, would ha ve been calcu lalCd fo r 60 cis f\'\llins. F2TR (HmJiD-Rf."F, MllJdi19641 has lak en this a slage further by provillinl a uscfu l lut ohowin& the neplive voll' ..,... obtained wilh V 0U5 values of ""paci tanee ; sec F i . 26. ari A llf'Bctical wal whic:h ari SCI when us in. QpaQlOrs fo r voltage droppinl in healer w ins has hem poinled out by """HK. He writes: " One problem wilh Ihis lcdu1i'l ue is Ihal lhe instanl the equipmenl i. turned on, tlte CApacl lor loo k.s Iik.e a &hort cin;u!t iUld the surge ..... m::nt throujb !he valve bea lers aut VCI)' o nen he damagi nG. Th is , ituali<.>n ill wuncocd. wben the voltage of lhe drop lIQ'OSS the capacilor is relatively hi gh com pared 10 the Y{lllagl: d ro p required a.cr~ the valve or valves. I have d one some U PCrimc:nl inl with Ihls circui l and fOWld th is limita tion 10 be a problnn, parlicularly with so me of Ihe IlCWl:r lo w curren l drain Y alVC5." Th is problem oould he oven:ome with a thermlstor bUI tha t ro-lJItroduCe:'l heal and complkalions, so n loou U Ihough resistor d roppers will be wilh us fo r a lOll. lime 10 come. Th i. type of IUl"gC howeve r has liltle elJco;t on the u.., of ca pacitors in bla3 supp lies as discussod. 50'_(y In til. Shadl Safety in the shack is a subject which should aJ""llys be topk:&I, but is also one about which there is II good deal ormi$conccl'tion. EYery amateur soon learns to pay heall hy respect to h.t. supplies of 350 vo lts or more- thou. h, unfCQ he l1eYclop . .. so und -, safety di5Cipline ,. ma y ~ prepared to take unn= 5lI1}' n sb from time 10 linle; however, he will ueualty be well awar e of the possihle danger. But the Achilles' hcd of mM y amaleur slalion . lind worklhoJ"l, too o rten fo rgotten or dim:garded, isthe " Ii..., " (or more corrQl;lly the ~ line ") lead of the ma ill' supply. E~ yea r there are oyer 100 fataliti~ fro m elc<:trie shOl;k m the UK alone, Ihe va.l majorily from 240 yoll 5lIp plics. Indeed. there is some evidence 10 sho w UIllI ~use of Ille d ilJerent phys io loik=J,1 etT IS. lhose who rind themselves llCl"05S vo ltages grea ter than 1,000 Y lts haye .. bener o chance of rocovel')' Ih"n th01C lubjQ;:ted to severe nlCtlium yolUlge shoc:ks. Even Ihe 32 volt ma ins supplies in SO me Amcric.ltn flllltl 1Ltc.as have been known 10 proYe lethal . As the jingle saYS, ~ It's volts lhat jaU" but milo that kill. ... C1earIy, !he real dan l[l'e r from mains sup plies is "'here either the sk in rcsistance is 1oO'wc red by dampn_ or per. sp iratlon, o r "' here the victim llnnly gri~ an extensive area of ~ live metal while in JOO4 eOfltl\Ct with carlh. II is ap;ml this ~ possibilily IIuII pa n icuJar care is necesSILt}" in amateur shacks. One tw:a.rd is: equ ipmen l wilh a mains<nnllled chassi. used Wldc:r ...,ndirions for wblch il WlU not Intended. All mod em Brilish lelcvlsion sets and a fair proponion of domcsIic: rodio rttdvers faUlo1D this ('IIlelOl)': noI only all the" a.c.{d.e:' Jets bu l also-and this Is not a1way' .pprecIs<>od pro po n ion of a.e. on ly " modrb. These sets are nowadays u_Dy buil l $Irielly 10 comply with Ihe Brilish Standards sa fety sp illClllo n (BS415) , wloio;h l amODI man y otbu p rocautloDS, b ys down Ibat h sbou lJ be Impossible for a ' little ftnaer ,. to to uch any pan of the chusis and a lso insists on d oub","pole on- olJ swllches. BUI o ld radi o ICls, Pl'rtic:ularly ~wat n>Odeb, often d o 00 1 comply with BS4I5, o r roay have damqed . , Cllf'l1 backs " or be uMld wi!h exposed con trol spin<1lel or P'Ub 1ICT1'W3 . If the re l~ an y such equlpmenl around your dl ad< mako lUre, by ehockln lil with a neoll bu lb, th. t tbe n posed parts are not " live " with the on {olJ swildt in bolh POSilions (n:membcr that a , inlillo-pole switch in a ne ulrsl Icad will leave the ehaa is " !iI'C " wilh Ihe act orr C'o'CIl if lho chusis
    M

    didtric ClIpow:ilor. Since vollage dro ppinl resistors umally Ol)QtrlbulCl eonslderably to the beal. and are a fairly frequen t QlI3Cl of bn:akOOWll, the idea IeallM a &ood one, thougll it meant tha t tho re;:c:jver _ IUlla ble on ly Ior 50 ell main~, Tk on ly hciat ,eneraled In the ca p&dlOr would be tile .mall amoun t resullinl from POW"" [ac1or ~. Thl: idea never cauPI OD, bul one , till OOCl!.j01la1ly romes across the use of capacil';IQ fo r voItall'l droppin. In vArious Ipplical ioll!.

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    Fi,. 2$ &hows the biu wpply of high liddily amplifier minI a pair of 6913 valvo in li>.ed-bias da$$ ADI from EllronleJ World (January 1960). 11>4 idea millht be IIfOnh ffil}eJllberinl when a nep.tive bias sou.n;e if req uiftd

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES

    II I;QQ/llXtOd 10 .. neut ral " when tho ~ ill OD). Afte r chcekin l, III .. non- reversible maln. plu," II ill a1Jo weu worth whilo 10 ens ure that .u tm-pin main, fOCkelS in the sh ac k (and in the ho ..... grneTaIly) '1': wired eeeeectty,

    a_In&, aa,_ _

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    The devclopme.ot of ee transistor w ith i15 great powcl savini com pared with va lYe3 has, paradoUcally, led 10 fa greater COn.mrnpOOD o r bl<.lImco. Today, portable " a tloo, can operale eo;ooornlcoJly wil hout aU the parapilemalia o. car bltttcries, vibratoc pada an d petrol eenc ralOfl so redo len t o r NFD. But there II mtICh m ore to hallc:ry Icchniquc tlwl ill IUlillcsted by the dcocprively sim ple appearance 0:
    thclrcon tam~B. E~eD

    wiLh tramillOrs, tl,e Wlwarye&n l pe1I<

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    an unrtClCCSmlri ly large a.mount o n renewwl balt cries. Th05C who entered rad io via the old h.t. buUery and \V! ' ~ may _ II find tbe pn:scn t pldhor a or ba ne!) c)'JlCI confUlintt. II it cheaper 10 we a Iaycr boIlltery tllar m ercu ry celli ? Why 00 boIlt1.eriCl $Ometi~ appear to Ii~e sc much beller service than a t oth~r cimcI f The fo llowin J Dotes, though brief, may help the amateur te a void Inme p ufalll and 10 obtain C<.'Onomi~ use o f hit

    ~ V . The ........ .... To - .

    , .. Irl nl 110 'M

    .... _ pin ' 1.... -..I

    II lh.lfe,o.... _ _ ~wl" oh..1<1 ",... _

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    huard, because Kldon. an licipr.lw

    recei~ a nd tnul..-n;11Cff. II b by II<) InQlnl unknown (yt:s, li itas happened a t G 3VA) for the primll.ry winding to sho n-cin:ult \0 the scrcenina: plale bet~ primary and secondary, the core or 10 one of the ~ windinp, so that the chuaia of the eq,uipIDCIlI becomes live ," S uch equipment will ofl cn con tinue 10 operate qu ite no rma lly aDd can lhul repn:lC1lt _ real danger over a OOtUldenble period . The ~ weJUard agaimt this i, to cnlUle that the Ihleld belw...... tffl: primary and the other windiDas, the core and the dlassis lIR! aU errec ti~ cly carthod. The eartb ..:onno;:ti n mll-<r be of RJ1r.. o <,:iently low RlistanOCl to l;llUIe tloe ,upply fuOCI (whkh IhouId a lwllY be tffl: minimum amJlCl1l8C prad i<:able) 10 b low. ' It il 00 UK ha.'insa SO ohll1l'r:$is t:l1lOl: to earth ond a 10amp

    c:a.narise W1<Ier " r.ult w ndilioolll " 00 cq uipmcnl fitted with dOllbJe wOW1d (i.e. i50laIiDll ma.iJU transformo:r, as used

    in lIle vast majority o f Il/N.lcut

    f use. An o ther polc:ntial danger is lhe el....1n.; tool wh ich hal ' fau ltotl and ..hkh hal_ "live" o ule r caAin . This can hap. pen, fo r eumplc. with soldering irons and power dril ls. The modem dorncsli<: drill of repulab lc fTIIIke is dClitploCd ..ith this danger very much in min d bUI even so it Ihould be remembered tb&1 in ind ustry It iI oft\:u rooommcndcd m.lllUd1 tools Iho uld be uo.ed o nly in .. eartb flft " a n:a.sshack . Kcc:p a Cllfd"ul eye o n lhe at:lte o f aU 1ICJ1 (XlnJ, and in~cstipte immcdlatcly if any " tin .Ies " an! notioed. Thcre ill IOIT>C I'CUOll to belie~e th at e!carie Ibod. ris~ m;ay be co nsiderably IJTC'It" r in lummer than In win ter . Many anlatc,," 6.t u tra IOCkeli in their shad.s and tbe contro l aran gcmeDU may call for 'lu lte a lo t of semipet"rtWlent '.e. wltiDa and switch ina . Thcoo sho uld a1.....ys eottfo nn with the hi&!> standarlb laid down 10 the T .H. F ~

    which I.

    VCf)'

    far from beinl lhe f;.MC in the a~eralf: amateur

    Wirinc: Rqut.l i<ml. Th ese l1'C rath formidable read inl for tlte non.pmfessiona! bu t num ber o f books lrivina: sound advice on modem w iring practi, based On lhe IRE reronUl'lCnd.l.tioM. have been pu bU.hcd an d cao o ften bcobtalned frnm l()Ql libnrics. !r in anydollhl gel upert advke.

    The h. t. ballet}' of the ' twmrics and 'thirt ies W developed ill from the: original Let:1anc h ~ cell dalinr back so me hundrel yean.. They were but o n round cell ~tructl on , ,imi1al to that developed fo r to rches. During tbe 'fo rties a new rOI1l1 of C11 l11lnl\:1ioo - tlle la~er battery-GllnC into &alCrai 1I.w. for h.t. and o flcn-tn ronjunct ion wit h 14 volt filamcnt valv... -for also . Since the layer ce ll, arc rectangular ex lQ.uare in section tbey can be grouped tug~ther with a minimum wene of space : they also tend to suffe r Jess deterio ra. tion wilh time than rowId cella. Ott th e omer hand. they art n:lllti vcly low curreru devices and the round ce ll Ia ul.IJally beller where fairly heavy consumption (30-300 rnA per <:em is req uired over lortll pe riods For subslantial POW<:l'J Ihe layer cell tcndI 10 be Wlo ceunomlc and e'IIC'Y effort shou ld be made to l1IC IUC~ bull erico witl,in the rale o f d ischar ge for .. hicb the:y I re lntclidod. ~amples from tile Ever_Ready ranlll' of b.luc ria for Im nsistor eq uipment arc : P PS 20-1'0 filA ; PP IO I ~ 1$0 mA : PP I. PP9, Pl' 1I S-~ rnA; Pf"6 In A ; PPl , Pl'4 less than 10 mA l PI' S IesI than 8 mA TI,e ru le tere is that the IafJl"l' the .ile of the edb, the more sllilabl~ it il fex hea vy' d~ . A l' PIO, which will live I ~ rnA lit 9 ~oltl Tca$Onably comrurtAbly, we igh. 2 1b. 12 oz.. compared with th~ t oz, prs. It i., worth nOlin. that , ror eL'lfllplc. a PN d ischar~ at S rnA should have .. life SiK to !ICVm limes &I long as ror a " mA dlsclWll". This It rikinl d ifference decreas es with larger batteriell. Since the c>ulput stq<:S of many tl'llllsistor receivers u,;e claM B push-pllil, it sIloultl not be foraotten !hat ",nninl a set with hi&!> a udio outrut a:reatly Incrcasea the ba tlctY drain. . Size of the: ce ll, howeve r, U not t he on ly fa cto r which go verns the to lal amount of power wh ich (:1UI be obtailled from II dry cdl of Ihe l.cdan~hc type. Other IlOnsideratiom include the period of usc com pa red wicb tlle rest periods (Ull old hou.o;e..bell batteries ban illcd Jarle currents CCOI'lQmicaJiy be<:a.usc of the V<:ry lon l felt-tn-nsc ra tio) : the lcrnpcra turt (op timwn temperature is about We); care tu m in ItWIIlo facture (one of the t:OfISUrTlCr rnagazloes rece ntly publisbld I very illuminallng eruce which shOweol considerable dif ferences between ba tteries made by dilfe ", n t flnnsl: a ID (all OClll --e;(CCJl' the specia l inert tYf'C whidt a.re 8l;d~atcd by l Ci11i.ll8 with watcr-deteriorille wilh sto rage, llC"lernUy the wgcr the cell the Icso the wll~taltC) : and finally the min ,mum volllllll' l uitable for tM particular applica tion. The Loclan ehe cell starts with a ootl1 ' ,5 to 1-(. volts ami thIs dmp:< rairly 51eadi1~ with u"" (with some reeeverv durirll rest periods) so thai if, many <;ASCS the ballery has to til th coWll away wh ile tl,e ..., iI still S<><J'\tl ellCtgy lert in it , WlIh tramistor ~ ~e,," Ihe di<card ~oltagc II often go~emed by Inc amoUllt "r cross-over <.listo n lon whidt can be tolerated. Witb valYft" h.t . batte ries a re uouollr lirnilcd by the oscillator fa ilin r below a crit ical VOllll!lC. M O. I arnltcun will be _ II aware oftbc damage which can

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    resull from !ea.vin, baneries in equipment for Ionl The outer zinc Q>I\uUner i. vra<ll.Ial ly ea ten a.......y ~y e1ectJ'o.. lytic action which co ntinues ene- di-.;har~ . There: are vario us leak reslsl&llt ba tleries aYllllable bu t evtm Ih..... should Do t be lert too lo n" Some yean llgO it W DO . hown thlll the lif" o f 1ImlL11 h.t. batteries could be u-cru lly tend~ by rellUwly applying a small " rechar&inl" cu~nt o f about ~ rnA . The intern lll J'ClIiSl&llCll o f II. Lec:lll.nch~ cen risea I toeply lI.S it deterio rates, and a h igh-valu e el..::trolytlu capacitor acrog the baile r)' line will o rten im prove rnattera. A l peci.al calelOry o f ba ttery hu been marketed whkh can prove an econ omical su pply for fai rly hea vy-duty ope ra _ tion (ca llinl fo r , ur rents of the o rder o f ICVerlll hundre d milliampere!) when: the sitlllltion doeI m>t n~ the mOre t:lpensive lllk..a\in.e manpn""" or mercu ry oeili . This ill lilll hetovy dUly Lectanche oell whk h Ihow! very mar~ed im provemen t over Ihe w nvCT1t ional oell dn e to ooMtnoclio n&! impro vemen ll and to achllnlle in the chemi<:a.I fOl1T1uJ.a. II hIL' a Pl'per lIC'p&l"a tor which ;. muc h Ihi nner than the dectro lyte wa ll in the wual f"l'le type, an d a hllh p-ade man l l _ dl(lli<le wilh im pro ved dCf':?larizinl . For elWnp\c, whe1"<:M a Slandllrd U2 will su pp ly a continuous ~ rnA cunrol ft>r on l)' a ho ut 18 minutet (with an end _poinl voltare of I vo lt) the hea vy d uly Eve r Relld ) HP2 will p rovide th il CUlTCllt fo r a bout J J ho un. On the other hand, fo r Imaller Ina<b the imp ro vemenl woul d be much ItIo ma rked . . While the l.buu;h~.:ell ~ It ill (',..hahly l he most "::00ornic&l lype fo r fai rly rqular ...... In a pplgtHms havina: a wKIe voltll&'l lo krallCC. llle amateur o rten USC! b-.ueries in equi pmen t ArMI Iel t instrumenll required o nl)' infmruently. Fo r . uch ....... the mercurr cell hu d edded advanllLp. Th c mcrc:ury cell...., a nnc an """'. & call~ic alhll (potMh) c\e(:trolyte and a cat OOde o f OOfnplU,oo mcn:llric oxidoo I'l'phite ' n .... ntllCl wilh & Jtccl co ntaine, which fo rms thc nc:PI; ~ clCdf'Ode. Th c eo-loed vol~1C is about I J an d on Iliad this drops I" aooul 12. Un like the Lecl:lneho! il sta)'! almmt nc.dy a t th" lhrou llh<JUt by far the p-e:ater part ol,U life, then fiMily falli ns awa y with illCRllsina ra pidi ty to I vo lt Th c memJ ry cell doeo no l recover to ;\fly Inlrkcd twl durinl ret l period s and thus sOOws lillie differ er>t:e in to tal encrgy ! u pplted in intermittenl o rrontinu0U5 ICrvic:e. A~ fro m Iheir , tcad y voltaae. merc:ury celli reta in a IUMtanh aUy oon"a nl Internal resis _ durina tl>eir lirCltme. The total rnergy wh. ch ClUl be ta ken rrom" cen of giVCII size ;s several l limes tha t o f thc co rreopondin g Lec lanch~ cell. and they can rCIlIAin wlused for lona periods with o nly little detetiOll'tion and without leaking, To set against al l these im porumt advanta aes. n must be po tnted out thaI their prsce is severe! times lha t or lhe LeclancM .
    _ fllld bero .... .

    ""riods.

    Un til quill' eeceeus, mercury cdIs _~ ava.ilable main ly in


    the rarm o f oom pacl " bullOO , . cdIs. Now ada yo., ho _ .a fu ll I1UI IO o f I ' H , 2'~," and 8 volts mcn;ury ba uc l"ioC!$ similar ill appearance and COllUlc:tl to II&Ildard batterie:t an marketed In rhe Un ited K in gdom by Marklry I1all~riel Lld~ Cnowky , Su _ .. All with the l.oct&ncht, l.<U'C JhouId be UlkCQ to U5C!

    mercury cells wilhin the discba.rge ra te for which the)' aa intend ed . aceause o f the low inlemal resistaooe ti le)' can be

    rapid ly dioc:hMted by an aecidenlal mon<itcuil. We foci that the amateur woul d lind these I'llrlicu lar ly errractfve for the odd lransistori zed Wlil wed o nl)' OlX:Uion. aUy. or alterna tively for ap pli<:ation s calling fo r lo n, peri ods o f contln uc us dischar&c-though tor the latin lUI allnl.:tive e ucmeeve power source is the &enlcd m;/w"lIeablc n ic~cI cad mium storage battery. An ot her d evelo pmCllt of im ponance is the " a llalinelTllUlgancse " high-C!lle rgy baltery. n lis cell fea lu res a Sled contAincr, a high-dcmily manganese dioxide ca thode. a potass ium h ydrol ide eleclrolyte amI a zin c anode; il h... a nominal l ' ~ vo lls outpu t. Th ese ce11.I pr ovide considerahty ar eat cr service lifc than co nven tiona l ca roo..Hi nc cells, particular ly rOt lon g peri od. of di""h~. At p..-n t thei r price is intermediate betwoct! e-z eellli IlI\d me=.ll"}' <:c:lls and cost- per-ho ur r.gures show WI lm pro vcmm t u n CoJ ba tlcrl es for some a ppl ications. They also ha ve hell.,... 'helf_Iifc, I" WCT "'lerna! resIStance an d slan d u p w<'ll tt> adv e~ climnt i' COndil ioos . R~lat; ~ pried (U2 si,...) of the "rder ; U2. h ; LPU2 (leak prooO 1'21 ; HPl. 2' 2x ; alkaline manganne lOx; merc ury 401.
    SKoncIa~ Cell. Good qual ity nickel-cadmi um bettenes, C'lpeo;: ia Jl)' where requlred 10 dt:livcr apprec:iabl~ ' UI'1'Cn l. ere . liII fairly n penswe, but they are bciltj used iocreuinaly fnT soch a pplicat ions as halld-po rta ble co mmunicatiOOls equipment . The cheaper miniature lead-aci d cell! (wilh a nominll 2 volts per cell) ba ~ 10 be trmtcd care ful I)' IlI lC>rne will sta nd only a Umile4 number o f charain, c~lC!I (sometimes .. low as a bout onc dOJ.C!ll ~les) . but tbeee are a".i lable larger uni u intelldcd for ponablc leln- Won l'CICeiVet1 wh ieh ...... n be used to power translslor tra nsm illert QYCf" a I'lnl period . l'licltel-<:admiwn celli (nom ina l 12 \'0111 per cell) will ('f ilm wittlltand vel)' IaflllC nwnhc:n o f c ha rtina cycles provided lha t coowanl-eurt'Clll or cum:nl.limilecl <:ha'Il"R are U5C!d. Seriow oVadIar&ing o f sealed I1r. mw l be avokled , o r interna l prasul"et will build u p. With 1a.rlICT """led 1)'1'". ventilalion il necuoary while elIa'sing l inee lhc fwne:o a~ explol.i ~.

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    105V H P2 DoItUry U2_typ. b<lttoIty

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    A H ATI! U R R A D I O TECHNIQUES

    .. R.char,""" P"'mdrf

    s..-..

    II h.u often bcell .Wod thai some degree of " reclwail18 " ol la)'Ct bl.t teri ell it posiblol uMlI& charging cum:ntl of few milliampcra. An article in E/troniu WOf'Id (Cktobc:r-. J 96~) qootes tomC a ulhoriu.ti vc vlews on m:hari:i"l (:()llveotionaJ carbonzinc Led . oeM d ry cells, put r.......nl by the US Nati olUll Bureau of Standards. .. From time to t ime attmtion "'" br:cn turDcd to the probl em o f m.:harJm. dry ce lls. Althouah the dry een is DOmlI.l1y considered . primuy bolttery It ~y be RdJarpd fO!" Iimitod num ber of (;)'del und er ceR&in oondi llom. lIrid1y Ihesc a n>: (;) The o pcraliDi voltqe OQ di!ch.arg<: should no l be below 1.0 vol t per cell w hen the twrlllcry jl mnoved from ICtVice for ~harainl. (il) Th e bat tery Ibould be p booed on clw'Je very soon after rmloval fro m !lC:rvilx. (iii) T be a mpero.boun of recharre Iho uld be 120-180 rer eml of Ihe d ischllri e.

    miJht QlU3e .. lin decttolytic: ahakc up l " 1'be ICdlnique d imin&tes her.tin g of the cera, a t lea,! with lar&er uniIs. aDd &JlJlt*l" to f'ellia tc the tinc: man:: evenly. App an:otly din)' ue , is. rec:ognizcd technique .in rtpLltini operatIons. 0 3BY uses !.hi. teGlmlquc for hil panly transistorized equipml:fll and reportl tha t five cycle ba tteries ha ve ..,... him through two low power field daya and other od d jobll and aRlllili in Ule alk, mol'll lhlln two )'Rn-e'Ym tho ugh he admits that the od ls have not . 1 waya been promptly recharged . In his cue !he lraml'ottner IICICOIIdary is 18 voltl to ~ thcl IS VOltl o f lly(\cI bailer)'. Small transillor ndio cells wwld ad: warm, bIlt O l DY belie'o'al thai thi. could be taken eee of by \l$ing a low ~rTeIIl bu lb in the " d iny d.e." department,

    U loIlTING JlU l l l'OIt

    1
    ~_.

    (iv) Owi ini rale l bould be l ow enoug h to diltti bu te


    Mllarlor Mode ... y

    (v) Ce lli mUll be pu t inlo IeI'vioc soo n nfier dll rFni as lhe recharFd celli have poor I hcl! life. In ~ rcchargiJlll of dlY cells mlly be eoonomic:ally f<:lUi ble only when quanli l i~ o f d ry eeus arc used under c:o ntrollcd co nd itions wi th a ')'Item o f cxchaqe of wed celli for new 0 0 alread y in practice, and wilb equipmen t avail. able 1 pro vide dirtlCl: ~I fo r dlar~nt- ~ of 0 celli whICh arc 001 1pc<:itica1l designe d for ~1laraiP& can be y d~llinoc CXOCDi vc amountl o f g....ing from 100 hilh cu rrent ma y l;aUIC! a tJa htly scaled "II to e~plode:'

    Oo Ubll,, 'OI O P~; ft tu

    -~

    ,., ""' "' ..,,~ ~


    C;l'(ull
    " I d -I'VI Tftin tl.. ,b .. w; ... . ""'O' ~IO to nc~ a , dl 0 1 ~O_cl.O Olft ll

    ... .

    '1, . lt. T~ . G. . ... O b. ......, ~ ....... " .... ....... ba... ~ _

    cll l

    _ . _

    . ..

    C. R. Street, G aRNO. lult deviseu ll ~"dl:"l to make il calY 1 measure ball el')' CUrRnl in the ma ny do mestic an d 0 portable receivers, cassette tape recorders and the like that usc se...ra l l s..volt eeus o r similar low-vo lta& ",un ill in !lC:ries. Ofleo 0 - eelb are stacked lid_II sprin& co ntaclt and the form of constm~tion rllH ke8 it d ilticull tocon n t II test meter ill circu il m1na eon...", !ional meter probes a nd wo nCCIOI'1. In hit form of probe (fig, 2!Jl, GRONO 1_ .:1. sma ll m ip of ccpper-co veeed p.c.b. (a bout 2 -4 in, lo nl b y 0-5 in. wide) with a $Ond I'iooc o f cooper foil lhlcd o n the o lher aide us;n. h illIH peed Anl ldite adhesi\ e ; G~ O NO poi nts OUI tha t II would be eve n ,tm p ler 10 u.e I piece o f doublo-sided p.~.b . bUl tbe" stuck-on "version &OCDlSto make II good lub$l' IUle. B1.:I.ck And red witft a re lhen solder ed 10 the IWO eoppcr fo ils. Th e whole Ihing is ralher li1r.c a home-mad e 1 0...._ value cap acitor, The tec hniq ue is Ihe" sim ply 10 pu.h the probe bet......." two \:d l. , o r llOI8 ibly bclWOCO o ne cod of a batt ery an d Ihe Ipriog coniacta, u~iOll the wites 1 mak", the 0 apPropriate ~o noOClio05 10 the meter. It may all sou nd too 51mple a nd obvio us to be reall y usefu l; in fact il 5CCtIl5 III userul a nC\V p dgel aA if I<Jmebody Iuld jus l Inven ted IIIe t ra d itional crocodi le (all iglltor) dipl
    Sub.._

    u;

    ft..

    fOf' Silicon C"nltl'oI1edRKt/flwI

    A further lUueation wu J1t forward by Joe Croprer , G 3DY. woo w- atte ntion to an ankle ill WINIku W",IJ

    (<krobcl:. 1955).

    TbiI anicle described .. preferred n>etllod dcV'c1opod in the Netherlands using " d irty d .e: ' The dlarger (Fig. 2g) hu DO lilt'" aapeciton and ha., a 200-2S0 ohm ruj"tor wind in parallel wilh the rtiflCf' 10 provide an a.o:. wmpoocnt which

    {If Uling pair I{I give the eq llivalmt fadlilies o f a small silicon conlrolled l'IlCIi6er in man y oontro l Ipplicaliolll. llIC l1m'L!1&cmenl show n in F ig. 30 il derived from RoJw. E1UIM,,1t:4 (October, 1963) .

    ~ 1M many U5Cful ways of ClIploiting tbe co mplemcr:lIllry plfl'1 0( I,.,.-pf.....~ " bipolar transitton il Ihe r>oNibility

    POW ! " SUPPLI!S

    "-.n.

    . . _. -

    k=_..
    nr

    r.,7\
    +

    r:

    "-

    '31

    _ .-..1. . _ . .

    ...--IloIo_._",,_ wrU o-v_.. _

    V" ,JoltJ,o Vaha,_

    JoI:u:i Roscoe, G M4QK, lIotes lbe KOHVK uni l { paltC

    "ow... lJNI
    Z~S I

    ..niclI ....,. (or a bu_) two trl odM;olllOlll;led 1619 valYC1 .. nlC1.ilio:n in ~ with II diode bIu reeci(ocr, He poi I'll <MI.I; (I ) . .. teII.bias " uran "emcal ill m Ul:h l imp{; although il 11I5 1 ' .. ta il " and m ullS In hllJher mini00 Dwn1 voIb thiI ma, 1M INltct In practjcIe. {21 if you QUI. p: 1 hold of them". pa ir of 2Al lriodct will work ce a S.yoll toilldin& the l.rlImfonnc:r, IaYUlJ !be 6'J.YO! I ~

    C.' "dII...... C..... I. ,..,.

    .ttIe

    - . , rillS " In QOI'llinu!ll, 1 1M dlokHripu.1 ilnOOthin, 0 &lIen for hi~" hDIIDiner ~ ckspo lc havin, ~ 10 Illlc:ua dio6cL Tho: maia putJ'OIO or the tr ad itiocW ~I 6.hcr (wbicb c:amc: mlo UK ia the c:art)' lhiniel) II limilm, pe;U. errIiI&ioll of WQIUIII and ,..flItod qhe reaifien; it hu q lw at It oaIel\W'd to ailicoll diodcI -..tUdl c:aa UIU&Dy hlDdIe ~ted AUTmI u p 10 . bou t 12 timeI raled . -.era.. d uriDt ahoft-duraliOIl charPn, ...,.... Exoelleotl, tetJUlatad aupplls caD boo obtained with hilt> e.pac:i1aDc:e GIel;tro!ytk:a wilhOllI ( hobo or blcalcr rcsialOn (thou'" bi&hcrq lue reslalon are atiU vaI~bIe ill di1c:harp o, capaalon wit h the I Upply IwilChed off) and wilh voila. . rrhich . bow 90 pe r ceot o f AlPpl)' YOItaae pcab .1 11I1 rated I . Sma ll ""1I'MUPpratlOIl _ il Io n . ... norman)' 't ied. Tho: IWUlam. Ulptll choke. inslea d o r usislUlL ma)' Ktu&ll)' help <bIro )' lilil;on diodes al lhe ir IIlOII IeIlIil iw volta ge n lina-by len in, cha.ra;ten.lio-the peIIk io _ 1lp oaciUalory YOItqe _io p . Not aU dea.icnen ac:apl lhill view-bul It IICCITIS 11'\10 tha t for lIlIlIt amaleUr a pp1k;aliolll ca~ lor fillen a re pr obaby Ille better (;boke If llI ic:oll diodco are used. And for mon purpcIMa. t he ailiooa d iode slrin. ill a eeuer a nd more ecolM;>lTlk:a.1 (;hoioc than all)' altel'ftll liY Ohilill\.yol talC rmi6cr .

    Weona: lbnod 0 QUiU:. furiou! ...,......m by IU&Ptint et.1100 ~ oblpxn ani coalCOlt to plod ..... -.-el l-

    s-IIIoI.'

    0I her1Yise <Iisc:Ilpp:d. He a1res1C1 lhal then: is DOthUlI new IbootIl the ...riabll volta ae tdf-biu syok:m (F.. HI, ....tIictl hi. Ippc:ared eI~. Hc _ lonr; med . pairot2AlI lo provMic.... HRO pown supply siooc IhiI alJowa Ihc YOII1 10 Ill " WI'OIlDd up or dC'WD " lIIItii the I"llOeI'feI' e~ filS M caJibntioa curve. One problnn'I01th IhiI I)'pe of WIll il lhltlll h.l . liD!: deriwd rfOll' it ClUl.DOt radii)' III u.bolixd aiDa! Ihi. reaulu in " .......Iion " Rcmomb lhal ror I ai- CW1ftOI OUlput, 1bc1D-.. the IIUIpIlI voltaae, lhe IrIPff the Watpalton "" l he Iriodc ra:tificn.
    Ad~

    V.n.p $ """

    Dr . A. C. ea.... GJOSU ~ bow t'IYO IiliooD tnrIiaislon c:aa be IIICd 10 pn;rridc Idjulllble votll# sabolUa!JoG. "" IioeoI of the IrIOIl' ........ _ ~ A I ~ or CIUI. turlttio:a a _ dio<k by a~jf)'i nl 1 emlllCf'-tuc M
    The .lIbHizod YOIII ...... be pro. portiDnal to the ampWIcalion, ...-hidI CUI be IMde dcpctldmI OD the ft:IislOl' ralic.. 8)' liliQoa tranlistors, the
    breakdoa-n chlrXlcrialk oermpalft -'I wilb !ow-YOlta..
    ~

    pea'"

    rOl"ll'Ud ~

    \Olin,

    =1.

    (,)

    (a)

    (b)

    T -L ,.,
    ,,--Sl.
    _ _ _ .......... _

    ..

    .._

    , '. Of_ ...... ..

    Consldmtllon of the bQlc (;ircull (Filii. 33(0 Ihows thlt ecrreee noWl lMoullh lite rcal&lon until tbe II.. I'ClIcbca 0-6-\1011. ThOll any runber iol;rcue In cu rre nt will be . \mos l eDlin:l)' p&Ued yla lbe tra nsist or , Ilnce V.. rem.ins Ilmosl cons tan t. The ~oltalC acroll Iho deyice i. thua : V_ V.. IIR(I_ + lo) but aiIIOII the resistor current remailll almool! CODitanl, . nd

    '"
    --'OJ'' ' OC71
    +
    STAIlIUlED OIJTPUT

    A MA TE UR R AD IO TECHNIQ U ES

    S14-S"' .. Rtl,"'ata<:/ Powar SOl" ' .


    The ava ilability of rairly high volUlge ailioon power tnln sisto f' aDd z.eoers mak es ;t po ulble to build uscful lOlidsUIte "'lllIlatC'd su pplies at voltaacs which still \I$uaIly teDd to be lISIOCialc<:l wit h thcnnionic rCllllla tof'. J . W. Hcr1)at, Z L2BDB, in CQ (DecembcT, 1%9) discusses in detail the da.ian ccnsldermions for Iu~h Inppliea and also prca<:DU. co ml"kte ~isn for a 250 ~olt sUPl?ly wlllch, It is ~Ialmcd , wi.JJ show only II barely discernsble tWlt~h of a voltmet er when I 200 mA Joa.d is a pplitld. DcIlpitc the use of II aericl lLabilizer Ihi, unit C&lI also be subjcclCd to .. lempoltll d>ort--eimUt without lIualrm l ance the 180-0hlll resistor limlu the currenl to a safe value.

    '.J
    ' oJ
    L........_.L...
    1'1 k

    ~~ oVrwr
    I p.on too ...",
    ~""

    VQl. tA<O E " ND

    INUS6

    U <If
    ...... to

    ",1rt001. )
    ""'

    .ool", )O. U .

    ~Ml u tlo ft

    hue cu rren t is sma ll, then II COTl.'jtant volta g" will btl ma intained ($01: Fi,. 3l (b equal to (II x I) V... The minimum ~Ul'TeI"II for atabilw lIlo n will thus btl J. - G-6/R. ~ ~ Ilo~ restnaace" II p rod uet:d by base cu=nt in~rcasi!lJ the >'(Ollage across " R, and by any Increast! in V.. wilh cur",nt. If tws is nca:1ectcd, then alope r<:liItancc can btl

    J~

    ~Ia. ),I.

    '" 1~.~ fJ
    leon

    4 0 313

    ~~,

    NTH

    IN nu
    )2f~

    >-

    CQTI.'j;dcred ("Rliit A much 1Illll1let" I lope rcaisl.~nce is ob tained by usiD, a Darl ington p.1ir of t rll.n!li!llol'1" shown in Fig. ll(c), ....here Y.. bM no bt.a>mc J 2-voh total. The tempcratwtl stability is thaI of V This cin;uil thUi prcvldesrhe deairod sta bili.<.a. tio n device ith an el1"ect iVQ opt!fllting value .... lcb ~pt.nds h upon Ihe setli ng uf the variab le ",",lor.

    .,. ~
    4 0 321

    '"

    '"
    _.

    J.U BD.. '. dool", for 2ItV ... tld...... .. rool ..pplr ......1. fo..... _ _ ""d JOO .

    '"

    8"fta.,

    Volta, ,,

    SM"/I/~,"/on

    A Ileed o ften an.- with lI'ansistoril.Od eqoi pcnent for vollage . tabiliu lio n ablf: to cepe .... lIh eonSldcfllble clIanaein batt ery vo ltaJIIC. Dr. A. C. Carr, 030SlJ , po ints ou t Ulllt cOlll'entio nal ata bilir.. tioo ulin , juat zc: n<:J1l all d resil tolS is of limited IIpp licatlon siDOIl II la rge vollag<: drop acl'Ol<l the resis to r is o:sscntilll, 50 that the stabilizer on ee comumao two o r th_ limes Ihe cu=nt ac tually used . A tlUlUiltor ~ed It!I a cons tan t CU rTalt ck:m (F Ig.l4(all provides u ce llent sta biUmlion a t lin le ""till current. and with almost no lOll! o f vollage when germani um trnnsiS lo rs art \liM.

    Fir:_ 3~ indica les thllt a ! tJ1l ighlfOfWlll"d c ircu it ia u=! incorporatml: two k CA bigh . ... olLallC lrBlI.iston aDd a highvolLage zener , typically a I N J815. All t he resiston are I ....all unl"". othcrwi", indicated .
    ZURDll 5uUCSla tha r the on ly ImponaD{ conslrUCtional i. HUll T R2 must be mou nted On one s ide of tbe d wsis wa ll U'; QI the insulato.. pro vided, tog ether "';tb a lay er of silicon grease to improve lhermal cond uc tivity, A thick walled a lumin ium chu&is is prcrClllb le to emutll boLh mcdltlnical strength and itl eITectlYerlCS! a.s a ~t slnlr. . 0"" of the man y applicalion~ for such a supply would be to min i m;;~ volt.aac dlanaes In tran_h'C.. LD tIlOcive and tr ansmit mocee, Fill. 36 sl>o"" II simple way of o btainina both positive an d neG ative voltages rot 0"" with S ICs (uM)nvnetrical vol llLgcs can be obi ained by \l5inll different type! of uncr diodc). Th e idea comes rrom EJ.cfr,mlc lHslgn.
    f~ure

    The part icular al1llll lltment wu dcviocd to r~ a slClldy rnA Inlo a transistor d.c . ampl ifier . t'Jllra Itages (Fig. l4(b)) lVOu ld provi&: evea belle r volllll!" liabil ity or com peru.ale for varying 1000d current (F ill. l4(c)). Petformance of lhe lltranacment shown in Fill. l4(a), lIS1D.& a su rpl... OC7 1 .... u a, indicaled below. ""tra diodes ca ll be .dded 10 obtain the eu.ct voltage ""lwrcd. The zener wu a ~ery 1 0W-eoo;t l"1'l' loa type. The arranJ:<:ment provides a sla bilily tome ten limes better than wilh tile diode etcee, which ......,old coos u"'" mort: than do ub le the current.
    2(l

    Banery volts

    Output volts at 2(l rnA

    To ta l curn:nt

    s-a s-o e.,

    n~

    1 60 160 160
    (7-3l)

    n7

    <SmA "mA "mA 32 mA (24'S mAl

    ,;,. :I&.

    SI". a. _ .....<1....

    -a_,

    wlnd'n.
    Ie _

    .... to ' ''y. I nd . ltn l la< . , ... 1.,., " - .

    "OW ER SU .... LIES

    ( ., ( .,
    ("

    ....n uv

    _I

    O~,
    _I

    of the em ill.".. base voila II'" across the now bigh intCTnal raisUUlce between emi tter and collcaor. As a reoull the currenl /\atlens o ut lit about 6'5 o r 1 mAo Simi1arly. lr R ;,. 10 ohm&. lhe thres hold cu m;nt woulc1 be SO rnA" and with I ohm a bou t SOO rnA. If R is a wircwound variable -.iator it can be ca libra led for RU in, to the requfred current llmilinl ttveshold.

    > J
    ",-""rr

    O~,

    Coonu..-, S,.",cl-hr S...... Ea rlier we Ulle I hown 1 ma in. /hallcry power supply by
    Sven Weber , G SACC/G1SFW{T. in whieh a min iature 12 volt I~u\ator is permanently " llOll ted " 1 " 003 the o utO put of the J2-volt po ....". pack C reduce ri~ ple and lra nsient volla ifC$ . A different Iwlication of. '; mtlar I.pproac ll apreared ill Efn;I 'OIfIc IH~irll (I Scplcnlbcr, 1970) by G . N. Surma and G . N . Acllat')'ll. A l1-volt ha ltery for ms a pnmancntly ava ilab le inS!lltlll netl US .. no-break ,. emersupply for tile eqUipmen t, wh ich a;>Uld be a IOCI"ver mon,tonne an imPOf\llnt chlonncl, lind whictl is n~lIy '!f'Craied from a main s ballery eliminat or . Thi!. involl'eS IW O diode switehes : 01 and 0 2 In Fig. 39. Wich the lOCCltla

    '0....

    e.

    amer

    nt
    ~ 'c.

    n.

    n .n.;.. ~ . .........., ..._

    ,,-

    ....... <lI1eoiI.. lot _~ ~ Ir

    HISII'5

    Tranl/. t or P% r)ty P,..,wcllon The UO\: of a diode in the ball ery lead of tra Mistor~ equipment 10 provide pro tection a& t ,nneaine the \lin. leads with the wron g po larity hal been widely uoed fo r many )'!\III ; two ot her am meemenu are suu;ested by R. L lves (cO, June, 1')70): i'le. 31. Tbe i n d u~ ion of In extra diO<k and bul h l' rovides a reversal indica tor , hithtine up when lhe haltery is wrongly ,nnce led. A full bridite ~i n.'\I i t mlIk cs it ",,"",ihle 10 fOf&et 100111 M ileI)' po larity. DlodlNWltdtlft, S.., ll'Ir ,.,." c.ctJo,. The prob lem of po" u supplies. IMt can u sily be <Wna,ed by a short-circuit o r hea vl o verlolld is well xeewn. A suegest io n by ZUIO (8Tcok- flf , septemh<T, 19101 no t only oYel" eOOlCS the probl ems le t OU t above bu t also protects the a n:ui t l;Jcing powered from the effect. of udde" run..... y a of , um:nc. No lndlc don Js ,iven hy Z L410 of l he supply e m ltage to which Ihis circuit can he l.I.SCd (depcr>dmt upon tboe voltase ralin, of the tr alu i. tor ) hut it would prff\lmab ly be .uitable for ITJO$I supplie. inten ded fnr u"' wil h tr ansisIOrs and jnteer- ted cir<:uill.

    " "
    ELI MI N.llOf!
    w. Tt ~IIY

    l 11 S115

    Bancry

    rav

    ..1_1 _ _

    Pi.. " . , .10 ............ nl .u ..... Yi4n .. - .........~ ._ " _ _ _ I _ . ......, . ...... _ .... I , _ _
    .-l~ ~II ", I Th~

    a_ _ _.tc.", ;., _ .., ",-" 1 _


    41oi _

    of

    u;
    oI..;..
    ~ ~

    ) _
    .

    _.

    opcnoting normal?, from the malna aupp ly, D2 is reverseh,aocd and the re .. no drain rl'Of'll the hattery. Should lhe mlin. o utpu t sudrlcnly fall, then D2 boecomes forwar d. biased to co nnec t the N. 1I11l)' whik 01 now ~ls di.. ' harie through too power supply which should hlo;e . n oolp..t vohago: abnu t o-S voll o r 10 above the Mtte,.,. voltlae.
    Ampllfl.,j Za"er C. J . Ulrick in EI,m oll ics World (Septembocf, 1970) nctes Ihat .. hile 400 mW an<l I WNIl eeecr diodes I re iJl.cxpeswille, this does not I pp ly whcre 1 10 or 50 Wilt ra tin, is required . A ,,-,c(..lll item ativc: e"i ~ ls In the form or 1 sm.aJ.I zenee plu s a low-<:O'tt po wer tran!ii3tor . Th il simulates 1 hiJh.poweI' zener by form ing a simple shunt relulafor lIS in Fla. 40. Th e details ohown in the d,l gu lll rn.,y aive an idea

    ".~~ ~~r

    2SB3.

    ::,," ,

    So lone .... the cu rrent fiowinl lhrouah R JI such thaI (he


    lJamistor emiUer voltl SC is len tha n O'S volllo....... than lhc
    l N711
    .olla~ on the base, the tra nsislor Is ill a saturated ,ndition I nd offen low fClillanoct: to the supply. But lIS current now incr~-. the: diode begins to Jo.e its forw ard bias, th us restrictinl base cu lWl1l I nd ra lsinl the inlunal rcsista neo of (be tnln ,.;. tor. ZLAIO incliellta tha t if R is 100 o bms then 5 rnA of load cum:n t ~tI 1 drop of 0-5 volt and hence the th=hold of current limltitll ; s.bou1d I. sbort4tcW( o r low resistanco Ippea r across the OUtpu t of the supply (hen l!le maximum curren l will be limited 10 the bala.ncina dTec!

    0_ 1...

    UHIIEG

    '"

    002mA ""\:b (,, ~ 50l

    IV

    2 NlO55

    0_1'"
    (Yz+v~l

    ,. ".

    ""
    PI . 40. II....;.
    . h ~ n.

    .....'"'_ _ .Iol_ ... l ..

    .. ~.

    U" ~. 4lo<1~

    .Im

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S or how 1 lUe !he S)'5leta II inWcaIQ, or course, thal sbun t 0 nculalioa d.- _ thllt 01Ml is eollltll.llUy dntwin& l ome
    IS walll rrom the ~r IlClU.I'Ce no ma tlet ho w liltle output is ~ taken ; on lhc otha- hand the !\hunt.rq'Ula ted supply can be ufdy s.hort-drcui led with an immun ily to damage seldom provided In series-regulaled arnna:ernenlS.

    AdJustDtl'." Z _" Page 251 I hows a u.<erul adj..slable ~<llta ge stabilizer arnngeroml blIsed on IWO tnl\$i510r1l, IU~ted G 3OSU. A related, but slightly diffem ll versIon thIS Iccbni'l,ue. turns up in R<Jdio-RBF (June , 1970) in tum based on a QTCUi l pu blished Q rlicr in RtvU$ EEE : see fi,. 4 l. This is l lal ed 10 operate over the range 0-8 to S volts, heiDS: pan icular ly effective be twoeo about l i nd 3 ~ollS.

    or

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    M/.. laWre Rip ple Filler ripple filler for UiIC with minia lure power supplicl for lIaIIieonduetor OC!.uipment bas been suggested In QS1' I>l' Richard Malleis W4Y AA. This co lI,i5ts of usin& an 88 DIM toroid 1I5 the inductive clement of a parall el tulled circui llO provide a high impcda noc to ripple frequcnciel of the 0l'dtI of 100 to 12()e/I. 1bc toroid is co nnected in para lld with I 25 ",F ClIpacilor as shown in Fig. 43. Th is aJTall' CDlcol iI !tated to result in a resonant rroquency of about 106 efa, and it should thu~ be even more effective on Eur opcao n pple rn>qucnC of 100 efl than 100 Ame rican 120 e!1 for whicb it Q W developed. The Ill! mH toroid bas an inlernal d.c. II3 reslstance of on ly 10 ohms and will han dle abou l 200 rnA. But remember Ibat Ihis form of ripple tiller is designed rot use with full-wave roctific:a tloD, Le. ripple rrequeneie5 of 100 or 120 ell and nOI witb a single diode arranaemcnt. Siooe also the to\cnmc:e of typ ical 25 I' P electrolytic Cllpacilon tends to be pretty wide (usually pro~ iding more than the n.ominal ca pacitance) we I USpcc1 11l.. 1 u ma~ be wor lh laldnl 1 CITe in the selection of 11 suilab le ca pacilor to bring the circuil near to resonance. W4YAA daiJ1l5 that as a ripple filter it will be some 10 times mo re effective lhan uaingjult l HI-ohm t esislor.
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    Volta,. Trlplw 7) M agdZW (December 1965) prac:ols a n attra ctive and prac tica l triplet" arnngc:noent. The Qrwit is ~~ It$ a tranoformulell ..... ng=lCnt ror 117-voll 60 cia e.e, maim but bas bolh posilive and DePtiw: nUb differinS in polCrlliai From either side of lhe IDaJIt$ l upply, 50 I haw: added a transformer : Fis. 42. Thc ~oltacc ra linp ate l hose &5~Io:d wilh a 117_ voll input . With ailicon diodes , lhe regulation is noC ... bBd ... mil ht be antlcipa.tcd rmm a tripler COllfiguratio n: in the lralJofonnerlc:u. ef5ioro this is slwn u 520 voliS no load ; 490 vo lts 100 mA oand 4((l VOllS al 2.20 mAo 1l>c aulhol", Murray Baird, W6l.WE, calli It f -wltve lripler ";noe the oulpu t eootalns bo th /ill a nd 120 ell compOnen t,.

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    Junes M. l!tyant, G8 FNT , Plovi<lQs lktai!s of a 5efies. Slllbilized rqulalor for power su pplies for use wilh semiconduetof1;. He noles that usually when, ror eumple, a lt a.bitiD:d IIllllPly is ~ for ..,., with eloctronic tunln. diodes or o!he r applicatioO$ needing a rairt y his:/! Itability, tbe aYCf'Sill amatc:ur tends to usc two zeeer diodes in cascade. SUdt , system hal lillie to nx;ommcnd it (as we indicate, a belief

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    IIOted t he t~lerminal ~ta&e ........,Loton olf.,,m by r-uir. clIlId (,. A1800 ""riel), Mo torola (MC7800 ~) an d Natlo~1 (l.Ml4OT _ ). Tbey p rovlde. he wri te!, .. a 1 01 of rqu1<lhon fot very little money."
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    rqubt.ed supply can adjustc;t ~ belwem I and 11 vollS aPPQRld in ~. 17 Sq"ember, 1913, P 107: 1" 48. Ou tpu ll:WR'm is 2O()mA aDd lhe l lo 11 yollS .... II suitable for 1l'Wl)' C MOS lkvica.. A d~1e doab. lhrow swildl P\iu, lbe I&mC te . rqulator and flill-wa--= brId., Inlo boIh applications. fOC" S "Olb bypusina:!be 141 ~ nawort aDd Iap plnJ dOWlll the: mains 1J"aftd0f'tDf:l'. kqul&t loo b ,i.-cn .. better IbaII

    Ano appliQIion of 7110S yoltaae pro""'"ther her a rq"latctllhebe 1 <l'llplll o rrcauWor toa ei. , \'01 al'tema.lMly whidl

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    adl'aDtaae of the &bon d Uly cycle of the Cllfnlll peaks. A _ ~ ;lpproi1dI--whieh a pplies &l$o to hiah"'lIlait' suppl ies for l.S.b. line:an-is 10 use .. vny l~ rew:l'VOir c:ap;lcilor. so allow ;.... a subst an tial reduction In the lnnSfol1l"lU " iron. n A l oad eurnple is liven by J. Ennis in Dtrollia (4 Deo:mlber, 19nJ in the form of a pcwe r supply able 10 provilk 0-4 amps. al 20 vctu wilb rqulal iotl benet than S per <::enl " I it lo tal 00$1 (USA p riocs in lbe Sta tc:s) of $13.12 : FiJ. 49. TIle key fe.tlllnl il lhe 32,000 ,. F racO'oir capacitor pennittina the UMl or a IOW-OOSI and klolsy In Dlformer. Apia, to ....ve 00$\$, 1\IlI() car bu/b$ are \QOd for sbo n -cireu it protection ralher lban the moR! conventional system or CUI'l'enl fokl buk. ; (he bul bi DOl only act as I fuse hu t abo rNUO/l the voltaee drop &o:rO$S lhe regula tor tra nsisto r. th us red ucinl ita powe r d issipalio n. To change the l upply" out put voIta;&e 10 I S voIll1 II is J'O""ible j ust 10 ese a !7 volt zenrr. bu t ror lower voIl. OUIPUIS II u better to lPe a 1 0-. \lollaP' tra,","ormer a nd appropriate zener . lbe plilJl<l'S<: or Ind udin l this item is to draw al teotio o 10 tbe locbniques rat her than 10 111.&:8""1 carbon copy conSIrueliOl'1, bu t lhe 1912 USA component p rioel have been len on lhe diagram as it i, reli lhal pricec;omparisom Ire llwa~ of inlcmrt.

    oepll\le supply \loha~. The system dcpeOlb dim;tly on the 300 \loll$ u nregulated sup ply. The .iJ:T TR I wlnw. R l &nO R2 to haY<: tulh values so tha t ou lpul loa d inll ;, kepi 10 a minimum and Iow-w:mage resi,tors can be used. Relati vely low'\lolt.~ lnuui sto", ClIO be II~ 10 rellul. te 2S1> volts supp lies (Mahendlll. Sha h, Eln:lron (cr , 24 A~ril, 1972). By absorbinl the bu ilt "r lb~ o utput voltllilc wilh II 200 volt :tlInef, the Olher oevio;eo can have quire low volta"" f'l l i n~ ; ICe F i, . 51. Th e cin:uit shown I, Intended to Ilrnvide 250vo lu
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    lto,lINcH P__ Su""'y ALw from D:/rottics (0""'" a l"&FIo!IDn by Olen Cue.. for regul aling high \lo lla&el with low . \lo llI F zenen without the nOw ~uslolIllU')' op-.amp Ihniquc . In the C>:.ilmple <JClOCfi bcd, F ig. $0, 200.\1011 w,Pflly i, main t. inetl withi n I voll for OUlPUII between 0 and 100 rnA, and the Iq\Ilated o Ulpu l ca n be: ILdj ~I"'" be:twecn $0 and I SO VOlli . A IN970 24 \lolt7.cner is 11.""", ILl l he ",feTC""'" wura: . n.e a lTln~1 is u.., ful where an op-amJI L . would introd uoc un ....,l"'" e com"licatinn" such ft.. the IIOC<1 for lo w-\lo ltqc f'O'Illi\l<l and
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    rq:iun. TRI o perates. as shunt rel walor, wilb ZDl abso rblna. &ood .se.J of the ou lput voltage so Itwt T R I

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    A. tip in Rm/u,.EktlrtHlkr (1oly, 1973)noler.thMt when COIlo nectl n, blt.lleriel in p:u'aJ1e1 II It, ad\llln~ to do so lhro uab diodes : see Fil . S2. TIle reasons ale tha t two balleries w:ldom haw nactly the same vol tage and with a Slralahl parallel (Onnect ion one may dill:tw'Jle Ih ro u,h the other; further, lhe d iodes offer ....otflC\lon apimt oonna;linlillem tbe wro n, way rouno , and also pro vide flTOtflCli<,m 10 &0 ClI ' tema l cireu it. will be a voll.l.(l:I: drop lOI;I'()SI the d iodes, eq ual 10 lheir po lent;al hill; Ihls wm be: knott with germanium diOll.". than ~;licon d iodes.

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    POWER S U P P LIES
    Power Supply UnIt for TR2200G, etc.

    The current popullu-itr of small hand-held and mob ile equipmcn ls ha s res ulted III II req uirement fOT such ancillary itcmlu ma ins power supplies and battery chargcrs. Stephen Price, G4BWE, h u II simple power su pply which Uow, him to use II Tri o /Ke nwood TR 2200G transceiver from ll1lIins .uppliCll and wo uld al. o be ~u itllble ro r ma ny Olher units req uiring 12 volts an d wh ich alread y have built-in vollll&e reKUlatio n. In such Ilnils it Is possible 1 dispense with zener rererence 0 diodes and such t~niques as I.e. opera.1iona l am plifiers o r I.e. volta~ regula tio n since the equipment call cope with moderate varialions in l upply vo llul. The potentia l d ivider (see Fi~. ~) e<lnsisting of RI , R2 and RV I det crm inl'll Ih" bICIC vo ltage of TR I and t hu, controls the "miller potential of T R 2. The 470 IF electrolytic: (e2) en sure, that th e co ntr ol voltage . and eon>;eq uenl ly the output , is fru from ripple. RV I i' used to set the ou tp ut voltage anywh ere between 10an d 20 vcru. 1'IIio conlrol . h n uld be pos itlo ncd fo r minimum voltilll'l before f1rsl co n necting lhe TRllOOG: th e slider may then be slowly IIdvan<,JCd , while k.eepi ng an e:le on ' the " batt cry chec k." meter . The T R220Q0 Should draw ju st und er O'S amps 00 transmil. so that for thiS eq uip ment Tal requires on ly a !mIl11 hcat.,l nk d issipati on (a bo ut 4 watts on transmit). Hn_ ver.lf TR2 is mourne d o n II larger extr uded heat -sink and T RI i. ,1$0 provided with hCllt-&inlc. coo lin then the su pply sho uld al"" be CIl p;Lble of "ro vidina the 3 am ps or SO needed to ru n a 1I) watt transceiver, An ~ltctn Kt i~ to the 1.5-0-I5volt tran sformer wou ld be 10 UiIO o ne with a single is volt wind!na in conjunclion with a bridae rectifier .

    A uumber of suita ble .. ba tter y sa ver " circu itlthat accc mphsh this sampling process have been described : for exam ple, by Joh n Rum~y, ZL2TN K , an d Peter Williams, ZL2ARW, in Breuk-In, August . 1975. TIlis dCli ign wu inlcrnkd for ~ with It spcc;:ilic walk. i~t ll. lk. ie b"t there il no reason why it should not be used , possibly with minor modificatio nl, fo r ot her equipments. The circui t details arc given in F ig. .54 An astable multivibrator provides tbe ba sic 1: 10 d uty cycle an d thi s is used to control a tnuuistoc po wer ~wilCb which interrupts the power 10 the active eevrces in thercceiver.

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    When lIIina hand-held an d otbc.r ballety~ra ted eq uipment over exten ded perlOl1s of lime it is deilr~blc I'" locI' eonsumption 10 the minimum Ihllt aUows the sY!'tmI 10 fuDetioD without sil nillca nt 1 of e/Jk iency. One technique 0&1 used in profcssiona CQulpmen lf, II the low duly cydc d un n. stand.by operauen of t he roccivcr, a uto lJl.llically switehlna the equ ipmcllt to normal rcoc:ive conditio nl when slana l Ippeal'i. Th e muted roocivw " listens " for perhaps 10 per cent of the to W time, tlltin a a brief ~ loo lt .. al the f~vency every few iCOOmh. If the squekb or mu tin, circu it then indicate! th.1 there ia I ';gnal co ming in, the mtem.opt co nd ition is disabled and the rooeiver SllY!' o n IlIItil perllapa 10 IOCODds aft c e ~illfllli has gone, when the u mplin, process is restarted .

    In o per ation the ,eo;:ei..:r is he ld on either initially Of afler transm ission for aboul 2S KWOOS before the $itffiplong cycle begin!L When tbo receiver is $witched on , CI is initial ly discha.rzed but Ihen chaQ:CI slowly through the 330.()()t)...obm rcsisIor Ind the baso-emiUcr junct.ion o lTR I. boId inlJT R ion .... hkh in tum for ces TR2 off. F.venlltllUy CI bo:<:omea fully ctwlJed , so lha t base cu rrent c:eascs 10 now in TR I , turninlJ this transisto r 0 0: aDd CllISilllJ TR 2 to awitcl\ o n which in tum wo ru lhroulJh the Iy$tcm until TRS is t om ;J on , so pro. iliina po wer lor fhe receiver. If durins the IlUtIple listco ing IlCI'iod th_ ia sipll1 present, the llIuc k:h cucuit in the oqu ipmcnt provides a n ,np"t vol tage 10 D I. T his causes cu neot 10 lIow thro"sh D I and lbo ~1un resister, so that bMo CWTCIl tll~ in TRI, t W'llina TR2 off and hold in, thc RlCciver 00 , Wilen the signa! disaPJlCltl'S. h _er. CI a p.in c/w'Je5 throUJb thc 330.tlOO-ohm reaistor IUld the orliinal cycle of eYents Ill-OOCW'S. TR' acts mll. o nly as a swilC blU. h in oonjunctioD with 0 3, as a vo ltaac rcll\llalor. It is important to use hiah-,.in Iransistol'll lhrouahout since klw-lJIin typea (e... B0 31, BC307, BC212) do not _ itch cfl'octively and ca n l ive rise to unplcasant noisca fro m
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    )'6-vo ll l:Cner d iode , T il.l TlPlO ilnd Rl 1SOO ohms. o-S walt . Th i. lives bim ... ui t.lblo dui' iling cum:nl or . round SO rnA (lnd i. mon-e~it proo r. 1>4 1I.-.:.-.:nl5 tlv: ~ llC1)" disctlarain ll lh roudt tbe co llfCl.>r'bK'le, R2 circ uit. An If-/NI Il'lIllI iotor cou ld be used for TRI l imply by inver linll all po lllril y.ocMi tive Ctlm""nc:nt5. eren l VlI llJ<:l o f R I the charg in g curn::nt Uv , .. i"; binll in d ilT e8n"be Chllllgcd; in me (;41lXP u nil lo 200 m A whe n RI il 15 ohm. , for U1<: wilh 2 All cc ll ~. The UI1;1 is sim('loe a"'" d":I\\'Ilo bu ild, o fle n fro m ju nkbox COOUtIHIl-e urrent ell.." ... eomponcun, bul OYCrcon>cl t he r rub lc m lh al c hargin. nka4 Nl-cad (nic:kcl-tadlllium) ~Il nj'lCCially th ose ~uire.l ceUs fro m II cun ..unlvoll~ae (Iuw.im r><:d anoe) source soo n deliver apprrdable CUffenl , ...e " pclll ive bllt fann a desu oys them . eon-=icnl po wer l upply fot> roru ble o perot;on . W ilh _led Pl::ler Ma rtin , G4AZC, bu desocri lxd two adjust.ble u nitllhere Is n'11o.,... o f Wlter by e'<'ilpor.lt;n n or cllx1ro lY' '' arr.Inpmcnll which he hili fouoo usdul in l ""lIinl in trim a nd !Wl creeflaCC' of cla;trolyte ; nonwnkllana: is nc:led 1100 ni-cul Qdls whic h IlO""Cf" bi, 144 MilL Iwld-portabk I.Imi. the cdllNY be moun ted in (lny poWtion . If wrrlly lrealed . T1'lae limvlc but ,e liab le eifcWll may be of inle rell to IMy .. ,11 ....tMund a ~ry 1lu1:c n " mba 0( dL:IrJina cycl.... <>Ihm . ~ Ir.."si,tor t:!o be . ny ccncraI-purJl(lIe lyre Ih. t ill ud lh.... lTIIy ba qUlle econom~. It Is ~ unpo>.l;l.n1, o;:Ip.lblc ofo;:anyilll SO rnA, fo r namr4e the BCl OSo f Fi ... 56 b~. t hlt ttu'_'~,,"nlr or Ct ffIr'.JI .... rrd dlvF'"~ are " o r lhe fHI""I' ~ DClOll .... u..aI io f l&- ~1. TIl;" ~ UKd. Apan f.om conPdcn.tio ns of 1 0", life, ocrioon OYer- traMiltor", provido:d with . d ipo(ype hca l-s inlt. ""a,..iD, of IUIed celh mll~ be avoided or otlwl'wi,c imCI'NI1 RVI octI l be ellalJinl wrrml (al 4j rnA for AA ;HP7 Jl'I'DSWe will bu,ld ur: ....i lh la..... n><ad cells h:&VIftI .I si.u: nK:ltdlJ s nd I.... cmiftinl diod e ICt5 as rew:ne~ vlhe , YCnIib.Iion .. nquircd " 'bde lhe grll " p "..n ty pro ledion as .'C1/ as indicatinll thaI et.r.u'IJ II on cII.atF"nee l be fumes iIr1: " riali..... ...lim, pU;;e . The two IN4001 diod"" acI .IS simple OR K om Ma\lcr6dcl ,G4BX P, ha roMl1cdout IIlaI fOf optimum 1"11'. ano-;.. e ithcf balletWs or nwino-supPy to JIO'*a'the life n i-cad cds Ibooki be chafaed I I _ ten lh of ttw;r one- eq ui pmc1l1 (ria .. sim ple f'CI\loIAtor t:ircu;t 10 red~ hour elI~l.cunetl !e.,. a D-4j Ah cdIlbouid be dlIracd the ::Do..,,11 .... wl)" 10 12 "OI,s) . In the cYCol of mil;,.. r.ilun: l 1101 4j mAl. 1 rr-idcs em:u;t deu.ils f F" H ) 0( . _ . l nl- the eq uir'mml .lu lOlllaliclllly JllCI O'IU 10 ballery flO"""' . c:um:nt charJff thai he IIndl elTn:ti",,: by d>oo.i nc su ila ble The: oompollCn<l Qln be .~mblcd 00 _ U pioce of vall1C1 of II.1 and OJ the OOITCCl an d _ r .-aJUe o f Vernboard and lftOUlIted in . d i:all box . cnJlhlin' l he twJd. eharlUll ,;uu e nl is prodllO"d. held cqU;rmcnl lo be pIaocd00 ~ .. bile ...iUin opcratioct. lie ....... the cNflCI' for 10 0 4 S A h cdb lII'hic:tl liwo h .... 12 "01<1 fOf I porr.ble tra nsmiller. TIw Ir.nd'.......- it Bo ll , fl lm ,,,,,lo.(o. IJ 'n'l RII" 18 O-II:l.'C'!tlleCt' ntlary, 11.1 it S6 oh llll, Q-j wa ll , D J " . FN a l2 _voll "",.. ." l<lpply in'cnded 10 rn..:..t ,h " rcqu,'" LEO ' ... men' ellCOul1lere,1 ..I>cn OjlCtiUinll ""nd-Ilchl o r mob'le tiP ~'!~ ~-.,.-----t.it~--, + as fixed sl ~ t i<>" ., Iller<: I' no nrc>.! In 1.1 1<: cl a bot-~ tcl y ~ I a bili rcd

    "''lIII<i('-,,,I. e. The eu rren t drawn wilh the mute ( low d I~ no rma lly 40 rnA. but wilh the batlcry .,m:r in Of"e.a'ion the M~r.i:<' cu' rent d ro~ In 4 rnA, providing a ",,,.,I!,,,hik: cXlen~ion of h ill er)' life. J"I, tif;ularly where th e cq u'l'II'Cn t i. required to operate ror ulcnllcd period s on .l an.... t.y.

    l he: ,'C'" ccr as ,t ~.. il<;hc:>.. Tantalum (;3p1OC,t Ol'1o ~",,, be used f.... ( "J. 2 and J ; they $INIlkr and Iu~ l~r bloleo:. Since the umrl ,nll lime and " Ul)' C)"'k ace .tI'octed by bo lh CIIp;:lc itor ...1l>C'l and l ra n, i~l .. . p i... ..-.me: cKI"n,men ,a' lion f1\:I)' "" nccckd , especiall y wilh CJ. 10 $C'l the deiin''' fnu ll~ . n.c " ri'lOl l uoi t wae h uilL on 11 r iocc or puohn Its, lhan I in. "l" art "ilh 0- 1''''1111 rnr.lon. 10 til Into /I C""",",C1

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    S.w.2. : wo:ond Jr)/ 6~ turns or bilil" , """,,.. O'Bmm/ 211Il&SI2I . w.g,): it may he ral her easier 1<;> m<>iJiry an cx is tinll m~;ns .lrau.rOtmcr to " ", v iJ~ a winding wuh an out put <;It ~l'l'w~ "n" ldy 17-4 vo lK The tn,un heal sink fur the 2NJU~ 5 H e,m,i, t, of two S'luare alum inium pial"" (4 and J in. 5qunrc) "".",bled to geth er un the chassfs u <l . ll~ ",,,ai , ins\llmed f'u", the po wer Irlln,istn,- hy means
    of th e m i..';1 wa she r s p rea d ' ''' both s ides wid, siIi<;one gr ea:>c . A c1 ip-n n finn ed heal s in k is uscd fo r the 2 1'01 40 .17. r"r th e

    1o.;lir,,,, Ji"Jc$ n hea l spreader c" mprises a II hy 11 ;". ~ h "ll i n i u lll 1.late "' Ith u ~1 3 2 in . h"le in the milldlc if (he KHI'CROO 5 hri<.J ill: rect itier is "s cd . Th e l wall ()'12 ohm resuroe ~a " he Illad c by wind int: 2 in. of cOluta ntan wire (06] mm d iameler) arctmd a 1 .....all resistor of no pal1i~ular value (uh crllali vely 1211'1 1 r, .)or 26 ~ .w ,~. cop per "i", linl: 4 wire). "l'hi. """i. lor, (ojlelher wilh Ihe De lO8 uansmor. [,,(In, Ihe c ur", nlse "s injl t ircuil ",'hich lil" j,. the 0II1PlIl current under sburt-eircuit co nd il inn, 10 1Ih1.... t 52 10 5<1 amps (if mnsidc Ihi. , Irim the l) 12 " hm """i,tor unlil Ill<: eurrenl is within TIl " w i1"I'C;\s inll ~i'll.m'e ...ill d~r~>c eOUIPUI curre nt). A hom cla ,i~ l-ho "" 2NlOSS Imns islor Ii .e. ~N lO S SlI). as made by RCA lind ...."h'''''. i> uWle IUllab le fo r Ihi:< i1 Pl'li_ ceuon lha n Ihe II hefua l;vc e pila, ial base I)""". "o1 . llempt to USC 16 V eb.:\",lyl i<.~ in place of Ihe $[""..;[1<"<1 (,lt 2Svoh units. A~ in any U""-st ~Jte fcedba<:k a mrl ilicr, lhere ;$ II risk uf oKillali" n. allho ugh Ill<: 0'22 \& F 0 {1 1 " f ". I'<'"i\" ", 0 shouh l eli""".. te Ihis in Ihe va" maj il)" of cases. Ho....:-.-cr. if an y lendeney towar ds ~illlll i"" is round, aUen>;I1;v<: ".1 ...,. hiw'ult.l be tried in Ihe!" ...."'iliouh. or addll ,,,n al "" 1""" I" rs fill ed (a 0 '(1047 ;0.1" f;llracihlt fro m collector 10 base of the D(.'212 may a lso h<:lpl. The ~y",l'l oms o r o<eilaliun . .... ",' ro,,~ voltage. o r .. \Ir~ n~", ", .i'4:$ fro m Itle receoer" (if y,," have a n a .f. ,,011~ "",i,io n "" yo ur mut l i meter, o r cr.n "".:1 a 0 1 .. F capacucr in scr ic:s w;l h II>c 10" . a.eA -oIII ra nI:<', II ch ed ~'llll IX made f" r o<.cillalioll: an)~ hi "lt over 02 volll r.m.s. slloul <J l:IC vic" ed wilh suspicion ). Perfo rm.1lIX spi flClll io"s jrl(ludc: no-t""d ".. Iplll vollage adjusla ble between 12 11..... l ~ voll.$ ; tend ",w lal,,'n " O~ vc n at 4 amps load; line fCllUl11l i/lM 0' I volts fur 10 re ' s cr:t ll cha nge of m.. ntns volla lle; l h'>rl-c;n;ui t c" rrelll ma \On1 utll 6 am..... ; C O",;"UOI.l'; rar ing 2 " m....; 4 11l1lpll lra n! nllt Hnd O , ~ ..mIlS n:ceive at SO:SOdlUy eyele; sh<>rl-cireuil ratin g J min.

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    He<rv y-CII enr P ow a. SuppUe. Mod em solid- . tale I r~ n .m i llers and add-Oil po wer amplifiers requi,e h,,"vy-current d.c. supplies up to ab ollt 20 amps ralinll. J. G,een",,.>J. Gl K RZ. i, c" nvillcc<! t iHlt there i. 11" real d illi"",lly '" "u " , " "(.li" ll ,,,01, ' III it. al " rc" ""l" hlc Ni ,'"

    Ihi", un, ati sfaclory in some respeet>. h<: W :i S a l'lle In m<llIify Ihe d"",i~,, h . I~ f ror m the lask in hand , HI S nlO<ti fte.1circ uit i.~ ~huwn in rill. 59. Fo r no rm al intc flniuenl aPl' Ii""li" n. il will pruvide 2S a mI'S. FUrlhel'l11 ore a .l rippOO-dow n "",!'Sion il ponil'lle, fir><.>: prol ect;',n "ircuits ('h'ercurrenl. o vcrvo lll1lte and undcT""h"lIc) Clln "u lI'"lirncs he d .. pemcd wilh , T he rema ininl/. ClH"I"'nen l' are lota ndard (" jlh Ike e, ee!,lion rerh.o.l'" " r II><- IrJ " ,fo rrllcr) and Cl'In oflen he obl a;ned ~ I minim.1 e<>s!. A numlxr of eompo~nl v.. hlCS are 0(\<1, silH they ""rc Ih..... ""ailal"c frolll lh<: junk bo~; :e prercrred val"es ~~lllid he \ lIbMillllcd . While sU'l able tran"," .n......,; a,,: a" aila ble. Ihey are not " al....ays at a price an amale".. w(lUld wanl to )'o'y. 1I0" c"",r, isolat ion tra nsformers C 1C.. IIr sui la hl.: ....'wcr nll i.,& can , oflen be rewou nd (10.....'011"1:<' SC<.~."<Ju ria; M.luirc few Iurns an d are orten acccs.s,hle). S ince ICAS ralinl:' ca n he a pplied, a 25a mp supply can usc a ~o", la 'Y wi"d ing raled fo r 17 a mps \-.:>m in uou s Col in McE....en. G 3VKQ. bu;ll. 14v,,11 S-llmp su pr>ly an d IHlinl. ou t Ihat Ihis co uld be u p-ra ted 10 10 Ilml'S hy d"r lieali "g TR I lind RI , alt hCHJgh he has not lTied I h i~ in pta~lIcc . H is lIp p,,"' CI> (F ig. 6 1) iso lO 1. ~e a I-nmp 7H I2 Ihree-Ierm ina l i.e. fCgulah" . i,,~ .t ;, red L iOD in rbc refere nce le:<d I" ~i,.., a!,prnx imHlely 14 ,o lls OUlplil (ro ughly the " n-,'harll" vollage " f a 12 "..,ll.k"dac i,j b"lt cry). The L e D l i g h t~ quil e ,,,,11 n n IIH: II rnA Or W !low ing in thi! 1 1d . lie then a dd~ a C. T IP42A I>y pa... tral"isto r 10 give him a ~-a mp ' atin g. Ad vllnlal;e is lalen of the fO ldbad , current ilmning and Il>crma l . huldllwn "r lhe 7RI2 10 give rcasonnbre prot""ti" n: If \l~ i n l1ll1C su pply f,,, a 200 lransceiver an s.c.r. crowee r arran llement ....n\lI<.l !' ro v;,Je flea"" nr mind . AI I(>w currents t he dwl' :<",," s R 2 is insufficient to turn o n TR I. but al 1 100111 noo mA il . wiIChC!: o n and SU FPtics mllSt of rne add i1i(>nal load up t" Ut><' UI ~ amps. At ful load lhe 7~1 2 llOCS into current lim;t all.d, because of R l , no renner current is sup plied by Tit 1. TR I is m"unled 011 me ha n~ hea l ~in k as Ihe 7812 so thatthe thermal shlll-tlown of II><: 7111 2 pro tecls bOth f"gul alo r and bypw;s trum;lSlOr . Simila r circuits (althou gh usually witho,,! RI , which giv.... II d"llr~e of , ho rt_eircuit pro tection) can be fou nd in mllnu_ fu" tu,..,"' da.m sneers. T he lIn'ass unnsatcr can be eliminalw (up I.. 5 bmps) by u,ing Ii hea vy-currer n Lc. regulato r, and ~n advocate uf Ih is apPwilch i! Ga.rry TOllcre, WA4FY Z, in 7) M flltt1:ill(", April, 1'l79. T'i ~. 62 ~ h"W!1 how Ih is simp lifies Ihe circuiny; Ihcsc ", gula tol"ll inco rpora te internal current limilinll ( S llmpl Ihresh nhJ) lind therma l ~hu t-tlown. The Fa irchilll 78H I2 12vo lt unil i~ ~u r pl ernentet.l by 5wlt (78J10S) and U-voh (78 H I~ ) devi<.:co. The ~~nl or see n devices is fairl) high, bUI

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    Al 10 .. m,...., Ihe u .II.. p: d rop K'lM 0'C'Il (I-Ill . I \-011. or ",,,'" Cla,;h, ~, a;nl of.be supply \o!la te . As ~ ~.t nDItI1 hd" ore, In In" 'S;,,,., powa alllfll'l'irrs roll1or u ,nl til lNy he: c:lIlT}'inll bot h e .e, lind ' .r. ",rrcnli-lnJ no;cdo "f'I>l."'i.1 I II""l i"n ; If s hu nl ftal if. UKd " , lI rn lhe ""il'll. i.., in lhe .r. ' ch<.>ke. HClivy po,:a.l nJrrel\11 ...ill show up IIny " M>".vminp In pc:>"c' luJ'Ply ca bll"ll . plu~ """.... eI. e tc. Tnld ,lion.olly, radIO!u lpmcnl has been I'finlOltily lie hH un e nl e nl" """";"" and il eeecs /I d llk,en l men lM ;a l' pr o ~cto ...he n III , n L l n ~ In I Icrms or I) H,hs 31 5. 10 or 25 a n,,... "' Il!hon ~' It 1'1 3111. G lNXC:, r,. t e~~ n,p l<l . .... rit... ~ "" " l lhe: scp,u /lIIClll ..,r lhe ~I ir,,,, .... i ri n ~ rru m . he d,e . n,,'I'''' "';rinll in th e ci rcuit diagram. ri ll_6l . h",,, Ihe pre rern:<! .. r p m" d, a nd. uh ho ull\h pu, li,' ulady im p' rl anl r", h i\lh e ll' .en l " sup plies. me ~/l lI\e a l'l' l'<~llIh is al." 11" ,..1 '''':'I1 11l1e r" r IIny Iy~ o r p.I .U . The .il' l,lc cu , rCIII ill " ""'lifiN /eHI'H"iw, e ircu il elln he "e ry hi~h : co",n l'l". Ihe I"'" l ehM lllnll "I" T""I, r" r II 2 ~ a mI' I,...d ",ill h<' in 11K ,ell,,, n "r M nm", t Ir t ll l~ curren t 00" lIro uJh ;u'y If"u d (Om m"n 1 lhe d.c . OIllI'UI the m"" 0 liLely I.,. ull .......m.ide r~hk rirl* 31'I'liCiI 10 Ille lc>:nt, A nolll~ pmhlcm .."II h lllh-cum: nl stl prtlcs .. Ihn. o r voll. d..... .. I" nll l he In<k co nO1i nl Ille s uWly 1 !he 0 load. Th.. p.. ,hll;'fTl ~ n elfel,'"livt ly lXelimina lC'd by . M use or rcmo!e ..: nsinl u in HI . 6l _ Uo ro ll una lely su pplies UIoio. Ih rcc4cnn in.:r1 i.e. IC'Illla lOn a nOOI Il-~e III. Ie..:hnlq ue 100. r... Ih......, heI.y Io1 UllC .. irin. ht;l,,n the IUI'ply aod lho: ....... ilo <"'SCtIliIIl. T he 47 o hm ",,";"IOB """"" n in Fil . " PftY'C"1 ru""WlIy lhoukl. he sense ~!Joe en,itl C'd or ra l olT. It ;, ...... ad . .... blc..nell UIinc. for "..ample. rcc r 2NlOH fI't_ l ra noiOl on in P!ll1lllld as! he tn:\in leries p.uI ekme n l5, 10 C'I\MInl .hIIll"" klIId ~n l is wred equally ""I",ocn Ihe four dnica, nt hc""* one or ' ...0 lra nsU-t l>n " .. y b f8l!! pc-tCCft'I&C or ,he .oul C\lrnnt . 11'IIlI1Ire.;"1..., ..y 0' 1 ohm for . 2So.amp IUll'Illy, in ~ wilh lhe Mu llen or ca<:h "I lhe rnur dcvKt:s. "tti.. hotslhe d ,s,ad....n la'" lha l some

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    O ... , lo" d Shu l do ... n ... 1I 1t s.e,lI:. Su bsti lu le ec.tric Ma rsh nll, G l YR N, .. rilet: .. T be \.n-<hip e U"",1 ...,n, lnll "A nsisl o r or n.. .. . i e. r"llu loto rs cao be tIS<'d !o ro ..i<J C a n,odc nll e ~ell," <If cu rrent fold lucl . Wben I lIuk ed Iround for .m ~Ile rnlll i~e .. r p.....c h I \..-a ~ inlrigucd 10 find !ha l lho! Si..... ~~ l"q;llllltlJC i.e. ~ a cu rrenl le nsin, a mpl ifier Wiiolll "" ' I.e.r. aubstirutc ' con till.unotIQn. As Ihe 550 dOC-'< 0..1 ......... 0 l'C IC1Idily a ~a i lablt: from U K 0 s uppl iers. I .......~ dcoI 1 .im ula le Ihis .lOrra n.et!lem IIlin, Ihe L M72l aod .lO p:.o ir <II e~!"",,, l rCSISIOU, The arr::m,crnenl ftna.Ily a dopted is . ho<on in f<i,. 64 . " Tile sumlil ule--$....r. lti~1S "iUI aboul O-H \"0111 across R'K'. bul ilJo CUm:n1 is !>claw .h e hooId'Oll ..a.lue if R r . is~1ow :t ecrUio cOlal " I luc. When Jt FIl i:ro .II or abo .., Ih ill .... luc. !he ~ol u ll" . I.....-doped K lOSS i, (as II\(' coueco- load or lhe DC I7S) .. SUfficicn l 1 SUppcmc-ol lbe voila to' .oo:-ros.. R'K' 0 ;an.! 10 4ti..., lhe: ' ....:.r. ' ;lOO\'C iu hokJ-on "'m:nl. " The eti, icol l u ille can be found to) LaSinll\ a 1 UJ va ria ble 0 rcilor. It Qln a l.o be loo.. n 1""1 lbe <;iKuil .:IoI:U .. a. simple (urrml limil CT ...hen Rn is zero . a n-d h<>w lhe ~h<><1 ~irc\ri l cutlm l ,cd uces "Imost 10 ltto as the ental ulue is a l'pn\,"""'1.

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    " Th u, llle ~in: ui, cn n be urr"nj:c<l ' 0 lo.:k " Ul (l it o verload "'il h I/. ~Il jU~1 ,,!xw e t he er iIie ." Iuc , i" ...hich C:lSC II ma nua l 'al rocl rllcilily 11",, 1 hc p ro vi<.lcd wil h II 1', ,'h-lo- nl<1 ke ' '''ilch lIC...... K r-n. Al lcr n' li.dy lhe circuit ", ill a utoQ);lueaJly ' 'e.\.C1 if II.f ll is jtl~1 I><: low lh e (;rilica I val" e, h"l a sma ll IImou ,U " r , hun "'''euil c ur rent mU ~ 1 hc l ol~ril led f" r a rd illhk: resc l. In m y J settled r" r lIboul W m A ow llh R HI C<luill lU )700 u hm , . l'I""lIy r wo uld mondy rocurlllllentl lhal llic ",r""' pn, I r altsi~10r u",, 1ISehe<:kal (" ,r aelu. 1Currenl It', in. Thc va lue "r hFf' rail, " II rapid ly .IS lhe ("urren l incn:a scs ; lhe ma,i",u "" dri ve <:.1 l"' hiln y of lh. LM 723 is ISO rnA lind lhe m"X"l\um ,li,,, pa li,,n i< 1:IOl.1 ",W ,"

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    On rv o' I" ,," P r oleCl lor> wl1h Thr.e-hrm i"" , A r u lo l o .. navid L"ll". G 3p rU . po int s nut Ih'd while overvo l lll~e r r"'....1io" is p"",id ed o n Ille ch iI' " r send-sene, th ,,,,. ' ,crm;nal i.c . rc~ " la lors ( LMm ele .l , lhi~ la kes llle r(l(,n"r" zcncr .li"d" "r h"" lcL! SiIC. In ' h,,,,, " pp l ieMi,",,~ whe re enecuve ",en n llaj1c p rOIIXli"n '5 ' n"l. " 1"110'"' va lua hle arra llgem"" 1 "a " be provid ed by "-,,nl( ,In u lern,,1 s.c.r. (lh yri'lmj: s<.'C H Il . 66. U nde r n"rmal oper;u i"lI' " m<l ilio ns lhl' I& o h", resi.'l"r h" , lill ie ciTcel o n the IlCrf' >r m"""., of the re, ,,b lu r, as " n ly m i"i mol el ll ",n l 110'" Ihll>ullh II. H,)w cvcr . ;n lin over , 'ohal''' .C""' lIlio n all lh" c ur ren' !':,,-\inlll h ro ugh lhc on-chtp ~e ne r dU'd e fIo....s lh ro ugh lhe r""'\ !OI. and lh" v"lt a ~ men L!cvd"I'O<t1across It ""ill " " ....IJ Ihe ~ "CC of lhe So r . !l,n e. l1Ic ' c. ' .c.l . Ii ... ". " cm wl'l,1 "" " lhe "'I'pl y and blows Ihe (II' C. " 8a thr y.,loIJ IIi.ed Stlpp ly I'ctcr Sm ilh. ( i J H WL. u'''' Kl>.,ller)' 'IS " ."h a llc 5lab il;tcr a nd (,,,.1, Ihi5 \.11isf"" l"ry r" r a 5a"'l' , ,, pply capable " r de ll' e,inll hij:h peak o ulP" I. He wrncs : .. The sy, l, m o f ri, . 67 has bee n i" usc fo r 5<lITIC """ IIh.l ; ,\(I pwl>l..ms hav e ,.. " ,,, ,,, hllh t a n<J lhe rI, k o f "","', o u lpUI

    ",n pu l 14 vn hs . Th e ballcry eom pri" , a l'Jel o r lU"Ah P-si ze ni-cold cd ls !lo uled acrD'>S r h~ nu lpUI of lhe p.s.u. w il h ore o f lhe ~ rics lin ks between p .s.u. a nd bnllery nude or much lh inner wire 10 act;iS" limple fusc . A .\II. fc ly felll u~ C i.l~ o r "n H. S lho:n "'al , w rleh in euntac! wilh lhe m-ead ....... I:>a u ery p"c k. wired lO inle rr upt c harl\inlt s huu ld ~ f"u ll cond ilion deve lo l' whi<:h ca u'ln lhe cd l, I" o w rhc,,'. " Tbc d;.....I'''O lal,:<' o f lhi s aPl'tu a,h arc the '''''101' the niea'h a nd lhe sligh l v" ri", tOf1 in " " lrUl level. 11" 1, in il. fa vo " r. lhl' o ur pul eurre nl ror s hort d " r:llio" r><:ako nuy be vcr y hi"h (ObVIOl...ly if lhe mCan curn;n l ou l c"c< h lhe :< eharinll current ll1e ha n e ry pack "" 11. in lime, di scha, ge), F"rlhe., lhe unit fn. ms a nob l'e;, ~ supply in It(ll being eo tllpkl<:ly ma ins d Cf'Clld~nt a nd cl. pab l" o r "onlinll ing 10 ['""vi. le rower r" r II 'ime in the absence " r ma'ns po",.",. T hcu n;tica lly l herc is I' p ro blem in that t ile lIi", ",h s ho uld pnl h" chllrged Un.kl ennSla n l v"ltllb'"condi lion" but CXi><ric","'C I,. da te has le' COIled no pro blem. whh lhc a rrangeme nt n dcscribcd. A s imibr Hwr""eh mll id bc "W illed fa t d ilrercnl r<XI" irClllellls in terms o r OUlPUI cune"l "r ,..Uler y l'al u,cily, an d n S"'ilc hcL! meter sh"wmS vo llll"c/ cum:nl is u uscrul add ilio n ." G.n. . .. / p .. rp o Po we , S.. p p ly f ill. 68 shows a gene ra l-p m po," p" wer supply d"'le ri hcd by Doug I) "M " w. W I H I. a nd n "h Sh rme r, WAlIuza. as pa rt of lheir "ba,ic . m~ l~ur r"d io " , c. 1es. in QST. 1\ provido M regula ted "" lpUI a<Jjll'l" hle from 2 I.. 18 vollS al III' 10 0 '7 lim ps. Ahh",,~h lhe e in;uil is Q"i le ~ta ndard , il ch fo rm' Ihc sort or u roil .. t u m"' l 1'' ''0,,10,: .. o uld he h aPl' y lO ha v" "rmm d lhe sltac~ . If a main< Ir.ndormer Wil h 12'6 vol! sp nd ll.y i~ nOI ava ,t1bl e. lh" j unk holt ma y well pl'ovide a n older ~"~"ponen l wn h lwO ti-.l volt windi nlt< 11\;l1 can he eo ,,"""'w in ser ies.

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    I'~~ h c~ vy-cu r :~nL p."w~r su pplies l h~ , iN lind weight or lh.~ door-slap lIlll ,ns tmmrorme'-'; 'Cems oHl-of-pIJCC

    wllh solid-state lriln'l'"rrJblllty. There is an alternative npprn"ch tha t Is fl nding increasing. lIpplic:Hion, in pJOr~,_ slonnl eq\l l p!,lc nl~ lhe usc of switehing._mode supplies ;n whlC h the SI& " mj welitht of lrJll,rOrrner cores can b~ <l rn m~, t i Cil Jly n:u ucetl by using invcrtcr-Iype swild,i ng Ir.~ ns'stor.; 10 ra,"~ Ihe su pply rr"'l U"ncy from 50 &0 Ib lo ", h,gh as nbo ur 20 kH/.; lh,s nlso all"w" much smaller -value eapaehors 1 he " ,cd i'l the rippl" niter. 0 1< should he recognized thai a p1"llhk'11 with swilch-n",tle power .luPl' lie., IhlH is nOI nOrtnally I're~e lll with (rad ilion,,1 power ~ n l! ' is the genera! ion of radio frequency inl"rferen,,,, (RF1) S1l111"' , 10 that rad ,a l",-l hy the manv COlour lele..-'sion receivers Ihal Icntl to rely on Ihis approoch ; 10 r~"l "ce R H to a ~"-~onllhle level re'-luir~", <:<Iref" I atte ntion 10 f,llerinp; nnd shielding. To clo op d.c. at kil"h" rIL rlltes. the swucbers lentl to usc three <.l ifTerent circuit ""nn guration s_dcpenu inll '''' whether lhe, p.s ..u_ is. high po wer, low power Or hillh v"l lap;e. Au artICle on H<'Clrtmic D~,.iI:JJ oUlllnes ihe rn. sie ~wile hing lecl",; qLleS (Fig. 69); p".,Io -pull ; forwa rd "tmver!er ; and the nyhad a rrangem enl. The;r orcmt ion i, ue"",; bed .1< 1', ,II" ws ; .. Th e. push_pun contlgtlral ion is lypically found In highpower supplies and giv"" Ihe lowest outp ut ripple of the lhre<: designs_ It r"'luir"" Iwo swlrchlng transistors which pmd uce ahel'llal ing sq ulIre wav~. T he ~ up ply oulpul is r~ll ulatetl through J krohae k lo"p containing a pulse-widlh Irto ulalnr, .l which clln lml, l he length of ume lhal cllch IransiSl or contlu"ls. If lhe d.c . output increase<;, lhe 1111 > ulal or reduces <l lraus;, lor on- lime, causing a proportionlll decrease in t he d.c . o"t pul voneac. Similarly , the modula tor increases lra",islor on-ti me to incrc..-Ise voltub'eoutput. .. In some ~ u ppl ics, generally lower-po wer swilehers , the r~lrwa rd conver ter a rra.ngeme nl is O "ro . This requires only a slnllie switching transetor. To pr" ..-en l salunllion of the transformer core, the forwa rd conven er eon lains a ftyback tliode eo nnecled to a thinl, hifilbr-wound transtcrrner winding. When lhe switeh i"ll lrans istor is off, the diode returns excess mngnellLing curren t 10 lhe ~l ,pp ly's inpu t filler_ ,. Fo r higher-voltage app lie" ti" ns, the Ilyback conligura_ 110n performs holler Iban lhe other two approaches. Like p"sh-pull, lhl, req" i,",-"" Iw" Iran, i,to ,.;. hilt Ih~. switch

    s"nult~nem"ly , rather than alt ernat ively. T he tOllligur-J L i"" owes n., nmne to the f1yback lra n, fer of stored en"rg' between the 1 1~ " ,forme r pri,m,ry and secondary. Enerf;Y I~ stored in Ihe t ransfor mcr pri mary wh;1e the lransi stors an: on . One" Ihey turn otl", the stored enerllY is coupled to the po wer_tra nsformer secondary. Diotles from the transistors emitters shu n1 the harm ful kick from the transformer pr imary lIr<lund eac h tra nsetcr... In "'~ ur:r ;lS a.sond ~wi(~hi ng sup ply is used to keep control Cl rcu,ts alive a nd mucpcnolcnl of the main Outpul vollage to enha nce sdr-prO le<:l ;on and sclf_reslJrl;ng. The sw;tclllng_m nde approoch is d~arly very attractive for Ihose c"neer~<;<1 w;lh size anti We illlll, although ror nnrmal do m",t:c nperauo.1l of amat eur eqo ipmen l one red s lhere i. ,I ,ll 11 l o! !O be said for Ihe 50 Hr. appro ach, even lhough il meU nS findlrtg those I,nge door-stops.

    S.amp S wleeh' nr Rer u'a tor One of the pro blem. with most heavy-cum:n t vollage regU l alOr~ for power "upplies providing oUlpuls of lhe order of 5- 13 vons i~ th" cn nsitlera ble amounl of power lhsl is wa sted in the pme"," (i.e. difference between WJlt, inpU and l wat ts ou tp ut). O "e m", h\xl of rcduclng this 10 is 1 usc a " 0 switching reg"la lor . Th e design or a , wilchi"'l rqlulator providing, lypieally, 5 volts, 5 amps OU lp"t from a 12-15 von d.e. inpul e t a n etficieney of ah" ut HO per cen t (ap proach ing 90 per cent for a 13-voH OU lpa t) is br iefly described hy Buh Haver of Mot o, olJ in Eierfro n;c Oed gtl, 26, 20 Decembe r, 1979: Fig. 70. n , i~ us"'! an L M317T three-lerm innl i.e. regulator, and lhe oulpul voltage can be set as; reqo ircJ by cha nging the value of R1, eilher for a fixed po tenl ial orma dc conunucusly ..-a riahle hy using a pot enliomel"r as a variable resislOr. Elliei"ncy w!1I d rop wuh low.vollllb'e outp uts, alt ho ugh even III 15 vollS II can be as muc h uS 60 per cent. T he ope.ratin! frequen~y of lhe swilehin g freqa ency de pentl.s pnma rl y on lhe hiler elements, the response lime or lh" r.c. regulato r and the load. Norma lly it will be abou t 1- 2 kH t, bUI th is mar drop 10 about 100 H lt under no-loa d con dilion s. Ripple oulpul (ahout 100 mY p- p) can be reduct:<! by using a filter ca pad l<>r wilh It very low equi valen t Ser'C\i rcsiOla nce (conversely il ,,",,ultl be increased \.or using a IOwt:r-g", de capacitor). NOle tlllli the circuit as shown tloc' nol include Shorl-c ircuit pr<II",, 'l"n. T h~ s;te nnd C t of lhe f,lte, c h"~ e could b tctlt"'etl It" o, e

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    o n , he

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    Chart/ nr H I cod. Q Ule/t ty A "n",hi nal i" " "r CO ll.'I,,,UYollal:c " ",J cn n,ta nt'C lIrre n! C hHt~in ~ !<,.h,,,q llc. hu. bee" au n pt c<.l hy Hill Hrel / , WAh fHC \11", ,, Xu";" . O.....cml'<', . 191'1, I'I'M.. Rl 1<> pro vide TSlller m(l,c rapid charging than lI, ual " r 100 mA h, 12-v" lr ni-ead baltCr~ . His baslc arru n\ole,, ~n l ( r i~. ' I) is designed ~ h HgC nt , ~ mA I,l llli l Ille huue ry i, rll;rly f ully cha rged. a rwJ Ih<: n to ' eJ I,l,'e Curte lll hl II IrickIe . II is sla led I ha l it is poss iblc in lh io way 10 m:ha rwe "om p lelely" dcact ba Ilery in about (O\Ir ho ur" , a nJ lh l lh e halle ry can the n be len pcrnl;llM:m ly c" n u , e..I w ithu ul ,h lm liitc . T o se t ' he s hu t-o lf poin l conne<: l II 270-., hm. 2. wlIll renner across lhc c harge le rm in.. ls. lind aJ j u>l ,f\c r>' ,te ntio mcrc r fo r I ~ ' ~ vcns a cross .

    'n

    0 . l1Iol(1":)'I.1e N lle rit" are uSCiJ with souc.sr arc eq u ipmcn l ~ "IIY from Ihe whocle. W ririn!! fro". Yak U ni\ e rs ily. J.""",h M ~ek , c . VK2 liM E. <;end<; dela ils Ifrum memory ) ot no vel dlarger c irc" il : Fig. The le ner Jiode an ti s.c., . (thy. ;"IO' ) lll"C fell ta W d.c. aoo a l lhe ~f'Propriale lime in ell<ch Iuo lf-cy<:lc tile Ill:( vohage e~""""" the gau:-ca . hOlk .. il:l.~ r vol {~ ~e BOO lU.ns lhe S.C.r. o n, swilc hing [he roll>' d.e , <Ll pply ~C'O!iS Ihe baller>'. La te r in lhe ha lr-q-ck: Ihe s.c.r. tu rn s off when IIIe Output fall, he low i.s m in.mu m hoId in, <current. Reca ll<;e o f the shar p .i~ lime. Ihe lra ns fo rmcr can .... e~ po:: lcd'o" ping" .m her , hIin hu m. AvCf1lllC c ha rging ra le lend , ' 0 be se l by t",,,,fo . ,,,,,r 1CK.'lt:S . , ahou. l limp$. Terminal o utput voltage C n be va ried O\'e. " ra nge o f a bo ut a I ....,11 by ch 3nging lhe" va lue of k I from ~ OOUI ]4 -4 ... hs '0 o IIlt-oul 11 4 vcns (VKl n M E ma l es Voul " boo l 13' ~ vons, whkh mcallS t hat the" c hllrg er is u ff fo r mOSI o f Ihe lime) . IU (ol'! iona l) pro vidCli lea ka ge currcn t fe r ' h e bauery to :wold a burst o f ping ing every ~ m in. or so. The main " d va m a ge o f lh e a.r~nb't:mCnt is . hal it provides a n o Ulpul ma tch ed to the ]ow-im pcdam:c: o r II lea d- acid b<! lle ry ", hile

    n.

    using a sma lilra n, forme r !tUIl o pera tes co ntin uous ly_
    ilC I01

    the ,eo.i>h>r ,

    eeo

    '- - , - ,
    l"V<l<

    e.ot t... ~

    to ~.

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    ,""

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    < ". r~ed

    f i . 1). (;J~TU . 555 d ...1 1 ~ d 'h

    h..".I

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    to

    n v..l

    Id

    fIl. l.n,

    , ,11 .

    Fl. n . .. . ~ . JI . _ ...;

    I~ I~ . ....

    l or do .... I _ I d ...,
    " l~ . ~

    M A r.. n ,

    " bt n l

    . . . .. . ..,

    b ridl

    r_;

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    h ,,;-.1 _l

    ~ ' I ft ~ ~l

    " p . ri

    " .
    ..

    NUSS D.C ._D .C. In v t

    C" n U Onl-Y" "oc e l.e<ld-ocl d Cho ' Ce . avoid cell ..... am ..b 'C, con<tanH: UUC-IlI cha ~inl! i.\ cU 5romarj l~' used for n.... ' ''' NIll CriCS, bul IM re is sull a " req uire me nt for the fasler c,"'s tanl -vol ' ag e a ppr"",h when

    To

    O"..id Lo ng. G3 I'TU, 1t. bee n s urp. ised lu finJ 00 1 how 1. mud l ou lpu t can b<: o bta ined from lhe ~ ~~ when u_eJ a, oI ,c...... .c. inw rler_ u p 1 aboo l ZOO rnA rate d , p" s 'I lt-l y ~OO 0 rnA if p ""hcd , Th is eo.::ollraged him 10 a do p il hi, .)'~tc," 10 p" wcr a n N ~6 1 plt.u c. loclr.cd loo p i.e . (whi<;h Te<lui re, I minimum of I ~ vo lt$) f ro m 1\ 12 yo lt sccrc wilh yuha ~'<l e. s talt-i li.a lKm, see Fig. 7) . a. use ful w~y of "blaininllll h illhe. .....1I 1 t:<: Io wh cn osinlJ 12vol l pow... sou "",". ' n<:

    SECTION

    E I Q H T

    Aerial Topics
    Jrqponaal ~ cl Tnluliall T~I. TIle aim .... '''!J l lIY tnn 10 praml idca5", hic:h";11 hd p the arnall:..... wilh f'CIIrincd ~ oc fIrlana: 1<I IIY ouI .., laliftly simple wllkt\ michl olhcfwix be ova1ooled. No allcmpt Ilq CVCC' bcea made 10 del" inlO desi~ llOOIidualioDl buI ~thcI 10 proide Mll6o:XDI pndical infunnatiltO 10 allow lhe am&1CUr 10 'f)' out 1110 l)'1Iern lor hinlsdf. , The ,l u b;";1 o r m uh ihoond h.f. .. rr'l Y'i il ! "i n., 10' be of ''''"''I~,nll ~,,~m " ' Ihe new ' 0, l ~ a nd 4 MlI~ 1 t1 d~ ... beco me n. il. h1~ ( hI:c. ~ of Ihe ocw ITU .. lru" d e, " p.oc~du ~. ho wew r, il may he "" me rime helurc Ihe 18 In d 24 M H ~ hoI nd. lire rc lc~ <ctl to am mc " "). Kh" mb;';", V<'C'l, IU Il"!'Cri" d i<.:s, Innll-wirC1 and Ulh~r nr(>lu lhol nd dc.ill" ", Iu<:h ft$ ~"C n t n:-fe,l d ou blc!! wil h op cn-wirc re<:dc ,"" . h"u1<.1 he IIblc 1{> la ke Ihe n~w ham!! in th eir siride : hut Ihc mlln )' I"lf>Ullir desillns 1I.1.c<.1 on !rl\pped e leml:n<s, IICSted e lcmcnl l and other Ircq uencyeon !ICi ous elements. includ ing LC and " linelT " resonalo". seem bound 10 ra illCl Jlffihlcm_the enem 1 Which will nO! boc:ome clta, un UI Iliter. The ,1 aUrael io ns of o pen -wire loed\: n in ,;oojunc lion with lle.ihle a nlenna ml lehi", un in will beoo ll'IC even more evident .IuIn a t preseet . The dcpanure fro m l'I:Irmon\QlIy ml led h.l. ~nds will plUcnl o pera lon .. ;tb new problnm 10 ool~, pa, ricul.u i y for Ih os.c who favou r a .l .u.Iess. eouil l cable :

    upon lI ioD THE aerial_ ....lhan lUI)' dl"cdam.J IdcU have tNat ria. pc:rfonNllCC .mp: cl 10 il It alwaY'
    1IQIc."
    amaIalI

    IJ\at

    ~I

    IJ\at

    lcar.~

    fonMd

    -w.

    fCle&:....

    1be compctili~ elcrnr:el ill AmaIeW Jtadb--i tp'twioled by ton!tSU Uld &wanb--'l)tIcn the dn..... 1 rCltC:e bthin4 rht applic:&tioD. ol m&Ily DeW loeh/IicaI dndopl'nCnu.. The - S 10 la y doWIIlbe ben poIIibk OX siplal, 10 bA r the -.kat sipU &IICl1O be abk 10 chanac ~ aI lilt 1Ul1l cl switdl baa produced the modcra &m&IcW swion cl the p.y &lhocftw 8ul: from lime to time, fIIl>tII clVII nIfl rccm 1lIat ~tall _ IntnaiIIIlY Inquall ~ of tile arup ~ 10 be the one01" two-b&n4 seI-up or1IlDdium.J'O""'U wt>idlo lallb IimpIe acriaI aDd whidl. aIlboua:b .... "'Y DOt domiIIl&le ill dianne!. c:u> bri"I "" cl iIIltn!arial 00Il~ 10 !he opna!or M>o b (:(Inta>! 10 work ....rionI u !My _ _ Illhcrtfllft ........ desirable 1lIaI_ 1 1lw: rcpon, o l _

    loa,

    o., n

    "
    AllIllON

    T RANS" 'TT ER

    (.)

    ( .,

    ,.

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUES beyarld tb~ IODSIe or molt ama.tcurs but II trKlicativa or !.be imponano;e &Iw:bed 10 .. IOod earth.

    !
    (0)
    I"

    ~- '

    _ 00.
    ~on .

    ill lh " .ctl

    ,
    _0 '
    1l 6 '

    vutk:al aerial. Evm with mobile operation. the .. eart h" (n~ plOvidc4 by the (IlpadtanQO of the: dIUtis 10 true earth) .. Importallt. For iPIwIcc, G60R tIN poinlcd OUI that , <Xlntruy to widely lodd views, optimum results on I" Mel_ Ml more likely 1 be ~ (rom low 1yinJ, relativdy 0 marshy aIQI, than from lboM ~ hilil wl>cn; lbe rocky so il lZSUll1b forma. poor CIlpadWlCCl earth 10 the ear body. For Top Band acriab, il may be worth considcrill, the use of COUDle:rpoise eartll 1)'Ilem , if aaod OODvelIliooal earth b ~l>1e, At OI\Cl lune COUD~ {orten W illprlirinll Jmt .mIle 66 wire (for U Mc/s) SWIPCIlded few feet above earth .00 nmoi.o.g roulhly b<:f-.th lhe ll'IlIin 8frlaI) were held in .hilll ~d.

    For lIlll&teun. MO&ley J.:Jecttonim SLIDell !hat satW'aetory IWU1ta can be obtWtcd Mth fOlD" rUi&I wires abo ut u klq u the: ""IIIivUait knglh of the ......... wir.h .... ear1l:I rod a' the eDdof eacb radial,and wilh aD earth rod lied immediafely tllldet tllc aerial U ~ tho RdiaI wins can be run a1011, the lIUrl'~ ta1ber thaD bIlric4. Wh""l rcstrida;f canb. ' }'Item is usod, all acarby metal work -.bould pfd"erably be C:OrlIICdcd to It . H igh losses C&lI oa:ur. for CAD1PJe. in fmcin. 9rire:I runnin. dOflC 10 . 10*

    n.

    match 00.11 Il&rl<h from 3'528 Me/_ ....ith the ~tloo of 21 Me/I. The dirllo::mions o;a.q be scaled d DWJl if the lower freqUoeD<:Y band! aTe not nquired.. W9GJY hu IIlQCIlod thaI it can aloo be used on 21 Mels by addin a two sbonod qlWter. _ve 1t00s at 16 fl . and. M it. from the feed polPt. Th &l ubs can be made of 300 o hm feeder brought inWVlb. and ppoo1cd a10 nglbe aerial by srnatlll&nd-o ft'inllU1aIOra.
    If fT

    G_dP......

    ""lOa

    "soaa
    ~I.t

    illD "'0ll1 1P

    . ' 1.1. T N

    _ ~l l ) 5 Mel. ""'" fl It. .. :100 ....... _ 11_


    ~

    can be 'ICa1od down lor 1 Mell or the dimeIlsionI doublco.:l fot 18 Me/5.
    system

    fl)r 3'5 Me/l formc<l from 61 ft. of 300 o hm riblxln feeder . A sood earth luch U a walet pipe la CMCDliai. The

    Fie. 3 Ih_ ..

    quarter.wave Marco ni aeri al

    rUin,

    Marconi ac riab-&nd indeed molt vatkal Ol" aeml.ven lc.l Ila'i&ls---indlc.tc PlIROO. which hu bocn Ir>cteUingly ap~;' 1ed by amalcvn . nil;' thai ottcII the bc:sl wa y to irn~ IUCh aeriala iI 10 make . better eti1h OODDeCtlon. WLlb 1he aVCfa&l: e1octrica1l)' &lion aerial provldinl low ..matlor. reW lance, earth IoSIelI aceounl for rubsiantial portion of the toIal po_r IUJlfIlied 10 tho aerial ~em. The beat I"<*oiblc earth is oqua1ly importanl (o r the YWiOIl.l fotTlW of linJle-band and multi-blind vertkaI aeriaII. Vllrtical aerWs o pcratod qaiosl earth uc bat placed ..,;th their bue at Jl'OUlId Ieve1, aDd with an carth mal whkh CUI conveoienl:ly be ronncd (rom IfOWId TlIdiall. II is wot1h notlP l thaI the RBC _ up 10 144 half-wave t*41aIa

    ..-

    0 2.55 ..bmincd lOme oonstructiODal OOlea on a 14 Mell Ifound pIa.nc whlctl he warml y RICOlIllDe;lIl!a u .. slmpk aerial ~ly wilable for e.w. DX worltin. : Fig. 4. The ra.diator is Idf-eupportin . end ma(\ll from ahun lnium rubUla. k:nilh :H 11ldRs(l6 ft. 11 ill .) foc 14 Mc/I. The four radiW &Ill made from hard drawn COppeT win:: each , n melreI (17 ft. 21 ill.) IODL wItb irmdaIora at the e:nda, and JU), wI_ to lIllpport poinb . 'Ibe radiator Is in'lU lakd from the fid nl mount with the inner core of l.he SO ohm co-all IOlderinl or bolkd to the end. The:lld1als &Ill IOIdem1to .. copper ring tOflelhn with the btal d of the eo-u. and kepi welI..ptIrt from iIw: vertK:al. element and the ionclr eore of the ce-ex. USUlIlly the vertkaI elernt:llt ll mounted. on .. eWmney Mack with the radiak 8Jopinac dowa to the roof' oomcn of lhe hou.se, at .. lill dependinl upoo tbe angle of the roof. How. eve!", it ,bouId be notod thaI me f~ po ln l Impodaooe ~ with the .lope of the radiab but marc.hell $0 ohml very _II when they an: at aD lllIl1e or .bout 120" 10 \bt radiator. If mo unted on .. &1 roof IIOIne matching dcvlce may be needod Ilnoe the feedpolllt Impcdanoe will bo only about 20-30 ohnU . Plmcn:siom o;a.q bel lIQ.1cd. UJI to down lot otl>eI" bands . OZ$S hu worked over ISO countries ulin, 100 WlU1iI ... ilb lhll type of aerial. At G 3VA we have dwaYl noticed. thai: 14 Me/. ligna1l l'rom European m.00ns uslll, 1\'OUftd ~ oome in durill ,

    . ..
    F\a. <I. GnMond..... ~ ""'" _

    al aomc of its med.ium-wavc stalioom, using mote plOUaN 10 sink the wires beIaw the SwfllCC 11aCbed to a lmsh wins lOme 20 ft . aquan Immedialely UDder tho mall. Thi l II

    or

    ~ I_vi

    ._.I>t ..""
    _

    loy ons. . _ In..

    .,.. """_ 10

    A E"IAL TOP"C:S
    ZS6AOU in RDt/u,.ZS. The bottom ~ ir II fl. Ioos. with a trap Induetor luned by the alpaQta.llce (about 20 p F) existinl; belwco:n lhe top an d bo ttom IlCCtioM of th e aerial with a piece or pol ylll}'r'ene as the dldoctric. Adj1lSUl'lC:llt requin::s an " W brid,.e and a I-d .o .. lhe .r. important f.,.tun: bein g to 1\lTIC u p the trap ciro:u il by means of Ibe e.c.o. withoot Ihe lOp sccti<'>n or the aerial in position. To do this the lOp J in. rod mUSI be rq:>/ac:cd by a shan length ofdmilar rod,just long eno ugh to P.J'Oaude out of tne po1)'Sl)'teDelnrulalor. G rid di p thetrap co tl, and by ItreIchin, or oompl'="iog Ih" ooil raonato: il oa 21 Me/I . La ter with the true top in positiOJ:l it apP=ml1O l'CIIOnlIte I t I S Me/I. Er ect the bottom eececn, with out tra p, an d cbock m., t w.r . il low e n 21 Me/", UIlin lj; II good earth , an d iWhlstin, if IlCIceS:IlU'Y at Ihe joint. Then add the Imp and to p lIlCIiOD, and recheck the e.w.r., possIbly adju1tinllrap 1JIIJblly fo r low ..w.r. oece the ' .W i.t lo w 0 0 21 M<;/s with the com plete aerial .r. erected, lun" to 14 Me/I and trim fo r low e.w.r. by Pruoinl; the to p eectien . H t he preYious adju.\mQI lS hav e been carried cur colTCCtly this o pemtio ll Iho\lld not inleract with m 21 Mell set tings e This type of vertlcal trap aerial can be used with ltl bale close to the around, with . 1OOd~ : o r aUernallwl y u.sed with a ground plane formed ....Jth 5cts of radialil for each ban d. W6SC X M .., two-band aerial willi a to p portloo <.Io ly 35 ft . 1001; for use on ) S and 7 Me/l o r 70 fl .loo g for 18 and ) ,5 Melt hal atlnlctillDa 10 those with reIItrictcd sflla:. Hut l \lrp rb ioJly
    A

    rsn COAX
    ... . ... O.~~.... r.,......

    . I, h _1. .8... 1....1.1

    lbose hazy

    IIJTIUnU

    da )'lime weak-.i ...-J conditions with a

    IIlllCb loud er tbwnp t han OI:her Sl4t IOM, allhoo ib WIl Ulle bori.ron..u,- pollrimd ~vin. aeri al. OlIo theo ry Is that lhey have hi'" angk RdWioll off the ~ &I as low u Jle ndilI UOd off !be ~t, but lhis thtor)l ill not 1J 101dhcr Ioltisfyin... Jirlce i111hat CUll wby are they louder

    wen

    IlwJ stat ions usin a low bo rizoDlal d ipoicl -&Dd why ill tht: ell' ct no tioed only under ce:ruin conditions 7 e In Cyprus, with maDy Illi roof , II b much easier 10 h6ve . the ndilIb horiwnw tlwt .loIMna downw&nh, 10 thaI !be ~ dropa 1 arouod 26.30 oluru, pnse.n.1iIIs a mit0 Ol.Ito;h t o co-u feeder. To c vereome thiI, Jobto FIllTal' reponed thaI SB4lP ~ the Io::D&th or Ihe Ill'1ic:LI ral1il1.tor den>mt from \lO eloctric.al desrea (i.e. quarter_ wavelcnl1 h) to Ill" and. 10 I'1liocd the im"lldaDc:e to a bou t 75 ohms. Thir results 00 1401 Me/. in I radiator IaII1h 0( 11 6 In., Iti U qu ite rnanqeablc. SUK:e the aerial ir not resonant, th~ is a IUClive clcmc:nl It the reedpoint, and thir is tuned ou l by the iMer1ion of a 60 pF \IlUiablc c:apac;tor in ~rte:a With the iDnet COR: of th e co-u and lhe radiator; $eC Fia:, S. Thil upaeltor m\lSl be u pable of withrtandina: the h igh V <.IltaJCI dC\'l:l opcd al Ibis point, and shoold be

    n.

    Ilmllllr In l pacin a: to that In Ihe tank cimJit. It slwuld be mO\Ollted al lbo bale of the rad ial<.lr in a W1ltcr1ighl box . GSXD &Itid that aCtel' u.ing a triband ground plane made from Iighlinc tlex taped to lashed 10Je! her can es, with three ~ts of three ratlJII1lI anl1 th~ rndiatoCl lapcd logether, be found thailleparato I;round planes for 14 and 21 Me/. about five yards apan and fed in parallel wilh SO ohm oo-u pve bette r results. Vvth:d/ Mult'''''"d A.....
    A vcr1icl1.1 rod f1vo.eiahts-wavelength lo ng will functi<.lll well 011 lower baDds. Fo r example a 415 fl. rod Cl1JI give satilfacto ry I'C'IUllS On 14, 7 and ) S Mel. bano:b, al thOUgh It could 0 01 be C:llpc(:lCd 10 do well on 21 o r 28 Mel . Fia. 6 iod icates a me thod of tnatchinll: into a t~ aerial. A two-band (l4 and 21 Me!l) ~ertical trap aerial detign prCKllled in TnhttlttJi Topla came from an article by

    p."

    o'.

    "'.,
    1 " .. 1\15 1 TTf:1l. ,IIr

    .0

    fEElIER

    CO-A.

    .,
    .l-__~ RAnlAL'

    ,*
    ,__ C
    "",,",pf'

    ROTARY

    '-__--J'-

    the "W6BCX M ultee " IuuI never been widely \ltod in the UK , Fla:. 8 (a) dlaws the 1lIua1 II7&llgcmcnl with bo th horizooUti and veniall reo:tiOJll formed fro m 300 o hm foeder llne. On the hil;her of the two bands, tho top soction forms a q uarter-wave fo lded dipole (feed Irnpcdaooe about 600 ohm) ,.rim the vertical IIlCIlon fonnlnl; a qUtlJtcr-wavc matdtlnl; transformer. On the lower fn:q \lCllC)' band Ibe atlire Iystem forms a top loaded \lerticaL A Soad earth system is needed. Fo r the lower bind, whero the \lertlca l portion forms the radiator, thll ted.lon Iho uld be as nca.rly vertical as poWble ; but if th, main opr:ratloll I. on the hiaher band thiA is leu
    importalll.

    Another aertaI for 1l:IItrlc:tcd .)JlWC ir the lill ie kDoWII ~&hths-wavelen l1h folded di po le (FIJ. 8 (b) whio;h can

    be wed where space

    r. jllll InsufliciO:Ol for a fu.IJ ha!t.wa\l&o

    '"

    AMATIUR "AOIO TICHNIQUIS


    fed Wmdom iD whidl at! _ Ii&l r. tlIn of the dcIIllI ill the . - of thIiIslcr . . . for tM f. . . tbu> C tbI KriIJ : or

    Fi&. 10. Todlcd Vaal thoI_lda llrcuouabbcomd abll


    the ~ I _ bulb ehoWd Ibow' llmilat ~ 1l'bal RIll . . . . . the r-icf.

    roeOa'.

    IVllIhlJ

    OL1Aa"'. .IlI. , A Zepp I)'pe -w ...hleh _ ~ Jo.dInc to brq tile top _ _ lato ~ r-me..... 011 aD baDdI from H to 2.a M<;/I.. Tbe ooiI 0i0XlIiIla 01 t"'C hU'Il$ 01 We IG I diameter of 50 mm. U -s-'I ill _VaI1a.bIIl lot two 4O-cncO'r I:pUlIo, a _ ,...red el'Ikla caa be ..... by conneo;1in, 4upIiaLte Iolrlal lo the otbw bpp feeder.

    .... L Iatn.. _ _ -w.U':I\_ U ..


    U M U ",j A _ I J _ _ ..

    U :l

    ...-._of_ . ,...,,1_ ....,_


    &I ..

    t~

    _
    .... II.

    J'I' U

    J'_ . 17 "
    Itl 12

    _ _ H ...

    ---_.
    n.o

    "'

    Ot..,,,, _
    ~

    L t ...

    ....
    Thill

    IoMlp r~ dipole. 1lIc: f-tpoial ~ ill rou&hlY 1JO CWll:o butthll . dole eaouab Ie> allow the II1II01 J(IlJo.obm

    E_1'iilh. co o w:atlona.l folded diPOk. II it uWIy quile pn.ciical 10 &lIow Ihe ends to dro p down "";Iboul tcriously a!fra in. rll4i.l lloo where l pa.;:e g m lticted.
    M ..hItIom... DJpoIoI A .lmpJe multlban d doublet aetUJ win, )OO.obm feodo::r W&I orl&ln&1lr described in DL--QTC by DJ2ZF. Thill COn&il tl of I dipole with the dimenllOIlr. 2 x 17 ITWtru (thai I. o~ Icnllh 167 n.) fed I I the QCnlre with 3OO-ohrrI lilla.
    p Yei

    AI _Iiv't t)' half..-te &erial (2 x ll'Idl'a or about un 6 .... over&ll) can be..-lon 7. 1.. ....,,21 M~ ..

    I J,ltlsfaelory matdl on l S. 7 an4 14

    n,

    M ~ ..

    ~~ ~~

    " If

    (. )

    (.)

    ( Ii'" _
    two..,.
    ~

    11-"".., I _Ie. .....


    ee)

    =--

    de"

    Nf.

    !1'UI:Imit1cf via .
    0(

    1llb I)'JIC 01 balaootd aerial iI belt fed from I ~WOl1r.

    Ibn. this. The -VI t\IIlCr (e) It.- PfO""d rnosc f. ctory ow-r 1TI&lI )' )'CatS at QlVA.

    balun: aDd F.,. 9 (b)and (el lhow

    Aer" No uri&I whiclI AiD CDjo)'s po pWaril)' on !.he Con tinrnl: fot rnllhiband OflCl'II bon is the modi/ioed f/lrrn 0( 0 1l'<entJ'e

    "$1M

    M~

    It. IIlOI'C ~ ...mon 0( thla l,mm hal ~ III -.abcr 01 formt to pn:Mde braacS-bInd 1lCriah-(ot _ 011 .u t.ncb from H 10 )Q MC/I. ()QC partic:u1u' deep, by W5VOH and W..OOEL. It ~ In Fla. 12 and .... onp.u,- publilb<d Ia 1J M~tJZW.
    All llCrial ma\dllna tcdu>jq..., of ~ imerell hu bin dcKTibed b)' F9G O (IftlditJ- R. F). TIm con WII buK:&l/y ot e broedbaDd dipole clancnt .boul 2j fl . Iooa tal. by

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    convenllonal )00 otun balanced feeder with three CO~ pcna. ln ..-:Ii... I'IoClw orkl ~ acrou the reeder -.. the dipole foed poln,. The rcmainin. ponlon 0( tho feeder is lhen fIODore1Oll&lll IIIld can be exlcndc4 1 Ill, 0 Icnllt h. T1lc dipole can be used wil.hol.ll lUIy modilkaUOftI on 7, 14. 21 end 21 MeJI. il illWCd. Rcw;tivc ncIWOrkJ a1 W.1.)'I praml biI 0( prob lem bql F'9GO Ihows how Ihac CM be dtedcd aad ~$1e4 by _ _ of e arid dip oeciJ1alor Won: connc:dion tao. tho reeder line ( ICIC Ql.prion 10 AI- 0 ). He ""-U'CSU thaI W.

    T
    AUUAL T OPICS

    ".

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    'The f'OUtlt:1 dipole QlD uill be ~t .-tUl .mal rOt thOIIe who -.nIIO ra4 iate 1Il""" lOal l poinla of llMWlI'lJUS without the oomUUC1Lonal and lIdjUStme:ll1 probleml of multi-demc:nl beam.. Bul for 14 Me/_ It Is ofl:m difficult to
    DctwoJks can be protected from th e wc:athcf wthe polythcne bottlca widely 1IICd. (or d Omelltic cleaning fluids . Tbae C&Il be cut and thco rejoined. The dim;tivity of the lICrial ls leA pt'OJlO\1llCed than ror . full knllth half....ve di pole o n 7 llIld 14 Mo;Jl, link IIwpox" on 11 M e/I, and rather tike two balf.waws in phase on

    11_,

    D"... for ' 41M /I

    28 Me/ lbe arraqancn1 certainl y IIteITI& to olfer a YUUtilemultibind aerial for Wle in rutricted I~ and o ne whicb shouJd prove faltl,. euy for IraJI$port for pm'LIble or fA operation.

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    fit . ~Iing 33 n, e1emall In tothes~.nill.ble. In CI2 ( M.roi, 1% 2). K2EEE ~bes the l;ODSUUCllon ot . minl. di pole (Fia. 14) of . bout l 6 rt. overall Iell.lh, usill, two N " H Joadinl coils (/lpPl'Odma lely II turn s on 2i ln. dl.meter fonner, 6. t.pJ . u.In, us . No. 12 or 14 wire). t1nal M~" mall iI made by two md !eDith. (each 2 ft. Ion,) of In. lubin l which slide infO w e main f In. rubin, . K2E E', <:aIf.re Nrdwood moualin, ill 2lI In. by 21 In. by 1 in.. and . t the two l;OiI moun tl, the ends or Iho t In. ulbln, I re fIaltened and IlUldwiched betwn 1.... 6 In. by 2 In. poly. 0 styrche plates w llh the rolla connected 10 the Innermouatln, SI;l'CWI. The dipole need be rotated by only 90", or even less if nCCUllLt)'.

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    _ 1.-*_ _ 11''' (1,1 1'1</.), 150 ..... , .. IlH ,.... _ (11-1 Pk/oll . ... 210 ....... I" _ _ with U .. H DH ""/0).

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    Perha-pl o ne reason why 10 different t)'pCll of acrlab have: been developed by ama teurs II tbal site problc na Vaty so much. II Is ol'ten neceuary 10 con. ider and reject counl lClII good aerilll , yslem. before lindina one tba t en,elly fits all our par ticular requlremerra. Ccr1ainly th~ i. no , lowin, down In new idea.t-<lr in revivab of old ones For those with some spare 300 ohm Cllble, the .. Onethird Multiband " aerial dcsm bcd by OHINE ( CQ) $hould be worth a try, BasiClllly itl operation dcpc:nds upon the fact thaI 01.1 .. point one-third ..lonl " 3'$ M~, quartet.

    IIIUIr

    wave open-ended stub m:tion the Impedance II dOle 10 300 ohm s and lhal the lIllme point ill &110 . pPfOXlrna1dy on o-thitd of .. quarter.wave fcom .. polnl of curTCIlt I'JIU.

    '"

    AHAT EU fI. RADIO TECHNIQUe S

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    A halfK:.lle ven.ion b :Wd to work o n 7, 14, 21 lUId28 Me/t . OH INE also I"'~ I that the: 1)'lIlcm could be u'lCd 10 feoc! 33 ft . iJ'ClWldpilUle with & 29 ft. stu b of 300 o hm II"" llIppcd one-third dill&n<>l: Ire m the rlldilllnr and feo,! willl 120 ohm

    miltc:r e eee t hl'OUih .. t.lun Of" nmin. uNl ""'*ft tcna !h- I&lJle J'IlI'l>O'C (for cumrk. ee _ &I-. III Fia. '). Thil am&! tl'&I dellCtibcd in u. artic1c by K 7OO) in W~J'"" ~ A......" .... ( M ay. 1 9~ 8).
    MufUbolNl

    Aflo.lhtr \'ft'tW aerial with I lub tunin, (whldl u.n I'l:W!nIJXDlkod by ElAA . Thi. it li mply one fonn of lhe em_bile popular halI'.wa\o<C .-.:rtleal Zepp . III OIM: vasion., ice F ie. IS (b) . W end of the qWll'1cr-wll~ ~ t feeder too;IK>n il l:OJIIl1ed (0 &II unl unr<! tfUl..m.ion line of 32 (Ollm co-u. Wloen Il'tIClinl tM f't'OIIUll rooinl of lhe rl llb .uoc. aJooe. and $UbtooqUCllUy lhe .tub plus radialOf, should be dltdod wilh &rid d ip -:::il " tor (oh<>n aod or IIllb and eoupIe: Ih" 10 ..tio.) before lll>M ec ,,,. the >-all. 'The Ol.ba ~ , indkalCd ill Aa. I S (0;) ~ 300 ohm f. . . at the n-. , third poilU ; in thft l;UC il shnuJd be 0XllICCkII1 10 n-a1&<) ~ke UIlC of the one-thud po int) i,

    _ .

    imwn on 7, 14 and 28 Me/'; and e'il:n on 21 MeJI lll'OYidn. wodabJema ldl (0 100 ohJn!l. Dctai ls arc liven in ro.. 15(& 1.

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    A cln'er ....r of "si n, mo n ed quarter_vc RlJba (or mu h, t>.nd aeriQI ....... plIletlled .arne ten yean qo by ;N4JRW, bu t no:lvcd Illt le pu blicity until wen li_ m QST (Dtll:arobcr . 1%0). All ellrKlWc (Q lun of his 'Y'! em II. Ih" con__lall (O lm or a>n$t~1oD, rrqllirin, SImply the in_liml or. ~lion or 300uhm IMa r-sn- Into Ill" .auaJ d, po '" (1IllCmlltiftlr the CIItire di pol" can M rrIlIode from JOO 011.., line by plInil1ehna the wiut wiler'll not noede4 for lite st ub). The idee b to Ief'IL1ILle 011' perl dipole ut.t 00 lower freql,U;Dl;)' lNwd by inlcrtin,l'h' Itu b 10 form I.D elearonlc in lllla'o r on the hillher frequerocy b.,,,l o nly (.t

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    pI:uoe) roonr..Ily provids nwtimwn nnae. ~ Ia IPCdIk IypeI 01' COIIn~dc: whiclo r.-.u vertical poIuizalloa or 1rioere lbe aetials arc ~ low . Y..-rkul puiarlUltIDtt sul'I"cn no ..Ua....tinn !han harizon. lally rolariJJed si&nab ..bco. d ilrl"KlCd C1'tet smooth rvundN hills (withoul ~I ioa or ~ hi&hcr lhan .bout 1 m) I.Od Pl"O'IidQ beolef Iipa.Is wtIea the receMll' Rrial dose 10 the around . ls b ill'fe.:ted by radm& when tnl.nil1lio_ ted across tidal w:oten to locl.liom ~ 10 lhe more . Ma,. 1laY'll bo lnd irs:l ...... ....ht:n lJan>mittal ~I.... eee biSh po inls w aaOD. Yatley oe bay. bul mu lripa th rcfkc:tio no rrum nearby ~ (II'" _ ....""lic::a.I S1l'UC1UR:S(e.,. h1lh b uild inp , c:r.. nes, e~) lCflCfo.lly . ipi6c:lon tly greater . Skul, poJarllQt/oll has Ihe e jectnc vector inc!ined . 1 .. , . 10 horiJon (rCllUhlln l or equal am plilude vertk:a.J..ly and borizonlally po larlud comlX'nen ~). Tho! l'I'luwlloo II Icrmnl ,itl" "1I1ll ....hcn the veclor is ro tated b y 4" (mITIHoc ~rti.:al JlOloill<. n ILt occn fro m the transmilli na poin l . C/,rulll' p"lad ,ml"". Eloctrie vector conlln llously rOlat. ina (Le. cq ulllllmpli ludc vertical eed horizonllll co mponent. combine d In ph.oc q ...d l'1ltute). Tcnncd ria hl eirelllllTp"l .. rila t io n when vector ro! 'lcB dockwise as IlCCn from t he tr . nlmill ina po inl. Duo! poItulZDIJoll ha s luM I.nlian y e.qual-ampUllIde w:rticaI and hllrizonl&l eompoocnll radiated \Yu holll putlCU_ Jar con lrol of ptIMe rela lioQship be~ tbem. Mufti poJ.ittlt.... II colJIivc lerm embncina " ani. drcu1&r ud dual polari&ed sicnab.

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    711_

    .ffiak: thiI conmu 01' Mellon 01'

    bow Q.4ZU Iw. combined IWO ouctl t lo:mnlts into llJ:cd beam &In.y ~ tcaIly IItd'Ill piIIl 0.0 14. 11 and ~ "'etl. OlIl51Zkl7 Mel's" 1I1ca.'I\ LIp 1 dipole" R:RIltsare 0 cbioned. TI... " ""y is fed with 70 o r (pffic""bly) 50 ohm unlwoeo! f~ and no atrial lIon in, un it II nccdod ; thus uxd with. bDndawill:tocd Il&lUlllilt cr Ihe atTay ill inswttly n:ady for <>pcrttlion On nve ban ds . W ith KCIlrale .dju .l ment Qf th e n umbel' or pol$ilion 01' the:: ferrilc hca<1s Ycry 10... 1."'.1. can be ach iCiI..... bill 1M is basically II non...Tilk. 1 'Tray 110 ULaI Ibc:re is . good <leal o f tolerance &II round nd .. nly tht perfm !onilu will strive for absolutely IIaI lines. Po r minimwn I.W.r. 0 4ZU u_ aroups of 2.S M lIllatd HoI p11l1cnt FXl 308 f~rri lc bca<1s threaded on Iht IICrial wire (1 8 '.W.I. o r Jess). but he ! \llea tha t lIiXt"ptable rnuJll can be obtained with bale hca o r len beads, Tho!arny tclOn:ItQ 011 14 M e/l wilho UI elfClrle&lloadln L and th c bcadA Are Ih UJ III Jow ~,"",I po inl U ICCJI by 14 Me'" sil\TULll. 110c riTfCl o r thit loadin," to IOOflIlt the l.tI1I t>Il both 21 IUld 18 M..!L The ) 51nd 7 Metl banda y prnty _ II look &l'ter Ihem.lva, lJoJooudt the loadiot _ hd", Th is ill dearly a hiah practkaI _ of da::tricaI Itladin. and looks tbou$h 0 4ZU toao COlnC lIP with IIlOlhcr 'IIrinDet in IlIC fCfrito-toc.d tl~ 01 FB-5" acriI1.

    )ll).ohm ribbon 10 ad j...t lhe ptI.ase o( .he Bdiaiinl P'?"k>l1 of the uri.1I. FJ&. 19 (.) shows the buic.mal ...hik Fi ll- 19 (b) lhoo....

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    f fl-S " ~ AerIAl BricIly tile hc::an of thil lyMan CUMiIoI 01' fernie '-'11 (we .. Co mponc:nu ~ sccUan) to knllhm dodncltJly u aerial. Sinal ~ beads have .. muclt IJ'UICI' loIdinl dl"CICI ILl o;urTCD! rnuimI than . , atmaIllIliIl.In-. k il f""lI"b le 10 ' -. tloc _ bcadI. 10 prvv1de dilrCTalI loI;dln. dl"e -11 on . Y&OOIa bandJ. An 8IJ4itioaal . cfD:nM::n1 II incuflllK1ltoJ to O\o'ICI'alme l/u! ~ radi.alion lobes or kwI. wire
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    Trlb<Jnd V. rtiwl F. Rqier, OD XXl . has described (OST. Doocmbef, 1969) " td ban d vcnk:al rot 14, 21 an d 28 Mel. without tnlll o r switchlnll. and wilh the cff~i~ t ,\ n.di at or (22 au 28 Me/I (PJ, . 23). Impod&llo:n at the base or the radiator &l'f; about :

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    A. ftII<:lUOe ma~ IIlW thea taka can or the 14 &lid 21 MC/'I racthoe a;>ropooents. This c:an be set up wtIh. arid dip OlCiJlator ; C I ~ 10 LI.(; I RSOll&ltaat 3HS Mc/L Thea C2 lernporvily QOnnCClcd in pua1Jd wit.b U .(;! a4jual(W;J to faClftaIC dmln 10 21 31 ~_

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    A eRIA L TOPIC S
    A ~Il is that with the Hula Hoop atI ~tn:mcJy dIldeal EtO\IDd piaDo is RqUired, prd'enbly a IOlid c:ircuIu &beetof lXlppCr or aluminium (provided that thiI is PrewIlled from becominll oxidi2ed). This grolllld ~ lboWd have a diaroc:te:r IOfIle 23 per cent Iar&et tbB.n the .maJ rill.. A 2 n. hi&b model KMlXOP (aD Amtricao ~perI lDI:lltai mtloo) supported 011 a cin:ul&r riol or Iosulatora .... teeeed aaaio" 110 ft.a0468 rt.h1&hradiatoraall U$iolthc IIDIC sroUDd ",lane. At 4 Me"" (b - HI", D - :z.6.2r) the loa compared with a 68 ft. 10Ym' WU ~ thao ) db U S polot). At 2 Mcfl the same aerial wu on ly 1-44< hialt. 129" diameter aDd compared with a 110 ft. lower ~iOd 110lIl or about 2-2 t S poiota. The ground plane, how.:vu, lXlDSilted of n o lesIlhl.ll 90 balI-wave tadlah.

    '"

    A mobile IlIoOIkI for 26'S to 31 M e/I., 21 in . In ~I:\" aod only H in. above the vehicle roof whlclt formed the around plane, is reponed to have performed bettef UIItl a quarter_wave whip. The di me.nsionl given un der Fi J. 24 are Ihose l UUQllcd by W4MIP in CQ. By Ulinll a thick loop (ulhown in the lable) ~tlon " poesible. KyS W4MlP. on IWO bands; for NIlll1o>b&nd operation II muclt tltlllllU loo p 1.1 possible. Bec:Luse of !be requirement fo r an el.lmnely Iood p ound plane, tbis aerial II probably of mc.t Ule in ill mobile appliClilioo. Funhl:\" Information o n tile hula h oo p is Ii~ Il ler in t h;~ Sccli"n.

    ElKcrkollnwrf_ With 10 much emphasis 00 TVlIIDd Bel 1.0 I"lIDCIlI ~ then IOCllIIo 10 have bocn relatiYdy Utile work doDCl 011 the revcrx problcm-e:1cil;trica! inlerfef'COOe 10 ttnllttut reptlon. Yet for lIIOllIy amateura a.od Ihon.wave IilteDe1'1" elect.rtc.l lJlterfermoe remaJnt lID awkward problem, ~Iy on .h.f.llId lID 18 Mcfl. TeIevWoD has b roU&ht lOlM rdJef (al th ou &htI oolltrib ulco itt 0I\'1l Ihate of timebue IIDd local oodllalor barmonic:a); lIl&lIy or !he former prolillc 1 0 _ of iatcrfcn:nc:c are now &tied with JIIppreuol'l1 " a matter or coune. But the vast ilK:relue In dortlalic applian~y o f whldi are q uite l&tisfaetOf)' ....h en fint Installed bill 1llIdll&lly develop defedive switch eonlad.l or other radiation.prodllclna dwadmr.~Ill:! almlllt amlia UOllll hlah noi.lo level oa It Ieut _ t-nd.s. ThiI aituatioa applial as mudlto NrIl &I 10 urban areas; tevel'Il yeatII of operation In Cenlral Londoll aIIo~ thlit ilI\crfcrcno;:o Jcvela !heR 'IWCn: DO WOtIC than ill !he lUbw:bs; while in the COIII\lry -...= have knowu-in ccnain atmosphcril: CODditioDl-bad corona di3dlar&e from hi&h.volrqe power cablca. and oocc InIckcd do.on vi~t lp itioa intcrl~ 10 a lr1lCtor at lI:uIa q uarterm ile dWtant. WhaI (&II be cloneby tho amatcw wboee n:a:plioo ill , poll l by electric&Ilnlef1~ 1 If II ill 10 bad thai lit e RO:plion of the local ~ or te\evi,ioD ICrvloe is abo alfocted. thai il: is possible 10 obtain the 1Untan<z of !be ~ Branch of the GPO wOO, .nthoul dwac=, will endeavour to InIce the cause IUId 01'1'1:\" .-lvicc on ita suppRUion. A form of aooIicaIioo for this ten'lco (&II be obt.alood ffOl'll IllY ID&in . Post Office. But, ~y spcakina, the GPO doca UOI UD6cn&ko &I1y m_tipiioN in raped 01 intcri_ _ hictt may be elIOUllh 10 roln amalCUT-band nception bu t hich docs not aff:l IOUDd Or teb ilion ~ CJlOeIlt on . . . .ymc:nt basil, which mar. wcII p rove somewhat Q,aWvc. Wbon tlw:re only one ....in _ or i:nterl'eTUoC1I: lit ;, CID us .....lly be Inlood (ponablc tlanSisIor IllCCiven1UC uaclW 1len:) and diplomatic IlCROtIatioos opened with the owner. orten, however, !he trou ble 0CXlltS from tCllS or even h~ or a~ with Mise ~UId ovet a CODIidenblo area va the maiM or aiInilIl" IrIn _1Mion

    S<nncl oditiol1llllllO. TIle R4dio Handbook used 10 delcribe what was known u th e "Jones NoiJe-ba1IlIdIlg Clrcult n (Fill- 25) fo r reducirl8 the elred of severe kK:al powe~ Iea.Ii:: and .ame fomt! o r decttical interfet=ee. The buic idea was to use a ICCOnd abon aerial located 10 IS 10 pick up lIle m axlmll m IlJII un t of noise and the minimum amount O or uiMl and then 10 fet thiI 10 the receiver 180" OUI of phase with the lJlptll from the main lLCrial. By Clltd'ul adjuslment il ...... claimed Ilml one could reduce iDteffCJ'ellC:e by abou t)..~ .. S" poiau ....hlle redudn8the wanted liana! by only about I .. S" potct. It b some timtlllnCOl we have h Clll"d of enyone uslag Ih.1lI.ystem on tile amateur bands but II somewhat rJmilat tec!uuljue lurned up II few years aID In IlO llllli-pattemin8 device Inlended 10 redUOll break-through when fitting Band In converters 10 Band I lelevlsion scts. Sinoe ....filiJtg Ih is we haw; eome &ermla Bri tiah-desillDed, AmericaII-built phaM.aele<:live noise ~Uppl'eW)r ror Ult In front or .communications reoeiven on these lines .... lJch II 1 claimed to l upp ro' lI Individu&l unwanted sip ls o r noile by l up 10 00 d b.

    "NOISE" ...U ....L

    " . . 21.

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQU ES


    to ,n~ ..re thaI there is " 0 <.I uIlb lmol the escr of the appliance 't'r may rccdw II ~ hoI:l due to leaka ge ccrrent . For example, on a portab le three-w in: appliance, the value o f the GllpaC Ila nce bell...te... linelOnllfnun<: should no t exceed llpf"U"imalcly 0,(105 " F:'

    Z S6BT GG m"'o-de~"'~ Stu b M<llcl, f ed Cook. ZSl> ln. nUIC!O that a nlollS the VRrio\,~ balun lIrm n~cmcn ~ " ,.:<1 1 facilitate the fccdinll of bukulcell <> aerials fm.." unbalanced cOllxiall jn<l Ih~c is Olle om;" j"". He has " e, er ..xn a balu n lor "'''l chinl:c...axialto ;l II <;1 ,...<1 " stub , ll...d in f;OnjUlICti"n ",jl h.1cen tre-fed aerial. To ll"o le l'S6BT :'" erect,,<1 a fOllr p co-linear .. n ay fo r Zl M Hr I,s,nl/. II", lr-liIilinn:lI lw;n feeder. Th is mca nl lh:lt I i Im<.llo 1I\.C lIll a.t.... to r")~ldc a cnnne" !;,,n to my reuecronlcler And tran,milte r V >a xial cab le, an,11 won dered ""hy '" I eQuid I1Ql u,", "" Ixia l ail ihe .. ay. T I>~n Il>e penny d ro pf'C<l : ..,., F". 26. The lappill,_poilll .. nul crilical (ruullhly nnelifll> of Ihe way liP the ~ I u b ) . The OIJ"H<'ilOr lOllin;; i~ , harp bUI .. hen adjus ted will pfll V "nil)' 5.W.r . ;llc .. The rael tha t II..: coa xial !CIIVt:S the Slub :ll It>c bo ttom po im ~i\'~ an ncellcm mechanical arranilC"""' l ; "5 regards simplicily, il i, ,,",Uer tha n \lsiol\ II Iwi" W fIlI ir 10 feell a <I ip,el c, .. I fed Iha, for mose ..ho u",,11 cl"'cd Ill'bs and wanl 10 feed Ill"'" t h i~ is a winner. For Ihe tnvenec.v " nlllll,ia M....,ho wi,h es I" " '" t~ Jell-I. lh i, i, an almos l ideal amingemeili.,

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    Inlerferen.e Sup/>r"..I.... Co m/>o"e"b

    ""'''If

    menmcs a llent!'t hi cleotn up 'lell' l'I y eq uipAma te" ", so " ", "1 I>y liUinlJ. supp rc" "" us in ~ junk _hax C"I1>l'OllClllS. ll ~otn nlll he stressed roo "flen thal incorffi:lly ,aToo componcnrs u'>Cd ror Ihis I' U' I'O'" rep,esenl a ~ery rea l hazard III lhe appl ianc u'" end co uld result in Imp l"ll"1nt h uman -c anl! 1cg,11 C (II,-eq lle'lCCS 10 the a mateur. Before umlcnak injl. any such wor k ~ very ra reful ' Iudy , lIo uld t>c m,,, te of t he rde. anl lilerature. wh ich should t>c bascJ nn Hrit ilh Standa rd ~ I.l ~ nd llIe: usocia tw C,,"le of PraCI;1;C U 'I OO6 , There are <C'K'11l1 usefu l books, wh kh can he obta ined Ihm ugh Ihe loc..1 library : on e lIoMible tit le IS A, I' . Ila...." U~,,dral 1,,1"r!<-"/IK- (Hcywolo(h ). r We " 'o uld als" like 10 quo le h, ieny nn lhis . ubjccl (rom Ihe w,ile, '. Radia S..,.ric;IIg r .,,'ht B""k : "It i, ""'''1 imlJOrtanl Ihal cnlllp..,ne" " of aoJcll.UiIIC O.L , 11"" ld be used III SUII~M>f'\, and fo, lh,s ,eaMln o nly c" mp<lllcnt' 'l,.,.; i(1I:lI 1Iy dc~ i&ncd for th;' I>U ' P<"" ,h<llM be: fitted. 'T~ pac i lO '" fur ,Up II,,,,.i o,, wort h.1VC lX'<I iculnly slr;cl ""lu i,r llll:nU. ,i nce nnl only nlU rbeee I>e a 1~ 'Il" <afcly st facto, aga inst ." Uall" breakdown. bul lhe i" .ull li"n resi~ laore sho uld I I". I>c w r)' hilJ.h an d lhe ""ries induC lance as tow as p<"" illk:. Further , the capacitors ~ rc ,,!"ten lined in d"", pT<" imilY 1 010101' , am] I11 u,1 he ""(\able or wilh0 , Ia" ding hijl.h leOlpcratu,,,,, . _ " When fillillg ca!'<lCilllr S"I'I'K"' Ul"!I, it ts also nf:\Ce'Ssary

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    It should be noted lhilt IcakalJ.e currenl will depend up"n the .,llage of IIIe ma ins sup plies; this means Ihat v.l_ shown in A ~ricll n jourllOl ls an d lII.uk s (an d bas e<l on tIT volts) may be utl.uitab le (or lise in this country. If In any J nubl Wllill",,,,~er. do flO( aUc mpl IQ ca rry ou t such work III>! usc olle of the comm erciall y avai lable plug o r klId lilters. even Iho"gh IheM' ll\lIy IKl( be q uile as elfCl:t ive II wllleTe Ihe suppres. o r CQmpollcnt~ arc: liTted .... ithin 1M ' In(o n ullOl lely, in th is "lte of "dn-;I-Y(JU rle lr," man~ r i, ko are la ken UJ\ltWil m by perso n. with only a hazy k""",,_ ledlle of main~ . u""ly prac liee. Arnate urs should en,u~ Illal the y do 001 con lribulr 10 Ihc.e 1I.,a,d,. QUiTe al'a,1 rlm 0 the ~ery "",I danller 1 h uman life. il should nut l>c (nrglltlCll lha l same 10,1__) lire> ~ '" officially all ,ibuled c~ cry lea r to dcfet: l i ~e u wron"ly used d cet ncal appl"' occ' o r Wiring,

    "rli~llCC.

    AERIAL TOPICS

    s.../Hoop Ova" AfaI A .unpk fOml of .. quad " eonsi lUl of a l inl le loop, prderabl,. ro tata ble. W6WAW (1J, September, 196j) reportI thlt he buill and put u p thi s 14/21 Me!1 aerial in _ than two boun.. " II iI.imply a t.i1\1cq uad loop whidl CLII. lalc r be converted to the more wnvc nl io nal two loo p quad for ercater p in : Fi. _ 28. Feed impcdanc;e i. theoreticlI1yaround 12j o hm' bu t W6WAW haI ....,d it with RG S9{U coax OS ohms) qulte etrectlvd y. Ho loll" thlt 7 Me/l uperatioo is posIihlc by eonncctin/, a 28 n. 9 Ill. !enath of)OO o hm hrin Iud. sh oned at tho ar end. IQ'OSS tbe foed poin t. 'lritbout affectilli: 14 and 21 Me/s working. The aerial was buill using a bamboo framework with. t.sic . pider eonsi 'lina of a 12 x 12 x i In.. ,quaro of

    Modified B'.-dcap A.rI"I In CQ (June, J96j), WlEEY/DJOBU describes a variation o f the G4ZU Birdcage wh ich a ppears 10 offer some 00Ilstruetional advantages. It is claimed to p, ovide results oom~ahle to those o f a 14 Meta tW <l-(!!emcnt c\05O-<lpaocd y~ . but with the turn ing radiu.. kept down to 12 fl. Fig. 29 lOivClI l he ba s ic info rm a tio n. Th e aerial can be fed din':ctly fro m j 2 o hm CoO_ax at po ints X, X, or ~ia balun .uch as tha t dC8Cri bcd in the original a n icle,

    Bruce Afro y
    Sometimes one fcell that the dom inance of the directiona1 aerialacene by Vagi, and quads., guod tho ugh thcoy undoubtc<Ily a",. hu tended. to mean that to many ~n the 81K, Bruce. Sterba., et.... are little more than lllmC3 dimly rm m the pI.'lt. W2EHY/l hu &ome no tes in 7J (Augus t

    'i,_...
    Iluminium with II ft . of 1 in. aluminium I ngle . tock-but
    lIllY of the usua l quad
    con ~tructional

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    Attention has orten been draWll to (h<, many difftn:nt ways in which manwlLCtWttl can state " aerial pin " (thil subject is well covered in lIJI article in Wink ss World, OCtober, 1966). In an attem pl to resolve some of these d i ffe l'l: ~wh ic h apply just all m uch I<' manufadun:~ of eo mmert:ial t ransmlUing ac!'W 1 as to the lirms <:ater ins: fO I ilfll.;ltCl1II_ the CC1R bas roccntly proposed a new term c..l.r.p. Instead of e.r.p.: this will stand for " dl"cctive isotropicaJly radiated power " 10 dcm u p the a mbiguity that arise Jinoc e.r.p. i. somelimes .....Ith rerereece 10 a d ipo le and s0metimes with reference to an isotropic aerial (the imaginary aerial whi<:h . pruds it. rad iat ion OUI in all dim:tio ns equally).

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    I

    tccllniqucs co uld be

    1966) on cu n..in Iypc aer;'!s. whidl <:an mal " etro.::live fixc4 beams. . 00 mak ca lhe (lOint tha t theIe are hiah-impedanoe &rf&Y' and 10 make t he d imensions fa r leu ailica l than. fOT oumplc. wilh V.gi clement... Alt hou ,h mos t cu nains lend 10 l equire a fair amounl 01 rea l egall,! and hi$h suppons. the 20m lLIT1Iy livell b)' W2EEY ( Fia:. 301 can fil lIl4ny ptdcn. and lives ~ic:alJy-po1arizcd low anaJc radia llon 011 either .lde of Its

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    TIl. ZL-SpKIoI

    A uscful form of unidinx:lioru.' ae rial is the " Z LrSpocial .. wltich can be eamy !lUJ1Jl up as a b ed bc:am, or can be fash ioned into a rola table beam by uslllJ I In. tu bina. Basica.IIy two fo lded dipole e~ment. ere driven with eum:nt 135 out of phase: .....ina trans posed JOO.ohm line U II rwavv phasin& so;;tion. F iRs.. JI and 12 show IW Iliilltly dHrCl'Cl'1t O fOTTlll nf the 2LSpccial, c ee fro m A mtJl t ur RDdf<J A 1IltMil

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    Fi II . T INoW'TYH .....Io n oftha ZL..o,...ial u i4I..-oI_oJ ...1oJ I In. alu mInIu m ... bln ,). 4 M oJ. 11 Mcl. LI DIt.'ln. 11 1l. ' ln. U ] 1 It. 1Il It:. . In. U 7 It:. I In. ()QlI Dhm.l It:. t I... 51 7 It:. ,.. lin. ~ 11t.' ln. 'n.'ln.

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    AMATEUIil IIlADIO TeCHNIQUIS

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    H~ (W6TYffi &JWI. the ot h from A"'r_1Ii>MJr (D M2AIl K) ' !he I.llef SO\lrOe all(! pro'ikls "" QQlecl di.rncnJiow. {or u.oe whe re lhe spacina: ~ll lhe d ipoles b I"OlhP!d 10 .boul ooc-I CDlh .... ~ ( i;,i" Ih ,s ae,.;I) i. ,,,uully ~"cn 3~ ~ h",, 1 " ..~,' d 1I"clle, ,hUll " ,, ;,h a .'ery 11"".1 h,~c~ t" . (r"nl , a' ;', t" "'" do"" r~''''''I' t1"n rrum un"allt~d s la tio " .

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    ~n" Lo_"cI. Gr OOll" " PI...... O oorlll llanett, ZD71P (forma' ' 8"11') on SL lI e lc:na fOl" IOIll hllS been I firm and mos t kn....ledpble advoealO of Il'ouod p1&ne aoerials as c:ompved, (or ClIampl&, ..n Ib tr ap vcrl icak wh ich he conUden throw &WI)' PO_ & low anaJa 1 ia tho procc:II of tnppin.& 011' lumtlS of tho ndiatit!f dcmcDL He .... &tlrrod 1 write by liDdina bimsotlf ercdi lcd (pafC 0 Zt>71 as tbe oriliftalor of the .. JIl" 'roundt. . ~ with scriN ~. &ad points o;nrt lhal m.::.t of lhc . ioScu . em frotll a audy oIlApono'a at&n4llrd ac..tbook OQ acriaJL He rcfcn IQ panic:War 10 tho ~ OQ mcdi~", O'Ct'IAI radIAtors which COIltaina a Mrie& or c::bam on (-t ~ aod ~ion paIlCnlS wl\il:h he hal found 10 P>1: accUcnt rewIu _ baa applied 10 amatcur~ Ifl)UI>d pJu-. H. bas found n pou,iblo. by a40ptitll tt.c. .... 10 dc&i1lJ 1mlIti band IfOIInd p1atac& miDdy devoid ot c,..,.. 10 faa with the aMI oI a R l&y-$wiw:hcd L.-nct-ort Il lho bilK ol thc r&lba&or and a wafer . ....nth at the opcrati..a.a poNtioD bcwWd put a "CI'tQ! 00 1. I" or 21 McIs. ~iq OQ ClldI t:.od u ",0(ICdY INIdlcd pound pI&Dc; wllb aD.. builI.ia bu/nollic rcjcaioD ILlld wilh C\'Ct)' iodl of the vcrlical radJ,tlor hcIpilll lO form the ""'"'"' pc.>IIible radiatiool anaJe

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    .. d~lcd power II concmtn.1C(I more and more a llow &nab. lIP to a muimum o r.bout 22O-W' .... hen IoCCOfldary h iah&Il&lc lobel to ap pea r. Witb 220" In II low aJl4IcI: is about 3dB OOlTIparcd wit h l he con.-cntlonlll elcctrioal q uar1cr..... ~ e lement . For t his reason Z D71P is oon~inocd tIw the \ll ua l loch. olqllC o f lhortenina q uarter wa velengt h r.,fialo r 10 o bta in cIccIria..I I'CIIOnll/1Cll: il t ile wr one ap prOllc Ffi)II'I Laporte h. it llIO bol seen lhal a t ImgthI of l bout 110" an d 22Q" (liliURI quoted fro m memory), the resistive oom poncnt o r the fcod imped ance PIMCI throulJh 7j o1un&; 110" h&~lnl a Krin IDdllClive rcaaanoc. and 22Q" I\a~m,: ICrlc& capaeiti... ~. All that il DClCdcd 10 mUo the food point purely ICIirtive Is 10 ituer1 ca pKitiw reaetanQC for around 110"

    Pnnc facu.r In the ok$illJ ~11I'll is 10 fOfJiCl abouI eIcctricaI k:Dtb .. of the radlatot' bin nll_ 10 thiDk 01 it. illlc:rmi of pb.)'l.K:al ~m . on t he basis ltw ""J{1Jh'c$ the IcnIlh in feel oIa 360" phYlicai Wll.~denph. The _ inc poinl h tbal as the Icnltlb. o f tbe radiator ;1 ~ the

    ........

    .an

    "'....dbolld 81c0ftk"'" Broadban d vert ical amYl a l1ll hive nu mber of alllllO' tiooa" iucJudlnt thc olimina lion or any IWlIcbcd nctworb IUI:b .. thole IlCCdld ror multi-band Yertic8J1 and lP'llIIlIlI pIanc:s as dcsribcd In rcc:cnt TTl.. Urlfo r1V11&tely moa oIlbi

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    WSWEU/4, in CQ (Ianu.ary, 1966), ill whleb an cfl'ocli~ ben dwtdth of 4 :1 is claim ed. The aerial take$ tho C onn of two COllCS, made from a skcklon of wira, one above tbtl o ther . The CQ dcsijn baa lix...ided double wira cones with electrical connection at tbe intcdacc between the two eoDOI by means of the metal cron pioocs: Fill. 33. Wh ile. 43 n . I lniClure is needed to cow:r lS- I S Mel l i a 2J fl. high aerial will cover 728 Me/I ; end o:ven a 12 ft . hi gh oDC 14-'6 Mel"
    W 'W E U hllll been 115101 &12 ft. model with promi slni res ul ts and reports other arnaleuJ'lI usillJl the 23 n . veealce, AhaBd het Ulere ace 12 perimeter w Ires grouped in IiJl o;!oubJe

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    .mal&, reminded US t hat there WlI.' a u.aefu.l de$criplioll of. sli;htly dilfcrell l form of biconical monopole (pIUl good deal of Information on radi ation pat teml and dcIlpl formuJu) PTC'$oI;IlteQ by M t H . M uon of the Admin.]ly

    hilllu:f off the around with a lood counlerpoilleearth. 1bc CQ artic:1c, with IlJo em phasis on amateur USC of these

    W1itl. W SWEU IUU Oltl the smal ler model. wor k belt

    SurfllCll WeapolW Elt.bliJhment at the 1963 IE ~ " c eevee lion on H.F. COmmunication," His pape r il printed in the COnvention book which lD&y be foun d III . Dumber of tech .

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    In I number or amateur pu blications bu t have _ pr~ very popuJar. one of the maDy problcml bcinl lIM .. lop hal" .me md the dimensions which in p ractice limit their use to 14 Mcjl and above. AD alternative. thO\lllh rdated broadband venical i, Ihe biconieal monopole. This is form of aerial w bich baa beta u~ by the British lod American ~ 10 dJ'ocl it replaoes the d.i.e of. dillOOl1C with aoodlCl" oonX:al &mUlp mcnt, M d brinp the reedpoin t down 10 ee bale. Co ll$l.ru<:ulln.lll detail, of one form of this aerial is &iva'l by

    broa dband w:rticals (end to have f l.l.her eomplieated 1tnIclure!l. Deuill of h .f. diseolle$, for eumJlk, h a ve bcc:n pven

    nical and compally Iibnuiu. H il dcsilll (Fla. 34) U lOme ItS 12 sin gle wires eq ually Ipllced ar ound the central steel masl which iI OQ an In. u.lated hue. ll>c (:One lnterfacn are ,joined l0tether by wire, there beina no trOII-arm b ut ..... ith QtcmaI 1lU)'lI 10 kerp the whole aeria l in oha pe. The ASWB paper elaiml 2'6;1 bandwidth with low . w.t. w lthil CO\Ild almosl certAinly be e~I<'tl"coJ for amateur 1IllC!. Appan:ntly thn:<:: aerial. coveri nl 2-$ Met. , 4-11 Me/. and 10-215 Met l N.'o1l been dcoi ~ for ....v.,) eo u t.llltioni . The Pllper Ind icales, mOil! \,vidly, how impo rtan t il the best possible around plano if the ae rial is to l ive <lplimum OX perforllW"lCC. A IIC:ries of ven leal rad ial Ion palltT1\ dil; llRlDS show \be ilQl difference in lhe amount of low an ale I'lldiat ioo when mounted abo'o1l differen t &found pl3.n~ . The paper ft'QOfTUYlCnded the IIIe of 315 around rlldilll! of abo ut the Ioweal frequerlC)' . Whereu there il plenly of I'lldialion, even wltll an 1YetllIC If01.lI\d l)'lItem at tuah &n&Iea. !be villli lo w an ale (().W) rad~lion Iar&cl y di... p~ from thnse diaamms repreMOlina radillt;nn wilh .. IeM efl"lcient jroUOd ' )'lItem. Tbi., oCcoune. islrUC wil h aU foRm oC ~rtica.l ae riab fod ap.inIl e<lrth and emphasiu:a once apln thro.1 t he: best ~y. of Improv_ illJ Neh aedah a1mOIII .. twal'l conJlU . of pt oVld ina a better earth l)'lIlem.
    Ll-dtH F..d V.,-tkdh A.sJ. artide in 11w Martolll Rermw (Vol. XXIX, No. 160, Fitsl quaner 1966) on the: direction finder , type S480, contains .. dilcualioo on a type: ot elevated feed monopole Wood ID the eishl element Adcock l yMan ; and trom this il would ICUtI that l uch .. tedmlque mllhl pro vide an ~ to a problem of pan lcular importance to amalcuB: how to act &GOd low anile tad.ia tion, without UDwanlCd high-anale &ide Iobea, trom vmic:al aerialI 01 appnc:iablc: electrical Ienilh. In the pllf1kular application delcribed. the elevated teed aaiall an: UJed 10 to rm a wKle band (1 .$. )0 Melt) reoeivina l)'atem, but lhe IWtll: pr inciples wOllId apply to lranlatis;sion . Admittedly the aV'Cl"aae amatC1.ll' mi4h1 not be able to reproduoe l uch l oad low aogIe R:IUIIS l1tlOe tot DIP ins talla lioltl considCf1tble rq;ard is paid DOWtIdays to the II'OWld p lane in th e form ot IarBe eart h maU ateodiDg righl around the mull lpJe<lement Adoock 1)'I\an (tot ee S430 a 2 ft .

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    wire meah JOIl'IC 120 n. in diameter ekvtlted I ft. a~ the around is recommended), I1Id a more DOl1D&I coovcmlloltll earth I)'llleul would UlIdoubtodly deIrade the vertical rad iation paltellll. The Iystem incmtses earth eunmu and Ih llS the need tIK IOod earth radiah IK ma ll it &GOd Iow-anale radiation ill to tic achieved.
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    mul aDd inPe1' wndUCIOf con5OuAC nled to thoe lop llXtioo eitbet (a) (b) (e) (d) dm:ctly o r lIuuueto l uitable " r "n . c:~ ..... ~ . . .... -... ,.,. . -..... __ I. It.q>-up mIIk:hllla u a n oformo:r. The ....o Meli"n~ uf the anialthus ha."" a cu rre nt d iSlrohuN<:_th<:\css, n hu . I.... r- ,",mrd thai evnuually _ linn of the type we auociato Wllh ;Il-ph...c "uriah. Fl$. one: .mill.ht come up wilh improvod leochniq UC>l for tRntl ' aftowJ the CWTWI !lj. lr1bulioo fo r lolal hei~l' of t. I . t mlllOn,: ,",[th loop aerial. And from 0lII &CICOIl nl in t:Jtt'11V'NtJ &lid ruU-wave aer ial., hUI the mo~ inlclatin, d illJl'l' llI i, (2 1 A,,(lUst 1961) of '"'!Ilk b y the US Ann)' Limit ed WIJ thai o f F i&. 36 ~ina e<:>rnp utl'<1....:r1ical Rdia lioll p;1ucrn~. La boratory. it _ nl th lll lhc rcq uirt:4 push in th is di n:ction It will be clur th.J.1 there is n o r 'lflku W ad \'lInta,. e Over hA.. come from lhe r.r<lhlcm (If o~tinl por1ablc milita!)' h.f. radw. ill JURI cr.. The arucle dncribes II ecmpect con venti onal b...c fed ae rials unti one IetI IO a bout t A&Ild octaGonal loop ( "'1 l711) hllving ~ fl . l ides; Ih ll 1& ser iou. ly , full ....ave , Iond th i, tneanl illat hei8h t limi tlltiolu teod 10 fllle 0111 ila use u oept 01\ 14 Me/I a nd above. TIM: IA 1)'I1em claimed as " lIIUIIIly doml IlIJo<x1 II J0l) .. II flllJ.k:IllI'h _mI parlicular ly al traeti. ",. Iho UCh th ia resllltll in hilhd ipo le (fw m 94 n . Ionll at ~ M alo 234 n . a t :!: Mo;/s)40 fI. inlpeo:lanoe Coed ~ the insub.tor ; ...hile thil could be done a bove the 1J'OWld. ..,th IlqHlP nJal'ltin& Poel....,.... . 1hc:R m iahl wcll be the Tbe artidc l'" m tll 0111 that in the ~ o f low horUootal pO d ily of !lSinl a tuned ftedo:r run 0111 for IOmo d istanoe llib dipoles (0( II heighl !ell IhaA about O-Ill, or u )' )() rt. II bor'imal.lIlly fr om !be vmio:&l demmt, aDd !hen If req uired ) ~ M(:/I) the rda:ted ....ve the Iw-faoe of the ..nh OOII.li:aued with a Io_lmpedanoe feeder in the G ~R'" lends to have . ~ll;n& e lra:l DO the incidenl wsw (i.e. I 1Cd\niQue. (Me aood point i. thai the two _ ~ of t be dipojc at uro heiabl a~ . pnff'Nly ~iJlI earth -W M:ria.I (orm an in pbue 1)'II(:IIl;md thit Ienob 10 """uk in t he ha ve za'O nd~tioll) TNt il b.t-= fJ( lhc plwe in~ ..-:Iarloe ~ . . . ""idly than 'IlIilh . ...nu:ru buc on rd'ID:tioll. '1 1)'1<1....... w " " " , -ldLi.nI probltrnL Con'-enely. ti,n.ol. , ....... . cn ~Jly pllarittd S)"Ilcmt (_ lhis ease bLI lhe Iflumcnl a pplies 10 Olha" \'CrticaI l iltriakl are n:fb:tcd prcdom.inan.lly In ptwe ...-i\h incidcnl w.. ve ... that lbe is DO ~ ct loull"&dillM Loot T~. Aowilolo with dn:uinl heiRhl. For this reuon. il il; wu.~ !J'lIl Althollcb Uq)e raonant Ioopt ha .... bccft wed ct1"ceti...1y ...1Krc>",," ."a~1 m Ull bc~ly 1iI'II;led ill hci ;hl. ' 'II:TtitaI ill Qua6-t"JIC acriaia, wmP"'t Ioopa _ the Iowa fnquo:rry r><>a.malion shoozld J ive irnfw'o'-coJ n:sull.... The Iooll' b&Ddt ha ... tddom Ii.-m rully iJO'Od results. aprorOKh "'-as adart ill pn:f~ 10 w:r1Q I JltlIIlldtd
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    whip" stnce tile llvcrnll hc ight can he much less, and then: i, no overhea d null in it, radia tio n pa U"rn. f urthermore , Ihe 1",,1' docs n"t del"'lI(l on any artifkiu l jrc und plane fur its dlieiellt "l"'rH tion. While its o""ration over .. Good earth would presumably be morc efficicnt t ha" over "n exlremdy poor earth, this Is a far less crhicnl factor lhan with whip ~ or vertical rod ~ tuned lI Ra i n~t carlll . The au tho r ad mits frankly that a compact loop is not being put forward " as the best desijJJl fo r every applleat ioJl." It will not, he stresses, .. outperform the large rhom bic in specific low angle u" io.l in:<::ti'mal tasks . But th.. loop can do the job at instu]l"li,ms where real ,,,lat. is limited ano.l a compler; of high lI.<:rial rna.ts i.. ;mpr;u;ticabl.. " (u siluation possibly even mo r.. common among amat"uffl than in military eu rnmunications) . Th is viewpu int has been eonfinned during cxtensi,..;: trials in thc USA ami in Vietnam , using fr~quencies between 2 lind ~ Me/s. Fill. 3) (h) ,how, l h~ U" rL~1 ,m l"hu'll nClwurk u'c'tl lt> IccJ the l" " p f, o", 50 o r 70 " hill co~xi~l li ne lh' <lu ghoOlthi, fre_ quency range: 1 usc on ly 011 OIlC or 11'10 lI"",teur ba nd~, "0r the number of " coarse" impedance sellings co uld be much reduced. 'This type of matching, it is claimed, keo.::ps resistive power lessee 10 II prac tical minimum, with no inductive tops or links, ami u.~i n g onl y air_dieleclrie and Ilxed mtca. dielectric capaci tors. T he ndwork sho wn is appro ximately balanced about earth (th is reduces the pea k volta ges in lh.. network) hut is SIIid thai for low power t his is a" unnecc~ary retleemen t. This malching umt is mounted imlTl<diulcly below the lo wer hori zonta l member of t he o<;ta gona l lnop. Amatcurs ha ve successfully used JUS! two or three (ba lanccll varia ble capacitors. T he o ther majur re<.luetion in oh mic I,,~= is ac hiever! hy using la'1le xurracc: tu bing to form the single turn 1 001' (which is shown to be gcncrally prefcrablc to using II smallc r multi tu m loop). Apparently the earlier models used t -in. tubing, hut II change has been made to I! in., and It is tho us ht that in so me cases it would be advantag eous to increase th is even 10 3, 4, o r 6 in. copper tubing ! The octagona l loop has its eight sides each 5 fl. long (d lOsen to u n disman tling an d easy transporf}; this shape ow increases the " rea enclosed by 20 per cent beyo nd a sqWl~ :

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    even better ill terms of area (and hence rlldilltion resistan ce) would be a eirclc, but it is sug~estcd that the straight tubes , with what ar c termed " cfs" comers (these arc" electrician s elbows." in this case with an ang le of 135' bu t known a~ "4Ss," ) are more re:J.d ily avail able . s uccessrut tocps ha ve been reported for l g and 7 Me/sthe j .g Mc/~ loop b~ G6NA using lhe outer sheath ing of .. half-inch " coa xial cable.
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    from slruightf" rwurr! ha rmonic resonances, s<:veral forms of m,dtiband demen ts have been described o ver y"ars. Rut none has achi" v"d widespread usc , a nd must umatcurs continue to pu t up h.r. arrays Lh.at squander preeiol1~ declbcls of gain by the Tl;striction o r " a perture" by nOI makin g full me of the totallen~tb or the element on the higher frequen cy ba nds), by acccpnnz the l<)=.~ that OCCllr with lrups o r those that ar ise from the interactio n of " nester! "ele."en!!;as in the convenuonaf rwc- orth= -lxmd qlUlr!S and some Valli heums. 11 is still widel ~ believed that uny mu llib.nd be-1m il bound to be a co mpro mise a nr! lbltl ror ultimate gain it is n= "-,,ry to usc m,mobandcr~.

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    Fill. J~ sh ows Ihl'tt e lenX"Ill.'l o f d iffer.:n l phys ical lenlllhs bu t which, 35 ;. well known , can be made 10 reso nate 91 lhe s.:une frcqllen,y: the conuenlion~ l dipole clen", ol ; the ind Ul;l ivdy-Iulldcd short d ip.,l e ; e nd lllc ca padt ivdy ' trc'lchc<! d ip:llc . F i. 40.hows ho w II 14 MlUcleme n l ca n be reeonatcd lit 21 Ml h (I ) o r 28 M Hz (b) . BUlllOw . wilh Ih"5Cbasics in miMd, let uslook a ttbe end product " r ~"Ulhcr D l'l'ro.1eh : f ill. 4 1(a), an elCRlI'n l Ihlo l an sim ullllneou.'IIy ha vc IWO rflO Mnt Ircquenc ib , h illo b like II 1I' mafcai HrranlJCmen l bu l Ihe ,. $hon-cir,,,,ilcd .. C bill 10l no thini in do wilh rn;Ilch intl. Inste ad it f" rrlll e n clemenl which 11."'" all of its ICf\l:l h o n 1""0 r",q uene ics whleh ca n include 14 MHz lind s r>an 21 to 28 MHz by I djl1 51l1lCni o fC. The el<rncnt ts re"ln aled at ils h ill.her f~\lency by the
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    capacitor uclinll in cnn j unet ion wilh till: dimibuled indue re nee L represented by till: sccuon " rt hcelcmen l acro ss which 0 C " connected . MUlc hing 1 a d rivcn dement is no llrclll p rob lem stn ce the radia tio n ""'i..... nce of lhe dll il-frequency clement, when C'Xp re~d II" II resistance in paffl lld wilh l , haa (Of can easily be: IIrrnllllcd to ha ve) comp,I.rl1ble n lllcs al I C$lstllnce bctWl:CD each o f the opcra tiDtl frequene lcs. The feed T uny two po ints alo... L ,..,1d, 10 be independ en t of frequency. Th e bCliu ly of the syslem I! thai the capacilor h.... vinua lly no effecl on the ba.sie d iPOIc reso nance (lilY 14 MH z) except for n $Iillht, and po lentially useful, shift in band-centre frequency of the order of I per cent when II 14 M Hz clement i, being used and C is Kiven the a p pro pr iale ...aloo fo r 21 MHz. Since the full ~ perl ure or the cleme nl is used on all f",qucnc\cl th is means Iha t a 14 M Hz clemenl ee n ilsc:Jr e;\'C u p 10 ldD gai n III 28 Mi Lt iind up 10 Id B al 21 M HL ll>en: a re, of course, no tra ps 10 incur losses Of to reQui", SUPponinll in Ibe eleme nts, 5(1 simplifyinll ccestrucucn. When a pp lied In . q uad , u much u ldBcxlra llllin may be achieveOa l 28 MH~ p l u~ frocdo m from the in lC\1lCt in8 ... freels of .. ne.ted e lements. There is the I'robkm of using Ihc same elcmc:m stw: ing (In d ilfcren t ba nds. alld Ih is will be eo nsldered la ler , T llis lech n iq uc would om 10 be equally s uitab le fo r many Iypel or "" ays or even far sjmp,", wire ae ri" l, . In fact LeI MOJ;Oll. G 6XN, flUl~ fo rward a genera l thco l'fttl (or aerials as fOllows : A ny Qt' f< ""'y M opr, ulrd at II. f~nJam" , ,1 l/(I1 'I'W",",cr an" simultuMOw fy 0 1 any f ' l'qur ncy ...ilhin II t an, r f rom teu '''un half 1<> ""'" II,m. 0.... or l",'r oho''t' 1M fwulamnttl1l ,r sr onrr, by ro~lIfi"Jt CtlplNllon.. arrou Ihr rrm,a l pnniott ln ofrorh rurrtnll<HJp ("'. i" I~ c_ <>f If ItWnopo ltfrOIll anI' rldt 10"uun<1). The r/I'#'CI/o" of I~ "",I" Wbc, ls ,hI' SOllie , oM ,h f uJI Up" lII't f. uIIIiuri at eocll f' rq wlKy. 1M uddrd cf!I'llc/1anr hIu, ut teau It) (I firsr ordrrof apprO,d mufiolt, no tDt Cl ul Ih f IllNMmrMul ..... mlllnre . This ar. P,ua c h o pens the way, witho ut any major pr l'>b1eml t 10 d l''' Z. requency operation : e. R. 14 and 21 M Hz , o. 21 a nd many types. But ...hat 28 MHz, Or 14 a nd 28 MH z eena ts about tbree-band o per.o.lia n 1 l1e,.. Ihere ClU SI Ihe pr oblem ' lh a l me value o f C has to be cha nged o n Ihe two h igher freQ\l~ ncy bauds. Th i. problem f;an be solved by M rcl~y or poss ibly by \lsinll ... ~rious foom o f 28 M Hz lnl l'~ or phasinll $tubs IlS a passive switc h. It has been mown that three- band operation 1$ prnc liCllble. G6XN', ...o rk ;, basc d o n a sta ndard three-element .. p1umber'Hiditlhl" Ylllli, a nd lt seem, Ih t IllOSI 14 MHz mnnoband beam, CO l.lld be con...e ned fnr two- band orerali!>n very easily by , imply ll rinr nll a cap.ncilaf on each ~lemcnlllS in Fig.41 (al. TlIese eapacrton 'huuM be rated a l leas:t 2 kV a nd j limps with short $tu bs for line tu nioll. G6XN SIIUCSII lha l il Dlay be ad vi.~ ble 10 stnrt off usin. sma ll vMrlnble CIll'lK lOl'$ usin, low power a nd eh""", lng dry i 0 wcalher. It is lhcn not d ifflCUll 1 repl ace Ihe varlsbl Cll by COmb inati on. o r fiJled ca paciltln wilh a short sl\lb for fine lu ninll r rob lems were expcrie:nccd in we t westher when a ltem ptinl tn u"" a 300 ohm feeder slub 1 (Iro\'ide the whola 0 of the capacila nCl:'.

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    T
    A I:RIAL TOPICS

    '"

    more tha n about I J'CT ""nl. When a rnceoband er ;~ conver ted in [h ill way no gUBrant e>:: e m be il1ven of ach ieving low S.W.!. at the highe r f~"\lncy a nd prefe,"hly II bal anced feed should be lI.'!ed a~ in Fill. 41(b) . Some mllY q uery whet llcr th e fixed element "pHcing of a ITIllnobander Isli kdy to prove equillIy suitable for IISC 011 two (If IMo:l: bands . i t is true lh:u for a [wo-dement arr ay with about ~ ft. spacinl ther e W he II gain penally of roughly Ill O'~B fot driven l\Trl~ lind IdB for paras)lic arrays plus ckterioration of ba ck. to-front ratio. b ul wilh thl\"e or mo re elements the wider elect rical spacin g at the higher freq uencies

    The effect on 14 Mliz mid -ban d reso nance sho uld nO! be

    clement , ll\ree. ba nd Vagi beam (max imum element !eni th 7'4 m with i ndu~1i\'(: loa d ing) which w~s . ub<.cquenlly inclUded in the {icrman A~lfflM~hurn by Karl ROlhammcl. T he work which led Leslie M oxo n . G6XN. to this red i...,overy was en lirely inde penden t <;of the German dai\l:n and wou ld seem to ex ploi t lhe pri nciple ra ther d itferently and more comp~hensi'ICly. One of the ad d ition al possibdines offered by the we of d islribuled ~nanl cireu ill of lhis type is to replace the usual lra ps in mulnban d d iP<'lcs. Los.<;<':!I sl10uld be co nsidcrllbly reducct.1 (though this TT\lIY nol be of IIT"" I r~gl ~illnificanc:c) ; the main edvantascs wo uld l.>c DCgligible CIJ'lt. less weighl to be supported by the d ipole and no weat herproofinll problems .
    E~ Low AIl.1e R~"'tlo ... The pot.Si bility of major ad vances in h.f. communicatiQDII and brOlldcastlna may develop fro m rece nt theoril:S of propaaation. Sotnc of these ideas hav e co me fro m cu rrenl wo rk on .. round the worl d eceoee " and the var ioUi fonos of layer entrapped pro pagati on. 'rnese are so metime. known as tbe .. wblSpcrillll pJ lcry mode," WId at one t ime were ~ualJy ascribed to fl'Cllll: ionospheric condi liolll and tiltl : but now ICem to be reco8J1i4 as feasible under alm olt any CODditious. Th ese echoes have been lutown fo r IT\llny years. Durioa: Work! Wu: If a techni que wu de velcped by German CflilneerI IO use them In order to de termi ne Wllheu nl iderable accwacy (10 abou t one part in 1000) JUSt how far a",ay a dilllll! b.t. tnlIlSmitler was fro m the n:ce1 (RJJtI4 Waw V<:l' I /'roptlgd /Ion tJN1/M l ontUpMn by Va. L. AI'pert, p lan 322 10 37'. or PrIK l RE,1 \l48 pqe 581). TIley came back pr om inenlly into notice IlIhcn, well o ver tetI yeatt ago. repolU on the 20 and 40 Mell sianals from Spuln/k I l tarted tumina up in unellpocted plaoel. Th e interesti ng poi nt 10 nolO b t hai cdtOCI whic h ha ve tra vclled scvertJ tin'lC$ round the WOt:ld show remarkably little addi tional attc:nl.lllion. In the ro rly li l lies. wo rk on this mode of propaption carried out at Stanford Electronicl labo rato ries by R. B. Fenwick and O . O . ViDatd and in 1" 8 so me obacrvations on lhi, typo propaaatioll were published in the UK in MlJT(oN Rn int. Then again in the early 'silftles. lllIot oo facto r (which may Of may not be connected vritb such propnption 0>0del) twnc<:I up. Ca reful test , by the Americans showed cIeatIy that lhe !l.f. b~ t la tlo ns COlltfO\Ied. by the USS R and China were consistently OIltpcrformina their own. lbe British, and tlte Japanese ltatiolll. Th e Mosoow and PekiIl& li~ lt sc:o;:med to be ~illl through o n higher freqllCllcies. fo r lonl"r periods and. at areate r SlfC.llglh thaD Iho5e !rom other tnnsmittcn ofeom pa rablo power. Eq ua.lly iIltc:R:stiDi WI' the obilCf\'ed ab ility of these particular trallSlllissiom. a few ,"ioute' lifter comlna 0 11 the lit, Of t:hanJio. frequeoc:y, 10 ~ up sud denly In strell ith In tlte particular ateat 10 wWeb the programmes were beillll beamed: thit did Ilot teClII to be due to power ftlcre;ue uece l ite signals in DOIl-tar,et areas sho wed no eotT'eSpondini IncrtUC. To aocounl fo r these obtervalioDt, it WIll H1ggesled that the RU5Sian and. Ch1nesc t latiolU IlICre in fact located at lletY hi,b ailes, an d tha t thi, m.iibl ll'\a.ke pouible ClItremely low _ anaIe red letlcn, Furthermore II W tbough t that a tech D nlque must have been de veloped wltcttby the vert ical a.n,Je of radi atio n co uld be ~rdulJf coll lro llf!d lUId changed to make Optim WII UIO of tb1, a bilily; pouibly I.ISintl: lOme form of back _ tter to allow the tl'lllll1llner engineers 10 det er mincI jlJ'C when the OptlmWII cond itiolll had been achieved . AU tbeorict IUlJCIfted tha t the Russ1alll bad dew10ped waya oC proplllllltion mode. o ther tbaD these deteribed ia the clastic texlboou .

    DM2ABK.

    Is. pooitivc adva n llllW.

    BiIlallCOd feed and plumbc r'$-dclighl con struction play a wefu l role: in a... idin,. skcwlIII and narrow ban dwi.ll h. In o tllis I\I'Otol)'T'C IhrCO'Ck meol array G 6XN ach in-es less lhan 2 : I I.w.r. o ver . b:lndwldtb 0( I M Hz Cl:nt~ o n 28-5 MlU though he poinls OUl that b:lnd widlh will be reduced. as milht be expected , by tunin; for mu imum p in.

    w .,

    e~,

    e rn

    x _ '"_ Jt>-

    or

    5 0 ft , .. 4. ,

    Thue ul1l lOme fealures of this new approach that have been rather glow:d over . For instance, the lengt h of aerial lhal for ms L when tuned by C d isap pears Ir.lck into Its normal function ;u tbe middle bit o r the aerial when C is ~d. But you may be saying C is no t remO\'cd. it is sliU there . Q6XN explains lhis by poinlinll out th at C can be considered removed " when the curr ent in it is smal] co mpared with the clement c umnt\ and t his comes a bout rather rapid ly ll$ lhe freq uency is rcouocd , part ly because. at the higher freq uency. lhe value of C is arti tiadly lncrea!ed by Ihl: a pprOllcl1 to sencs resona nce. So you have an eleme nt that bcha"CS dilfcrc nlly when fed with r.f. al d ifferent frequ eneil:S. Tbc baflc tcclutique of mul tibandlrle e1erncntA In this way was d escribed as lo ng ago li S July. 1960 in Dr.-aTe by Richard Auerbach . DUFK. followin, work in which Iod to the issue of. Ge rmain pa ten t (D DPa Nr A 306' 2A 12438 Om). D LI FK used the to:o;hnique in rninlaro re threeM

    19'.

    m-

    utiIWn.

    ....H ... 'r e c e ...... 010 T eCHNI QU e S


    TO ."l....I CIO
    Ol ~ 1

    COL I

    --...-.. -.-.,.-.................. _.-....~~"

    _ _ ""_ _ "l ' . '

    ...... ,'.=

    "

    8r004......, 1kI1u...

    Tbc Pl Qblem Qf f-.lin, I balancod leril.l, loch U I dipole, {f OOl unbal4n<:ed con hIS lon, beee m:ocni~ , an d haa led 10 !he de-.elopment o f ma ny types otbal un (brJ arx:ed-tou nba llllIC:ed j Innd'urmera. 'Ihe ba sic ~~ wu weU I'UI by 0 60 back in 195' (Bul.LlTJW, ber , 19"): "a centre f(d dlP'lk: il a ba lanced circu il i a COncallric: C&b1e il 1lDba1&nl:ed, Ihey cann~ be joined uircw;tly willMrul aome tr ouble or other_he fac! thal lhls orten ; oea undeI.ecIed hal Oll!y made II mQI'l:d ifticult 10 UOIkn land ..ha t it h ~ wbea minI' wronr:."

    G6CJ poinIed out IhaI. Ihia ia the ~ it n - . IimooI irapollible 11O Id -.m'e ftSUhl from impedanr:e 01 polar ~ ~ and C&I:l;IUIC: tbt IIbKk to be aInoI: ~ ,.t. 02IIIinI: ~ ; 01' Ihe.-ial ftrft 10 Ihe wrvac dirocti<.xl ; 01' k>ca1 clo:ctric:al MDa cnwb up lhe outIIidc tile line lUMI back into !he reoeftoer, Ba:ause of the low im~ ~ !DullH:Il:mmt V-'; am.ys, be:.u-I. are ~ aerwuve 10 unballonocd food. Dipda-ar 1& the W1DZZ ~ u nita _ , alto ~ be improvod 'lrith mJw:L 1be ~ poopIe "'-.e been able 10 _ up th.iI problem by ~ _hcrproof ~ fatite inlWonnen. T1leK haoe ra~ Ill' to man, ki~tn. aDd are lPed, f... eurnplc, to ked 'triddIIUd 1oI-pcrio11ic: ana,. from \raIIoSmi1t(n _ ilb pi 01 pj- L OIIIpul!ld'*Olkt. Bullhew -=ra are """''''' ~ed. 10 pay pr1a: wtllctI would, to 10 speak, " unb&Ianoe ' In tmll"""- llnWlld n lbcr mo re lhu it woul d b6lanoe lUI aerial Thor: are., 01 llOUfX, \'Uioooa formt of 5WI4ard cou ba!u.... IOInIl providinla 4:1 and ot hc:n a 1:1 ~ llalI5formalioD. MOllI 01thae IIeftcI to be freq uency ~ &ad can add )'d IIlOtMr aitical dinwnsiOtl 10 RnEtiIlos .. -U as ~ poolHcmt fOl mulli-ban d aeritlt. Recem.ly ariou'I ronnt of btNdbaDd baI ...... al mote modesI prioet ha", been a(lpClr1n&. Seovera.I delcriptiom Moe appeared of broadband t.!wlt l&Sina a:ou: Fill. 42. A u i ll. 6 it\. ""'vtb o f SO ohm eou tudI .. RO W 01' Uluiva.lent it tilhtl y cotIcd 10 fonn I , him coil wil b 101 ioWdc di&meler or 6J In.!eavilllin inch or I... al rilha' cod. W6SAI \ISC!Ia pic of p.e.e, p lMlic piPl' a. I former, buill .. po:olII5ibk 10 form the coi l wilbout laiDI a f<>fmcr, WhentIM: Ol:RlR, po inl of!he coll .... been l;:l.rd'u UyfUll"". tIM: outer eou plauic co-.er it trimmed bKt aDd the lIuible 1l(::ICIeD. bu l lIIOC Ibe inner 1eId, II br okm; lbai l jwnper l hort 0ll ctn:uit n IIIIldeftd ICl'OIIt one 1CCI1 0( the coa.: IDe F II. 4Z. A simil.lr Jumper ill conneded al:TO'll one o f the 0IIk1' ends of !he coax coil W6$AJ detcribe. in oonti dt:rl blc dCl1li1 lhe c:onstnlCtioD of lhe device an d how he {askrU lhe eoll.( on 10 lhe forma" b UI provhkd Iha t it il remcmbem! l hal the Iwo ICCtlops 01 the COIl I h"",ld be c!l;IC!riealIy $imi1lt a nd ~i coupled htly tol(ther (pld enbly in I Iype ofbi1illar windl , Ihere ~ DO ~n wby et nee forms Qf CONlruct ioo d 001 be used. The devioca a re broadband and il il claimed tha ll nine tum un it wi U be dreclive over the ""CC 6-31 Me/. ; by add i", lurns the Iowtt limit can be ul(1ldod, and a I ~ tlllll balun is tIlld 10 wort oo.n 10 lboot , ., Me/...

    _h,

    ..n.a _

    '0

    G M1VBB commenled OIl

    Ih~

    balun " ym, : " I _

    simpler venion of thi s, conlilltiol merel y o f coilinl lhe au

    AE R IA L TO ,.IC S close 1 the connectlcn to lhe aerial . EJcetriealIy this IookI 0 Iikll an ideal. 1: I iMllati.n& transfOrm wil.b an Ind llCWll:ll: connectin.g o ne side of lbe p rimary to one tide of the 1CCOO4Iry. Thi linduClanoc. which illhal of the caiJL ea.a COlSily be made h igh enough to make the unbals.ncina: Cl:Iect ncaJiJiblc over II wide ran,gc of frequency. In Ihe Iwo coil balun. th is llDba1aDciog erreer il CI.IlCCI Icd Ollt. bu t I dou bt whelher lhe rurthcr Impro\letneJl t jlL\tlllel the Clltr a coil an d wllterf>roof COIIlltctions ."
    Til. ZSfCK T... In......ld t A uscflll. dcyice far matching any tranlmitter la any aerial mtem is dc.cnbcd hy ZSI CK in Rud/<>-ZS(Fehruary. 1966): Fi 43. ZS ICK claiml no particular o ritina lil)' fo r hil UlUt, Ud basically it il lUI e.w.e. indicato r o f the K6QHZ Mickty-Ml lch " t\pc. popular fOI a ver seven ~ How1:W:t. conlinuo... indQllOn o f both forward end reflecl(d power in the (';OU ooClion is available by u.ln l one o f tho $Ilrplus aircrafl .. crosa arm" dual mctcn. Two 22 s.w.a. ClUl/IlCI wiru alC carcful ly lnscrled between th" ieeee tube Ud tbe b raidina of a 9 Ill. lenith o f 12 o r '2 o hml COlI~ . IIII.kiua suro that tho eaamcl is not _ .lched o ff 10 form an del:tric:I.l collDCClion . Then tho forwa rd IU1d refIec1ed powet ill the wiru is measured by aepllra te mcterina circuits, ~ I.W.I". mclcl. aerial maIChing DC1work and an aerial ebanpover rel.J.y are I n bu ill inla ono eompact uni t. lSlCK lives his lunina: techn iq\llll as foUows : .. Tunc the trarwniltcr to .boul lhree-quarlerl or its aormaI ind icated power on III anode rne=. Switch the transmIltdl to lite: appropriate band aDd tum: with C3 unlil one "",< reaob mL1lirnumand the OIher minirnwn. Dip th e p.a. aein, trim C4 for rninilnum o n the ~ meter (A) , this WllI.lso ind icate l'IWtimum on tho f~ lYtC1er. U the CIIrmll OIl the meter ruds off lho sca le. red uce lite power by tutuinJ VRJlVR4 wbich are two )(10() oIun pcMmtiomclCB
    M

    m:mlly we came.,;rQM1llI inf"OtllllllM brocbureOll.lighlninjj; prom:t~ f<?, ...h.r. acriaIs I ymm& compiled by ~ TelcCOINIllllllC&ltOlll. Thi, points Otll tba t with I hi&h acriaI the Iightnin.lr: hazard II .1 its wont, bul lbll In many pans of the world tho polS ibility of a dit'ecr.strike is 10 remote that norma.I c:arthina pr ovided by tho usc mer.aI mastS is rdt to be adequa te:. Under Ihc:sc cil'CUlllllanCel. the aeria.I illeU may be damared by I suike, bul the possibilily af .. hazard 10 life i. .. extremoly ulllikdy:' Tho broc hure IUuests thaI IlOn-mctaJIic ' tructures may need 10 be ad equaloly pr olected by lUI earth ing strip lak eu 10 a ro und ptate by the Ihortcst po$$ib\e roIllo---t>ut JtOICI lluIl this c:a.n Ievofve co ppeor ICCtion I in. by I in. for IlruClUtc6 up to 60 fl . high . an d I in. by ! in. lhat hciahL Such earl hillJl l trip$ abould not contain any bends of Ion than 18 in . radius. RI,!nJI Wl lor mai n carths an: considered IIJIlui~bk fo r thi l ap pl icatio n, and the o nly cfl"oclive an d safc method is to IIW1.h to I plate: o f biah conduetivil)'. buried soveraI foct from Ill y buil d ings. The earth pllIte should be 2 ft. 10 3ft. squatC an d nOl ICIIS Iban -n- In. thick. Alternatively. il i' ' ,,"csIM Ihal I in. diameter copper rod net tess than 4 n. lon, can be used. J:!11loCWhc.rc, we nOled recenl ly the l\liIICSlian thaI exceueee cartbs can be made by burying an old discarded copper hOI waler _tank, ofteo ava ilable fo r a fow shillings from huilden'

    v.h.r.

    .bo""

    = p .

    OB lhe

    ZSI C K poinu OUI that t lte u n il a.ho acts as an aerial ml tch ina; de~icc fo r lhe rocciva and should iocrease IU'Cntlb or ineominllipWl whon COl'l'OCtly tuned.
    LJ.htrlln.
    p,~

    same shaft:

    In ltle UK we ~ fo rt una te: in nOI beilll tn cce of the maiD Ihwtdel'llomt ~Iorm .~Ibticl I1U1iC from ove r 200 per year ID Jl va to lboul one per year in tho Sahara-and lillhlnin& pr oled lon il nOI always lalcen \ICI')' Iel'icMuly. But

    The brochure male"" some useful po ints on the lubject .,t st.lic d ilJChaslCS. Ilressing Ihal d uring atormy weather 0110 of lhe dill.dvanlagOi af a high aerial ia ili lbilily 10 accumu_ late Il atic chargeI which. unlou di~. can ca.UI<: hlab n oiae loyels in the receiver. Sta tic chasgod rain can also be a source o r sim ilar trouble. It is pointed out tha-t th" simplest W Y o r cn,urilli a low l lcvcl of Italic or corona i8 to use an . erial havina a fo lded element wh ich h.u ]owimpodauce d.c. ~th between eac h elemen l and around. With s1iabt modificatioo. rncee aerials can be atYIJlaod with d.c . OOllDOClioll 10 V Ollnd , b~ caMilli poill1s o f low l .f. voha&e. or by usin.g I lu bs. 10 obtai n l uc.It po inll . COrona dis<.:luLrec from tho tips of amra can be tackled iD severa.l ways. Pre suggest the 111001 o fmotal ,phous (aboul I in. in diameter) 10 the tips or amaJ rod l . Anolher coroua 4iscbareer de~iee, that was orilinally mtrod lJll;ed. for 010 with rod m:eiving aerialI and hal a Iplil pin 10 plua inlO tIM end o f an aerial rod. oomprile$ eucnlia1ly f1ulJ)r imPf'C&Dl-led wieIc imide a protcdive cap.

    I.
    TR"'N S~ ITTER

    '~n Ollnn COAX

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    .l(JtIAL

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    I

    VII

    It(

    -"hm po_a holt. II, ...-101 _ _ 1., wl.h _ka _ n ....n t .. W40 ' . In . ~;_ U 14"'rna (Com ~ -"'ml _ ccoll) _ '" II m

    IJI,.U. The DiCK T

    matcII. H l.a

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    m ... <.. Jtln~laoto. wi... tw1ISOOIOA _ . n... IlJ Lt 10

    "........

    AHAT IU Il RADIO TICHNIQU oI S

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    ~

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    ,
    te

    "10010 _

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    lb'

    The ,oG2PL $pedal "

    Pt IC:f PeftIlell, G2P!.. hal fOJ,Lrld w.y 0( uainl 1_ ClcmeDl q ua d ....hich w nestl 4 new form of cuily buill omni-di/"llCtio na l aerial. Normal ly, hb two-e lcmcat q uad b lip mille air OD' lillo(lver Iype m&lt, but duriJli lOme lJllb lhis wu ~ to thai lhe q uad. war. lirlDa dit1l)' lip iDIC lhe sky, with the 14 M ~fI rcllactor loop toudtinl thcl lfQUll4 in places. UD<lcr u-e Clditious, be rOWld the poafotm&D<:c alibi aerial 10 boil I llperior 10 lhal 01 I':IKlIIoIted ~ CD &II _ ~t r 59 hom VIC 011 14, 51 from W6 QI 21 aDd 23 The fceder ......f . w&l1lttlt ditfen:cl l J'roc thai ill the pc;* tioIl. 'The ~ amy bq tbnI r-krt . bout 100 ft. lona and taminatiDa in ..kIII toroidII tI'aIlIfot'1llef1l r~_II' CKh 01 the mn- -.r-.. Wbl:II tiItltd 0W1' the bcilbt 0( the 28 Mc/I ~ t:bD::m _ . bout 1 ft. !bat ot thll l 4 McJa cIcmalt . bout 12 ft. T_ at 2PL _awl tbllt the ando 01 rad!atloa CCIIIp&RI with. dipote. balf_ve.bove~, &.lid be redt lhaEit would be pM InMU:f 1 tftICl ...eb l)'tlem usiDI roc 0 vcrtieaJ poN, tbcr iD the maDDCf ol lM oriPnal DDIUl buia -boop 1CriaI. II !bat the fWOIWll loop auiaI iI bei1l1 aai&ted by the rclkIctor on the fIOUDd. Su~lIy, N\"CI'I.1 GIber . ma le urs ~ effeetlve IlJIl at th b 'lTlIllP

    .. u.s

    _ ..

    AERIAL TOPICS

    '"

    'II,"". . ... ...b _

    ..1..lpo.". ' _ 1..1

    .h_....-..'0"" ,. ;.,

    .1

    10, .-riol.......

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    A technique used to overeon>e this pro blclIl on YalP an d leg-periodic h.f. arrays a t WasltiDltoll Stale Univenlly (Ekcrronic Design, 2 August, 1966) is likely 10 be new 10 maDY. Aat rubber lIhec:lS, or sheelS fashioned. by ! plill iDi l IcnJI:th of rubbe r garden hose, can be used III ODCfKY ab50 rbera to prevent rupturing of aerl&l element !. The mechanical impedance of any rod_like element is h igh at a free end, reprdlcsa of the num ber of modes alollg the e1eme:DIa. ThII Dml& lha t placing an energy-ablorbenl device at the end! eRn reduce tile amplitude of vibrati on an d minimize the chanceof breaJr.lIge. A sbortaoctioll of ligh lweight garden h""", ! pHt lengthwise CYCJ)' 90" is held in place on the end o r t he e1ernenu by l hOIO d am p: Fia- 4S. A more efficient and du rable proto:d;OIl can be made from l , hm (If & t rubber or pliable plastlc material, i ln. to i in. Ihick by ' in. 10 6 in. IQIlg. If Ihis is madejUlI wide eoouab to wrap ODClll round the clement. the damplOl will be matcbed to the Iil:e of tbo el<:mellt. The IlIIllerial Is cu t lengtb wise 10 make to ur Ilbs. Idea lly, they would be more effective it clamped 1\ lhe very end. but in pl'lCtloCl tbey aro J)O$itloned 10 Ihll the f...e ends of the tabs Ire a bou t 2 in . from the ends, to pIllYCDI dtanga to the electrlcal leqlh of the eJemellll lllKl imped ance. Tho ')'Item was use<! 0<1 Vap lll.d log -periodic ae riab fo r 0_ three yeaB. Element d.iame1en ntDpd from f ilL to I in., and nOl l u lIaie breaka ge ocauml.

    pulled aparl o ver and o ver a&ain. The gro UDd plane has guy
    topes 10 the lOp lC'C!iOIl, but ! inoe the aerial is 10 easy ' 0

    build and I.a rualle.., l cou ple of guys is. l mall prkc 10

    ~y.

    ......... T....u.r U ""


    A1a.rl Go rdon G1XOI . Iuu lin ATU for ' ,1 and )S Me!. wtLidlappca ra to off considmlble flexibi lity combiDed wllh efficiellC)'; Figs. 46 and 41. I" ilia lly the Idea _ blued 0 11

    T"~S"IITl"

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    co

    rv.c: ""<IoU
    H . Moore, O lWVD has been uperime.ntina: wilh p.v,e . ramWll1er pipe$ a.a lUred masts . "lbe8e aro easy 10 work. Jilht to carry lIId not U apenlive u aluminium. For _ ti me he has been UIilIla 21 Mel! around plane made from:z.m. p.Y.c. pipe UIin, ,'lit"() 12 n . IetIBlhs. Thffl! lI'O liz ~ conductors taped 10 ,he pipe and termi nal ed al the by IOlderina ' 0 an inverted lin ctn. lUld al the bot lom by a ubilco d ip. The rad ii" a.re held in a . imllar ITIllrUIef" lIIKI the feeder I waterptoofed by 1I1 uptu roed poIytllene bucke t or'. t-ch bucket if YOu can let lr lway from him 2-10. bola is made In the botlom of the bucl<et and it IJid ~ the 1IlI.$l. The l;l1~ !tructunl . ila on O lWVD'! MOl' lUld appea rs to haw much the _ bIlndwidtb u a lOIid 2-1D. diameter rtcllalor. A .JG.rt. YIlnion or tbis Iypo ot aeria l wpport halt bcco used by OB2NI for ean ym lJ Y .h.r. beams. U lhe p.Y.c. pipet l tc bouiht withoul preformed join... tbey ClD be mado by wannm. ono pipe cod and ptllbina aoolbellDto il : Ihilt mak.a dihl jo inl which can be

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    '"

    AHATI!UIt RADIO TECHNIQUES

    usill, Il variable ratio lrllllSformer to mall;h impc<lllDCell, though _raJ altemarivc Detwo rlc:l are n ow ilKoOrporaled to increaM: OQi bility. The oriama1 uni t llaa bee:o tested In co nj UDC!io n wilh . pi oetWOrk Codar AT5 lrammitter IUlda n aerial of a bout 67 fl. The 6O-tum co il if; wo und OD 2 in . diame ter fo rmer , 4; in. JOIli- Th e lint lap Is at 3 IlUllSaDd the subocquml ones every ~ IUrns. mal" llli\ 12 laps in all. lhel lui one: bcina1111ms from tbe end. The laps are w rtlled
    via 12-way swlwh to l?roduce ratios of fro m l : 19 to 29 : 1. Tuniq capacitor is abulll J.OO pF. G 3XOI uses an rJ. mete r buod OIl II brfdae circuit usln; (QUT po int co ntact 4i odCll 10 assis t in 1UIlin8 li p.

    1>--- -~"'o 5P1\U. 0I!~

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    l NSVl. ...TQRS

    I'~ AERIAl..

    Il>fNTIC.lL WITH

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    CURRl>a

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    In Proc. 1 (April . 19( 7) K . R . c.f'YI:T repor ts th at much improved llide lo be pc rfo rm a n<;1C! willi circularly poi llrized heli<:al acrillls of lite type used by amateurs for .pace e~petimcn" aDd for l'llCeiVinj sa tellite cloud cover pictureJ can be achieved by mount na the helix willliD .. oonic::al hom str ucture . Tbe llJ<1al length of tbc bd~ iI apPfOJIin'laICI/ eq ua l to the a1litudeof tllc trun cated bore: I' F ig. 48. Hal -pcwer bcam widlh of the " belicone " is IJi ven as about 17" co mpared with 3r for a lo-tum helix, and Ill'll l idclo bc Is almoot 20dB lower (from - 1.cd8 to - 3M B). ',.,n'<l n Un Iform AHlaI l The F rYoIlkliII lhtifgrm aerial was o~ or the drs t designs Ig take praClica l advanlg,&e of the fao:;t Ihat, liJ:lce IIIO'It nldiatio n la kes plaoc from cutl'eIlt nodes, lCCIioos at high wolta l:C t&!I be fo lded bad: witb R latiV<;ly little IOSIII of total radiation. Thi s nlloW$ In_pba.sc o r col hnea r arraYI to be ercctod iII leu speee than would otherwise be needed , and wilh(lUI ptlasiD g Itubl . Thll orllPnal Franklin Vo ifonn wu iIlvariably described as. V<;rt icttl &n:lY, tho ugh thil involved tome probleml oIace the lCClions '"'J'Il not eq Ulllly ba l.nood 10 I'alth, and dlmen. l ioM WIIrt: erilical. Th it recnnlque CilII also be used 10 fo rm horizo nlal ll.rnt.Y$ ; indood it was 10 usod in an imptaliwo filled biditee:tionlll t..azy.H for 14 Mell described by Z ElJA (T. d R. &lIrlin. Oco:cmber, 1938). F ill. 49 tJ>ows tbc array-bu lky on 14 MC/a but il could be anmcttve if ~ Ied dcwn for higher nequencies. or uso:d witho ut the $COX>Od Iowcr clemellt. ccrreer fced.."., int imped a.tlOe it nut known , tho ugll ZEIJA fed n with 6OO-ohm bile. Thil t"Cl!niquc for PUrtint OUllhc mul mum n diltioD from a liyen I plI1I toernl 100 l oud to be forgollrn en tirely.

    J.J Mel' M /llJ.AnI_ Fo ldin g back U/"lUIg.:mcnla can oftell be used to rad ille bette r . iSJlllls oa 18 o r 35 Mell from Soi tes where o nly a shon "r-n of aerial can be put up. R. A. Lowe. ZL IA YN, describes a " M ini.An ten na" (Break-In, May, 1968) lha l be tw.J bo::n U$ina OG 3-5 Mels (Fig. SO) alth ou;h he has only 30 ft. available from hia . hack 10 hls aerial suppon. The 60 rt. o r so of wire il Soimp ly doub led back , spaced about 6 in. wilh Paxolin spaocra .1Id lho f~ connccted to earth via an exZCI vlLriab lc ind uclo r. He reporIJ the aystelll .. far mort: effcctive tllan jU51 a 30 ft. wire, Of a foldbId; withou t tbc VlIriab le ,nductor ,

    SImf>I. 8.01""
    1.0 a leiter to OST (April , 1969), Walter ... :lD R.obcrtt. W2CHO/K4EA, d ra"", altention to a ne&lOClcd lumpedcoostant llItODallt ho.lua-the Alfo rd circu it. Th is l:&ll a.uisI in ehanginl! from SO-ohm c:o-&ll 10 opea-wlee or olhe.

    balancaJ fcco.kr 11l1ell.

    110 0 ' '-

    ,, I

    AERIAL TOPICS

    ,,,
    read~rs

    fl.':':. m=11
    '"
    _

    plastic .. freez.et " box, and the gamma rod for lhe 21 Me!s vcnioI1 fashi oned from. 36-in. of rod. Thfllwo QST eeuciee

    Kive cons truct iona l detail ! for2 1 and 28 Me/. ven ions, but It

    '

    is hoped lhat Fig. 52 pllll these brief nOles will allow

    mrdIanicaUy-mindcd approaches.

    10 figllre oul their own

    F1a.II.II_ _........ _ _....

    The arranll"menl.ho Wll in Fit:. $I COMisIS of onevariable Uj)aCilor and a ocntm-lIIpped !;Oil (or two equa l induetivdy coupled coil.). ~ Ih;" .. a lWld impedanc::e a~t, llkall y II 'houhi be pl"CODdod by a ma tchin g network and ,. w.t . "",lei'. lh o uah o ne auspcctl lllat il miah t be possible to UICl lhe pi or pi -I.. ma~hinl DClwor:ll: built ioto lhe 1 _ miller. 11'Ie 'Y I ICm i. more bother, in havin& 10 adj Uil lor resolWlOe and chan King ooill for ditl"erc:rll bands, than lOme of the wldeband b.llIn lechlliquel, bu t it a n be a hand y circuit.

    .. DoubIe-OeIta " A.../GI. fa' V_H.f. G"d U.H.f. 1be QST artides on delta-loop ae rials prompted Joltn Peglct, ( BENt, 10 dr:$crihe two and three elemellt .. dou ble ddta .. lICriab be hu been usin, fo t $OmI:I yo:an On 70 and 144 Mc/s as _li as an oight elemenl vemoo used for tetevWoa nlCCPlion 011 u.h.C Channet 24. . 1be radio.lor oomist!. of t W() d ura.lI Ubi.lli tr ianglcs mOllllled vertically so thaI lheir ape_ca a n be joined. and ea nl\cd to

    TIM o.Ico-Loop 8eam


    Two art icles ill QST (January, 1969) sinillhe: pnlisca of I Quad -tyDC co nfigura tion of loops tha t;" d a.Unod 10 offer GOniiderablc mechanica l advantages. over the normal QlIad , while retetuingtbe pertcrmaece. The idea atem. from H . R . Habig , K8ANV but i. also pte!le1lted by WlICP u Ideal fo r 21 Mel' novice operation with irs "plllmbcr'l deliahl " GOn. truCliOIl, 10(KJ matching over a ba nd , lind effective perfOrIDallce, evee Wllell mounted only a few feel 011' the .round. The aerial UICI lwo triangular rather lhan Iqll8.re loop s ; 1005 Mc/s feet for rhe gamma-malel\cd driven element, alld 1030 Mels feet reflector ,'paced 0,2-).. (6 ft. 6 in. for 28 Mcla). The enlire elemen ts are above the boom which Jolm two pointa a! electrically simJlar pote ntials, so that the boom need nol be insu laled from lhe loo ps (l.e. .. plumber's doliaht " ). Construction lakea the form of two V's mad e of fUbing, wilh the base of the V a so lidlr. mou nted Oil tbe boom, and lhen a top section to comp ete the loop usio, No. 12 or 14 ooppe r wire. ilIo whole 8tIUClure is made ~ahly "solid, " and there are 110 cross supports needed between rellcctor and dri ven clement s at the to p. T he hi,hV oila" 100 pF match ing ca pacito r ClIIl be mounted III a

    fi . U . G) 'HI .. .... ~ uriUo lor

    .......-

    .. ..

    _
    .. _

    ....

    .Io.t~ c

    the boom. in a .. plumber'. deliibl .. oonfilJW1llioo . n.ac dellas are fed In phase by rtx:lIllSofldouble bllanccd p mll\.l matchin, IYllem ; Fig. 53. Rt tleclo ra and diredon have a similar configura tion, and are mounted (In the boom with a reflector l paeing or 0-2 A and a dln:ct or I~' of 0-15 A. TWs uneq ual spacing provides o ptimum pin, and aka has the advanta llO o r keePlnl 'ho radlOlto r c1ur of the .uppon mas t. OVerall Icna:lhs 0 each Dcltll can be c:a1aJJat od ..

    tonows :

    Refteclor I078!(Mc!. ) feet or 12936!(Mc/s) inchea Rad iato r 1007!(Mc/I! feel or 12084/(Mc/,) iDche5 Director 94gl(Mc/. leet o r IU76!(Me!. ) lncbc:a. The!ie dimensions Ull &I ith lly looaer than wtluld be o bta ined uain, COllveDllonai formulae: : aetLllli dimenalona for 70250 Mcll and I,U Mel' are I hoW in Table I. G3 ENt II ..ys lha t if mulmum fron t{ba.ck ra tio is roqul~ thcl reftClctor len;th may bo varied 11Ia:htlr. u l:1:Iult of listen.lnc test Tho rad ialor leoal hs are emp rlcal ones orrived at by meesurio, with the aid of a a.d.o.

    ,.1
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    ....... r

    T ABLE I
    70-1j Me/.

    145 Me'" 891 in. 831 ill, 781 1 . a

    Radiator OltoClor

    184 III. 172111. 162 III.

    1be radia tingaetloo of th is aerial ClIn be visualized as two ano-third...l. horizonlal radiatOR spaced broadside at jill!

    '"

    AMAT BUR RADiO TECHNIQUES

    aDd hlA abou t 5 per a:G1. 1llfI letIQ ~ Wl lbere COIIIcI be man y app1ic:atiom, partkular ly for mobile work, of aucb loopt (tho D~ work ..... al400 Mc,Is).

    I1

    a-4oI Hop"...rot*I JIDt about even' ndio CQlbook- l ma talf o r p rolmUoa.al -tdb .. WI ~ 1Lf coataaI ani Jll.We by mul ~ . bop fdectio.llJ betwfto lbol IoooIpbcn aDd lbe earth , IIAd ll:Iac U. mn jmqm taqe of lilI,.bop I~ "aboul
    """ km .
    YU~ it is the IUll.IICUn ...no Pl'QVldN mlldl 01 lbc i.llililll iAfonnatioa .. hio;h ~lina: Ihc -..bliMIod g .
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    pWYtiom-iI iI iDcrtasin&l7 cJca, thai man)' of the loo ltf 4is&aDce eoa.taeu (aD4 DOl .;.. re- iD ~ freak CIDIldl. uo",,) OQ Il..f. taM v.h.l.. and .... -p1 ClQ m.f do IWH inYOle aDy iDla'mel1ilIIte ~on polna., 10 introduce atlcOU.ltioG. 1D lJlc car 1 t.:-:- H_ AlbndIl, "bile opIfttiP. . . . VK J pro-J (H 10 bios ownMtisl' lCtioa). 1 ll:Iac 1M low pll1I . . . . I.IIId ~ limes oC 0IJC0iDII 00 11W17 ] .$. 1 and 14 Mq. amIIlCUr tl&J\lll. amvlnli in VIC. flVCll WCIlCftI F.anupc could tlII t,U.~a.incd only by n)"I .. pro pqllled ill pornetrbll, bul; nbcd bops -100& !he ~~ but Mlb IIIX oc<.>:ss&lily aU the arou Dd re8ec:lioll po iDla required by multibop lbo;ory" WlH pu blkatiOD) .Albrccbl. rotJowin, his re"'ro 10 E urope , funhel: developed his ~ a.od DamCd IhiI mode of prop;IIp lioa .. c:ho rdaJ hop. 10 parallel 10-, bu lllCpll';1Ilt from, Ihis wor k vwu the oJow ':rred:l liOn. ouWde amllle W' circ llll, of the impl~ tioDs 0 what ber.:ame kDowo u .. lfameq.... to ri.ll .. (TE) pnl9llga lio o. TE pl'OfNIl'llioo, u man)' . .den will bt .ware, was int ot-eroed 0 0 amateur g)fltaeb on ~ M~ (Cr:ntnll to Soul h A_rica, and MeoJ,tenlinea n 10 wuthcm Arna.) .hout 1947, but II look aomc yc.a n 10 Interal the profcaaiona l PfOJ"lI~lujon COpeN In 1m, work, Hcn: . raiIl, TH ' pa M lana dlllllnca wilhou t int<:rmod i. lc cround n:~ tioo, a.nd I, Ih.... . fonn of o;bordal bo p mode. T hac modal are now ac:ncr. 1t)' r:JI pl. incd u .rislnll from tUIS in 11M: knJo. ,pbc=re (.ltboo Jh Ih l' m. )' 001 be: lbe 01'11 U pllUl.tioll). )' Ower Ill<: past ~tk, maD)' 1nl' 0rllllll i"Cl . nk:1<:a bal'l a ppearcd-DUtio;uI.rl)' lboec by Villard, SllIin, f'w wkl Muldrew. Maliptwr.l , ee. ill the J"",Nli 01 GrophyllNi IUJMrdo : 1 admowkdil' my debe 10 G6X N fo r bl"illJioi many cl tbac papc:n 10my DOIi1:e. Thb wOtt m ulted Ia the COR. RqIon 2.51).1 of 11166 .... b<:by commUDic:l.tiDoI
    N

    A' R
    cnJineers form ally admilled tho existence of long-d isl.lu>ce iollospheric propagation modes without Intermedia te gro und
    ", flection .

    l - -31fl

    0 1

    ,oln<en

    More recently, an d partly arisin g o ul of Ihe lo ng sene./; of leIlS in which Paul Sollum, 03 BGL has been ass istlng WOl'kers a t the Rad io an d Space Research Slat ion, it is being IUues ted that, even a ro un d 200 Me/s, many of the Slron!:"T v.h.f. ever-the-horizo n signab are due to some form of clIordal hop mode (M . P. Hall , Proc. l EE. April lLnd November, l 968). OIordal h op. TE p rop agation. " whisperi n g IIIllieri es " IDd layer entrapmen t {pa ge 2HI all ofTer considera ble paw bllilies fo r O X con tac ts . a bo ve the c1auical mu! " wilh some of the modes po.ui bly explo itod by low angle trrl vill of lia:nuls III the reflecting layers. This d~ not apply, 10 the same degree, to com merci al point-t<;>.poin t ope ra tors who work a t the" op tim um wo rkllI& frequen cy " whic h 1 apprtdab ly below the m.u.f.-it is 5 where .....al eurs a n;: work ing at o r a bove the m.u.t, th aI such modCl are most likely to occur on h.f. Chordal hop pa ths appellr to be mo s t p ro nounced at da wn and fWili~h( a nd durinl transcquetcrta l conditio ns. WIllIt h u yet to be fully determined is whether ch ord al bop palhs (l ee Fig. 56) happen Dilly when suitable tilting o f tbelolloop here isoccurriDllll the "cont ro l po in ts" (about 12SO km fro m each en d o( Ihe great circle pa th ) or wheth er comPMable con dilio ns ClIII be gen erated m ore freq uently by very Iowa ngle radtatton . Fo r so me l ime, Les M oxon , G 6XN , ha s been int eres ted in determi nin l the ..lTecls of IIo pin g gro und o n.radiation angles and how the chordlll hope mode affects ch oice of sites fo r portab le h.f. operation. lie haa pu b lished a usef ul account of Ills expe rim..nts in low-angle ra d iatio n ( W/,duJ W",../d. April, 1970) 6h owinll ho w d i/f".:ulL it is, u.ndet nonnal site cond ilion s, to ndi ale elTeclh ely a t an~ICll of less than about 5" req uIres fa vo ura ble cire um stanocs) unl ess full us I mad e 0( ; (I) ground Iilop lol Iiteep ly a long disLanee aooYCl a nd below t he site, exte nding po$Sibly right d o wn to tM _ : (2) slop io/l I rOllOd in wbicb tbe lo wer IIoJ'lC'l IhCfl usn "rwardS 10 fo rm further ridges which bR:llk up the Fresne wnet: (3) Ihe u se o f tbe sea as ifOWld plaue. Usinl po rtable Iiltes selected on t bc5e p rinciplc:s. G6XN bas ro und that It Is possi ble to wor k VK rcia.d ily with powcn or abo ut J WIlli, U$ina: lnverted-v d ipoles havin l a liIoxi m \1lJl ht ight o r on ly abou t 20 1 2S n .! on Sitts ha ving a fa vour a ble 0 vaund lila!", In the req u ired d Irection of llboul 30-40 . AI hill home IIle. with lVOuod s\uploll towards VK at IlII auile or abo ut 22 , he ha.~ ma de a lo ng seria'l of eo m r>arUoos witb Ii"",b I1Idiau:d from G 3DVM, who does not have Ihe adYllD'

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    tage of the slope., which underline tbe p,actical value of low an gle radiation tU tM parll ope~ and ffMk~ out. G6XN also describes fixed lo w-an g!e beam aerial fo r 7 Me/s (F ig. 57) m:Wnll use of vertical polarization but red ueing mast he ight req uinmenlS by e m ploying the borizo nlUl 5upponing wires to p ro vide Mdloa d ing o f the shonened veniatJ elements. H e oondudes that whoe~ IheTe is frttdorn o r ch oice of Iocali on (e.g. fo r pnrtable nperat ion )a lo w an gle ofl1ld ialion CUI be R:Ildily adtiew:d by ex plo ita t ion o f n al un l ground features. Bu t lie also Stt'C$SC:$ that much more IIC:Cds to be discovered aboot optim u m radia tion ang]C!I and chordal hop propagal ion.

    nnlCfIOll :--:;",.<,

    IO I O S ' ~ f . l e

    " I . Ii. l*l CoMo". " . _ltI"" wl _ _ _ 01_ R... t . 1 Clo<ooQl o o _ _ ,..;tIo wu. _ _ Mo.

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    AHAT l u a RADIO TECHNIQU I! I


    l.ow_l'le~

    Uid"ul hJ . eomn.unicatioa moda cUll wIlD CM be u!ili.ccd by stations able 10 transmil and RCei... at ulremdy low '''lies 10 l he hotlzoD. l1lcse ionospbcrie PTOflaplioo
    bop InOda
    II 10ftlM I
    Il'fIft'PI"iale poiDl 10 ... ~ ........

    mod<. arc: w.!il;ooW to r.he ClOOveatio....J ~ and lDu.ltihidl ...... ,~ so klaI ko::D v:scd to Iood clfoct.
    cI lbI
    ~IA") 01 ,"" ... ~nle>l k"'Il"",IU~ '''''~ ~, ,,,,,,, I~ " "'" ~ .

    idu..'*hidlarc now bccominl csaN.i$hed.


    ~ ,,,..... ~ 10 . .......__ ~. , ...,;.....

    .,,'h . "onIia n "I"" "r ;0<,... ,\01 1 TI""", "f "h <a'<On 2. Auialo wbK:b an: clfa:tMl III ~ bckr S (aDd ponj~y o:vcn beJa 1S) allow dillicull pili'" to be maiftu.iDClII nm d IC'VCIC fado-ou1 c:ond, l lorui (for I9&m p!e <>II. tho Wll'Ctla ble NCIrtb Atlalllic: plIlIl). 1. Aeriah .midl arc dfo;tr.c -'I u tremclJ Ioow ..... a llow o:onta(1S 1 be nwSe I ' limes when, for lhooc ch 0 ~ eoavcn lional acriak, the: band hal (iI bel' n ot )'C1 0SJ'Cf"Cd or .b.u doIelI for !he nip,. Such c,ol.le0de4 limes of ~ Of'C"Iin,. .. I f'I'I':V ' 0 be prvjt.-i oly moN ~ at oa the lOl'ou r.... UCIKJ banlbsuch IS :H and 1 MC/I .. rK1 ntbn' I ttninca nl 00 21 and 211 Me' l . althou ch cvm oa 2lI Mef. the y u n be COftfoidenblll) . H ow IMrl un radiation a nd r>=plion &nl a bel forced

    t..., ."I;k- ...

    "... ".n- ""I. 1-........- =011 _ ...... _ .......... ' - " ...." . . _ . ..... _

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    EUI STRENGTH

    "'"

    _._~""'_ _ , .._ JII..

    -----

    acriab 10 increase around.... ve - .. UAI"ortlInalCly il _ a COll1OlOO (1II1acy 10 divide aerials quite IUbttnrily
    iol alholc .wlablt foc IIIJ., b .f. 01 Y .h.r. " an y or the old IllWJ1ol'n ll llPlnsl vertical ""'.rlr:a llon .._ baxd. UlIdcmalltlably enou&h, OQ the idea tha i !he acridl ..... h lcll ' ays doWil the I IlOllgc:n OX 5ipal unda: normal wndil ionsl. DOCeWlril)' lIIe bat. A bettct: ylf'Ch,ticl would be lhe: lim e dur ina: ..... hich II can lllII inta ilt D dim .uJl circuil. There n I IJCIII deal 10 t.. sa KI for usin l vetllcaI (or miled) polariutiOll on 18, )oSand 7 MC/air Ihc 1l1li is OX: 0 11 14 M el' then ill probabl,. not . lot in II. WlIcoa )'<lv ODJy hat~ lo w IUllpot'U (un der. iIlI)' }() n.) in which \;&.M lbr dtoioc $hovld apin aD to lhe: w:nical: on 21 an4 28 hk(1. horizon ta lly po l:tmcd t-m Is proboabl,. !be ItllIIIt _bIc ~. thoup YCrtiCal tadialon can be -,- d'FccliYC. For holizomal pola rtzatioft do IlOI be misled bJ lite falbc:y tha i some: t )'llCS of anaY', for ClUImplc: t he Quod. patorm so -U at low bci&bts tha t it ill DOt worth ~ about alrll bciehl AIIIIICPlpt to _ Ulc c:6"cet 0( belPt on pmctlcal D X rctfonnance was reponed i:I QST br

    .s-,,'!

    f <lj B, the me o f heam , .,n ,,\o. : , ho ......' ;cal ... dloo'iox ,..'10 o f Yalt! lIld Quad II(:rial ., for cumllle, II co ncenlno \Od in 1M ~rrl i~ftl pla ne 10 much the eeme U lenl M in the ho rizonta l p bne (allho ll&h the fu ll beller:1 m ay be IosI d ue 10 ,,"oun<J intrrfen-noe ). (b ) Hy incn'lI.in g th e heighl of any horlrontlll)' po llrized oIr rial (bu t onl)' I Iw:k)' few lI.nla te urs Clll rea ch the so rt of hc illh~ ..11;';1'1 lire mil)' ca lled l Ot ). (.., H) ...... in' IWl lhe fft.-or.., itQ! \ow ansJr ,adi.lllion of venio;:.lllly rolariud Krials and rrelenbly by ell!lADciaa I h ~ by ullin, anay ICClmiqucs ( Dr John K ra ll$, WllK.. 1'1&$ dacribrd a Ih r .... nd va1 icall)' poIa rilcd rOlary lnayQST, J uly. 19~illl zen. elcmeJl tJ. and rr ovid,q 3'''dB l Iin at 1 M q. In 7,*",8 II 23 M e/a). 14) 8, 1IIili.lI11' t he bcncfita of n:aI or i.nduo:cd fOO4 p1lUnd , conllL.; livily , n:mcmbcrine !ha l Jround oonduet.ivily . ripl o u t to lboUt 10Q.l i~ the tar~1 d ittlo;lio;m .lfCCb ,halton

    or

    or

    IfO\IlId sl.nrc lowards the tarF' - . fa." 1M I lr.I tew, IhlS is _I ~ fa." poNbk op en llio;lft--oDe 0( 1M mo<l ... cr.. l <Q;hnlq ues lJ t..e. M 01.0ft0 <i6XN bas rqocalCdly lbown . (f) By 1lOIirIs IlUl l wry low t:llr.~ analcs are IDQRlikc!y10 be -=hi twd from a ~..,. high si lC I..... a low one lone tbin1s of the lood ":cnab flU( ou.l by a1uiont iD. Nairobi aDd A<mar.l.). A.lI c1Cq'lliMl is lhe _-ide toilC ...hictt can fll,I kc ILOC of 1A11In:'t t-I ........ d-p4> IN _ .
    (e') By uI, lilill'

    .......

    Wil)'l"OC Over bock, K6YN B, ...110 eompan:d RR1 ts fl'Olll

    I"

    An in ltrntin , fcatLln: Ibis I ~ .. that il 1~ open ~n!be o ld conlroYft'S)' or borUolllrol vefSUI Yef1 iaJ potuitalion fo r h.r. Mriab. l1lis ca ll lie fUT1her ex>mplialcd by tllc i1UUC"lion t~t polariz:alio n ~"tIliPlit1& kK>e!. Into)' occur ~ at ic>nosphrric: com mllnil:ation. aD Ih.l t IOI'llt 0( lhe bcnctilS or us.ina ...".p l pol . rin>IilNl e......s be .... t if lhe ~a~1 nujnr ily of l Uo liona use hori7~W poLtrir./lliOfl. S9 indicates lhe Ihcon:liclll ven ial ndi~ lion l'a tt<:1'1K uf a num ber or vertical a"ri.Is, and lh i. h igh lilhl5 the ulduwC"" of lhc t A ac:ri. 1. Oc<xIC Bllrrrll , G~ I P, ZC41P, <:1<:. h.~ pointed o ull!te value: a f vertical ..d illla n 110 a ll<l no in kllllth (ill .....hlch 360 nopr...c:n" lhe iMym:..1 wlIvclcnlllh of ?84ff r.,.,I). H <: a lso giVC" .1I0l her hin t : In duJi'" n, h.f. ~erti<;ltl aeria ls a 1 0( ~Iluab lc Informa tion 01 ca n bo IlUncd from l lancbrd cn p,cmn, lexlS (11lCh a, La po rlCl on l'wMd.-as,",y,... mn/ium-'W<l" al'rlulr. II m\J'll be rcmemhcrrd thaI m f. bro.:ub.. cnii nccn rc awd any ,t l ad....lion .bo~e about 3' as usclc<t.. for l1 aund -wavc orrvlcc nd "like eOft\idc:ra hlt: ~ " f T a"";. I. and ~l.va lO'd rd

    or

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    /

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    /
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    <,

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    Gll a .._ ~ d md .... M. W - . _ 10 _ ~ . ... ......, _ , ..... ....

    I... ,.. "'" - .h _ .... -.. .-. 01_ " _lot -.. _I. _ G-_." " _ " -

    ".'"'-~. - - _ ...- _ -

    _ ...........Io000-.,_ ....... _ ...-. ......

    "

    AERIAL TOPI CS

    '"
    2Mt

    subotanlially beuer l.ijllal fro m the hiah Qu ad tiwl the low one'" On 14 Mels OX cce tacu, lhe mean ado$nlql: was lIS mu ch as 2-1 S IInies . On ly " SIlI;1U percentagt 0( \IS can hope tu ~l 14 Mel l ll~ri:l\J III' mo re t hat! a "'elmgth. . nd this is perh a ps tbe mum reaKJn fo, lhe ralCI'W inlcrcsl rQ;Cnlly in vc,~ly p<lwiud ac'fw ll . Wilb any vcnica l radi llto r every errcer \lIou ld he made 10 iml/f~ t be earth !)'5tcrD. M ultiplo earth 'tak.. andlo r I'IdialJ (evCll if DOf radial in sblIp.:) are .lway! advi....hlc ; in tiled use as much wire a Ddas many elnhuakCll as pm , iblc, COOIltina them ali losc tne , d<;<;trically. An d if you hllV~ lhe ground avai lab le, run out acme wires (which can he bllritd a rew incbc! below (he aurface) u far liS posstble in lhe direction of lhe main OX tllfl!el. Eart h mac' CIOn be: formed by t he technique shown in ti~ . 60 pro vided lhllt II 800d connection, sold~red o r brazed, is ma de at each Junelion. Ir it i. no l possible to form the e,1rlh syt lCm ce nmll ly about th~ aerial, it mIIy be:: rarmed o ff-cenlr~.
    rtpOI1ed

    Quad .II 72 fl . with one 111 34 n .: .. e~ery sinillo DX stat ioll

    eeu
    Mit

    '"
    lneorpo,atina a resonant trap at t he top of the vertical sectio n a multl-band system can be achieve d. M . R . Lee , 03VYF, 1t. 1 been makin g: clfec, jve use of 1 hal f_lnl.P liipo le arrtlOl'Cm~nt. 0 0 3,' ltIld 7 M cla. In his case th~ 7 Meta r~diator i. a iUyed , rurplus kko:scopie mast (1M could ~uallr be du r..l ""lr..upponing radiato r) ; Fig:. 62At the top o r t hi, 32 n "CCtinn is placed the 701 Mell tra p, . wllh a flat 1 wire section about 2 1 ft. lone which. in "1' eol\iunction wl' h the tra p, ~ul ts in re.onanec o n 3S MC/to. and providi na a u.crul lmndwidth of about 100 kel. and minimum I .W.' . of about 1'2 : l, The ae riaJ is fed d im;(Jy with S2-ohm eo-axial f;;1ble. He Joe. 10 some:: trouble 10 pr ovide a good earth mM. us in, mult iple fIa,alle! canh 6t;J.kes over an area of a bou t ;W ft. x ZO n. On 7 Mcis tlv:: venical scclio n fo rms a full-siu IAvertical. Results include

    Pola r Iza t ion C.... pl/nr Loua. On v.h.l. it has lon g been reco&niUd thai siJ.llifiCll nl coupling losses occur when receiving vertically po larirJ:d signal.\ wilh horizonlally polariOLed aerials, or vice versa. Yet a different l.itua tio n is common ly held to a prly II.t n.r., based on th~ belief t lult d uri ng t h~ sojourn 0 l ignall in the ionosphere, they become so mixed up lhat th~y can lafely be regarded as rando mly or circu larly po lMril'.eoJ lit the rw:eplion point. However it is now rccogni l.c:d Ihllt fadi ng ..,Idam co in. cides eXoletly in time when siltfUl ls arc received wilh tWQ Illffercntly r,0lllrUOO aerials 111 the , arne sile. This makes possible po ariution d iversity rccantcccs, lind IIlso ind icale>; lhat tra ns mitting an d rece iving aerials whieh combine hori~ zontat en d vertical f1olariUltion mll.Y redoce fading. Recen t J'C!iCa1'Ch hu sho wn th a t do wncoming Il.r. wa ves have mar kedl)' dlip/iM/ po/ariza/foil ; tbis not o nl)' underlioea the vulue of polarization divenil)' bUI also SUaltC'\.t~ lhat there may \.\'ell be coupling Ios. .e!l when using a recetving aeria l of l ingle pollrization . Amalcun have sho wn !hal beftm aenllb with crossed po lllrizati o o can be U$Cd to achleve reduced fad ing an d low-angle opct"lltion .
    T.... p ' o po r .. t1.... R.co;en l observation, o n Pl'ths bet_ Ja pan and Austra lia eave shown that (be Tl! mode exlends to fro:quen.ties above 70 Me/.. even durin, yean of low 611n>po l aetivil)'. On 32 Mo;/I it was fou nd thaI TE l" occers regularl y; on 48 Me/I and 72 Me/a, openings weee COIlSidcrably less frequen t but still oor::urred on many ooxasioo 6. Tb elC were mostly evminp/nights (<1bout 2000 -6200 loca.l l imc on 48 Me/I and 2000-2400 local time on 72 Me/s), mos l frequently aro und the equinoxe-iha.t is Man.:h(Ap ril and septem ber / (ktober. Nifht-timc T EP dilfel"!l fro m daytime 11:10 and is elosely ~tcd with Sprcad-F r;oOOltiOlL. al the lon ospbcri e 0 retlection poiots, ..ilh 1 og-4 istana: pa ths , pan ned without !Dterroedille Itou nd r<:tI1ion. lbc: night-t ime: fad ing range is about t OdD, com pared ..ith oc:casiornl.l ri o l~n t .. inlerl'ere llCe-typc" f<1din l 1 iI ra nge of "bou t 2Sd B in 0 daytime ; night -time TEP appcan. to fo llow SPRid F co nditions and often c:oneIa les with local Sporadlc E eondilions . n- condi lions abo corre late fairly well wit h alllOlllI pro pap lion ; it is also wort h rememberinl tha t radar experi men ts ind lcale Ihal Duroral reJ1ectiot! can occur I I high .. JOOD Me/I .

    n ..,"..r.,.."',

    " 0., S - ". . -ia>I

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    Nort h and South Am~rica o n 3" Melt s.s.b., No rth America Ilnd Austra lia on 1 Mel' e.w. He po ints out tlLal 00 7 Mel. the I"w-ilogle prope rtie s of t be \l:n ical can be .. fell " by the improvement o r DX; Eur opean signal ratio co mpared wilh a dl""le. On 35 Me/s. the lop-load ing: p lus the vertic al radiator llivea a usetul aerial, working well also fo r intcr-O o po:1"lItion. It .n fit. Into

    !.

    .1

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    ' ......ud-L .... SamJ.llf1/cal Trap Aarlal. A lochnique atl ractinl attentio n i, the use of Inverted-L ICrlal:! to pTO'Y lde mai nly \-.:rtically po lari.ed radia tion. By

    '"

    A HATI: UR "A D I O TE CH N I Q U I! $

    ... (el)

    small prdcM and Ibould


    ~

    to take CV1I to pl'O\',dl: II ~11'OOd earth 1)'Um\. 03VYF also lllpesu IM I this type 0 .~ <:0...16 be UXId 10 I\lrII trapped ..." lcal such as the U A VQ or oimilar ~~ Ycrtic;.al into a uxl'u l fiveband 1.......eritJ
    ~)'JkDl.

    p.""

    aood raultl

    to U1y(l(le

    an:ina-

    The wbole unil, foc I /UI:d &.trial, can be Q)IItaIDN in I scakd pluta co ntainer from ~lic lIolIl'lvs..
    For lhooc b1cued .... jth ouitablc sites and I.pOIoCC for IJOO4 Itl'OUlld .)'Skrns. ill.to:~1 will often be din:ded IOWINII

    8a-tedv........

    80tb t rapped aIId 1I000-l1apped on:nionl of the invel"lCd L seem to fit _ II jnlo 1yp;e.1 proc:.. ~ce ,. Trap construction ha, been deloCribed in ~I o r l hc jou,rna l" )' 1._6) .h"""s lbe 'lIl1e~l ionl mlIdc: by GlBl D in Me'c~;)' rur II 7100 kc/s tra p : lhe Former ;1 about I t in. diameter, aboul J In. Loni and wo un d with a bout 23 turns of 18 1.... . _ wire (adjusted to ~n;wce !I. inKII ar id-dip mcillal u r). Th e Cll plld lOr mW Il tulve II Iliall voltage rat ing suit able roc the power used, lUId 1M 1I....w.l. wire should be .ullidenl] y well q<>ac:cd '0 avoid

    basc.red'l'Cn kal s.. A Iwo-pu1 ankle 00 Ihi t ~u bjcel appeared in Q.rT (AUllUt l/SeP1emtler,191O) by Dr Ya rdley fk.o: n, WO JI'. III di""" ..in ll o/'ltIn ""nQl ",""b for the I""",r frequcnciel he
    poi nts (lm .. fApe rin~ nb 5Ugge~ t lha t it is more impOTllUlt 10 l'uIVC a luae number of eben r.l,li... ~ tlu," a 511'al1cf number of rcwnlllu ones." In Pl1'CI~, for near-ideal lowa ngle ra dia lIon, Ii i, nCttUlllY for lhe " n h screen 10 u lend, ill. the la r~ t se<:lor, out to . lmotll 1 5~thou8b few h.f. amateW" could hope 10 lIchic"C l\Kh mas6ive I~ m . WOJI' include. in his a n k le a IUmmary 01 malchinl th. niques f' N" ";nglc-b;uld operali"n of ~ft:d vertical! of ~ a,.;,um k "Slhs. FII. M will K IVC _~ _ fenundcr .

    r - !- - -

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    I i
    A

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    ""

    DI ...d'o" ," V..,tkoJ. The u:w.al method of oblainiPll dirc<."tiona.I cffec ts wilit 'lCrtkal radialon b 10 use IWO ..milar i~ w:nicals IpKItol _PlUt, and fed wMh eurnlDl I oC diflCm1t 1flll1llifU4er. . . M) U 10 prodvcG ........ Iy of OOIHI/liConn palkrftl, mcludiDa c:udiDds, II is ..100 pouibIIC to 11M! w:fI.lcII J3.d.ia. I~ shm1c r lbaD l~ in this .~tion, a1lhoolh I"" ~1.iII1 paltcrD'll mil' be alfoctcd by insulatiooa . nd If<)und
    cooo~j";ly.

    1 ca e
    !

    n.n IcdInlq uc Deed II(>( be c:ontineoJ 10 ~ beams. pt'D'rided lhal InC8nsarc inf;ooIon~ 10 VVJ lhc phaac fed to ODe oI lhc lWO rad lltOf'S. FII_6 5 mo- &II ..dc:ctroaic rotary" 01 th is Iype by G . TomallCtti, tiBER . irI Old Ma (July , 19"10). The ll1ick indlJ'ks radilliion ~"cms iodalins Ihll tbe live posillons a re Clpa ble or pultilll btoMl beams lowuds ...,.",I . U pollio oClhc oomput, lhou~ tbt JlIIltc:m ditfcn In cadi lIwitcll posillon. 1'YPica.lly, p lTII of .boot ~ B are ponible,lD4 IbI nuU~ can be USICd 10 rcduc:c InlcrfCreD<::e from un"'lUt1Cd mtdiu~is~ sta tro.u..
    lAlU ~ VIH"tlcol

    I make no prelella: (Or undcntandioa [be NOfWe~;'n tu t or &II . rt ick by r~Uer Bnte kkcn , LA IEI, in the N RRL journal AmQ/<>r Rod... (Nr 9 . 1910) bu l h i$ rmal diagram b


    l
    '.'ft" ........,11.",_ ,
    ..., , _

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    c
    , , .. 10 ..

    J
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    .,I "'GIl ftt: G

    ,
    _

    rtpt'O<luc:cd bere III I'i~. M . Thl, IeP Tel.eIlU. whit _flflCan 10 be . useful t ~ venial monopole for 14 Mel' wn h InaeniOUl ~ or RG8 U lXI....\ !HI 1I0d pmma InlOtchlng sections 10 aU()W t be vel1io.. a1 to bt> \I$cd 00 J5 and 7 Mel' . nd wllh pmma. ma l.;hing feed on J'5 1\1<;/$. II would seem lhal

    Cl;C!lent nwu ehlnl can be achlc~~d on 14 and ) '5 Me/I wilh very usable raul" . 1 00 7 Mef~ . '10

    , ;._ . 1. 1 M o." ~l . _ .......... _ A .. Il Clll ,,~ "' ,.' ;'

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    Woodro w Smilh, W6OCX, in C Q in Mllrd t, 1941I MI:':i11Ied rrom lhe 'I_ nriel, _ 7 Mell a.criII ...blch _ the forerunne r

    ",., up CIIId 30 OU1"

    AE R IA L TO l't O S

    JII;s:3 L~~
    In" l"m I

    ..,

    lX - JIll

    LA l li', . Iw_ _ ~. L _ t l ' rH. 1I . .. . . ..... ...-.boo" " ' _ 1 ... 11 H c/ H <Io I _ . . .. H </' lS . _. If .1 _ _ ._ I...,......... I" l H </. 15 D. .... . J H <Io io :1<1 U H </_ . 7Ii D.......

    ,,_ .u.

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    of the Vound-plane. This w.u. tbe so-c:alled " )0 up and )0 out " and wmpri>ed a JO fl . (o r ' 1ilhtly !ongo:t ) ""rtical I"Idiato r worked aga inst a JO fl . (o r slightly sho n er) ho riwntal co unte'1"Oi<:. \l5ua lly _ pended a few feet above eanb. fed by means o f a ..lio-tuno;d circuit : see Fig_ 67. W6BCX

    Soc ''''

    "'''
    noted that . in its heyday, '" the ~ertical . k menl e nen was terminated with a copper toilet ball. which was , uOJlQK-G by the more supe rstitious 10 po ssess rom e mag ical DX tlIWng power " (l su!lPOOIe It helped flush o ut the rare on es).

    and 80 pe r <;CDt of the rad iated energy ;., lost. Putting lhi s another way, th e radiation resistance of a F mdiator may be lalten lIS 73 ohms, and tIl.It.ina: these elliciency lIItinllS in the fonn of effective earth resistance, the earth resistance Cllhibited by this " Iloo-gro und " ra nges from 4S ohms (60 per cent ellieien ey) to about 28S ohms (20 per eem elticic:ncy). " Th cse ligures arc discouraging when cumpured with lUI extensive earth system. l lo wevcr, tbey are not at all di'lCOucaaUtg whc:.ll com pared with the IIO-Calkd "grounds " which many amateut1l II.ctua1Iy use. Fo r eu mple, tl>c common " grou nd-plan c: " U,\ ra diator plu , four j.'\ hori7.ontll ",dials) oftCl'l e:<hibill an effective ea rt h resistance of 100 olum.. Whe n the radiation resistance of 3S ohms i' taltcn into acoount. the " sullmit efficiency is onJy about 27 pe r ce:nl ! Whe n: a simple ground rod is l ubstitu ted for the four radials. the earth n:ilitancc often re&Cbu 200 olum , only 13* per ceDt eflkimty I ' The K2QDW ant enna cons ists of a tbrec . ban d trap vertical for 28. 21 I.Ild 14 Me!s, operale<l against downward vc:nical mon opoles, oee fur each band WId each l:,\ 10Il1. "The5e ate cu t from f""r..cond uctor ro tor ca ble as inilic:ated in Fig. 68. The ae rial is cen tre fed with S2-ohm co .... illl Cilbk. and is mounted o n a 10 fl . lTIll-,t lbove t he chimney. The centn:-point of lbe i,\ n diator is th u, al_)'$ about 40 fl . a bove gro und, ncl ..,"l e of ban d. " ' n pn:puing t he aerial. t he roto r cable i, sho rted Io;e'thcr I I lbe top and fu tene d (soldered) to tIM: ~ l JfOund tennina.! of the 12AVQ. Eacb co nducto r il cut to I f '\ I t o ne of the ban<b covue:d by tbe ac oinl 10 tha t a series of pa rnlkllDOnopole:s :ue fo rmed. The u ble thu s prepared is ru.tI straiflll down t be mall &.lid ehimne y l uppo n in. tbe 12AVQ, USlD& sl:mlk>tr insuLo lon. Both b&1aDced and un balmced r- t b.1.ve mD tried, the beller rclUliS bl:tDl oblaiDed witb unb.tlanced feed, the centre w nd llClor JO!n. 10 lhe tra p vc:rtieal an d the bnt ld to the Io-r p&tatleled mon opo.... . .. Th is ac ria l hibil, a ( um: nt loop a t lbe fccd poin t. 1be (l et t hat lh" is qu ite high I t>ovc w rrou ndinl oboItruc llnrn in

    IOQ6W M" ltJ-b,,,,d V ertic." While it is extn:mely heloful to kn ew tbe tbeorelically ideal way of doinlj: lhina:8, in amate ur practice wha t is ofteo needed is a workin g compromise tha t pro~idu lIoccptab k results. Particular ly is this true of aeria ls where most ofw; ;lI"C fllCCd with the problem of chOO!linl lln aer ial to fit a far from idea l , ile, rath er than being ab e to seek o ut a site capa ble of Ijli~ing the optimum reurhs. Rilp hac i Soifer, K2QDW, provlde5 <Iclail. of a simple multi-band ~cnicuJ. Basically th e idcll I. t o operale a lrap:" vertica l (tD KlQDW's case a t bree-band Hy-Gain I 2AVQ) against a i1C riU of downward vertical mono poles. He wriles : " There has pe l'llisted rc r mlLOY yea.n It C&lIud abo ut the F ver tkal radio tor o pernled 1. 50 me dhtance above groun d 1 an d with out II. puu nd eo nneclion. This mai ntltins tM-1 l ueh an ae rial will ru.ver function properly o wina: to can cellation elfecb stemm inN from groun d reflection. this Sllltement must ha ve been llCl'Jl'C t<1lted by somec ee livinlJ in a world of perfectly rcllecling grou nds an d unobstructed leno.iD.. Alth ough the rQ arQ K vel1l1 qualification s, suc ll 1lll aeri.d can be a ~e<y practical DX-ehaser un der man y unfllvoUlllble COlldi.tion, . " Ope ra t;na: independcntl y of an earth Iyst~m rtlClIlIS thai one mUllI iaY a price ill tlHciency o wing 10 aboo lJltlon efl' tt. Dcpmdina: upoll the particular loca tion, bet wun 40

    11 0 0 1"

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    11I k.

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    M

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    I n ('l,I.fTelll lUminuM>&) "in lly .It)' ,n lrc-red droopi llC . d i",>Ic if, QdlaJ a n m''Cfle..!-Y. bu t lllis "'''' not

    alWll)"o lhe~

    n.. 80bt0U c..tWI..


    f ill th" oe amateun ....ho WIUlI II. pUl QuI. mon: domina.;~I ai.nul than ;, likely tu be .~hieveo.l with l imple verllcal omni<li=t iumd II.cn.u then: ~ the Doblllil. ThIS has bu n illd ude li (u luw _frequency ac rill.l) in man y editionl "r the HaJ,,, HQrw1btx>k ; it abo rogcl'iCd allcnliQII trc m (jevrp COI,liW , VEITG . .. A 4O-mc=tr'/l Kobl.i1 Curtain N Ill)''' ( If"", R<U1;Q, July, 1% 9) who Lnc:luoXd dime lUiolll fot 3j and 14 Mela u l'C'",,'io<I. H e was e m hu J.iascic about ,he ",,,,,11... a<:h ic\<cd on 7 Me!. WD I~ oV'Cr d il.WlOll. u<:cWin. 2500 m iles, lhouah he ""llI'Md thin II is 00 ....... CJIpo;tin, lJIUI:h im pl'QYl: _Dl lD JocaJ lipl ",pons. 10 . 11 the MXOUf"I~ of the Hnbcail this is ~ with Vl "~ IWIIe Io<:alcd at tho: base of Ibt cenlre .lemcDt 10 provide . OI 1~ r~. but it "",u1d seem JI'O)Wble 10 UM Zepp-l uncd fden writ hnu t clWImi\.ly d~o"itIl the raw.tiocl p8ttenL TlM: RMJio H-'boo/< POinl. out tha i the anay QII provide . pno:;tk.&l 11aNJ pill aven&iJll from 1_1Od8 OYer holUomal half._ve dlpOle ...."'1 tho: _ po.>lc lw:icbl .ncn: the r-1h 1tJl.lh c.lCftdl 2SOO milea. The horirolltal dirmMly Is 00117 mooenle. t.inal the t_ outer tadV.ton cany onl y about half as much C\LfTf:ll' ... the c:enm . driven

    ..... .,w...... -Y __ ..I_._._;__ -__W


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    h was tbe D,uce lenniUled dcsi~ that was dnaibrd ill the Iinl cd ilKms or Ttw- A"""...... RDoho H tmdhooIt. as till in'~rtcd-Y. )",t few :t .....IC.. rs loday ~ th o .... direclionll i. 'tCM-.:ool ly-poLuUCt.:l . hiPpin aerial (l'ia- m al), ~ "Id handbook. uwd to add the ..~ ~ ;t nco:dcd a h ich ..... ~ a lld bcc:t1llC of \ a riablc cround Ioo.-e:slelt<led to be more sUIl:tblc for fer>lir. l> than ~ , III this fOllll, > L t.houkI be I~ IonCCf than U so thl. t tbe ~ ill t!lI horizolltal d irCl'lion ill Uv:: pbDc: of the in\'Utcd-V add up. Now." IOl)"" Ihis fann or ~ may he implcmrntcd in a ra tbc:r"'lU4l1cT form (i.e. withuut a ~rticubo.-ly h i,,,,MlJ'l'l"1) a nd 1~ gc ncr.Jlly l;;llk:d .. h.U-f hombil: " since it is in e lJ<d ha lf o f a. rhombic turned on its lide. Des pite thl; hir.h pill t h l is l'O"'ihle il i" link kn ow n to ma ny Amltcun. f or h.f. it docs req.. ire .. lot ....fsraec. but lhis d~ nCO! apply to ...111, _ a nd indc:c<.l il is no d isadva nla~ in such IIpp lrc.aliems U ee po rt itblc: field d ay operli linn when: ~-e Wlu illy is av aibb\e. J U5l u t ile r llombic .:.. " be "SCOJ 11" " term;nllted "" nonterminated ooll fl~uta lion (t he no n-terminated ')'l'tenl I'Tovid ing bi-dil"Cl;!io ll.1 c haracteri51k's) 50 COHI , be 11. 1 (rllombic or cn"Hed inverted-v .
    M

    100 ... _

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    ""_ __

    RAO'ALS

    Th. Bo... f'ig. 72{a) ~huw~. dC1illn fera 14 MH 7. bow-t ic wire ar ray wilh a turn inll di u1 of llbo ut 12 fl , which VK 2A HQSUlIlIf'ts
    11_ _

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    can "" ", idc /I frOllt-ta- baek ratio of lbe o rder of 20d H w,th f..... " , d p in of ti l' to bd D. II il b uilt entirely Wilh lillM lim ber". wi re an d lla ib . W ilh"" t insulal<>n (b ulluns) l~cd III lhe Cll rcm itin it "' ill l""\1vide .ub<.!;lntilllly b i-dircctional l

    AERIAL TO P'IC $

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    rx
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    1304 m

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    bOIl '" (24 ft. lon~) .. 12 fl. CfU>, piecl: of I in. )( I in. umbe r ,~ fl lled. T wo len~lhs of i" ' ulll.leJ wire, e;1l.h J bout 33 fl. S In. lung. are filled wllh . mall clll"C-sI,,,c<:<1 in'ulal'...... I I C<Id\ end lind with lhe dri,e" dement al"" br<;okcn in ,he <:cnlrC....ilh an ;n,,, I:\l or . The array can be fed with cilher 70- or ~m coaxrar cab le (II 1 : 1 balu n wou ld seem 10 be indicaled bU I not <:5"'n linl). Ken A. Taylo r. G 4EEC. made a I"",.... band btm .lic for 14 and 2 1 M H z. lie u>etl 5i" ~ar n i ,hctl "aneli for .prt."ldCll c1a m l'IC~ 10 th~ 2 in. )< I in. limbe. by "CC d " m"" <If dural ,he<;! with ru. lle" .,:re"" (1"10 11 in. lon ll d lm "" J'C'f <:aM I \ Other comlnll. i"n deta ils will be fou od in the <:a [ll ion to i Fi lt. 72 (b).

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    II HOh) " Ila", ; ~ H I. I m I G4n C a .... l a_ OG <lo V U ... . Q ",--.-.0 <I..; G ( Ii. . ~ . _l . H . i...... po.. _ ... i. 2 b, I i GI. .... <I _ <1 ",I " 10, Z .... t In. _ , 1 _ u <l of . ;.b'" ... ~ ... N tlo _ 1_ ... I .. ';. fl ~ 11 Y . ,..._ f .<I . . Io I<lI f . . <10 ... . ", Irco "'h l o ~ ' Iooo a I""i, a . eeI ......1l. , .b a tI. ' . Gf . I ~It. w 10. i. I I na.... f ....... _ . 1....1..... .... .co 10. 1.......-1_ ... , ...... X l... . . ......... poiG' 10. <.nt f 1 ... ' .int Y f _ pol _ 10 . SO ..."'. <... . 1 1 f_ . (.......1 wu a _ ) . La ~ . '" 100, I... ,. Hti. J) f c. (.. ",. 1 I , I . 14 lS'o 1417511 ZI HH. U It. I I (..",. I U.\ ' _2H ' 0 1 1 J Mti. ). ti . I".. Jo .. 'al .. .. 4 EEC I. ' U ..

    <or.'" tu.'""'..

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    ' il. 11(10 . Tw. un "" ) <od , 'n V GO' _ ,_ ~ , X UU ,k.",ln. , .11 , :11 HH k> Th .-l. I. .... y .I... ..' ... , '" ~ U .. ~ "' 1 1 . .101 1 G L-n.'w. .k. .

    radial;" n ; w;Ih t he inw wlo rs il i. uni..Jirl iona l ..... h Ul! to 2O--24dH front-t e-bacx ratio. T he limber fra me eo ns;s" of on e 12 ft. lcn,d l of 2 in. >< I in. limber , two 12 fl . leor-lh, of I in. >< I in. lind two 1 n. lengths of I in. x I in. SiKfeel In from each end of lhe JT\IIin

    , t."

    ' 11 .12(.). T M VlUA .Q

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    . 100
    14 H lob.
    boo..... lao.~ .toowl... oil"'. ...

    .brlol "-d-polntJi o.. d R.... lotldn Pon., . In lhe a . ly day s of h.f. opcralion the a.erage amateur often ~d "Cry liUk idea in<.locd " r lh e ",d iat;on JI'lIIe r1lli of d ifferent lenalh>. of aerial wire. Per ma ny )'CIl'" rad iation pa llcnl".< ha \'C bee n a slao d:lrd feal ure " f c,"Cry amate ur homdboc>lo:. an d ale burned dply into the con.<cio""ness of ....... 1 h .f. opera,,,",. Dul u. ...lly Ihco;e pa llems ale sho wn as beinlt ,ymmeui. Clli, .utd lillie cr ec ind ic<ll;o o 1$ &i~o tllatthe ",,"ition of lhe l<:cd ""iol ca n be used det iberarely I" d i"lort the PlIlterm and 10 1"'1 sllP1irlCllD,ly more: powe r into wme of the lobe, . D. C C\co;ltne. in E/~I..",ie~ /If",.""I ! ". Radi" Enrif/U'J. 7..clufl' &. Mllrku... McGra w-Hili , 1949 pre"",tcd a n u.m~r . of palloe m, dIo.. i01tlhe errec t of c han~1 the fcedpoint and _ re ba...... on worlo:. ""rried OUI on a scale-model, " hie-lop ae rial ran lC. In I'fIIClKc, t here may be c tbcr d iJtortion1. llQd un les.sthe ae rial is ,,"C Uup an d really in lhe clea r it Is u.,ually o"Cr-o-ptimist;" 1 cq>t the poollcm to be cuelly ao;ordinl 0 10 Inc boo lo:. . II wilJ be a pptll<ted Ih.al there i. a 1lIlIjor d ifference in eedin& an aerial al an imcm><l ""hOole polnl rat her tha n a CIlJ'KlIt poin l In IhAl this lC5ull~ in in.fIN..., opemtion. The dia&rUtns show thal. :l~ from Ihi. , rbere are quite siil\lfi atII l ditrc reooes :tl one Jl\OVC, ou l fro," lhe centre po lnl Io wa Ns lhe end of the aerial. Ocnetul ly an end.fed arrl nge. melll tcnoB to put more J>lo nn u"""d lo be. lo ward, t he fle<H:oo direclioll Ihan b:<elo:.......rd. rro m the fed end. Fl . 1J ahowa 16 o r these pa lterm covc n nS J1'I<>lIt of the poniblc amllliemont, for l:~. l~, Il:~, 2~ aerillb. " n.,! examplel of 2 1 ~ an d 3~ lOll, wire!. On e polol seerna wort h em plla.izinl : the useful p;l.ttC l'll' of the liu lo--uMd H~ ae rial, whic h can be fed to produce

    ".
    T "" 1

    AM ATEUR RADIO 'T E C H N I Q U E S

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    either four or Ii" main lobes in dire.lions _ IIsmu d to OX op:nltion from the U.K., u Jolin Hrodzky. G3HQX has
    n nl~d .

    EM-fH MIIhIN"" Aeriol Thr two mc u popular simple multiband i1criab are the Wl DZZ trap dipo le a nd the GSR V d ipo le. ODe r1:lI-tlll for ' th",1r popuillIit)' is l bat the y can be fed fro m c:o-uial CIIbles wit houl add itional ma tctlin, un ila. But bol h n o "ntre-r~ s~l e ms, and 11M: need orleln ames for an coo -fed aU_IFmenl til. A tTJIIlo, RwliQ (No . 6 1971 ). Tom 8epbtad, LA4LN, reminds us tha i a simpl", but effect ive llvc.band aetbl lo fferinl 2d B pin on 21 Me/I and ) -$<JB 01 2lI Mela relatIVe 10 II half-wave dipole) consis ts of . 132 n. ~ cod.fed fr...... co-axial tiDe throullh II simple switched 1,.
    mald'linll net"""k : '""0 ' :1 - 74. ilw ",.. paeit or need. to be a 8 hi&hvo]tagc type , When UlIin' IOIl IJ.....ire vol tage-fed" aenaJ~ it Is useful (as Roy Wilkins, GlAlM , points out) 10 con nect a small

    .. c&nh" shoul d be. This can freQlKntl y lead to ~ rJ . l:O\Ipl i". ' utu the ,,\&ins ....pply. o r n: ... \1 in hut poi.... on the lfa/IStnIlter cabinet or a.l.u ., r.r. burm on the fingen, and BO rrVI in llCllrby sets in the earne buildinl. If Imlead of trying to co nnecl an earth to the u .u./trammitkr. ODe connect. inslead a fA Iellglh of ...m for the balld in we, tile r.f. hoi: poin l disa ~ lbe other pt"oblell1ll olteo vanish, lIDd rad tion llnd radiation tllltterM Improve. P or mullib.1nd ope ration a SCrle5 or wires can be Iell permanently connecled In in t-l . 75(,,): alterna tively, iIts~d of usiIq

    that the ca.nh lead on the transmitter andlo r mllching Wlil will often Iulve slaodinll wlI,,, ' with a vo tage po int wbell

    bu lb in seric~ and a neo n bulb connec ted through a highvalue resetcr 10 earth . Th;~ read ily ;ndicalu currenl and voluee oo" dili.. n~ simultaneoll'ly.

    1"

    lonr wire al:T1lI.b . As on e who ha s o perated in a num ber of different pans o r lhe wo rld. be has o rlen foomd hlrmelf needinl an ""riAl in II bloc k of Ibts : quil e oft en the only pra,;t ica l aerial ;. a IOllg-wire MrUDg o ut 1 a tree o r omer 0 OlIIIven ienlly hi llh po in l. In SinpP;lll: , as 9V ILK. be \Ued a sao wire and found this hi~ly elfcctive, partkubrly 0l:I 1lI Mel$. Bu t a common p roblem in such circllr.l!ltalll:CS is

    Lon, Wlr.._ ncl Up.t4'''' Op ar" t'" n Dick Halb l (l3 E1W/ONSKM. give. a ~ful tip on uWlg

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    ~blc 1 have II wries-tapped or var' 0 '"'''' ia d",", <> wlUch chan .... whe n lhe ll.t U. taIlS m dlangcd : sec Fis. 75(b).

    A few d ~)'lI aller receivinll the note fro m Dick Halli we were lJ-, inl what wal basi<:aUy 1II LA4LN type of atralIill' ment, wilh L-nctwortl; malching, 0.0 7 Mc:/$ and t he eUCl ro blem descri bed by Dictl; Had. &I'OSC. Cono: tml e n II. w llth o r wire to th e rolo r ' \'Iino.lle or th e L-nelwor k capacitor completcly cuI"Cd the ho t co rull lio n. evCll Ibo u3h Ibis rolor WI... oollJlfl:led ba ck 1 the transmit ter nnb Ihroolall 0

    r.

    the feeder.

    A ER IAL TOPI C S

    iDtettstioa tytles of multi_win: d ipoles. inclu dina the twoM J-wave aerial an d the fo ur-wire I-waV<;l ae ria l. There is abo an interesting varia tio n t o t he J-wave dipo le-the Iwavevert ical working against ground-tha i appears t o hav e ( l(:Ilp N atte ntion . Jo hn Krau. , WIUK. in EIU lronirs Man,",l l or RQ dio Enginurs, revie wed II n\lmhe r of multi-wire systems. F ig. 76

    Dr K raus wrOle: " All Intereltlng prope n y of thii an telUl8. is tha i d ue t o the mulli...iI'cco ostmction, a cumnl d il tribtitio n is prod uced which is similar to that of a vertica l t op-Ioa<.led single...,.,nd uctor antenna.' The po uibility of switch ioS al th e ba"" of lhe aerial so as 10 fonn tbe mo re o;onvcnliooa l " \Inipu le " aerial s u gg~lS tha i, as W ille RJ,dw Handball" des ign fo r i -wave dipoles, it Ih DUid be rclatMh casy to deviloC atle.. t. tw,,-b u d verWlt.
    TIN Shertened ZL-Jpe d .. , In CQ <July. 1959) Rol f Schick, D LJ AO, lk5c ribcd a ZL-Spccial ae rial In whic lt the c lemMlS, ins tead of be in, b<w;d 00 t he Ct1$tomary i -wave fo lded di po les. U3Cd the four-w ire " wa ve system &:scribed above. comlnle'led. fro m two side-by-sidc len gths or 300 o hm s twill feeder ratlter tha n separate spaced wires. l1lis an-angemeru turned lIP a pin in QST (Jan uary, 1970 under lhe tille " Fi-..: for five " (Sdl:l gain for 151) : F ia:. 78. TIle typical dimcnliom giY'Cll by J. E. Kear, K4M I. are fo r 14.175 kc/s with lhe n:l\e<;:,o r a bou t 6 per ceot lon~ r thao the radialor. This te<:hoiqoo brinp t he o venJl k n;lb of II 14 Mels ZL-SPKiai OOWU from about l4 n _ to . u ot1lld 28 n ., a Ia vinF of space w hich might be IlSCM in somr ;;ar<Jenl . TI le basI(: st ruc ture is ma de Wil h bam~

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    l hows thre e, all of which ha ve beell used by arnatleun , lbough only (II ) il well kllowu. A lwo-band YCn ion of ( b) with l rub Iwilchlo S h lona: bee n dcarnbcd in Radi<> HIlM /J,)" Ir. The l w01.'e" sho rt ened d ipo le " fOrm! the ~is of a .. sho rlened ZL -Speeial " (.ee lale r). III all theoc ac rbtls the foed.point Is al .. cUlTCnl lobc . nd II pun:ly rel istive.

    I_ft.

    V.rtk..1

    t-wa ve dipo le can hi: ll3Cd l -wa ve -..:nical ma nopok by replac lns hai r of lhe aerial by ea rth , so it II pt>lOt.ible to ltd.I.p t rbe I -wa ve d il'Ole of F ia. 76(b) to form a " wave venkal. 11tJ1 hal; .. terminal R'lhtanee o f a bou t '2$0 oltmI. 10 W t 10<>-" '1 in ea rtb ~UfT'Cnts sho uld be len than with the usu.al I-wave ven ka l. The I-wawo -..:n kal has CUfT'Cnt di~tti bulio n Ioimilar to thai of to p-loIldcd vert ical_ such as t he T.&crial, with m u im\lm nt dialion Jirted anmc way \If' the aerial, as indicate<.l In Fil . 77. The he i~1 of a 14 Mc/l vCf$lon wo uld t)'flically be .I.bou t 24 1\. 1'1,,11 I fl. ~pacln. between wires, 10 thlll t he extn hei&/lt. eo mparcd with a .....ave. is well wilhin ma llltaeable bound l on tltis and hiahe r

    BuI, in ad d iliun, K l'IIus . ho..... tha i. Jus l .... a conventional

    as .


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    T,,,,n,,,"" (0.1'.., loof>I A ~im ple 1)'S lem tM t hu reee lvd only limited .lIenl10n , yel otfen _ delll:.....e of aeria l pin an<! ca n iii Into v.n"ll! types or 1oattlons. is tbc siDglo-clcmc:nt criansular loo p. 'The tile o r th i5 confUlW'lll>oa has beeo hin ted ac in lhe OlU"lier tef~rcnoe:s 1 Irian illiar Io;op' =)"1 (PIotIC 287). Dut jus l al 0 the .mlll:le-<elcmcn' Quad ' full-wttve loo p Is o llen overloo ked . 00 cqu.ally k !be trill.rl lUia, fo rm. Buicallv the performance o r 1 ' - two co rtlllll:ltratioltl l hou ld be cloK ly similJr.r- but l he Irlan llllu loop is the eIl~ie r to Imple ment wilhout . fra meworlt .

    "".st

    '_ _ ,.. _ ' -_ _ _. 1.) I . n . T . 100 ef .....1

    _ _ ..... - - (00)

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    '

    ..., _ . -...

    Nr 10. 19(9) u an h.!. acrbl nOI un litt llIe in~md-\I bul wilhoul lhe lleCd 10 take lhc feeok r up !he mast The l ...ifM Upport ~Y~l~m of 7'lt'b) iI one o f maIly o ther 1"""'1,1. _ II al.w [SOI. wee r~c.J VVIJll . ~ IIle ~ o r lile "eri.1. HoIII KIAN \I and. GlEN lhaye in dkaled lha l further ennrl(lll f ci ions could be .k: Yi'l<"d . , W3fQJ in dica lCS how. disconnectinG Ihe fero.:r a nd clo sin, lhe Ipop wjlh a !rnal 12 lu m coil, the k n'lh o f l he loop ca n be 1I<!jIl. leti lo tl:IOMJ'lCe u. int: Il l rid -d il' O'II;:illalo r. n~ feed . poinl im~ne, W o r lhe o rder o f 100-11 o hms o r "', bu l 0 III P' Cl:llt.:c II shou ld be pm.ibl~ III a~1tic Ye .. reuulI,bly l ood m Rlch willt 1S-o hm c:o-uial or lwill feeder. II mi,lIt abo be po uiblc to achic:,~ 1 Me/s ope ra lion by cunnccl111l a 11 n , 9 in . I~nll h of 3OO-ohm twlll lrall . oh,>rtcd a l l he fa r mel. acrow. tho: fdpoi fll as sull&C51cd rur lho: . in. k:-loop QvW ac riotl.

    in fi. _ 7\l(.. ). The il naJc..wpport S~1em 0( Fil- 7'l(Q) has bn de~nbN by Ed...-an:I Nol l, W3FQJ , (~_,""';,

    T....o '-ilOOwly-polariled fortD$ 0( this loop are shown

    . -i.,

    b i

    ~ ""'" a1 Trammmllt, ~ In NoYcmber. IM1, Tr dUlktJ/ TOpil:6 bcamc the fin l, in M y _ leu r .IOUI'lIoI1. 10 convnenl on tho u s I""" ae riaL ori&inaU dcocribcd in ~",,*, U AIl&\ISI, y 19(07). Durin, 1M rol,-m,: mond., fl'IlIny further ide... _ re __Iy R'pO rt e<l: Ir.e..c itdu&:d Ioimplibtio.a or the caPKt-1M maldlift& "" lwo rl ....hd1 iI poui~ .... ben only sindc band OPCnllJOII iJ ~uin:d, a nd tbe 1M 01 loops for rnob&Jc o penllioa (QST, Nm.'Cmbcr, 1%8). One ~ the _ .. t pnc-

    Armr _

    ueaI su gertiom __ IlUl. ~I fllll>ti"d b y ' Spenny " (G6NA ) in the September, 1963. ~ e--.u.".,IoIt; lhil WItS to use ... ill. co-uial " as I CDJtYefticnC me.DI of the er)' -=aaaJ}' low reslall"" JONeSA .. D=l&ou'. e:-:book I~ In Elm_wI., 12 April 1911, was by James Tayloor. W20ZH, .... ho had deaaibf,d .. The Mobiloop " refclore<l toaboYe. He elalms I~ ""t)' Ii.n:Ip/y COlWlucIcd Iow f~ "'I'noed dip:>Jc loop eatI ~ide reuonably dicleDl pcdOf' rn&lXle .ew::n whal mounlOd ( be to pVWMJ ; Wllb a muifINlII liDear dimcrlsicn of UIlIkr :2S fl. a 4MC/S }oop aerial cao prooridc ai&nab only S- IOdB below !bose from a fullImeth. hip dipok . M OWllcd OG a ""OOll-(ramc buildin.. his )oop has all inPUI midanee of ohms. sho-.I UIlily ...... .. al 3'942 Mch, and I " : I .... r. a t :10 kC/sn.c constnICIioa o f ce koop is indkatcd ill MI. 80. II 'O'lII be ~ thai, as in lhe Spcnny 1IOop, be . -. ~ c:ablc (RG8{1.1) as a lat&e4iamclCt.low~ conductor. .... m lcl1:$tin . f\mhlfr lde.J., howewf, .iI the u.c o r JOO.ohm lubu lar lwiz1.lc.W ca b le 10 rorm a hi..... n>lu. 1I: capaci~ ..hicb caD fUd ,l)' be lri mmed ror ~ 10 form ~ ba la nced ~tion. He abu ' lI&F5IJ that the Impcdancc mne h allhe fHd-p<>Inl can be Improw:d by Id<h nll I ISIIl p r' $()O..~ .. h .... 1.40.....1<: rUI po .. ell up IU :lOO .....u" across Inc rOC<.llinc as shO'Ml. 1llc I"'voh 1Ia 5h1i.ah1 bul bs are utcd a. lunin, indlClllon and will need 10 be ihort. circui T d by II luof' or wire eJWCp l a l Yery low power. The e bulbs. ...hio::h ind icate culTCnl~. I re brilll1csl wM n lhe ae rial i~ .. ~ resonance. IIi. arnna;cmcnl Ihus c Hminl 1!:' eompletely the ~ ror llny convcntio nal hi.!t-yohagc verlab le l.'&lM4 ilurs. Thlf loo p mUClut1' should be moun lcd vert ically since bo rilOlllal plac Ing will p roduce: an o~rhe. d null. Taking rsd lalio n re,u_ u 31 X 10' (A ' /A') ohms. Incn a loop ene.... 165 n . yield. (a! 4 McM all R . of l>21 obm. Tat inl; Inc r . . reml& IICll: o f lhe RG8/U aoblc as ) ohmt, lhis would """ . n c1!Iciency uf I pc r eer u or abou l IOd8 below lI\I.\imu m elticlcncy. Wrol.H e onslden lhil Ibcore tica.l f,,...., iI borne out by raults. Many ama.curs nw.y c:omidcr lhal pe r C1'nl c1focicno:, ......nlSt Y!:ry lo w- but In practioc many sho rt aerial .Ire in use IilPUfic;ulcly k .. el!idt:o.t !haft lhis. II docs not depend o n ally coutlt COIItICI;.

    .chicYin,

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    con~ntiunal

    of

    l oop actUI tw. pnctio;:al acri:lo1s ca nnPI be ac:coon-

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    ... .... t...

    k ......04._ .. Th . . . - I h, l Ir _Io.r _ ef -.. 10>-1.... . '1.01<.1 "" . _ ;... iG... < 100_ _ . D I_ ..,, , 10o Jt<Q loci ~ . _ hl .. 100 _ - '...

    .71t\Oft_

    L-1~'~r-J d.'.

    --------------

    t won. ..d ~ -- - - ~--- ---

    v!>.il 10 t he ASWE tlDoCardl cs&abliltltncm, ..., noticed rhe riginl (Of broadb:lnd dit'!'ks rO( It.r. ror N ..,. _ h. 1bcsc now ohm CODU5t otaboul four or fiY!: qtIICCd wires lUYinI; appear;uw:c YC'I')' mudl like Ibc Inditional 600m m_ f. lpbomc T aeria l. II ha s hD rOUDd tha.l lhe brNdband eha~erillica 01 lhie ~ oJ .aerial 11:11<I 10 Y:lDM if the fu ends or lbe dipole arc lncd 10000l he. F..... ....-u'C ~ .ept pb )'tQlly and eloctric3l y tepamle fn:nn ee J'O<IlI II kaYes l he INlchin. 1 t he Ir;tIW1Iw i"" line . II is 0 lhus , illllifican d y d ifferen l rfom the mo re U3t1a1 c:oge. lypc ttl <ipoles ...hel'l: a ll Ihe wire , corne tOVCI1le. a..in a l Ille i high..., lta llC end SU ...... ...... I'I: Imc~lctl lo find (C Q. June, 1911) an article .. Brn adblond An leDIIol ro . ....o l'1 y MCIl' ,. by Ho waN Ph,]lips. WlI SACP. indica ling ilO lUcwha l simila r ideM used 10 produce a n llefi al re~o""n l ee ress lhe e nl ire Amer ican 1 Mel' ban d (1 '0 " l hl lh....'Ul;h 1 1' 3 Me!. ). His c1csi, n (F" 0 '1. 81) uscs rour-w in: TV rolor ca ble bu l wilh lhc last few fCC! lICpa r:ued and f~nned OUI 1 cn h.1nce e1'><' eff~l and cape0 r;lUnce loa d in,. Olle re' \lh is IMI lhoc oecrall spa n of the d il'c<' lc is a boul 48 fl. jn.lea d <>( lile uouaJ 66 ft. ; an other k a cla.med I ..... r, o r 1 I or leu (ir lhat rca.Ily meaM an t lllnll) ac rou the fuU tanlC . He po inboul lhat rhe ac rilll Cf.II be pu l up e ilher ill ftat-top Of .iD""rt cd\I CODfiaurallon .
    0 ) :

    Durina a

    ar-Aa"" D>poIft

    AERIAL TOPICS
    f. n_out
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    Con:\.truction is roughly ""' fol io.... : CuI & piece of aluminium foil to the outside dimensions. and a piece: of c:ardboa.nJ of lho: ~ siz;c:. Wit h l-iJx;h tna!;kinll tape faste n lho: foi l and ... rdboa.rd shc:c15 togl:ther on the W'ind01ll'. Cllt lhe: inside: of th e foil OUI ..i th a raeee, b kinl ce-e nol 10 10 l lao ugh lhe cardboud and scralch lhe ..indow. Thon ..pe lhe inside: edge of the foil 10 Qrdboarl1. 1eavinl the: 2 in . slit free of Up" . TIle l~ malclliD. u~nlIormer rcduocs Ike: fcN-poUIt of aboul 100 obms 10 m&"b lbe ~ ohms 00axiaL The ~ril.l . ..beu a.rlOlIlF as sho"'"fI multi in "",r lkally polarized slpals : ,f II II moved around Il\r<ll.Jlb 90'" so l hat the focd-po inl B .I I tbc bollom of lhe squa re. t he sicnals wi ll be horizont.illy pob riu4

    Alu mlnJwn FoIl

    QTe (J&ll IW)'. 1971) publishes an il<:m by SM'JV (", ilh aduIow!cdaelJ>l:Tih 10 DJ7VYA in DL-QTC of Mardi. 1970) fohowiDC how ro lb of houscbokl a lwniniullI foil QJI be wed to form d>ort widet.nd d.lpole aeriab fOf lofts or fOf other indoor o r -n mounl1nC: 5' t -... 82. lIis 5UUC" ccl lefl&tM of 4'cm wide: foil are : J.' Me/s 2 x 12m; 7 Mc/s 2 x 62m ; 14 Mcls 2 x J' 4m. The Idu ~minds one of lhe inbui lt v.f.m./ f.m. aerials in lOme broa tkasl radiu rece ivers. II i~ poss ible thai lhis oould be qui le all elTCl:li"", me lhod o f cons tructing lon, room o r wall ..,....... with bnwiband c:har.Kleris lK:s il euier to ac:hieve a IJood ma t.e:h lban With moM Ihi n .\Io'iN: indoor e ria l. By .... Vlnl the: foi ls at dilfe~llt lfl&1es in fo"" o f a . hort Vee ) il should be: possible 10 ac hieve nur-o rnn idiR>l:tional ra d ialion; 1M ca n be <lone by "'... ting lhe: foi l on to lwo walls a t 90 ' angle.

    Do,....

    T1Ia GJH AN,." HuWd Chadlllic:k, G lION b.u been using and evaJualinl lhis Iype of ae ria l fo r I ' years; be COlWden It QJI perfOIlD ..-ell e_ m'er a pool' ~y e&n b (some diuppoiotmellts n:poncd in a~of cood earth condUO:hvily~ He also POIQU out lhal lhe " in phaseIobi lilY" be l_ n to p a nd botlom wires is irnponanl, ",rti c:u larly whe n uoin, il ;os a mul 41land lU:riaL H e is. oonvinc:t:d of its anti . fade propertie s. pouibly lhe re.ult of l he mil<Cd polaritatio n, The main de-iJlI aims I re 10 achie"", a current mao;"",m al I'" inl X and 1i(Illlee feed .

    maJtin,

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    "'90 _ {l!lll n
    ,

    The W"'''"w.,...... Simp" Quod G eor g<: GaM.tone, W8A P, oJc:sc:ribes in QSTs H lnll ond Kinks (Sep lem ber, 19 71) .. a qu ickie quad for 11"0," This is anolher aerial based Oil the usc of hOWlchold aluminium foil, mounted on a shee t of cardboard and tap"d 10 the insidc of a window : Ice Fig. 8J . II loob I.lI Ihough it co uld fonn a useful Irave lling o r alterna t ive a<ld.re.. .., ri..l fur lo cal-s-end nOl so local-l44 Mels ope rauo n.

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    '00

    AM A T EU It RA D I O T ECHNI QU E S

    -,

    The basic l1imcmiotl$ o f two ~~ons an: 8lven in 1' 3- 84. 1 On 38 Mel' 11 1"&1 SlKnltths durina the ea rly rnornin a perillda lilPJ!C&r to suj'JJJQI1 the vilew tha t the an gle of nldi.tion lelow . By ulin l a loadin. coil on \ -8 and 35 Mels the .., rial ca.n be pu t up in leu ~ thatl a U1I.p-diJlOle or (i~ RV o.eria1. yet Is resonant on ODe mo ~ ban d. BUI the main point on which G8 0 N insists is the need to bend the urial .. in t he right places" ; he lhinl$ tha i ~usc il i. o:asiu 10 meawrc curren t than clecr.roo;a tic polcnl~ the impo~ of t he latter tends to be overlooked. Abo.... all he is disrnayoed by some Ilmatcun; who hilV<: attQnpted 1he .. U " pa ttern in t lw: ootizolu" l plane: (GSON rkoN 11m should be fiIle for loalc llilc work in!,! bUI nol rDr terres trial DXI). More information on the G80 N aerial wu pw:n in RSGB BIllln ln, Sc tetnt>cr. 1957, and 1uoc.:.1966, r Anothe r type 0 aerial which hefinds ,"ccllve , and again so often o verloo ked, is t he slopin, win: dipole, wit h the low end loward. the tar~t ara..
    Sh ortened 0"."..

    Q.0!5m li

    (b)

    AD iD~rtl:d V_dipole wilh the: ~i .e d"' IIcaUy reduc<:d by indlKlM l<din ll wu presen led by JlKr~n Berse r. DL7 U , j,.. DL,.QTC IN05, 1971). DL7U uses II c.o-uial b&lun be twee n tbe co-JWal fdc r and Ihe di pole, and his loa din l coib a n: wo und on a 22 mm fo rmer a buut l SO mOlI.ml woun d witb 145 terns of alwnill iwn wit<: I 'S mm in di.urlc:u:r. The s.w.r. CUrYilS ind ic:lllle t hat n!SOna.llCe is fairly i lwp, ai tbouab the K rilll should be: $Bli, fac tory over at leut 100 " "'I ortbe 3'S Me /s band ; ODe technique for 10 WC M lt ~sonant frequellC)' is t he we of 1 "'0 capa.citanu ha ts in t he hill>.vo!tate stions usinl a boul
    e ight n.di a! wires .

    '0 '

    II... ' - __ 450m ) 1 fc) I iou- of . . - .. ~ .". p_lvl _ , (~J I

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    I ( ~)

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    _ ,.

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    ~ ..r " i"" Aer "", Top-band enthusi.a.\1lI probably ne<:d no remin4inll of lhe Ilevc[:Ise :lelia l which ha, bcc:n u'ICd o n bolh sides of the Atlant ic for the rr:aptiun o f I-X Me/s l iSn.ilb. BUI lbe re muet be qui re a fe w JCJt<kn wlto huc only a hazy idea o r th i! cffcct lvc d ire<:liona! ""cc;"';nl aerial although it ha s bee n o lI.t utld for over SO years. The Rc",rase ae rial (o ril;na lly ca lled .. The WIlV e Aerial") WWi developed by Har okl Hco<erallc (one-u me W2f1ML). Chc sre r R i~ IlIld l:d ........ rt1 Ke Uo 88 for the receptiun o f lon g-distance . Wlion. Operalinl On the very lo w f~uencie1. In ils sim plet t fonn ;\ C<ln ....h of 1\ vcry 1 001 l lMugl>1 wire. u te nd in ll up 10 "'''''nil miles In lenilh. mourlled on q uite low pole. , an d COl'Te<;lly tenninal ed al the rar end to canh SO as 10 Pft vent reflect ion. _ Nol el<KrJy an aerial fo r a . ho rt l!arden. n ul II eheck WIth l he ori gina.l .u:..: riptiun of tl\is aerial (Am" , ir" .. l EE., 1923) Ila, b rought 1 ligh t " veral f" ture , 0 which a"" ..,ldnm me nlio"Cd. Fo r il'lO=, tbe normal system 011 vJ. f. WIU 10 lISC IWO wi~s will> a reftcclina Ir.I.lIl former allhc far end and lhe le nn inat;n g lmpeda.nee a t l be rettivU1l1 end, mak;og it ~ibl .. acc urolely to nu U OUI Intuferena . Thcn lIgain. allboulh otic: normally thinks of

    lhe flevcratte lIS being many wavelen, ths !oO& this WllS , always im po... ible . t ....l.f. and the paper Iugge.tts Illat pronounced d ireclional e ffccl!I ea n be :lchi.:ved wilh an elec trical len ~th o f I~ 10 l A-this p UIS a different o rde r of ma lJnit ude o n the ..,.. l C$ta u: nee ded o n h .f. 1The Be""11\&t! is more or less rela\cll to lhe vw-bclUll and rhombic: ae rial.. and is no t lim i\cll 10 low frequencies. Ihe 1923 pape r aelu.ally Jltowed h ow lbe clcc:lricallcnllh of Ihe aeri al co uld be red uced by .. stretching the ...iro: by in'Crt ing iL seritt o f CoI PJleito rs at Imervals alona ils kogth (t he batis of " Slretehed wire dipoles": ,cc laler). Oee or IIIe ID<t famou.. oarly &veras<: aerials WIllI t haI cn:<:ted by Paul G oo ley a t Ard ro ssan in Seotland d llTinl lhe vita l anlllteur InDSllthunie lests of 1922 wllen hi! 400-metrc long wire e<>llected l igna l. rrem a number o r Amcrialo amaleun who (de!plte the cla.de ph ra.se " 200 tnelre1i and down") were wiD. arouod 200 10 300 me l res. I reaJl lO!oing a WK rtimc Ik:vere lOl aerial a bo ut mile or $0 \o<l.g, o n r""quencics of lhe orner of l 'j to 9 Me/ s; it was an effective d irec tio na l l't:ceiving ae rial . So fli T IU slg;nal r<Jlltrling propert ies aT e eoncereea, lhe ~ is little po i.. t In stringing Ihil t ype o f ..,rial higher than requl red for o rdina ry ~ty and 1 puI over obst ructions . 0 TIle Dne ca.rricd OUI studiea On o ptim um leng;lbs and Iw:ighll 10 see if an y im prove men l c ou ld be: obtained by ra is;n l lhe ir preseru l e rlal. {from 10Cl0 ft. 10 2500 n . lon l r.od

    A ER I A L TOP ICS
    abou l 10 fl . hi&h) 10 a heilhl o f aboul 30 fl. These i tudics Indicated lhal the fi",1 e/fCC! of ra w n, he i,hl i!I to <I~plld~ sidelobc pcrfo rmanoc : lhe only rul advanlage wou ld be where extremely Ion& lIena ls are possible , since additional heighl lowe n Ihe tale of allen .... lMHt. It is al so s)Jo wn that by coIl.IllX:tinl lwo llc ~rall" a eria.15 in pa ra llel it il po 5o$ible to dew the directivity ove r .. u.eful angle . The stu dy s~l$ thai these aeriah are u'\Cful f<IT the re cep ncn o f 11 ls ana amyin! al <U1& o f, Iypicallyboul 3. 1e5

    '"
    Shot"I - e frC ...IOCO

    T"",.m l..lon Un. Tron.form.r. In an a rt icle " Wideband co-llllial lrando"",,"" nWtl solid dic:la.:tric CIIb le s " (Ieclruni c nK1",,~ri1f/f. Apri l, 1962), IWO RBC enginoenl. A. I). Sbone and W. Wharton . <k.=ibed a number of ma tc hin g tronsfo lll1l:r ICI::hniq \loC$ ; one of these allo ws an y lwo cables of djlfe~nl impe<tall<C 10 be ma tched together sim ply by using m.l1<:hin, Iell,ths ma de of th e IW ea blcs conce rne d : ICC F ill. 81. The on gina a rticle O provi ded fairly elabol"lllC fonnulae for lhe co nstru ction o f C<l-.uirll cable Il"lIoifonnero. G l K Yl I , upesll t hai in practice for lhi i type o f tra nd orme r a simp liflCntion will " ro vide alilhe informalion that is ~ssary , a. i hown.

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    ,

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    f ir. fT. T .." . 1...pl

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    For a ~O/7~hm tralW"orme r thi s works o u t to an elecIricallength of 29'] ' for each scclion o f ca ble; lhe physical length must t/lke into aou ot t he \'Clueil)' factor of lhe cable (Iypkll lly for e o-axia.l cab le around 066)

    ra d iatio n pattern or Ih e I_wave vcnic:l l Ift<\OOP<Ile. Thi. works QUI III about 4 1 fl . on 14 Me/s and read er5 ma y haye noticed lhal o ne o f the popular mjlilalYoSWl'lus rod a nd whip eenal ml<lt. ma kes up In pl'CCiie 41 ft . oVer&U ao d ;s ly oomp!el e with a ba>.c in , ,,,\a t<IT. Th is snm il. t hat there could be te tere se In a co-... ial line ma tc hing transformer descr ibed in Q.IT(Jan uuy. 1971) by Ro bert Earl. WI IlR V, ~pceifiCIIlly fo r fcodin" a 14 Mels i -wave vertica l rrom 5O-ohm eo-axial: sec " Ill. 89. WI DRV based his design I,n QIl .nick b y PelC Cze rwlMki. W2JTJ, (QST. June. I% IJ who used a ~I-linc lran. r"rme r to feed a I-wave " bee r can " ....<lielll for 14 Melli<

    Many re ferellCCll hay" bee n made 10 t he an nu;tive "en ica!

    !-_me V.rtlcol

    .Mcotdll.. ~ A OHm To JOO.ahm FHd.r

    D. FIoucheron, F2AI. in R.a.lirrR F.F (N o.7, 1971) dclCribn I" Mels twu-<>lemen t Ya gi beam wilh a Il(WeI way o f maldlin, a feed po int ImpcdaJK:e of about )] ohrn~ 1 300 o lum tubular fcede r. lie laCS the weU-koQWll i0 wa~ o'llid lin, tran sformer, <:allin, for. matchio& socrion rou,hly 100 o hm s ( 0/ (3 3 x 300): F ill- ga ). The JlO'Ie h y is his

    .... O J
    o
    o o -

    10 ...... \11 .....-8 2 fa r r " .

    $ flBF A"

    cu....d wt ln
    d n , ~ a
    ld , t

    p . r" ~

    I
    'Is. ... nAl ', _ .._ .. _ _

    TratlSJl\i Uu
    of _ IftS .l~ " ./, ........I..... nt _ Dl ............ I&I_1of. TlID I_s<to.

    1(,2llO k. /_ ........

    ... w. ;. '$1"" I. fe . ,

    use of IWO _ tions o f RG8U 32-01101co.. ~ia l cable wilh the o uter cab le. d eClrical1y wired together a l the t(IJI a nd botl onI, on the p rinci ple that th is t hen fo rms a t..1anud l(l().ohm _ tion .

    AM A T EU R R A DI O TECHNI QU E S

    IheD 10 101I4 the lran ,miller al any KJ-I freq ..croo:y pece 01 82 ferri te roo.! 10 mm 10 diameter is puo/led up inside !he coil: I Fie- 90. TIle rod CUI _ u pward. from Ihc b&Je a 4mance at I iIl... fU,l&;!cot to reMlNlC the aerial azmrbere in l be band I' to 2 M~. its posi tion beinl COlllrol.W f rom lho: Opr r:r.linl pomioft "" ll'ie3.M of _ Ienctb of ~ft Qhle_
    TM d>eI_
    01'

    R.....-I, T""'" MobUe Will,. Roy E1dridllC. 03RAE" ....., <kscribe4 his uperiell<U ill makirll _ n:moIely tuned ~-Ioaded ....tLip for f.ll Ml.'/ I mobile opcralioo . For _ time be w.cd ,, "C1tinne (tlpy" or" O l A FI)-PC whiP. bul lilYd of M.,m, 10 fl op an d ~t OUI 01 t he eat to n lcDd or lbonco the: ...t,,1' wbto dwIp1ll f~. lD tlx end !he follo .1nl lechn iQUl! was okwlored. The wlUp .. . - . c d in !he normal ~. to 2 I>k/s,

    j
    (. )

    (b)

    (,)

    MO<HI C A...,.,

    This .. an inlClnlin. Iype of 1 0ftJ_ire MOO ...hich .. C3 p;)hle of proyidin& 110'0 dille"," 1 1:Ii-dim:lionolJ Io~ and CUI be uoed to ac tue ve ft lhe r t wo- Of fovr-poilll eown lC. .. ithou t r lrytbl ro~tion or l he: use of an ~ui..:l,. IuIC an:a of rcal-csu lC. A lthough Ille ccbeloo is illl:lu dc:d in 1M ARRL A..,..""" 1I1PtdbJk , ~ IUSpect lhat th is fo rm of j"n,_win: ac rL\l, .. hi<;h k closely ui n 10 the fa. belle r LnOW'l\ _ be a m, Is vi rtu:rlly un lulown to m"'l f1ril ish anlateul"lI . One of t he n:bl,.....ly few dcl:illcd 4ncrip tiun, of appl, ine the Medel C I" amateur opuatiQo appeared In Rmlio OanWl ry, 1938) in an anie le by Nick S ",v roll, W2D FN . Why '" litis lIu ial won h dra~nll o u l from o bscurity l After all the .ain I, . II, ltd)' down on .. vee of e quiva lent lea ICDJfh. And. mure lmpon aolly. the Model C il cacnl lally 1I l inale. ban d aco.l. These are valid cri ticisml. bu t it must be ~lllC mbc-mJ t hai bolh !be vee and the rllornble a", not onI,. 100. but brood _ nd to prvvi<!c o n h.f. aD C'tlui~."'n l n umber of lobe . would fill up i!'C<11 dul of IPK'C. And flln hcrmorc , ahhoup o ripWIy described for h.f. the ", 0H1M no reason .. hy il ...... u.ld nOI be lIocd a.t v.h. f. ",he ", il cou ld befitt C<1 '~I)' Wl\vcnicntly in to qui te . mode", prdca. ror the Mode l C ecm.i~u. of jus! lWO lon l 1OltC acritls. ..mill ' .. _~ apa,t : Fl&. 91(10). On Inc.e wi ,"- the phase ... ~ rcd m web _ .....y as 10 nesull ill. h ,o VCI)' rroo 0CIIlCCd maJor lobes. 180" apan . ADd.. if the 1Ia1J3l'. is rC\'C l'Kd. the lWO Inbn S"!in. round oonyenit;nli,. : see FIf.. 9t(C'). Thr A RRL A.orrr-<l H~ l1IdX:atel t hai l his e lco:troaic beam \:an be dMc simply by c:banain& Ihc phuin . of the .....' N 10 the IWO wlrn. Three .... )'1 of ~~J lhe M rilr.l arc shown. In 19 ),1. W2 0FN ac llially a lon. IlDC or Ilk wires, by limpit: bu l inlt~ s,..lm'I IlSinI a arun~ ~ , lid a rope brou&hI inlO lhe ohM:t . He sh inN l he win: of o ne lea a1Dft1 "" t lllia: lhe diowIce : F.... 93. While. roulh!y. the IWO wi"" a n: about o-,Aapart. and lhe I Ll",,' b of t he onkr of o-UA, Ir"IDR euel I'\alIrn (for

    optimum lobes) depeDJ un lhe: aoaIe of nodi.ttioo from tbc Ioaa-witt=. aad lb..is. iIs turo. dl:pcDds on bow Ion.. 10krmr. o f ......... it:II&Ib. Itrc 1oIo.-wire is. Ta ble 2. denw4 ffOlII W2DFN"1 I! S lUticle. &f\ICI1yplea.1lirura, N witft othel H I~ ...wire u riah such .. I1le vee llftd rtlombic:. the power

    p m .IlKI widlll. of the lobes depe nd on lhe Ieolth of wire.

    ........ "
    ..dial.."

    TABU: 1 Modd C (F.dw ""'l Hrlal dlrtll

    anah'
    ('") .

    ....
    2

    S "adll'
    (D)

    Sialtil:"'
    (S)

    0746 " IA 0-67 x i A 36 08' x ~ 0-62 x ]A 29 j 03 x I ~ 0-31 x .\ 4.\ 2' 1-1 1 x .\ 0-" x i .\ L is 1l1l4/f (M~,) l (K _ 0-02$) \flfbcre K is nwnbc-, or waV'CIe~bs.. S .. sin -lain 2... 0 .. ~ _Isin 2... 'ro eceeen to feel, multtpb by 492/f ( Mc/.). TYJ*: l 2.\ 14 M ~ a Iyslem : L ,a U 6-2 ft. 0 is 2905 S ia21-5 ft .

    'IA 2

    ( Ll

    I'

    n.

    ,,.,,,..v ....r/4&
    1'01" lbose .,.jlh space avai lable. Ior>&-wire V t>eazn, N " mud> 10 comrnmd l hem a hhou.att these are often 0 " 1 IooUd in fa\lOl,l. of IbII! ~bic . TbII!n: ill one form. of V ~vcr. t N I .w .... 10 toe lillie no...n to amateun.

    Ilclerinf.

    ..... ...

    ..... ,..

    .ta,...-

    AERIAL TOP I C S
    altho udl a pro fessional system o f this type wa~ \I. Cd by " Cuve Radi o for ib , han: OJf thc Arctic Tft'k GC> mmWlicll.ti<lDS in 1963-69. 'This is t he , IOJping y with a ~ inglc acrial_ r>rort 1TllI.~1 (fo r the lIntbilious II ccnsldcrabk number of di rc<;twm a n: llO'>liblc by oc!C(:tion o f any two of a laTJl" nu mbe r OJf wires to OJnc ce ntral ma~t , as at Cove). Fig. 94 ind icalc~ Ihe basic anllni:!=mc:nt IIlthou l'h for dunenssons, ere . reference should he ma de: to a ny of the han dboob coverin([ sta ndord y beams (for e!Ulmple R<Hii" Conrm"",'r of"", H ondbot;>k). This particula r 1II11~1rM ti"n is taken from t he CCIR' 1 Hmtdbcok On hI/lh-j' rq" rnry di.lional anlm _ , publi~ hed
    M ASl - I<E:AD

    '"

    rr~,
    ,
    l . . ~ .....,I ...... 'fin.

    ------- :::------....._ 0 - -

    f l . " . GlTel'. 04 .......... of GlltO A <n.. . ..b. . ... d l..rliGft T l1y f ... I . _. , III. nit .. k<n. , l. d l""' G 1. 11 " 10 , 1-l it . h <n. , IlJo l -l lt ........ 114 l lt oII <n" ,IIS. 4- lit . k <n", 116 ,I-l lt 011.... ' Itl . It It .h.... ' 1I.I. 411t o k <n", f I t . _ . , Ill . 111t okm ., IU , 110 " k <n' , IU. , .. 011 ' 114, I It " " , ItS, 1-l ll <>10 m. , IU , l -I ll .k.... ; ",. I l it ....... 1 11.1, lit , ",. 1 '1t o k <n" 1110.1 JIt ........ , 1111 , t -71t . ''''," 111' 1. 0 -11l , IIIJ , 10K . k """ 1114, n it "'<n" 1111 .111 ..h l lll l . I OOK .. k<n

    fl-----rm----l -

    U IM"'CI rroM 900n to 600.0.

    L
    -~"

    ..............

    .~ .

    ........ ~ '$-

    'i "

    . . ...
    c

    .",

    <_ _

    Fl.""" G .._
    _ _i

    qu

    . I" ..a"'.

    1 ._

    ..h h _I"

    <n of

    v _
    low
    f

    t. ,..,. _
    a." eo... l .

    ....
    ..-

    of ""'_.. _

    h 6OOoohon . _

    ' - _" " - " "

    l.a

    , _

    ' 1. _ .

    "".11 .... N

    _~

    by ITU , whe re it is sta ted: ""Thl: olOf'inll-V amenna ha s received little attcntion in comparison wit h thai given h . tho rhom bic a n tCl1/\4 . A . a rece iving antenna, however, it hilS virtues which could comnlen d It in ma ny ,ilual;on." The system can be II'1Od fo r lnulsmiulna: p rovided tha t the termilllllina: Ini~ton a~ uf a p pro pr ia te ratin, . One wonders whether on ~.h.f. it would be poulb le to set u p a Cove Rad io syste m in a ~maII.pa~'C.

    12'1011 b ulbs and relay . Grcatcr precision w uld be obtaine d, if required, by using 16 instea d " f ellhl reed switcbes an d ::l. larger d ~,mcter moun1inl c ylinder. The system has been in use for abt;lut nil'<: month, with no comPOl'<:nt failurc~. R" y Schofiel d. G3 y a. feels tba t the: use o f mulli. wire a blc. (9 <:orcs nt:ede-d for a n 8.rtt<! ~)"Stem o r 17 fur ::l. 16- n:cd arrangement ) milh t be a d r;s...-b-ack in .i tua tion., suc h as his own, whe.... the lIerial SystClll is located . Ome di~t&noe from t ile shack. Hc proposes tha t a ";mple IWOo(orc ca ble could Ix: uscd p rovided that the r<:f:d switches a rc a rranged 10 switch in d iffcren t value s Qf fiJU;d rcsi.lms m ounted on the roast . Th en, instea d of lamp ind icl tOU, a I mA o r similar meter could bt: ca libnl ted to allow the dlrecuon a n, le t o be read olf d irec tly. r ig.. 9 5 ou llines the itkll.. Therc il obvio usly like ly to to be a erose-over po int lit which one o r o ther of the IWO a nan/ICmcnts will prove thc mme econem ical -eo r it cou ld depend on wbal i~ ava ilab lc in t he ju nk bol o
    Slretched D lpol As long 110 as 1961 , " 0 11,1" Cllarma.n. G6CJ, e:o;plsil'<:d tb<: princip lcs a nd so m<: o f the poo.!>ible appi b lion. o f dipole wire acrials .. stretched" b y l he i"""n ion of C&p;ieucre at regular in tervall : he a lso showed how Ille ncccU>lry ca paci tors co uld be: fo rmed chcllply an d elT ively by usin, ect uverlapF,in l lena:ths of llO-ohm ftal-twin fre<lcr line for thc aerial e emenll . 1'Yt>icall y, by this mea ns II 14 Mel' d ipo le <;ould. be mlld e as [01\& At 100 ft. At fin t sight , it might seem thai such e~tt:nded :>crAb wo uld be more o f II h lndranee than a help 10 amatc uR , ma ny o f us having only restricted spa ce a vailab le fo r ac ria b : indee d littlc 1l!\C hu been made nr Ih" p rinci ple . Out Slll' t~hed dipoles and monopoles. as G6CJ made clear . hay" ccrta Ul ve ry attrac tive IUld unique l'rol'lCrt ics, an d tJcscrve milch lllOft' allcntion than they tlavc rco;:c:ivo:d_ It is interesting In not c Ilmt a ~ommcn;ial poin t-topainl 101l p::riod ic amll' lui. apPea",d based on Ihis principle, a nd t hen: ha ve becn invC"tiplloll$ ma de: into the broodband pro perties of v.h.f a nd u.h.f. oena ls of this lypc. The principles are described in the o riginal r>aper (.. Loaded will' aerials," f'. J. H. Cl\annan. II:SGB Bulk lill. J uly, 1961). In pracuce, a typical 14 Mc/,aJ>PrO<\cb mitthl be to u.., th~ scc:tlOl1ll, eactl3Clelect rica l degreel, for eac h hl f o f the dip olc, with use capacitors al 5 1 6 In. in tcrvnls ; if '1. the ca padlOnl ea~h have lho effec t o f rcd ucinl: Ihe 30' [ength to 10' then it will take DiDO seettonl to reach thc C<l.uivalen t "r'Xl" (in Ihi. t;l.., tbe loadinl factor II is sai d 10 be equal 3). Tablc 3 sbc..... the C::lpacitanee s needed for loading faCIOf$ Ul' 10 4. One method o r collllnlction would be to in w n an huula tor at 5 n . 6 in. sPllcin.., (o r eq uivalent 30' spacings on ot her ban ds) a nd to bri<l~ each Insula tor with a tr.ulinliltinll tYPC stac ked mica foil caPllcito r (va rn ished fl:sin board

    s...m Olr ectl1>n '.dle.. lo. Ut i. , R-.I Switch., Man y alPlication~ fo r n:cd swi:bco ~"", in 10 bo: llevelopcd or the amalcu r sta tio n. One inlcll"\ina a p plica tio n come s from nex Morrison, G)"'GA : I h i~ i. fur II bo:lLII1 dim:lion ind icator . Hiystc m uses eilht ree d switdlQ aml0llC d in a <;ircle on two lur.lve. o f 11 4 in. diame ter Pt:~:o; cylintler, which is hecJ C<lncenlrica lJy around IUs 2 in. dia mc ter m... t. F.ach reed switch is ce eeected tc a bulb .Ill the sllack c nd (12 voll, 0\ am p 1 14m!") and thcs.c a n: arranged in a circle ind icat ina t he eight poln lll o f the compass. The: reed swnc hes are no rmal ly open, but II "",p i moWlled on the mast cl0SC5 cach r<:ay in turn lU the It1<l'II ro tates. so complet ing l he circu it and lit:htin. the approp riate bulb. P ositional adjusl> men t o f the ma lt'lC t (a round bar type, H l b y Q'5em. mo un ted in a plastit: pill tu be) in rela tio n to the reed , witt:he<. is ar ranged by sliding it hori zo ntal ly alon g a n ann mo un tc,J at righ t angl cs 10 Ihc mast, \I. iOB a Tc rry dip. . Move mc:nl o r the clip provides ~nical adju.'tmcnL A simple co-aJti.1cable an.ti_twiSI device con slstiOI o r . ~lay in !\eric!! with the b ulb in a ppropriate d irectio n, o p::n-c:iml ilJ t he lUpply to thc ro tator. So me scmbb lK:C o f aulo mati<: npe ralton ClIO be ltchicvcd by using the sa me fl:ilIy swilched to oth er co rnpeae poin ts b y rneani of a p1:Ilh -buUon (as in GJKGA', cas<:) or . millry switch. Thi, syste m is th us suitable fo r all method s o f ro ta t ion, requires no 11"'IlX1lank:al coupling 10 1M mas t, has no e.po!lt:d elec trica l cee tacts and is lQSOnably chcllt>-03K G A sugaclt1 lhat 1 sboOJld eove r t he c""t o f . u."lus 14 switches,

    ,0<

    AMATEU R RADIO TE CHNI QU E S

    c---,~ ---., c

    Aft+C

    ,r---

    B - .... .

    ' ;1 . n_ o.oa;I .., _ ft ~ etl .o f, o ", .... 0. ... b . .... Ift I I Th. U" ... r 011' " '" _ 1 h w tw. C<>RoIu ~ .. _ lft <<1_ ef 01 ,,, ..

    .vl

    . .01

    . ....... . ....... In . n.. ...... oIl h cow .... .. 1 . . , _ .. 1

    ,_ h. Th . 1o..... 011=

    .., _01' 0"'"

    OR In

    O l",.R.I.... . ....

    Io Tol>l. 4.

    would be ~ ~uiwbJc insu lato r in Ihis app lica tion). Tile c:llpl cilOr val un of Tab[~ J ~ "' no t cri tical linee e.~nliall1
    Ih is Is a

    e
    varni.J! Or hittunaslic painl. At the lcrmirllli elld both "'; rel

    leav e the correct o~rl~ppinl lengths. The a.pacita noo bet",,",," conduo:;tors o f a twin li ne Is IOO y' (K /3Zo) pI' per l;ent imclre. where K i ~ the dickcu-k conSUlnt . Tb.is is typie<lJ Jy about 16 pF pcr inch fo r an 8O-oh rn pol ytheoe flk r (e.s. Bl eC T3066 which hils 2() $.w.l. conductors). Cu ll ing shoul d be d r>llc C'ln:rully and 5)'5tenulieo.lIy sine.::

    flat tw in feclk r as the aerial win:. l:UlIinS ah ema.te ",; res to

    A me re elclI'<nt and

    ",i<I~-bDNI "rial. ~llcaper

    method

    i~

    to

    U>e

    an 8().obm

    A and C ~hould be cleaned and joillcd 10 th~ reeder. Th~ loade d dipok resembles a co-l inc.ar UT:Iy but il mueh
    simplel Md there are no feed inll lJr phLSinll eom plica.t ioni ; fu rthennore un!i k~ t he oo-lioear. the )03dco1 ... i"" while Iu<vinJ a s1ithtly broider beam . hu "0 sid~-l"brs. A d,pok with a st reIch raetor I IW O is roug hly CIIui\flllent 10 a full-wll.<: dipole but 1 ... Id\fllntl~s ; the: centre: ;m. 1/ ped ance is abou t 200 o hm s end it o;an be fed dire:etly "';Ih I ~hm twin feeder . II will not work 0 0 lower blinds , but will radiale w~ll at hiJhc r f",quenc~s, .. It ten,h 10 become a simp k IOllgwire ae rial as the se rie s ClIJ"Il!':ita ncc J become Ie ", effective at higher freque ncies. F ur II 14 Me!. dipole . the I.W. r. will be abou t 3 : t at 21 Mel.. IUld S : 1 :\I 30 Melt where: mu ltilo be 1 Ilg_wlre: patternl appear. 0 A lhree li me. <Ii""le has hillhc r imrc< lance (400 ohms) all .... inll the U!IC uf eit bcr ope n-wire or 3OO-ohrn ribbo n. Wil h 400-ohm line l he I.w ,r. lit 28 Mc/' would be ollly abou t 2-S : I. Vert ical mono p" le aeri. ls ~n ll stretched wiJ1:s V~ al. o 1 very atl rnCli...... alth ough requi ring high supports. A stretched I..'a vo:: oould be w.ed with " aroun d-plane: and shou ld then , ;ve good low_angle radi" lioD and goO<! dkcrimination agai nst incoming high-Ingle inlerference. A Sl"' lct!ed. by_two aerial ro r 14 Me!, woul d need a 33 ft. mast or sUJJpllfl. An impo rtant poi nt J~ tha t the ineR ",e in rod!a/ian reJi~lal'l<;t mean s tha t t hil aerial ca n be: used quite effecti vely wilh onl y II moderat~ ea rth co nnc<:lion. The impe dance ",f a double i -wove is about 100 ohms (llO-ohm co-a x can be med). A un iq ue fea lure o r a l<>llded wire lIipok is that il i. not affce led by a plain wi", hlid pa rall el t il it: no COUp linll cffeeli mould be noliced unultbe two are: sc eloK that the eq ulvalent ae rial capaci lance. are alfeete<1 . 1" is meam tha t. for
    D l rn.n . l o ~ . I R

    II. inl lc "Ton, CUI could ruin a Jong: lC nlll1l of feeder.

    Fig. % mows one way of doing thi. , IIsms a markin ll board . T1le ba.. ic le ngt h " f each >eel'o n 1 N12. unllh. $ marked C an: the a.pac ilancc (werb .po; since the NI2 i. not

    all ,,"dcd . th ere;'; . " dea d" wire secnon which is nOI"-,,,d, but simply len in t h~ reede r i r.ol~le d by the ro ts. Th e Cul~ a", made .... ith II '''''I'J' kll if~ laking "a re t o el<pO:Ke o nly one wire each time . The cuts C;Ul be a bout I-in. I"ng ; th~ cxPO'led wire: is cut an d roldcd back as shown 10 hnld tens ion . ad"", a1 ui ng. the p"ints should be marked no 1I>~ cable and lJ1<,n chec ked. A murkin ~ OOa ro i.I ruled wilh lioes 1.2 aDd 3 spa ced w;con.l,nlllu Table 4 and prov ided wilh a 110 I each end SO lhal ilit ca ble can d ro p down and be he ld 1I lin. G6CJ p" ints o ut that it will help If the a ble Is reeled bet..... ~ n I W l> C&ble bobbin, . T he . Iart or t he cable i< place<l o n line 1 and po inlS 2 and 3 are m3rked o n the f ar side. by sma ll nick., or by blobs of ! q uick .. lying ce llul""" paint . T he cab le: .. no w mo ved to the kft. until mark 3 fall. no line I . arter which poi nts 2 an d 3 arc: mar ked (In lhe ,,~,.. side or the cahle. and 10 on with thi. alte rnat ion of fur un d nca r si<k. along t he enure lenSlh of the a ble. Whe n the cu lli llll ii co mpleled, cxposoed wire en d. sho uld be prorected all"in' t damp by a heavy coa l of tac ky
    14 "' I Oi

    I, , I, I
    f

    ."
    ,,, - ," " " " a..

    "

    1_..... Left... ....

    1. It

    ..

    D .......

    .. . . .. ..---.._ft.
    T ....U ! J

    I' ' I

    " m "

    ,SO o",".

    - ... _- .. .
    I

    _u_ ... ". ".


    I RliU'

    -Q . ln
    n ~1

    TA. l l! I ..<h.. f or <util . , IlOo h (0,011 I... ) <.....11.0.. N ~ . ot

    Ow;. .. ltll l O' .W.I . C _ l.,in

    .~.

    7 "' <I.

    I t M",
    4f It.

    H ,"

    10 .......

    , H.I

    ),J1l _

    tn
    e
    81

    ft .

    U~

    If ..

    too ' ''''RIO (: . "" 100> I lt h 1 10.-11 1'1 </. .. . . . _10;.01.... lu.. " '

    rtl

    ,...U "' <fa. "" II.

    I.h

    .. ..,, .-

    ~~

    c I

    c
    U

    ".. ,

    ro 7.

    " I"
    n
    U

    1l
    "

    " " Hi

    AERIAL

    TO~ICS

    '"

    ,.

    in the RSGB lJullrtitl,u Ion. llilO as Dcmber. 19$$. 1llrn G6CJ , in /l 1ltIn'e)' of balun lech niq Ufll,wmte : .. II i5 O<J;;Uiun;tlly requiredtu OOIlllOCl from an Utlbal:u:loed IlCrill l into II baJ;anced line . The " l ulll baI ...n leehn.ique caD be lDCId. but it i5 ~ly ....Iher Iriclly 10 make aU the ~II Iteq> 10 lh eir ccrrece palh.~ when both cndI o f the ca ble are open. Fil- 98 iII'IoW$/ljood mclhod . A n ~ ntXInnecled to one ....,., of IItwo-.. i~ in". TIle unha,l J.lub ....lemion..:lS as II tuned cenlR- I:lppod t fJ\l\Sfo rn><:r, 10 t hat the total impedanal:lCl"OU the line is fOl.lr t imf:s tho;: IoCriaJ.car1h impalanoe . "Jb,e aerial IMy be mo.-e4 &lonI aDd - . d J.lub ad""" in lhe .....ual "'lly if ,a tios OIM tllall 4 : I an needed. The u.rth may nol be ~ bUI iC is preferab le. I' naI eart h it nOl readily a.-aila ble. an . rtilil:ill anh eM be pt'OVidad in l.he fonn of /I quuter.. ."" .... ire as shown : a11"ffilli""ly cround plane of a.... or ~ I lII;h win::!llnIy be u..ed, Simple tXlf>ncction o f the Ie'riaI 10 OM l ide 0( die line ..ill not . <;>It - it is nccessa.ry to add the ' tnnsfonnet" wiodiJII' in the form 01 the stub 10 ' Id l the line it Os bIIanccd . l 7lW U _ IWJI4NI wil ' TN old Z , " OHIoI W4I ... -e-,.,..,abr ;. i' llwltmlDw. On t he o lhu IIand. two Iaiab." one dther Ydc II><! /I ha.Jf-_~-eIen&Ih Iazy H lI yle. would not - t the Idd it ion o f a transformer. ..

    .pan.

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    . ... fl. T_ _ _ .. n.o. _ ... _10 _ _

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    or

    10& loaded a etal taD be hunt only about a foot below a 7 Mc~ .. l~ dipole. w.in& lhe un:.e IUpponS and fcede r. L.oade<l w~~ (:;In .bo be vo.e4 &J t ile balls o f an end .fi~ tennina tod ft fU l ..... ich lhefl M. otl ly O1Ie!NUI lobe ntd iatio n ill't,," d l h" d ao..iul multil obe . The f;or ,,00 is termina t" d by .....i... bIe ~i<lanc:e and I_ve a rt ilieial earth wire . il lS a1~ ",rec lM in t he _ con f'i" r;ot>o\l. A llo l"Ihcr, . n inll:l'alinl: lcdtniq..., thlIt ell dew:rve<o furt he r Inve"lill'llK>n, Ih.ody . nd U 1I:by .mot" .

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    From Richard Whit", O lSRO. rerniodcr that an a ll-band UTial that does not I'eQW~ ATU ( Icast r...., n'lIIc:h inll f"J~), ) ti c.n live It I2lw a.<;tolily low I.W .f. across al l the h .f. ... nd.... Os the tenni.....lf!d lo nt ....ire. 110 IIIeI o ne a bouT400 (I. Ion,.nd 40 1\. h il;h : lee F it . 10 1. A tlhe fit
    eod lhis is Irnnina u:d wi th a nu n.; ntIl1C1i.e hith-....n.ll" m-ohm resillor canhcd t o ." It 1\. a lum inium stUe via verlit::II d owr>-J,e;"d . Th" tT& mill<:r fetXb !he a1ial via nJ remte loroi,jaJ I tep-UP Ir.m lfo rn><:' U,in, /I toroid of UD k.nown Mpn a bou t I i in. diame t" r. Tbe Ir. nlmitler feed IOCS 10 1I. th.... tum windin lt &li The aerial to _ d tlU'M bililiaT wou nd &li d spIKed. Tltil p Ya . WOn( I.W.r. o n any band 13-S-28 Mc/~) u r o n ly a bout I-S to I. 1.lI praclkl: the xrial Nt! Ihc lWO ma in lobel 10 be ellpected rrom tile thoor}' o f oon-l'CSOtll\lll lIC:ri.I showi n, u p _ II on 14 Me/I and al>oye. ny d ir ll nl lhe aerial towiU"th cent ..1 Ame rica . G3SRO gelS good tXlYCnI(lt: of North . nd So... th America .

    r..._ l o nl'_wlN

    c<>ones . .n

    tdpodt.Iw"y-loo<lM '1.. lt a" o l. In h i\ ori p n. J art ick, GliCJ wro te : .. The c.o.p;tdl ' vdy1 loadet.I",ire ca n ...1.0 be....ed . 1 llrl e nd.JIre ler mina ted Krill, but a. wc;h is \'C!1')' dill"= t from II hlnll pla in wire whidt hal a m...lti-Jube pattern. With the I" llded ...."'I lberr is one lIIllin k>be of l'lklia li"n fcnn i.,.l t Ihe wi",,) a t a n anllt: dependilll on the I~ fllClo r " (dClll"OC o f , tn:lmina). 'the &lin ic\ proport ion al to lent h but t he beam anaIc is c..n<t.iln t. TIle fa r e nd o f the nerlel is I"rmi nated by l ullllblc: rcs ;,l ancc (F ig , 97 ) oon noclcd between l he "n d of the ae rilll lind II Quarler -waY(: l\rtif\cinl ca,rt h wire:. The . ingle-wire "" ...ion i. the t>a.i, o f th" o ld E MI l ilred ....ire televisio n ""ri" l, but need. II.n impcdllm:e trlUlsrormer and a oouJlll linc . T h" vee "" rial COln he fe<J wilh II hilIanced line o r Im pe dance 2 R. T he gain fig"..,. ' '''_n are ha.~ic. 1><0, h iIJ tw:r errecuve s a lns :Ire: obtaine d 0 "'" I" nl <I" la """". ..

    "be,..

    8o:t/ \lftl III II .... ' .. (b lC tit . Z.pp?j Although Ihe Zq'tp in ilo . in,p lootl form i~ ~lilJ re.aIUTcd In ~ Imml " """" hlUl<Ibt><.It. .. ,,,,I. " r .." rllinll w"re pobli!h<:d

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    high ' VQltllgc t~ 'The: two s witches . lIou ld be hMY}' dUly 1YJ'C'I l uila blc fo r swiu:hi.n& thl: \ow.im pcdanec r.f. CUrrCll!S of tbe in pu t an d output sockets. ~ unit was reprinle<l in

    rlo' ~tF ig. 101 sbows how II useful combin.u ion of wlllmOOiyu!lOd aerial matchin, networks can be put to gether 10 form a nc...;ble aerial t .....ina/lMtchin,l unit. Switdl 5 1 se1ect& Ihc type of llCtwork , while a nother beavy..<Jul)' 5wikh PfO&l'axivel)' sh ort-circui l5 lhe main inductor 10 provid e openlioa on any h.f. blnd. C l and C2 are I ~ pF variable ca pa citon,

    Ru''''...

    T1utic.JI Topkl Item Ibe Swedish joumlIl QTC (N T 9/10, 1971ll b!!' lias also appeared in 'nit! RJJdio Han_ .
    Red"lKlnl GrO<U>d Lew.. wilh V~l'tle .."

    A"""I."" ,

    lhe ansWCl" lT1.3y be .. yes " . The trick consists of lI.~ing n umbc:r of d riven vertiCltls 10 fann lUI AIRY.

    Is the re any p~icaI way in whicll lhe ground lossesof vertic:als can be m1ucod olher than by ~tensjve rad ials and favounlblo:: site:t? Wol1l: at Fort M onmouth suggest. thai
    This approach is described by C, M . CkSan lis, D. V.

    ~t.~':..

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    ,. , I ..,

    M" lfI-O<I,,4 Loop

    ,4." .. ,.

    The Iar~ ~ loop " ae ria l is well known lIS 1Ix: basil o f t he "C quad-a nd earlier in Ihis section ill use in t he triaoguLu loo p and the " 02PL Spi3I" has been noted. S. M. de Wet, ZS6A KA mad e a sc ria of <,spr:r;ments 10 invcsli p lc the Wile loop confiuration. noting tha t an aeria l o ne....avelenJth in circ umference: ",ill provide _ low lmjll:dance: feed-poi " l not only al l bu t a l all harmon ics of I. n... horirontal loo p te nd'! to provide all -Io und ndlatlon , mus tly upw:ll"da (01 u-e lo we r frequencic:5. but b reaki n g u p In to _ series Qf k>bes a l h igher freq uencies. Fi, . 91 """"" so me Qf the o;onfi,unl iol.. tried by ZS 6AKA. The measur1 1111: ;ns lru mellt! were crude bul t he I.. loap test .., 1-\1 11 t hllwed a ll in p ul lmpeda.nce of _001'( 100 o h.m! a l 3S Mell ill\:r<:<lSlllg to a bo ut 200 o h.ms a t 2ll Me/I, lho ugh lh e 2ll Mels p ro ved dillieul t tn measure. Some other I,tCnernl obj.Cf"Oa tion l : (I) lhe loop tun ed m uch IlJ(ll e broa d ly lhan II di po le: (2) 1M v<:>lt.:l.lt" ..Ion g l ho loop ....ere m uch IQ....er than II dipole ; OJ a llhough Ihe lwrizonlal loal-" requires a mi nimum of three llUpports, Ihe ext ra su pI-"ott(~l c;u'\ oflen he fou nd in p ractice:; (4) whe n Ihe in put it ba lanced . th" r" n hcn:s l midpo inl may be canhed ; (S) whe n me loop i. r",h ioned In . ho mbi<: , ha pc il ha:<;>rnct In pra clice a rhu mb ie d,ro;tiooo l aeria l at the highe r frequ encies, bUI wiL h lo w in put Imoedance ; (6) if Ihe sh ape Of lhe loop is cbanl:"d from ci rcular to ~"are, lrian gle, toc la ngla nnd the like, Ihe r"dial io n rcsii lluloe Jeer"..""" ." II\<; enc losed area decreucs----Ihl . means Ih a l II "",y often be foun d which"'" a n input Im ped an ce of al m.... t p locisely SO oh ms ; (1) l hocn: a rc ma ny shape s a nd m""nl in, ronli eur.l tlnn. wh ich n:ma in 10 be CJlplore<l. Silllple ~ cri. 1s ca n o rlen pr ove surprisingl y usd'u l - e vt n in Iht$(: d ays when toa ma n y amateurs as 'OCia le DX op=!tion "n ly with rot M)l />ca.... aerials.

    Camp bell and F Schweri ng in l 1::E TraM Off A",~ 011I1 PropagallNr, Vol. AP-2I , No.6, Nove,,,be., 191), pp. 1(i9.. 13. nus I Ugpila lhal ground Ios. of h.f. aeri als near sr oood w are red uced if li ngle aeria.b are replaucd by amlYs Qf, for example, two to fo ur ek:mell." Ip&<:ed by over 01 Al pan. In l he lo wer h.f, range (e .,. :H Mc{s) it is claimed th at ee :ldtievab le improvement cloSotly a pproaches the lheoretical Iimil. TI:uot i. to say the use of " verticals would reduce ,,-ound loases by the factor 'In lUId traIl5mission eJTICiellC)' would he rai~ b y "t. Thi s mcllOlI lhal by U$ina twe whips o ne sho uld achieve ... 3dB ;ain, an d with four ",,"ical s 6dB. Th.ls g:a.in, II should be no ted , is nOI the mul l of poMibJe dlrtrllorrnl pin that CllIl be achieved with multiple demenl. but Is d ue t o the red uction olgro"nd IOMCS, The a"thQn roeal l ttw lhe w;c: of at:riallltrays 10 reduce ,,"oun d losses was Ill~ted a\ 1on1l "110 as 1920 a n d thai

    cr

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    II:=. Ilk Icdlniq,uo: II.u eesee been IP>"m Ihc ..._ Illcnlion a.
    IK USC of n lcnsi...:

    Ikil f~<lI'" is m:adc usc of ill ~ "",.]5; ncoenhc-

    The principle is W I l. ~tiloI .-t 0( carlh 1<>0_ oman in t he immediate ~ icinity oI l hc am,.]. W it h ~ amlY. Mru p"OWId ~ ue pt'<>flO<1M;)o;ol lO lhe clccUi tal Cf>Cf1Y

    IfOU'1'd .... dials.

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    in lhe Nl lh, ""pllrllli"n " f the nf fields mulls in " reducti.:>n of OIlIrth 1 .,.1oCI. While III tirot l illl1l II mighl ar~ lhal OnC II merc ly r.clwillinillhe nocd for a com r ie. eart h ' Yl lem for a more complu ...,rial arrllY lhc:rc must be lIIany l; iUnlIOl1' In , amotteu. o pcrllion where muhipl c vert ical, ore more praetical tha n ulcn.i vc u n h 'yslcms .

    dc n~I ly

    191. , but....u.b I d. fcrau feed ,~em aDd sboo>o ll eithe. by u it,.;ll (If wilh Idlhtioaal drivm clemenu to f(lCm ~ crrec ti"C ) ., Mel' d ll acnal . IU BC IlUkd"""" this ;arn"cenoc:nt wbtlt _ lCll:lion 01 his Bobt . il had broken .....y .. Il\\&IIy .rrOCtl~m im pcd .."""" , nd . he remainin, n, tlla reed pan .... shU pYin, ~u1u.. Octlin, ;n in Ih;, ....If-""lu.u c - coo tiJluraloon., K1BC then wenl further " nd added one la nd l hcn Iwo l additional driven dctno<nll spaced aoo"l O U ),: ....., f i&.. 104(b). Hc rwool Ihil P VC co....lllcml y bene r n:sulll lhan lhe ori p n.llkJbt. li. Thil wo uld Ift: m 10 cooJirm. \be IUUCS tiOD by Fo" Mon mouth INaI Ifou nd 1_ of 'teftit;tJly poIarUC'd ,,"iak .;an be nxllK'Od by .... i'" ad d itional dcmenll . II wOtJ ld abo be inle rnlin , .e d ilicvw r lhe ~la.ive proporlions of i:"ical and l>orUunl:ll pulari.<al iut'l: in tbe Bob I...1 lhe ltorizom al rad i:tlion u part ially c;l.llCCl lod Oul (:II Ictit on lOme dirt;o lls). 011 the o lher hand Ihn'c seeml lO bell 1 0110 .... lil y fo r ha.~i ll' d ual \'lOlarizcd ,.; ~ . Ir..

    "hou.

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    some pertinenl rema rlul aoo ul low-freq uency OX I crlal' appear in 11 _ /lDJitI (J une, 1')72) in a Icu c r from Har ry H)'du, WlI V. He poinb OUI lhal wh.ilc (wllh ,00II R rlh ' )'SIemS) -.cnically polartm aeriab usu.ally ."du le more "I lower. an&lel lhan the bolizooully pobri.led aerials lha l I re praclOC.IIblc II ~ freq uencies. l he oenlcally polio rid ...",h ma y raull In up 1 10.16 moo- rnan-mada none . 0 s..:... 0( IILiI borizonUlly pobtUed -"01. may be " bctlCT <:hoicc: for ~'pllcrf. Anocbct rea-. for tbr 1M 0( wpanl. acriUo II the pow.ibililY 0( adlin;n, pod dim:li..;ty 001 l'Q;pIion. h it m:q>ticwt. tb is is en tire+)' po.oo.i~ the form 0( the t..dit~l loop or ftame aerial, or ib mOfC mocknI cq uiVlllcn1 ltoe ferrite rod. A COIIl. ibu iOf to W....Id RMiD ChJI, dclcrilxd lhe recep.lIOn of medl...... "a~ ~ sutiom in the h I [an and hc:i6c areas, in It. Wat Cout of the United SUlrs and in SOuItt ~ with .he aKI of a frame _ ial eoDSist in, of alloul _ I..... (If _ iR OR a frame witb 40 in. sidcIa. 'IIned by I $00 pF ~Ior and Witb a sinpe Illm couplina coOl co'ltWC1ed t o t he dipole IOChls of hit rccci...er. tlt is allows Itim 10 nlill 0IlI imcderenoe from Europun I.I.Il;ons while digin,lor the DX . Simi4rly aood rcsul...ha~ bcm ach~ 011 I' Me/. tea'pC ion, I.hhou&h of COImC such acriak .rc unMtila blc for O X t.ruumiuion.
    TM H~

    l hc u.:>uble<Q;U;,d ..,..;.;,,1 n 1101 new ooncCP1. bo.ol il is lill ie looWII. lUIda rem inder I\;u. t-n pu bli.V>cd in 1) . agg: w " (M:ly, 1913 ) b y J u lt'l So.;hul t/. W2I; EY . I n Ih is SVloIcm . in clTcel. lhe 300 ohm ri bbon of F ill. 1 ( p;:o ge ~6~) is replaced by loCnp M u l' cou",1cable, and lhe ...:k'ClIy factor bt:t;tnron l>66

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    An aerial on.ina1 dcser ibcd by PAOZN II Iona aBO II lr J9J.4 conliltod of " t A lop KCIioo and IWO ba nplll-down f Avertical lo'lCt lo M, an arra nllCffiClU with close llltinily 10 lbe Bobtall UTa)' wilh ltI, b-volt.ate poiDU . , lbe ~Iom o(!be IW vert ic:al lCICl iorw. ThiI panjc:uIar desi&n was vollap fod O fod " I lhe middle ol lhc lop IeCIiOIl by means of the ralber dubious lIlIM;laDocd Zepp f-w ~I . ThIs lame conlIJIltau o _ called I " hal f Iquate w _ lUmI up in an anicle by Ben VCltIer, K1BC l a ST. MQrdo,

    .
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    ot eadI ClOoUialline lCC'lion in lhe rad ...IOC' is ronneckd 10 tbe inner condUC1<K only a' lhe outCl' ends: lhe lhiekl ot
    stUdd

    lh.J.1 the inncT and OIJur wndUClon ~ 1'0 klnaer the same, and this alfotUlhc feed ~ . II ildiotmed by W: :t:.Y U that Ihil foml of romtnICIioa pruvida. p>Dd mato:h 10 " S2 ohrnI rouW feeder ~d r....,her ,,,-, bec..woc oftbc J!l,lb lICI:ioll of the lftl~ ofcnu.ial in the &cI'ial. dement there .. roo ~t foe the uoe of a hal.. n. In nther IJI'Onh ooe fmilhc::s lIP with a dipok aerial tlwl mains the ac:Ivanlqes of fnldc<l dipole but S<>itablc foc ',lI with lUial fClC'dc:r. Tbe C

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    1M. Tbm: .. &Iso the d ifJerenc:e

    miJo:lJy, an: ll\aIl obviu..... hoc opace ...... no ~I Rfaaocc and spoi.... I.... loop.around 001 n.. uil should ...ke no d d'feruooe! The tndAJ imponan;:c ol lhD bcr:or.- rnon: obvious ...hero _ &ppftICiala lhal. H . 106 (6, . ill dl'ca a 14 M~ ', quad fed ..-1lh 2 1 Me ." ~-UId if _ ... 10 UK il: 011 _ 2lI 104<:" one MCllb oal)' II. uap &I Ihc t op ~ 10 t um ill into II. bl-tquate array {I<:rmcd t he x.q amly by W6SAI}. bave aU lbe inlrcdimg for a uiband quad but ....nh /lfcrt'GU'J,... on lbc tuper froqucoeies and .jllMMll. flJlfdI ~'I ""' eor\IIauralion 10 wppon Ihn:e ind~
    M

    "="

    Ad! cou.ial Ii"" t<>:tinn h flO'I <Xln .rlte4 10 the inn <XJ<loo dUCl.or &1 the emlre (>( IhI: 1oCrial. The ndlollor Kdions QII lh ..... r.uily be f<>rmcd from cilhn". if reqWral . by IWO piccft.
    M uIti-k"'"

    Un:Ik Pfa,:1I! of QDUiIIl or,

    T1Mn....,.-

    an4 Q-" Ju. iU 132 ft . IO" R-wi", ill .U On Ue Oft . 1 hJ. 1 bind . from ) ., 10 :z:s Me.'. Witllout any q>eci.&l lo.dina. ... can loops be U$Cd on ~ th'lll OllIe IN.lld ""'t'-rt a1~lion. A 1'ic:mQ:r in IIW tidd "'u 1.m MOl on , 06XN, ",ho "'lites : You may remem ber 1M p . levy qu.oad ' and my su," IUlion Lb.lt il dloul<J he l umc:d l he: otl.c. _y up in orck, 10 inc,UK dI'ti'e heilhl . , I l\;ave u ne-. r1hcd an odd VIII ;al; o n on the same lheflll: and . red the ......... in"Ol~ an: impo n a nl. 1lw:l L~r juS! I ~ or""rc, bul lrNaine buildin, one ""rlh I ~ in: in l he: loop : ri , . 106 (.,l. Now 1IOCOl'd1n, 10 W6SA I', boo.. (eMIIOc"f '1.-1 " " I'NIIf., k .d io rublica lio m Inc . 200 . cd n., p . IO-S) l hll amon,o;mrol hIIlI even mon: pin Itwl lhulando.rd q ..w ; f..r I\'&SQ DI lhal ...11I a ppear, 1 ful l)' . pao. Hut 1 rom.idoT I ~t lhe .llfl\l nlenlllpp liN 10 lhe I...t\'y q uad arPIies eq.... Uy,-lu' ninl the ups ide down ' 10 ""I a vo llage rnu ;m um po inl a l Ihe boIlom 1n<. C<L_ l he hel,hl of lhe T <:UrTm l loops a nd hence l he d l'I i"e hd ,hl o f l he :leria l Fl, . JOfi (b) aha.... the <:urTCnl d " lri hulion . " lIo~" W6,i A I ""~ Itlat ttlk Is no Ilood ~nd l lla t the ' insula lor m Ull I " Ilt tN lOP. So if .... e foll o w tlilI ad"joe we ,"ould be 'It ... .. wit h H I , 106 C ) for rcawnl whil:h. to p u t it p

    l_,.. .... auw

    - This brinp me 10.ll ralher ud ~tory. , ha ve buill W>'CQ/ beams a lOft, 0 - Ii..... irdudinc a 1 ~ ,'2 1 Me.', vcnion .. COPSlanl uoe IIina: 19 H . On 21 M<:;1I lho: fronl' -k ratio a aood and il .... tl":'"'or"'ll rnonl o:onVCDIionaJ aerials : on I.
    M <:/, il
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    is.

    at rm,tll be

    "'"

    'OOfI '

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    /. ,

    ,',
    -'

    ,.j
    ,
    of

    ,,

    1M.",j ' ll _ _ eI ~ ",_r l l. ) e:- ~"'r l_ I l A a I _ ( c _ _ "' I ~ ...._ oh . .. n "' . .." . "'.--.... I""... . " ~, _ 1.

    le.,

    I 6m mnItioocd l he Idea i.cl Wlrrku WewId ( M~ and in more d Cfl d Ind cove:rin'.ll 10I 01 QOalions ill CQ(Novembe1'. I962 J - Mulli ba nd opmItion "'Quires resonanl feeders ... hidl a n: perb;ll'i.ll nulsarv:c for tolU)' be;t.m$, btll QOt tOOmum of 1 problem if 1M bt::Im is made nwtniblc 10 that I'OIllt ion ca n be rntricled 10 So1y 12(7'" 0 ' UO '. - This brinll me 10 another major ad.'llf'U1C o r quad loops ro, m ull iband opct"a lion. 'The loop &fT'..".erncn1 ........n In Fi, . 107 il W ult&rleOll-.ly ~t (or ","""y .., ) on all m band~ rrom 7 10 2ll Me. ... lhou,tl onl}' !uitaNc In a belm l demo:nl on 14 11.nd 1 1 M<:/1 Ew:n w . 1 h. "" 1nX'ted l ho: o n 28 Me l, wi th O~ WUtll u. b., and Allm al ia 0<1 7 Me ,' . u.b. thoullh Ih;' t ime w ith histv:r po'Io'CT. .. Yel a no t her importa.nt prOf'(:1'ty o f q uads has now app~ntly di53ppcan:d fr om the slandard Iitftllturc . Ear!)I de:lcripliotlll of the q uod atria l usually nwntiooed that ec... !i der.l.bly leu ga in n:sulted froO\ tu nin , the p 'ltUt ie deme"l M a "ired or rDthrr l han u a reflecl o r. But mlny book. n," ~\1ggc:st th at ei ttle r for m ca n be used . Fr o m m y o wn c~pericn<:li I fDil to see how a nyo ne ~-an lUM up a q uad wil hout no tie in; ttle la rge lIOCfGl'" in Front-to-bec k r"tio whe n the p ara. ilie ele ment fOfmS \I di rector C ln.. u f CUll...e the nnlO of a d. un j ustmenl lIoe~ nut a llow th i. po.. lbilh yl. Thi. e~perlenc:c h rMlIily explained Iheo rcl K;ltlly by the n:l al i""l y wide Ip ac;lnl between th e tot' o f t he rlldllltor a nd the eenom of the: r~ nector, or vlc versa. i nlrodllcin ~ II nclllitl"" reactance t ~rm e intn the mutual impedance: . By q uit e ! imr 1e llll\ebr ll. "nil can , h ow that thi, incre a""" the o;u rrenl in a rctIlnr llnd eecru."", it in a ,l iroct nr . Working Ollt 1I few ~~lI.mpl~, I lind the calcu lated dept h o f nu lls In ll1e Melt d ir1 i" n is OOIM 2O-3OdR for rerector operatio n bt ll only ~ I Od D fo r dirtOl' OJ"'ra t io n . " I suspec t tha t much money a nd efrorl il be;" . wo' lC'd in

    rcn~ &I

    n Jl'C'CtCd. a

    (lPllVCDIIol\al quad 1106

    sudl.

    us."

    A ERIA L TOPIC S

    ".
    /

    , ,.
    _ _ ............

    ,, ,, ,, ,, , ,, ,,r ,, ,, ~~ \ ,, ~ , \

    ,,

    _"_01_..I,_-.. ------..
    ''a1M.

    "'"

    e--._ _

    " " .
    1.1

    0-

    .
    "
    211

    \ ,,
    \\

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    ,
    \,

    ...

    TlM_"",-

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    , ~0- " ~ < s t ,


    311

    : v~l
    2 /

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    ~ ,

    , I

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    I ,, ,,
    ,/
    I t)

    '.
    " I

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    ) 'S Mels

    ,' ,~

    :'" ,
    0-

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    / f , ( ,, )

    I~

    "

    ---/
    HI

    # 1

    the construction of ' mo nster ' quads wilh one Of mort' direclon. " It iOIems wenu underlining one o r two o f the poims made by 0 6X N, part icW~rly IIl1: polc:n tilll U>e o f the 1- Z8 Me lt " I,)I,!, phis stllb" I\mln gcment 001 on ly 1l.~ part of a " dri vm clc:mcnt pi ... ld\actor " arnnacmcnt bUI as a mlllliband aerial in iu o wn filtht. ily PlIt liP in - q uad" or C"Cn more w in .. Il'iAD lIlar loop " fonn. , G6XN's 196Z aniele: was !. IU illcotpOnll:d inlo "'",..l 1tDuN/1lP ed lled by Tom Knc:itd. X2AES fee"...... P..bli.... '''' Corp.). We hu e atrled a f..nta d iapam fFi,. l Oll) provid in, ,,. usdull.Ulllll1lll}' of curren t dtltri bul>Dn In~ aD l Ioup'. Somo fol low-up IIOIcJ 0II 1he G6XN mulu.butd "xIplquad

    by open cirwillnll the loop IIl lhe hal fwa y point. 110 lurninlt i\ hue an 1n ~l1od L.cvy-.qwo,J c1cment.

    no. loCal arrlOl,UlI of win: ill the: loop ph.. P ub is ;approxi/DlI td y I<W fl., but 1.hc distribvlioD bo:!;_n "' lIb.nd "xIp call b.- v.riN (t hoou&tl dearly tbcre will be <lId... nl;aCC'! in b vin, loI" 6:'-10 n-.in!be ~): G6X N d id ,dcxribc . quad hued on IhlJ toehnlll.... h......' oaIy 12 ft . sida" .. m.UJII, IIIe(OlIsuuetion IOod dcallecs m:asUvc. A. K. M...... 0 "'6"'5. boas ~y u.-.l 140 R. loop (I ,c n lbll ....rc in the loop aIM! DO stub). He fed th is _ ith 12 otunI couiaI cable . He fo und this syslem pcrforn>c<1 r. ifly well from 1 10 2S Mc,'s . and g)oIld be ~ . lso on
    . .... "'. '" ... .,;""'''' e~ ....."t

    tedlniq'-""l.

    110_ 12011

    Apu ol 67f1

    :/
    1.'
    _
    .... M9. C

    ..n
    100_11011

    Ibl
    X Yol \ o gc "" ft . 1 ~U ...... ftt ""l.' ...

    .. _

    I _ ._ .. 11. _ _

    I _

    ,_

    , l Or! ." _

    ",.ft
    (O I

    t.) . _ . 1 ..-1 1

    ...._ ..IM C1 IY AI_ _ ..... . 1 ... _ . . . ,..

    . . . ..... ....,. .I'". --, Wll llloo _ .


    ~ I '

    ( 0'

    that the rcflc:aor should be the full elomcol 10 be tuned ; no ting thai il u 001 sutrlCiently accurate j\l$t 10 assume tha t th ., shou ld be 5 per oent lon,er tha D the driven e1cmen1 : .. We set D UllUll ing the rcllo:to r with . few YI;(}' simple bo tools. lfyou take a lead from the 5--metu of you r ru:eiver so that you can take the meter 10 the q uad, you caD tWle lhe rcllocto r on your ow n. 1bc 100 11 needed will be the utendcd 5--meIer. a long-shauk K rewdri ver and a so ldering iront bolt is ..n. y O\! also nood an exlemal sipW which must not be too stron,l.l this coul d be rni:slctldln. A I2ATI e/')'ltal o.ciU ator with the second ha lf u d oubler, 1riJ>ler Of q ua druple... 120 volta It \., abo ut 300 ft . from t he reflector provides all adequate siptal. T oo much aign.al may gi"" a fll1se indicatl<.>n. fo r eu.mplc: two d ip$. Wilh a rise above nonnal between them . Keep the silJMI about lOdB abo ve receiver coise, typically S7. .. N OVo' to tune the rcfIc<.:tor. T urn the back of th e QlJ,Id (rcflcetor) on to the inco min, sillNJ , erasp the bollom of tbe stub in your ha nd and with the [on , thank screwd river ~hort o ut the Mub at lhe to p. Now W lllC:hin. your 5-meter aUde tbe screwdrhu dowD the Siub m.. illl3.lll.iD, the shOl't-e:ircuit unill the s- roeee di ps : 50CC Fig. 112. Carefully cl1ccking the poin t for minimum siFW, I"'t a wire link aCl'O:l3 the poi nt, chock ir a, aill to mak e sure you have the eud: point. alId MIlder if. D o the umc fo r lhe other ba nds , II', lIS Q SY as that ."

    ( b)

    Amon g mao )' intl;~l ing items wlUch Ihis ha s $hown up;' II delu loop whkh jiVC$ ptedominanlely ~nic3 1 poIariul i" n wilh much the loIImCl current dm ribu lion as the Kraus amwgmxnt. )'et with C UTTent feed which is w.ually mo re convenient roc atnJ.teun. T he G l Aqc arraogtfTOl'nt is OU( lined in Fl ... 110 <a) wi1Jl lhc dimensIOns givt'n fo r lj Me ,!s openll io n IOIl\eft: this ~uppo(1 ing Jrul.'lIS are SS--60 fl . Nab and the li p IIOme 6 f rom tile iMund : the lIerilo l has tin affinity to two . 1opill8 venicals in philSe. Hi s Own location is no l ~I y suita ble for low.ansJCl pr opa gat ion but orrzil. mo re favour abl y loca ted abo ve rn<>re co nd uctivo ea rth, blIS kad veal Suo::e'I' with the variant shown in !-'j,. 110 (b) .

    n.

    r-dltt r Q .. <l4 ,,"<I J...ooJ> lI.....Db

    Two varia tions on the theme of mat chillll coox.ial feeders 10 loop lind q uad clement. ha ve been no ted : Fig. II I (a' 100"''5 the .. X-nay del ta match " of N . J. SandberlCDo PAOXD. IU pu bli.hed in Jok etr"" ( Ap ril, 1972) a nd climinaln the need for lIw: serie:. capacilQt of IhQ gamma match system . The line is spllCtX1 about 5 em from the element w ire a nd point P is ~vcly 110 em, 160 cm and 220 em from tN: insulato r on 2ll, 21 and 14 Me/J. F o r 2S Me:, he: uses 60 0 hms l;Ouial, for tbe other bo.ml s 70 OIUnlL It is claimed that an " w,r . lIf virtu.:1lly I : I ca n be achi eved . H g, I I I (b ) &bows an a rra nge me nt "~ bC'd in IN: Belilian journa l CQIQSO (Mil Y, 1973) U-'; lIR the mo re OrthodoJ< pmma mat ch . lbe elemo:n t . id"" a rc gi\..::n as $.)2 m, ) $2 m and 272 m rcr 14. 2.1 and 211 Mels ~t i ~ ly . The k ngth of the gamm a 5ClCtio n (slla=! err 10 an) and the capaci tance is given as. I ':J,() m (200 pl'- , 1'10 m (l~ p!,,) and 090 m 1
    (100 p F).

    It w ill be no ted lhat thi, melhod ll'oSUmes t ha t maxim um rejectio n of the l ignal will co iDcide with the req uind ma.j. mUIIl forward p in-Ihll will DOl a.I"ll~ be tree, a nd if possible aJwt.ys adjw t fo r maximum forw ard p in. VK2SG giV\"l useful rule of thunlb for tuning q uad, when nea r the lll'0l.lIld. lie $.a~ allow 7~ kc/s for the fint 30 ft. rise llne! 2~ l<l:Js ror ~ 20 fl, above 11Us--l.e. I( luning fo r 14rUlO kefs opcnl iOllOll . tune fOf abou l 14.100 kef. if the ll m lll i< 10 be lifted 10 about 4O-~0 fl.
    R....",t. Tun/n. Q""'" Re~ An ina<:n.ious a ltcroauve pr O<2<.lu. e stems from an a rticle b;V Peter Lovelock . W6AJ Z, .. Rem ote q uad t uning " in M<lKamr~ (Novem ber. 1970). W6AJ Z poi nl$ OOI I""t tile adjus tme nt of a q uad ren ecrcis q uite critical if Or>l;m Um pertorm ce i . tn be ~ ; an he suis"s!s thaI a I in. adjustment h) II shortin g bar can .. ma ke the dilfercna: hct ween a dirc<; t;ollltl quad an d II bio dirtiol\Ul stacked dir>ok:." 11>e three \:>a._ic methods of tuning quad reflect" ,.. are shown in F ie. 114. His own remote tuning tech nique i, an adlll' llltion nl the arrangemenl of Fi, . 114 (II) and cunsi,,,. in effect, of ad din lJ. to the stub add ltlona1 ba lf-wllvclenilh

    to

    Tunlnt Quod R.[IK I..... In AmQ' ...... Radio (February, \9 7) S. E. Molen, VK2SG , writes o n " Tu ning the q uad _ t he eaw wa y." I 'eemflh a .i l e~

    A ERIAL TOPI C S

    )II

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    ....

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    lin.

    10 "onom" \

    L._._._._.~.J

    (OM . .. I

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    .
    V,rue,,/,

    M ulll -lHlnd

    Some yean 111:0, H a ns Ruden, VK2AOU, dcyclopc d a multi-band acrial lechn i'l "" llu.l had a aood dnlln common .... ith lhe mll ltiraortI. llOC tumnll cir~llils Iltal arc po puJllr tor

    A MAT E UR It A D I D

    TE C: H N IQUES

    the Ya1il;a1 clc mcol sla niDa Crom a n Inch ur Iwo v( the ecr U-' . I ~ .... .

    "'orl turn . .. MC"M''Y

    ",.. .. 11 alJilO'"

    toI_ "" ... ,u .....


    Mot2

    torn 10 C onn a p ounD INlto:hin. amopmcn t , Ian Poeson delcribel woodca t-:lc ' on f\lOIInlin, the wkaI ( lemmt an d the (ollr 1'>otUoo1al n d lals. al l nwdc from I in. o .d . d ..,.l l!lbi n bu l 01,," forms of coml ruct ioll oouId be wed, ur the w nial dmlclll fed apiN.t a \'el'Y sood

    """'.

    n,.-..Iloand w. _ t Loof' A An~' ' lC llt q~ lo<.Jp bucod on the multi'''~m raonanc:e Pl'ioctple fOif 14. 211nd 28 Me!. tw m n dnaibe;l by H. A. Kl non, PAOKTR.

    s..,

    i..
    U Mell . lllc clement d immsi ons ;lvm in H,_116 an: .bout
    the lonp t for t he: frcq..:1I(ics 1n\'01Yed. and that it would be pos.s.ibk for n thn lo..e r ethel",,,, 10 reduce lhc IlUtb l ndi.lloc and ud i.tb 10 about II n.: if ItUs it d one il Will be necas.ary to IC'l a bo ut fulditl, tbe DOOCIU.ry valun. of L ~d C. llw l-uu.e is n ohml couioal cable. """ ;1b lI.ted thai t ile .. bole SyUCDl can be set up to pt o-,i.le low" .w., . 011 a ll N mk. tl>ou&h no 1I1u.rn. .~ qootftl . An the gp.cilon ~ of the m iniature ~ariabJe I)TIC, each in !"tDltiyc p"'tM: """ "inn- Lim .N from Tlill be... ~nd ph.1lrmaoeutical p rod ucu. 1.1 it j ..... t _ i<iro.:k of in . Icollh of....m:. C) and C" are m oontcd rIMe to the end of

    the 'Il't>ok coaloIl'UCIion look quil e $implc : _ "'1&. III. CI~Iors muu be hip.volu.F Iypco. lip 10 10 t v. and lhe If'IP''SYSI. m _\a-pl'OOfed . ~ . W. t 0( thCl traps is. wpPO"'" fl om the <:aIlrII boald.
    ~

    11. U.net U Ire I II woun4 OCI tho

    &arne

    roemer. INk'"

    YS'AA/Wio>oMrrI

    ot""" 6.

    lbe foedlinc ; the lead rro m n should be tavy ",ur, 01 wire run dinlnly 10 lbe tap point $1 in. up the YCf1jQ ricfDIt . C:; re:'.IC"r care is .-dc'll .. illl ihe k I d from C04 10 tM up:! n . S in. up the ~Ie_nt_ lha mUSI be n ln ~ralld ", ilh

    l eJ

    ~/

    Many yean. a", I QST. Set>lC'lTlbet. 19291. L Windoont, WlI0 z., ok>IcribC'll lhe OIfiJinai ~wito4da' W>ndaon aaial. Thn ut ilizo;d l he fla t/NII wheo an aaial is U$"""Ilol. the impo::dancc a l ' 1lY poinl a1on, its Imrlb is a ""re rem.. b!la:-_-tudl ia. ptX'IJDe \0lrieI from utIdct )0 otm. 10 about SOOO ollml- Tbm: is tb ~ !IQmC taPJl'inl poiof II ",1tidt lhe ndi.J.tOlf ca n be tdoood to. tnMmiulon linewhdt CllItau lhe form of . Uncle ........ In the:x condiliom lhe _ire oo )ool\ll"" radia~ or ha., ~ mild.". ...Oft on it. but adS as a a>n......,Iic>nallra~ litIe. "T'be M IPIIIII Windom "'-as euentillly I 0!lI,!wt4 aerial aDd .."""tirra pr......:d prttIy critbl to adpl (usually by I"\KII1ioIc I IlIOO a lon, Ihe feeder to KII if tbc:re .-ere ~ S13l1di n, ..aues). scee :tfIerwuds., G 2S1 ~o-ed lhat bt omin. t he fOl;(\er earefu!ly so t/NIt tbe wlook 'Y'lCm provided n:soo.a.ncc on a Io'Ner freq lllnC)' hit>d , iI _ s r'OSSibk 10 11K a Windom Qui le eil"tc:tnody on . N.Y. 7 and 14 Me !s . TlICn Jim M aci ntosh. VSIAA I....... G Ml IAA). in - Some Q. perimml.ill..-orl. wilh Is. T .\ If /fil l/nUt , N _ her . 19361. in, rooiUl:Cd an imp<>l'tanl . - iok;a - the - _ th int .. ..... ' - lluri nB l he aJutloC t>f uperi_nU with I 264 n . Wind om . il OCI;UnaltO t he writer tbal lhere rIIWI be a n ari th me1icl1l n:!alion ~'OI'fl l ~ SOlTIeWhlll mythQl l:' (\f'Iin, polms, a nd aft er 11 linle ju",i~ wilh ('ImCiI and pa~r. the fraction o nc:o$'\ath was evo~ (i.e. o lllHill, h from l heocnlrc ). Hi: ad dod : " Thi!. one-s;"th buoinn.. M>lII'IdI 100 [to<)(! 10 be true. bul II a l lust tan the mmt_if wdI it ma y be lerme<l --of bein A INmet rically ~, ." And 10 was born lhe mult i-ba nd VSl AA whidI n "un llni nl $Ito"" By u,i llC ,he onc-U ,int u p on a I n fl . wire fan d usinl t hinr>er-gIIl1 ~ wire r"r the fder) <>111 ,till has a w ry useful " four--bll. nd aeri al for ) 'S. 7 , 14 a nd 2K Me l' . In l't>C<'fl1 yean. thl: \lS I AA has been .i~en a lICW lea-e or life in i~, twin-wire fnr m. w ing a COIl\'ent iona l 300 " hflll balanced feede r instead o r Ihe sliAlllly mor e crilica l li..p. wire. 1"hcordicl.Uy t ile impedance a , the o "'~' lh ifd la p i. or the order o f SOD ohm. (o r r.1ther kll , d ue to the flreoenoe of ground. etc.] 011 ),5. 7, 14 an d 28 M<:/, . t]nrorl unat cly , hil S not IIIe CMe on 21 M<: /I ",l~ the flOlnl l. a, hlllh ImflC<hnce. One rn<:t~ o r cop inll ",i,h 2 1 Mel. i. to " lid twn shorted
    M (,-,.,. M

    ' 1,. 1.._U w .~ . ...""


    'AOHTl\ _ _
    ; I. wowd

    C J I ""':1' M, I. ) I
    y l<
    ~ .-.

    .1~1~_w~, _ . y TIw ..... w _

    of

    L' J . y. ft ' 6 '_I . L'

    ,_...w "'"w MLJIy ._ . flJ _ . / .. (...._ _ ......_ .tw '_1' wl.....U . o. M , . - , ,_


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    .,

    ".

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    .wlnl l_ <_I
    .._ _

    ..

    AERI AL TOPICS

    au
    ..I o..... t

    (juaner-wil\ot! . t ubs at 76 n. and 33 rt. fro m the feed po inl but stut.. n e r>ever \ot!f)' l,X'pu lar . An . I tern.ati~ tochlllqu c i1 described by F . Spil loer. DJ2KY . ill QR V Amal~"r Radw, No. 3. Au,ust, I' n. lie IUCS a 1:6 balUD wilh 60 Dhms roui.al cabl~ for lhe feeder, bUI JOO ohms or o pen .wire line, Or "n,1e wire feeder co uld be substituted. His bilSic idea is to nv.k e ....-e of lhe well. known mu lti-wire dipole tochniq ue ad d inl t wu wi""" 4j m and 2,52 m as ,huwn in Ha:. 119.
    Rib bon 'eN. r .... Ith Wind ow ." T he 300-<:>hm rib bon feeder is a useful f(lrm of balanced transmissl(lQ uee a.Dd ca n be used at hilth s.w.e. without un due tosses to fo rm ~nant """tio ns an d st uh, ; fo r eu mp le a commo n use is fo r the stu b . cetio n of lhe G 5RY multi. hand dipole . As a eon\ot!nli on .1 ba lan ced fceder tYJ)ical allenua lion is about 1-4dH per u_) ft . at lOll Mel. (" nder Id B per 100 ft . below 30 Me/s). 1tl-e The flat ribbon line however und cqlocs "i, nilica llt eh .11 in eha meteristics du ring wet weather ; the lubular for m i. k>s .ffa;tcd but i. more e..pen<i"" lind Ie," eOnlnl<:> nly available. Attenua lion 1 ,,,,,, ~ n d weI wcather ~hll nlo 's ~a n be re o", " duced by ca rerlilly " ,Uing aw ay part nf the ribbon tliclco;tri<,: by means of a lca ther llltneh an d line scisso r. If t he " windows" arc m.:1de ' (>0 long however the line bo; o mcs ft"Pll~ and unleM kell t under tensio n the co rrect ~pJei n ~ ....'iIl n" l he mainl. i"" d between the wires. A stlita ble dimension fo r tbe 0"i. with eru.,.lrul, UbUllt l: in.: wind" ws is a bo ut 1 in. 1 see F ill, 120. K8 ANY ha s poinlN OUl Ih~ 1 wuter . Npd lin8

    o
    Coo. lol Cllbl. I . n g l ~ ~ C ~ I <l <l lct.. t~"1 A ..,,<I 1l_ _ . ~ e :J c ...
    C
    [) ~ . ,

    _ _ 60 111 15 ollm 5' 1"5 ....'" ., ~ .1 c"' _ _"51onm tlor 1"501>'" rcc<lc. ) rU<lc" 3 4.1 C"' _ _ ._41on", ( ' or fiQ
    U ~'9 "

    " ~ . 1 c ", ( 1] ...

    c. . . ... T . I '

    ~;

    . IJI.

    T~

    . ..... . ~ ...... ~ ~ b. GJ.lVQlO~8 Q . na... ~ < "". ei re .. I 1. . <1..... . I..... ~ u . ....r..ld 1 _

    In<l .....
    e . Ch

    " <i _ ~

    :!

    ;; :1:;: " ~ 1:
    -i~

    ttr: :., : :
    -l ~ ~ , ",.,, '1" . 1
    w~.n

    " " ID. ItU. N V', .. _~ , _ " , w"he

    " . . d ~ 1 . he wi ' PU ' . I OWOR . ft<l............

    " ' _ ~ ' to~ .

    100 .h ...
    ne '

    propert in (.lin be IIllOl'<)\ ed by na n"" llnlishing_ T~ vc:1o:": ;ly factor of II ri bbo n fee.jer mod irocd in Ihis way tend s to he: incrca.'Cd from Ihe us ual !il llre nf 0-82 o r O'H5, closer 10 t hat of (ll"'o wire whicll ma), ha\ot! I \1:I OO:'Iy facto r o r O-96 Ie> o-9~ , Ribbon f-.ler with " ',ndaws is eo,n nloCr<:i11 l1y "",n" fac' I" red by Borens Fahrih A M(Bofa) of K un~hach. Sweden (O M r IOis 240 0 hmsand OMr-6 is JOOoo""o). T he G Mr-6 has a rated a uenua tiort .. f o nly 2' ld O per 100 I'll at 50 Me ls , (7 '80.1 8 ' 100 m " ' 500 Me:sl sitni rocanlly les. Ih. n hi8h ,rad~ l:(>-,uial ca ble. British a~ l L' Oues t Inter natio nal I.ld ., Iln ll'too:k R03d . Tho rnlo n Hal h, Su rrey C R4 7J A. CJreulor I'oIorlz..lI_ (or 1 M e,', M osl an\ltell..... ten d 10 anocia te e,n:u lar pol ariz:lIion_ Ihat i~ IlII d"Ctromag net ie wave with i. OOflt,nU<><Wy rotaling elcetrica l field YCCIor~ithcr wit h helical aeri als or w,Ih ' fIl4CC eo mm unka no ra , uece it if. \',"~l1y c:sscnli:'IJ for the recepno n of signa ls from spilHotahilized satellites, Hut a few yca rs ago t ~rc W a flurry of exciteme nl ill among broadca sling enlP~ when American v.h .f-ff-m. Itlliions br gan ado pling cill:Ular po b ril..:t-tion fo r nnrm lll domest ic broa d""" ting . The maln reason wu t he wish 10 provide sillnal. which, while remaining suilable fo r receouon on Iho1 <;Dnventi" nal ho rizontal ly 1"01at'Ued roof-to p aerials, would provide hell er res ults for tho!io1 1 il<tening on ca r radios "~W1l1y del"' ndent 011 vertical whi p aer ials, o r with rbc pori. ahle receive rs with pull-ou t te1e<collic aeri llis. lipiD us ua lly \'C f1ically polnrized -in ll1i.~ ca se til<: d1'e<:l il more no l lceabte

    o ut of doors, sincc v.h.r. signa l<.., ldom ret ain llrec,,,,,I)' t heir ori~ i lla l plane of pol ar ir.alio n when ~ctra ting ;00....,..._ A cOnsideroble n umber of OB""," luI'''' been pub lished 11$ . result of leS1S ca rried o ut ",il h broadca.~t r~t ion . ,",or CJUllllple, John Ryan o r Ihe ]a mI'''' Anle nna Cnmllany claimed very imllres , i"" imp nl\'emcnt 0"""- linen pol;tri~ ~ign ab ; by ad d ing an equal amount of \1:nically pol arized radiali"n it was found that car radios benefited t o t be extent uf 15-/; to 1611dll ; domestic sets using sho rt Ientt hs of W iN or foil Oil the back of the cabinets ("pig-ta ils", by abcut 73 toll-6d 6, lind so 011 d own to a bo ut 3g 10 5dB improve. mcnt with outdoor aerials (it will be no ted tha t th""" f,g ures do not lake into accoun t the 3dB loss that appl ies when the traJlSmilled siinal i~ powe r limilcel sin<..., il a~"me:s a n add i. tional verlical com p""ent). n " l even allowing fur the wish 10 present figures iii fa vo ura ble us p,,,,,i hle to circ ulate 1'0lllri1.l11 i" n, the ta;hniq" e is nu w fully lIeeellted as providm g worthwhile improvement . T he IlIlC has adopted slant polarlzatton at some of ilS loca l nid i" stations. The I6A, in planning its v.h .f./f ,lll. st~t iun$ for indcpcndelll local rad io. adopled ciK"lar poLJ ,i . zatlon for all sites where a new aerial ha s to be Inslalled . The ado ptio n of circu lar polariatioll is not intended 10 exlend the servia an:a of , uch statio ns, blll 1O prov ide ", o re consutcnr recep tion within the '111:.;\ and to ellcou r:Lge the . use in ltle UK of Y ,f.l r.m. c" r radi" " .h VIlF Communkatlom (V" L 5, No _ 2, May, 1913, un der. lines the ad vantage<of circular polarit ali "n fur co n\'cntio naI ICtTestri~1 opc rali <:> ll o n v.h.!. and Ll ,h.f. G 3J VQ lX'ints o ut t h ~ t the majorily ur v.h.I. signals. o ther tha n t hose lOlly lirtc-of-I;ltht. are 'lC ldom rc<;ci\1:d al lheir original po la, ir.ation but W ith so me I nter",cdi~ re pob riz. Iio D between the vertic:ll and hori zontal plane : 1 further', so me Siltl\;\ls show " slow circ ular po lariz.atio n ca used by no n-e:onstanl d ifTract io n characrerlstics. S imilarl y, DOIMT notes \ha lon II m<><Icl i Oem microwa \ot! tCS I ben~h and using d amp matc hes 10 n:p rescnl II forest it hal been rou nd tha t in such co ndi lion.o a verticaliy pola rlted wave l1la~ he att Cfltua tC\! by ...~ much II" 4O<I n .. hereas a ~irelllarl~ pohuimd """ vt: by 0I'l1)' :wn_ G 3JVQ Tq>Of1, tha t, in prllCt icc, on 144 Mels the use of circu1l1 r po L,rin t;"n pro \idcd a more homo~neol1l ccvee ago and the sigllllis were a ble 10 penet rate ,nlo d"tan l valleys a nd scrwned an:u much beller, f'O"-, ihly bcs:.aU"IC mu/t 'llie rell<x:tio Ds ma y cha nltO po larizatio n. He round II very eonsider.tblo ad vantage whcll working to mobile stations ha- ing vert ically po larited aerials.

    JI.

    AMATEU R R AD I O

    TECHN I QU E S

    AlumInIum [ a .tltinr Syot..... The value of ei llmsi w U rt h;nll syste ms o r ea rt hinlJ P>at< for use wilh vcrtical ly. pu larizcd aerials is widely reo.:>$Jli7ed . But with copper becoming a n iTM;rCa~ i 'lgly l;Qstly COI" mud ity this can involvc sinking litCfally, a 101 o f ClIpilal into the earth. Fo r many a1'> l'lical i<:onr-iDclud ing radio ea rth oyslems-peo ple Itllve ~n lookipg imn the po s. ibilily o f , replacinll: copper with alumi niu m eve n thouah a n aluminium o;onduo;tor t.." to be 16 times larger in d iame ter to have the !<lime e<IrICI~ ivi ty as copper ; the u.., of aluminium is boeomins established pracrtce for scrre forms o f rclccom muniellH ollS ea blc1. aerials, open. wire lra nsmission lirocs And the like . Butlhc use o f llIumlniu m for e:1I 1hs raises lhe queSlion o f will it rema in effective o ver a 10llg pe riod whe n buried in various t~ o r soil. or will unwante<! o;hemic81 reaction occur ! An a..-ount has a ppea red in A BU Tn:lulfe../ Review o r an esperiment earned o ut by All. ln dia \l.ad io 10 find OUI whether a luminium earth con<loctONl aT<: likely 10 r=uL in dfcdive over a 10118 period . Th e "",,,lls . 0 far (IWO yc3rs WQ.k ) seem very p romi~ing_ Usinll: aluminiu m wire. ClTI h rcs i, la nccs o f 2 0 10 21 o hm.. ha vc bee n ac hieved (CQp Jl"f ' -9 to 2-4 0 Ilm1l), lind in One I<>ClI Iio n sig nifica ntly

    than copper (S oh m.). An earth for a brOlldC&llling l \ation,


    120 rad lBI wire. eac h
    plate 60 em by 60 cm a nd 3 mm lh iek, using Ak:a.pi solder, Ulowed C>l rth resistances of 6-3 ohmJ In one loca lion and
    ~

    loW<\!' resis!an\:e was ac hieved wh h aluminium (36 olum)


    III 1 g conr>o:;kd to an aluminium 01l

    0(; oh mJ In a no lber, although it Is ~iD::d tha t measuremenll ma de with a n earth mcllBCr have 10 be treated Wilh some ca ulio n.

    G""'''n',." Wj,.., In [a.tltlnr 5 yft..... M . R. Hroob, G 3XG B. sUllllCm a n even cheaper aher native: galva nized iron ...i~. H ;" earthing system com.istl of various meta l o bjeets btiried or driven into the f/'l t ~ m back gardens, all co nnoctod 1 the shack U,llnlil heavy p uae 0 galvanize d iron wire. The rcsi5t~ of thi s ~ys lcnt (",easum! on an Avo again. t mnins ca rth) is uwally between 2 and 4 ohms : the o nly copper wire is ror bll:htninl tlrotect ion. The ad vantaIQ o f 0 1 wire ere ill louahnt:ss, case of soIderi ll'l and cheapness; it is rea-onably durable, Ite hasalso used aluminlwn prdcn wiT<: for an aena l. wilb no signifialnl difl'erence nOled On )s 0 . 1-8 Mcls.

    Quick Guide to H.F. Aerial Gain


    A J'O"-.:t' p in "r a boll t ~ 6d B (rercrence d ipol e) is usually lhe ma ximum that ca n conveniently be aehlevW from &II hr. rOia ry bclim . (.dB is equivalen t 1 iocn:asinl lhc power of 0 Ihe l nm~mitlcr by fo ur times. T he lheo relic::lll maximum pin Qf a lltrcc-<:k lllCflt Ya8i is o r the or<lero f 1-S 85 d B bu t this is most unlikely 10 be achieved in ~raetiOl:. ( I is possible with ca relOach ieve alai n of a bout SdB witha twox:leme nl Ya.i o r IWO elemenl drive n a rray, an d lhe th ird ek:rtI'rnt it Ihe n u nlikely 10 add more Iba n abo ut IdR add ilio llal p in. !klle, ,e~ulr; may "jl~" />c tl(''''twJ by Inc, e" . iTl/f ''' ~ h~IR"1 uf o t wo-elmlnll array r(lf llr. l ira" " d ", tJdJilfDtM' ~lr/'llnlfJ. 1t~re i!i no ot!timom heigh t for II ho rizon tally polarized aerial : f lte ".",.~ Irright flrr belle'. Fie kl strengt hs al a ny elven low-anglc when co mlla ud to lhe rclath-: YOlta~ of a n llerl.ul m a heiJ!ll of 6-2), afll rOulIhly X 2a lO-U, x 3al0-6 ). x 4 l al 0 '11),and x S aI l " ) . Full-wave loop elemtn\$ (e.lI. q uads) pro vide rouchly a n advantage o f a bout Id R over d ipo le c1emenu , 1.0 lltal, for example, IItWIl-clemen t q uad can beexpecred toprc vide aooul iSdB p in Of about I""eq uivalenl o falhree-cleme'lt Yagi. H o~ lienal aPP'l'a ts 10 have "",rkcd ly mere gain tha n a not her , or t o have significa ntly more tha n 6d 1l power 8'1in o vtt a d ipole . , u,poet me asurement e rro f$, d ilfe rent polarizatinn, un ncces.lllty [OSSei in the rcfercnoc aerial, or t he errects of heiJh t o r ITfOIlnd slope, 1>0 nol adjllsl aerials for mu imum froot .to- bock I1\tlo bUI whcre~ f'OUi.b1e for masimom forward gain. In lhe case o f loop (q uad) ele ments The paras ilic clement shou ld be tun ed as a ~llocct"r. net as a director . Thc o;ommon I'raeT of T ing a q u..d for ma ximum fro nt-t o-b.\ck T io: Im allo n er;fioes jllSl ovc r Id B (If forw ard gain . Tn. lea d o f lu ning \ fo r maximum g<lin it ma y beconvenjenrro tun e fllr a null o n signals n O" relalive 10 l he be3.m hl'otding . Interaction between difl'crel1l aerials a t the same Iocancn is o ften impor ta nl : tr CC1 ha ve a crea t efl'OI:t o n YCrtlcally potari!led aer illl~ .
    Or~ n~thod of breaklng Th 6dn p in balTier is to OOllplc e tO~lher lhe tlUlp UU from IWO ~ilrll te beams : fo r cu mple

    it i1 usuall y possi bk: 10 obtai n 2- 3dB utra sa in without crit ical ph llslnA; of outpuu . Tho, two 2..,lcmen t bea ms could provide liP 10 lIdB p in. Wit h hc rl zontally polari .t"d arra ys, ue vertical....lano: radiat io n palt ern is determined by the a rr ay fac lor : there is Ihlls no ba sis for the bcl ief lNoI one beam may be better lhla anothe r ~u.\C it 1 _ 11 T aneJe o r l'Ild iallOn, The aTta1 0 he factor is the sa me for aeri alt al a given heighl a nd for a .:iven angle o r eleval ion . Th" height below wtlich vertically l"Ola.rizW ae rials an: mark edly Sllperior rcr OX op"ration lit 14 McIs varies aboul 20 ft . with poor Jfound 10 a bo ut 60 ft. with 10011 &l'owtd. Wit h poor CIIrth lhe difference in pe rformance bet\WlCll vertiea l a nd horizontal pol arization ts normally leu Than2dB over a rango ofheighlJ from 20 ft . 10 90 ft . A dipo le h u a :Hd B pin o ver a n is(lItl)tlic aeria l (ID imllllina ry aerial thae radiates equally in all d ircdlonsl. l.oIw wlr. Q~'/Jlf. powt'r gai n in lhe mai n lobes : 2 AI 'SdB;
    4 A3d8; 6 ~SdB.

    Rlwmblc I per leg 3~d B ; 2 ~ per lee 65d 8 ; 3 .perle g'5 d8 ; 4), per leI IOdB. Mi tluding resullJ can often result from a Uemptinll: to co mpare aerial ~ tt3in o n the bas is or around......ve ntdia_ lio n ( M any Q 1M tlbovc pol" U . fem j.D/'lI D j 't/c/e. by L . MI}/{fItI.
    G6 XN)
    Power G ain

    Rldlm;IItJIlDI .u: 2 A per leg 55 dB:' ), per lee 7dB; 4 .. per lell: SdB.

    + Id fl _

    I" times the powe r

    2d B _ 3d B _ 4dB _ Sd D -

    \ '6 1Ime3 the power T wk:e the power 25I ime.<l the pnwer 32 limes the power

    6dB _ 1d 8 _ 1:ld8 _ 9d B _ 1MB _

    4 times the power 5 limes lhe power 6,) limes the power 1 -9 limes lhe powcr 10 lillle.<l the !'OWCI'

    DeltHlr"co,. AerlllllI Ther. have been '" number of techniques develo ped with tb/:l tim of limpli fylng the constru ction of quad-type aeriah. Apa rt fro m the della app roach, one of the belle. known b the 04ZU birdl;all". An Inlen:Sling combinatk>n o f both these techn iques Is dclcribcd in OTe No . 1. 19' 3. Th is ..-. . triani"lar loo p bul disloncd al the top in t he manner associated with the

    - - - - - ;- - - -'-

    birdCllse confi&untion. Altbough tbe aerial req uiml quite klngsuppoorU (4'5 m for a 21 Me/s aerial) the arrangeme nt i.1 aood deal simpler 10 bui ld lhan a con~ntiona1 q uad. Each

    loop compl"isesapp f<w ....tely 2 by 0-U },horizo ntal mem bers a nd :l by 0-3 >. lJopi ng members to make up the 1 }, loop. 1lle stu b is adjll!lled to provMie lJ1lUI; mwn fron l-Io-back rat io : the moocbanical details QUI be galhen:d fro m Fig. Ill.

    1
    ".I'fJ"'l1 CO h....lao_1

    FI-. I ll. Ttoe KJGCO .., I., fop J.S . .... J M<I. an " .... i .. ho<l " 0"'
    ....

    1 I, lon u .I" ~ ' h. 1. " .... 0<1 _ 1 .... T p.I.<lp'....

    u..... pl. "

    'b'

    "-

    IlCfJilI in i" vertlClllT confii\lrll.tio n. Tho twin open-wire feed is used ll!I such fOT hori zon tal po larlrJltion, but.witched 10 thaI both wi..... 10 to the .. .me . ide o f tho matchi ng ooil to form the vo ltage-fed ! }, top- loa ded vonica l. In his imp lemen lat io n o f l hi, alT:ln~rm:n l , K 7COO Inco rpo ra tes remote , wilCh inj and remote (selsyn) llln ing of the nWlchina un it, ill his be icf that il Is very uselul tc be a ble to switch ra pid ly befWOCn the 110'0 pol :l.l"izll1iollll lO ta ke Ill!yantaae o f I' roP I ;& lion quirks, notin, tlia ltllere may e ven be ~, Ionl whe n It II betler to . wileh. to II dilTereot po lwrlu lion for rcptlo n to Ihat u oed fo r lnm.miuio n.

    rla. l;u. T "- 1.... 101"".... .,. .. of ~ . l ",,","1_ 10, 1" '''10 ...... . ..... d_;.n 10, I A SA O . Th -'i .....ol_ ........ . , . . . . . 11 M ci..... , .
    f' oI" , I.lI t lon S...ttchJn. Ma de l OI)' 14 flnt descri bln ll D. vert icalT Or lnvated jp"Ound- plane aerial, I stated : .. The ease wi th which a dill<llc llCfi.t1ClI O be CGnYen ed ( 0 a wen ical.T IUll~lS that it l ho uld be rcla liYely cuy (0 de~lop an a.n.l which could be ,witctlcd from borlronllll io vertical fIOla rizalion and Ylcc versa. " At !he SilmC time allentio n WIll d ra wn to a Telefunken mf b!'oadawi n, ac:rlal which allows po larization to be cha nged al d lak to

    Interference. In CQ (Ju ne:, 1972), Ken maeeee, K70 CO, rol lowl u p IhIa l uUCttlon a nd describes "n.e 10"-90" antcl111.1 f(K 7$ to 40 metres ": the two , nales refC'Tlina to t he predominant vertical radiation lIn;lo-9O' witb the fllirly low
    bor17.onIll.lIy polarized d ipole a nd (hopl:fully) 10" with the

    ~\ll;C

    The VK2A.8Q Trlbdn J S-m FIN Caton, VK:1AHQIG JO NC, 1uI., Ihuwo tha t. \ 4,:1 1 a nd 28 Mel. Iri tmn<J bellm, with a tu rninl rad iU3 o f 1:1 n., wilho ul UllPt Of eoib a ll bo IlIlId e in I mcchn ically con. vcllielll fo rm : see t' IA 1.14 (Jooklnll do wn o n or up &I Ille ae ri:ll). t ic used a p iece o f bo ard I S ill. squar e in the oenlre a nd lhen Iwo pieces o f J in. co nd uit 10 fl . IOOl l nd mo unted &1 n llhl llnl:Jea o n lhe boa rd. Then I n II fl . enl:lh {If I, . d iame ter dowel wn inaerled into eKh o f the fo ur c:ndo II lh" w lldu il. Any metal wor k IIlIO'<l for the (r.mo: mU3Cbe IOC\lI"Cly bonded 10 lhe ma.11. The thn:c loops a re then a rn nged as .hown. mall inl . u"' the loo p l idell a", lo nacr thi n M /Me/s fl . for trimmina. AI Ihll lll a~ It::lve tile loops IU\(lJ t, except jcr the inletlXl1UlOCtin, (<<der : he used 72 oluns twi n (aed. line bu t JOO o hms rib bon wo uld p ro ba bly be ....cisl"llCIOTY, tbough lhls has no l been Irled . AdjUllmen t Is elrried ou t with a , .d.o. Insert OM- or Iwolu m link IICfOiS the in teto:unM<:linll rco:kr al Ihe board en d andchcc:k ror 1Q<HIInt:e. When dipplnl tll IIIlIkesuro lha l the di l' IClI lly Is o f lhe loop o f inleTcll. vip the loop al a voJUl ac pol nl (e.,. where the button wlu be pboe<l later on) an d dlcck tha i !his alfoeu lhe dip; if DO cha Bp ls o bsenoed grip the roeder lo _lfil is du e 10 lhis. W ith adjl1ltments made I I aboul 4 fl . above 1fOUIld. trim the Ioopi to the low end of the ~nd ; Ihi. WIll lhe n be aboul mioS-band when the aerial Is I I normal heillht . AI lhis stqc lhe aerial takes the ro rm of I .. 2PL Spoclil " I nd provi<Jc$ I bi-d lrectiollli array with relatively linto rad iatio Dor pick-up off the aides. .. To ma ke the beam uoi-dircctional, cut the lDOpII at e:uetly mid-point OQ eaeb side, usin( COlt bullOns as insula tors . Passeach lead through I hole in the buttcm aDd t ic a knoI I I dose .. possible 10 the wift: end . 1bIs uses up .very li n k! of the loop kngIh and re&DnlInoe remains roughly .as befor e- In Ih is rarm the array ~uld exhibill.oad rront-tobad< rstio and rorward pin. "While IdjU31 ln.. Ihe loops a re held in place by any temporal)' means; when bimmed, tbe loops can be held by open-ended ICft:W eyes in the lOp o r each rod. W ith the

    '"
    11111"" "
    I U~ ( ~o

    AMATEUR RADIO T I!CHNIQU E S

    ,
    I
    no '
    ~ IO ' '''' _

    t'" "' P"'~)

    t'
    f ll' 115 . f . ln . ; p l

    '.
    ~

    p . ,' ~' " tift) f '

    pal

    " _ ' ~ .. I.,;d.

    'n

    ' I.

    tU

    'I' L ~

    ..,

    <I,,,,ft on . ~ .

    'L. _~

    L.__

    .~

    .,.. _

    ' _-'-' no

    ... 1.1.

    meta l wor k " rthe condu it'S. VK1A DQ fou nd the loops nt>edcd to be p I......" at ~ fl . 9 in. a fl. j in. ..nd J(} ft. 10 in. r~ lhcT thun a, 5110WR o n t he di av am . " bou t ' 0 ohms bur 70 oh m_ line ClIO be uscd ainet! lhe ..e rial uhibils a broad respo"..,. No b. lull has bun fOlJ nd neces.~ry end tbe radiollio n ""tlem ap pea rs IQ be symmetrical.

    IIl' prooch . II w . eXl'la ined in delail in un aMicie he wrot~ in , 1966 for Vl/r~, . T bi. art iclc s tlowll tha l conkal rell:to rs, const ruct ed ""T)' ea sily I"ro m flal shoet. o( mal~rial , bardwa re c lOlh in h is case, ca n p r. wi de a n u lremely u.>cful , uM lilu!e an d ~iVl; conslJerably mOH: pin thltn Wf>IJld a comer reflector type of atria l, a nd is j ust a l e.. 10 build, 1SY The shallo w co ne ha l the IId vantage or \x,in& I ";ngly_ curved ""rface an d ca n be: made: from I\;r,I circ ular Sheel b,re movi ng o r overlal'l'ing a KlJTICllt o f the ma lerial. TIle conica l te l'll':c l<>r aeria l ma l es me or tile fac l Ihal il i~ not really .. i..11 for the surface or a pllr..l;>olic ref lector 10 be I trUI! I'!Jl'lIho-o1ni1f II i. ... ".lIy O"""l't.d 110. 1 1M'" ca n bo departures or up to "" of the wllvcll'ni:lh f;Qoccme4 ilt an y poinl nil lhe su rface witho ut ,u lfcrinlt an y signifiCllnt dCler_ in l1l tiu n of gain and dirccl ivilY. This --Ir l fill-lI'-" muy nol

    The iTTlJ'C'd nnce at the f-" "<lint a. the cemre bo ard is

    .. Because of lhe "'fla il Iurt ung ,ad iu.' and lightwci#!l co nstruc tio n il is easy \" rul..le o n a p ipe mll, t luhed 10 the
    house ." G3 f' RB has l.i c<l t h~ desi gn and report.< .. etinite fro nl_le>J back ra tio a nd d ireo:tional propernes wil h I:lJod rc sl'hs On 14 a nd 21 M" js. Hul he warn:;; Ih al d imc ""io Mfor rcsona nce In...)' <litfer fro m those sUl:I:"Slcd by VlUAB Q (14 be found M c/~ ~Iillhtly ~ma l l<:r than sh o wn) and 2 1 and 26 MCI~ a lso J.lepe nd . on arnmlQt of mel al work i""ide t ho: loop' , . 0 tha t ~do a ,lj w.lme nls a re nWlll ia l lllnd also I'lISoC Qr lak lhll "I' and oJown the IIrr ay to a djust). H i. dimcn. icm . are I I ft . 7 in. , 7 fl . 9 in. Rn d 5 n. I I in . Hccau5e or the need fo r 1l 1l"'x1 deal e r " Cut and try " it ;, a lI ~at help if the ae rial is mounted 0 11 a lill-n ver I..,_r. Re..on:llire may chan\.", " I'p ra:ia bly wh~n Ihe aeri,,1 is naiM'd ...en d ca , or Ihc IIUlund. NevenlKleu I h~ desi gn deKr.'I's attention as o ne " r Ihe fe w mochanil:a lty , iml'le triban d dcs iltM suitahle ru, home cons tru ction.

    '0

    ,.... ....,..,
    ~

    .......

    1j~ . _ ..

    1-.~

    ,.

    ~k.... '>0'. < p;oc ""....

    .. ,. ,pe' .,,,,. .....' .,".

    ...'

    u IMn

    ..

    " ,y,. .",,,~.


    -

    . _ '" -n r ,
    "' ''''d. ,
    !.I"VI '" 1.on' m",'
    " ....; d led ...... , ""... ot"VI "

    ...,In''''........ ... ''''l..' ....--..."""

    .. ........

    ....,," 'I "00_

    "'_.n.. . .,

    fa ..

    Conical Ra flcC1a r.

    f o t th e ll.h .f. a lld mia-ow a' e o perato r the ullimatc In hiShl a in a eri a ls has r,)r m l " y )'<'.1~ been the p arabolic d isll, the t be lill~r Ihe belief. IIIll a true par-olboloid is not a ll ~y sha pe 10 cOrn" to terms with. l1lc rooin reason for Ihis is Ihat tIM: p;lr ..bi,l "jd i. a do u bly..cur...ed su rfllCc : if COllSlTU<:lffl 1 fr om 1\: 1 ;hcc.. of ma teria l, p a rt o r l he ma te rial needs 1<> be eilll~ r st,-.,td >eiJ 01 eo n,prcs'Cd or bi .th . Is there any alt ernath-e ? The IIn.'wer, it wo uld M """', i\ definitd y Y """"at lell, 1 fo r v.h .f. ~"d n ,h .r. operatio n up to a few gilt3hert. R",",," tly F."d n m wn , W6 H I'!IiG5 AW I, h"'''~ ht to anen tion II new

    ""'_ n

    p; . 116.

    ~ . ..I

    " . 1' - M. / Inll. ' .. n" .' '''''''''''''' _1. 1..... 14. "' I . ~ .... IU tI , .

    AERIA L T O PI CS

    sound very much but, in practice, It perm its quite drastic chan8cs In tho overa ll shape. Up to a certain size, In terms of wavelength, It can be a shallow cone, up to an even greater diamcter it can be Icrnxd by lilliug two shallow coues, one i n ~i d o tho other; Fig. 125. Fred Brown shows that a two-cone renecro- is entirely satil faclory up to 1386 A diameter in certain eund itions. This mI',llns lh" t one could build .. reflector of 10! ft. diameter

    at 1296 Me/s, or even 31'5 ft. at 432 Me/" with out lutving to worry about th ose doubly-curved surfaces. For single conea it is posstblc to 80 up 10 346 A, and deta ils are given of a highperformanco 1296 Mels nerial with a guin of just Over 16d D "construc ted In a few hours" for a CO/lt of $1.50, lhe cone ha~lng a radiUS of 17 in. Both Ihe cune and the 5mall 41 in. sqWlre reflectur fur the folded dipolo clemcnt arc made from ! in. mesh hardware cloth : Hg. 126.

    [ QUick Guide to S. W.R Facts and FallacieJ


    In recent Y<:l\TS, partly resulting from the general use of techniques that mC<lsure (or at leaSIprovide "II indication on lhe stand illg wave ratio 011 t he tra nsmission line betwee n transmitter and the aerial pro per, a numhcr of misuuderstandlugs and fallacies have become widespread among amateur operators. Too many amaleLUS have cOme to beneve lhat an 1.w.r. meler indicates thc .. goodness" of an aerial system, equating a low or uility V.S.W.T. with all ideal and correctly functioning aerial and significant s.w.r. with a poor system. It is forgotten. that many h.f. aerial systems functiun efficiently with a relatively higt: s.w.r. on t hc transmission line. even when this is co-ax cable: that with open wire reeders the actua l s. w.r. is of Hute pracl i.:al significance; that rebected power does not nOl111illly represent lost power and is not dissipated in the power amplifier. It i.~ frequenlly misleading to atlempl to evaluate acria l performance on lhe basis of" th<llower the S.W.T. the better". While it is tTU<: that many modern tra nsmitter s arc designed for a nomina l load impedance of 50 ohms at a maximum v.s.w.r. of 2 :1 this docs ""I mcalj thm such tra nsmitters cannot be used with transmjssicu lines of other Impeda nce or having a v.s.w.r. of more lhan 2; 1 prOVide<! that a suilable simple matching networ k. or ATU is inserted hctween tran.,miller and feeder. It is parl icularly impnn ant 10 nme thai a low s.w.r., par ticularly when IIchicved over a widc bandWidth, may oftell denote II pc>or rather than an effective lIerilll sySlem! An extensive ana lysis of aeria l feeder reeecuons hu been published by M. Walter Maxwell, W2DU/W8K HK, in a series of ank les In QST. T he following stateme nts are mostly derived fro m these ar ticles. (I ) Reflected power does not Tepresenl lost power except for the (usWll1y modest) incrCllse in line atlenual ion over the ma tched linc euenceuon: in It lossless feeder line nO power would be lost because of reflection no mtIUe, how high Ihe s.w.e. Note that both the attenuation of the lino and the s.w.r. must be Quite high 10 incur substantial additional loss. On a ll h.f. bands with low-loss cable, reflected power tess IS usually insignificant; at v.h.f. It may become significant; at u.h.r. it may be extremely imporlant. (2) Reflected power does n" t flow back inlo a tra nsmitter and cause excessive dissipat ion and othe r damage. The damage often blamed on a high s.w.r. is usually caused hy imvro~f nutput-coupli ng adjustments and not by the S.W.r. valvelscmiconduetorl .a. overheat ing is caused by either or both overcoup ling an reacnvc (mistuned) load ing. Thetra nsmittel' docs pot" see" an s.w.r. but only the impedance that results from t he s.w r.: thi~ means that the impedances can be correct ly ma tched witho ut concern for the s.w.r. on the feeder. (3) Effor/s to reduct! .'.w.r. bel"w ;J.:J "n any Maxialline /ltnera/ly rtprtUnI wArled eff"rt.' from tht vi~w""itlt "I ilIc.easing the radiation I rom the ae. i4f.
    (4) A low s.w.r. is not evidence that an aerial system is a good one or tha t it is wor kiag crtcrccuy, On the eoo tral)' a lower than normal s.w.r. o~r II ,'Ig'm'jicanl biJndwldth is r<!flson to SilSpU/ Iha/ a dipole aerlill or fl YUlleal ae,wl Is be/fill afferted by resis/anee losses. The<e may arise from poor ~"Onnections, pour earlh ing sySlem~, lmsy cab le Or othe r

    (5) The radiator of an aertal system need not be of o;elfresonant length to achieve maximum resonant current flow, nor need the feed line be of any particular length. A substant ial mhmarch at the junction between fe<:def line and radia lor does not prevent the radiator from absorbing all the real power lha t is available at thejullction. 'Nbere suitab le matchin g (A TU , ete.) ClI n<:els out the n<!lduo<:e presented by a non-resona nt radiator and a random length of feeder, mismatched Itlthc aeria l junction. thellthe sy:<tem is malehed and all the real power may be radiate d effectively. It is wurth uo tlng that relatively few Ill.f. broadcasting aeria ls are of reson" nl length. {h) The s.w.r. IHI the: reed line IS not affected by any ad~ justme!)t of an ATU at the transmilter end, lind It low s.w.r. achieved by this means is IIsually an indication of a mismatch between lhe transmilter and the input 10 the A TU. (7) With an effective ATU and good open-wire feeder a 132 1'1. centre-fed dipole ecce not (contrary" to lleneTllI beiii

    cau.es.

    10- . = = 7

    R FF

    ~ ~

    E )

    5WII SWII. SWII SWII .

    20

    lS

    10 7

    '0 "
    a
    - 0)

    , a ~

    S WII .. 5 51'111 ~ 51'111 .. 3

    , ,
    u

    0.1

    0.5

    5 1'111_ 2

    0':J:..JLf:-"'i:lll1J:--'--r"c!-'-+'-PJ:! ::z
    0"

    5WIl .. 1.5

    0 )

    ~in~

    0 510 lo ss w ~~n

    mQten~d

    5110 ( d el)

    od dl . l ~n ol

    Fi 127. Th i'.Ph f how. by .........u.h (0' ot h .l. uo.olly ,"",w littl. , I...d.. IQ.. 0""",,,, with . m Qd YOW'. o ~ t~. lin . com,,. .. wi. h " .....m . ll n. t>a.lnlu. u ly m . h.d r.

    l,' .w

    '"
    lid) numlOl ,l jIlillcantly
    aD 80 ~~~
    o

    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNI QUE S


    ITlOI"l:

    traD nilltr (lower . A lII' K Ifraonanl o n say 3750 lei. dom DOt IlIdiate sil" lIy II1Ot'll power On 3750 kc/s tha n on 3SOO kc/s or 4000 kc/. with any normal Jcn~ h of roeder, a1lho ugh il i. to be expected tholl tho: s.w.r, will rtse III lboul 5:1 al thcu outer freqUCllCies and tllil the CQ-U feeder willlhcu, iDeffect. be worklnl as a t uned roeder. Pro p.lr co uplin g between tbe lran~miut r and the co-u reede e, howOl~cr. in these oondi lion~ re<l uira the usc of 1I lDlltctlio& IlfnIll .llcme nl betw een tran.. miller and feeder. If tile CO-lUI 'ceder of any aeri al , y. tem rcq uiRII. to be a specific lenl lh II) sa tisfy " speci fic ITUllchlnll Ind 'lioo, the same input hnped.nw~ q be obtained rcgllrdleu of lho length or the CO-a ~ feeder by tbe pro~i~i"n of a ,imple L Delwo rk o f o nly two oomponen t. (eid>eT ! WQ eAp.1citon . two ind uctors, Or one of eac h), (8) H igh I. W.T. in cou; feeder resulting from a severe mismatch a' t he aerialj UllCtion does no t in itoelfp rodu oocemmOn modc CUrttnll On t he llnc or Q1USC the linc t(l u d iatc. At h.f. a high s.w.r . in a ny open-wire line caused by II seven: misma tch wi ll ,, (It p rod uce ae rial eUfrent.. on the line. 110 . .,....., 1M lille to rad iate, if t he feoed ~... rrents in each wire ~"' baLon<;ed. and if Ihe ~pacinll ts s"'all rcla ti~e 10 tho o peralin, wavc l('flllh (th l, i3 equally true a t ~. h .r. provided that sha ." I:>cnd3 a re a ~ o idcd in the l", e). ('.ll s.w.r. meters do no t pro vidc a more accu ra te IT>e4' UrC_ menl ofs.w .r. by beln, plaeN Ili lhe acr iallfcod-line junction _ (lO) TI1<l s.w.r . in a feedlin c ca n nol be adjt3ltd or cOn trolled in ao y p r t;,;,.l _ nncr by va ryin, the line lcnJ!\h. If a line pro vides sl!lit'ieant ly differe nt S.W. f. rcad inp " 'hen moved along the Ime. II may ind icat e " IIcrial " (common mod e) curren t Oowinl o n l hoe otll1ide of thc co-ax, or 110 wtretiable s.w.r. me lcr, o r bo l h : bill "'-'I that the s.w.r . ~ va')'ing al" nl the line. (I I) Any reactance ad d ed 10 an alrudy resona nt (re,i,... ti~cl knl d (If any value fo r the p urpose o f cum pen~ t i on to red u ce the ren tio n o n t he line feedi nl the lood will. instead. oo ly Increa se or wonctl the rctlc<;t io n. Lowest (eedline S.W.f . OCCIlrs a t the sclf-re-,o n.nt frequen cy or lite rad ;"" tinl( clemell t it feeds. oompl etdy Iadependcnt of feoedJine
    3a mc:

    fl . d ipo le fed wilh the:

    power <111 35 Mel. than

    ~ o.1

    , ' . I U. T ho . ;...pl ......r .....

    ..10.1 10. H . ~1 . 11' Z' l'l o).. Tb . twolll ,..1011 II Ith .. b hQ........... ~ ,; _ O' JMtI I..d

    ""'.1>1.,

    hi ,h " n

    11

    ..

    ...

    linGof s.w.r . in tra nsmission line<corn be p ut 10 practical Ulll: a prcan in a begin ner a rtic le hy Ed Ti lll.>n, W1 HDQ, (QST. re printed Old N" . 4 . 1')14). Thi s is a " I uy wire doub l~t" wjlh II slu ping 33f't. top makill tt use o f existinH mast or tOWer, nOlning faney. W I H I)Q polOl!; OUl lh~t ...,1Il a suitab le matclling circu il al the tr ansmitter end it Ioach up nitely on 14, 2 1 and 2ll M c}, : and if it IOllds up <::ona:tly ~ wiil radillle regal"db.. o f lhe s.w.r. and the l"OlI"enlional belief th at the same <lipoic o r d oublet will n,, ( work IlIl aU t besc tllre.-. bund.

    .'If"".

    Dol/y Ch..,.dol Hop

    ''"lth.Of tho ( 2}
    f;lllS,

    I.,\._ and i.. red lhe ... me IImou nt of p ow c r. Note tha l whc n a n ae rial elemeol present.. to lhe t rans,ni""io n Ii"" lin ;ml"'da nCC olher tha n ilt cht ractcri~tic Impcda"",. rhe imped a nce offered to the tr nsm itter at the a inp ul c..... of the Ilne may be qu ite d iJTcn>nl fro m eit her the characlerisrio; jm~ance of th e lioc rH' (u n"," the lillC is lin eXllct m ultiple or lID electric al half wlIl/C lentlth) lhe ImpWanCl: at lhe aerial junction . The Imr eda nce rcpreset1ted by the line the n depends On Ihc k ns rh 0 the feeder (whIcli acts III a n impedance tran~f"n",er). In such cases. un/..u a ..ril~l>k mtl : ,hlll6 M l work ;" illl..r/'Ol ..d beeweee trans miller . nd ltllm miu io ll Ii"" the impc<:la llQl: may be of II value (In the for m R + j X)with which Ihc lfa nsmin er outpu t t;ircu it ~,nol cope : in "thcr wo rds II m il)' 001 be poss ible to load the tram milltr proper ly without c han ginll ihe Ienrth o f the tra n\ mM lon line : it is Ihis factor , ra tbe r than lIny losus a"oc;lIlcd with s.w.r, whic h teeds to ma ny misconceptions. T o sum u p t his infornution : it shou ld alwa,.. be possible to mak e any OIO'Lltro- red oorial o f a ny "",,"on able length. with any feeder. radi ate q uite effectivel y I'f(lvid cd you bave a good malehin' .... ru between a l ran,mi!tcr t hat is inlended 10 wo rk into l\ lo w Imped ance a nd th rcece r. Th is is wh y lhe o ld so..called <::entre-fed 7zpp (really a cen tre-red dip ole) was such a dependa ble aerial. M lrltt- bCInd DIpole. .... n eu mple or how lin under~lItnd ;ns of the co rrect band-

    sleeve, tr a p o r e()-uilll) nnno: will rad iate mo n: field th.:t n a not her. pro~i di nH tl" l1 ~ h has insitlnir.cllnt ohmic:

    ~ arious

    tYflC'.'l of d ipo les (th in wire, fo lded.

    Experimc nta.l c,id" noe show. Ihl! c ho r4a1 hop pnlpoljlll._ lion occurs almmt e very da wn a t freq uenc iee- hillher thi n those which wnu klslIpport convcnuo nat mu lti-hop pl'OflBiltion . TIlis ""fe rs 10 a spcci/K G eogmpllical relatio nship, bul it is part of the ' TIlwinll cvidence thaI arr eteu.. shou ld smncti rneo loo k beynm l c" nvenlio rml propaJ!,ll lioll lheo ry. TIM: new ",rc re~ i. " T he mOllence o f c horda l palhs en !igna l. p rn paJPO ting to the near a mipode o f a n h-f. Tlldio transmiller," by Gary E. J . 8 0 ld or lhe Rad i" Research Cent~ Uni"e ,,;Iy of Auck la nd. New ZUlan d {lE/:'/:' Tram ,,,, A"' " P,op, Novem ber, 1972, pp. 1-4I..f>J. The a ntipodes a'e the two places prec isely o p posite "ne a no ther on the . urface o f Ihe eanh . so thai hours and """"'" ' arc cu.etly " ,,'crse<! . The exacI a mi/'OdCll o f the UK arc a stretch ef the So uth Pacific SOUlh o f New ZUland.

    ,_
    CI

    ..._ '0 "h 11'. Typl..I a (bJ

    ,.,
    ~ Q'

    (. 1 , ~ a., .... b.'.n.'" f_ J. ,.,.,. IoI_ inl , ,_ r,..i.~ b.h,""" p1 ~:: in.o n n ., n ... . _ .yWt HOQ I ZI . fta za_a_Uo.. CI f40p' , Ch.

    19
    '='
    (b )
    '

    "

    " ,

    "

    ..

    .n'

    "

    it>.

    ...... , j

    tip I... .. lU ....... " . M Ol I/ ln.di.. ftl h .4 '. 'n' .nI .H L 2..... Ift I _ , wi 0 . 11' o r ~._ a oof L.l. LJ umo N o ~O .m..... It I "" in. l.. ftr. T . p l1 IS _ ,h",JI .. ~ 11 1.._ IA II LI b _.100 lIdl.oI 'Ii
    , l-li

    tn ' I1 1

    Q ,

    'ypo. C J ' oo,.p _ _01 pll

    1\

    ".

    AERIAL TOPIC S
    LocctI T/me

    '"
    1600 16U 1645 1700 1730 174S 1800 ISiS l lWS 1900 IIIIS 1945 1445 10 JUIle-) J u.ly ISJ5 21 May- 24Ju.ly 1600 I May- 12 AUIUSI 1630 22 Apri l-22 A UI~ 1700 II April-2 Septembo:r 17:lO 1 April- 15 Scpl ~ mbo; r 1800 21 Ma~h- 24 Scplombel' 1830 U Marcb- I October 1900 2lI Fobroa ry_14 o.; lober 11I3Q 17 Fobruary-26 (Xlobel' 2000 8 February- 3 No~mb<or 2045 21 Jan uary- U No vembe r 2C(1() 2115 I Jan u;uy -1 2 Dft:em ber ( Wir"'t'" D lr //o.. FiNl/III by A . W . K een)
    ~ ~

    of Sun_ CIHm
    ~ ~

    Wben .-d ill conjuBCt;ulI ""Ith. Ii_ wn o d>ar1 tho II.... 01.....-1 .... aa y ptac. ..ay be fOGnd ia gmt to Deansl t 5 llIlDutes NurtlJo,m bemi .p/I ...., Lol . Lill. lAl. ....1. IAll. ....1. LIII. Soulbel'D btmkp/><t'<!

    I 1Inlu.,)'-1 2 Dc=m ber


    2.1 January-22 Nove mber S fe bl"lW)'- 3 November 17 FebruaI)' -26 October 2! febru ary - 14 Octo ber 1] March- I Octo ber 11 March-24 SCplember I April- IS Sepl. mber II April_2 September 21 April-U Au, ,,..1 I May- 12 AUK . I U 21 May_24 Ju ly 1 Juno- 3 J uly 0
    ~

    IROO IMOO 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800

    1145 1745 1745 174:5 ItIOO 1800 1800 IROO 1800 1800 18I S 181S 181S

    to

    10
    1130 1730 1730 174:5 174:5 1800 1800 1110O 1815 1815 1830 1830 18W

    1700 1715 1715 1730 174:5 1800 1800 1800 181S 1830 1845 184S 1900

    1630 1645 1100 17J5 17:10 1745 1800 l8iS 1830 1845 1900 191$ 11130

    This JNIpcf is ba ... d on . Iudies o f lhe I"t'plion o r the Voice of Amen,;. "l":llIy "' at ion al T anJ:icr at it. an tipudo ill New Zeal. lld A sl n kinl feature of the: mo rning Tlx:ord. (arou Dd 2000 G M n is lbe l:uge (u p 1 Xld ll) and rda lively 0 rapid (0 '0' aboul h.J,lf an hou r) ino;n:msc in signa l strength at IIIMs ,.,Iat'll ,iIt' ( , /rJmI!rt't{lH'MIt'J '"t' 100 /0... 10 JUppori - ',I./rop FOf"IUalio'l of 1, M t'I" n..... \arae lind sudden pre-wnril.e increases in signal I\mIllh <:an be ~dily u plamed wb.n chordal propagation illppol1cd by lo nJ:iludina l ~cric tiju, are included 1lI 1he: o;omruter prognmme for mak ing predict iom _ HI nt Albrochl , who wi ned the term cho rdal ho p, based his theofb 011 lhe limes of arriva l of amat eur sisnals from Europe in Auslralia, showinl l!l.ll l man y of lhc:.. " open inp" (Ovid not be c:xplainc:d by cooycnliona l multi_hop t heory.

    If wo arc prcV<lotcd by topography from t.ldnl . d.... nl. 1" of this work on antipodes, there remain 1> lhet """ ibililles : for exampl e, lbe lwi!ill:bt gird le. FiK 130 and lhe\;ha" pr.,.,ide . a ~ ru[ wllrlUng apprOxima lio n.
    M (IIl0l ur l,ed 8 eom.

    " .., t S

    .~ .

    I.......... '

    Lcs Moxo n, G6 XN , has cXl're:~$cd his firm belief thai il is possible to d....elo"''' n'>-compro mise " miniat ure:bea nu at no real d ;!Illdvllnl~ ~e Il> rull_.i/e un iti",:. lher ClIn ofte n be rai....J 10 a IIreate r heillhl withnut reqll, rinll a n,aja r eng irnxring orcrcnoo. T hi. i. 11 con ~id etlli ion <If lI1\'at imporlance to tho"" amateur. who have lo~1 inte rest in OX ope ration becau se they ecneve Iha l witho ut a big beam lhey ca nn ot be compenuve. lI itbe rw two-ele",ent mini.bc:anll have: 110t usunlly gi,,~n 100 ~o..d an aa:o "n t of themsel...es : y. t it is 1I0t necessary to 1 05C more than 2d H or ~a.in cm nl'U red with a two-element q ua d or tbree-elemem Yagi of run oi, . Th i. bn. ic 2dIJ is m.d~ up of Id B ]0" dee 1 tho use of two ruther than thl\' c 0 d c: ments a nd l dD from lUnin, the Ix:am for maximum fron tIo-b;ick rlltio rat""r Illan (as sho uld be done for a full-size beam) fot maximum g;lin : this i!l necessary to avoid paying 100 hi,h ","Joe in terlM of Ihe na rrower ha ndwidth of mini. l"rilCd beams, T ile pi n. tll;>1 um ar ~ with mtmaturirc:<l "'t lls in lerms of exira heillhl lind cn,iro nment (l.e . setting 1110 ner~~1 in e e elea r) oan more tha n co mpensale for Ih~ lou or 2d U. Th is impl ies t haI it sho uld be pos-,ihle 10 ob laln approxinl'ltcly 4d B fOlward It>, in from ... ltghl_weighl mini..lJoeo.m , C<Jmp.1red " 'ilh lbe 6d B " gain barrior" tha t . xit ts fo r mIKt h.f, lOu ry beams. Ml>'t fIC'OfIle " "inl bea m. iMist o n f~jng them with cOllKi. 1 C<lbk:. G6XN wrik:ri: 1l>eN: i~ an average of ld B (..nd .. 1 of mo noy) 1 be ... \<Cd by III" using ccaxtat C<lblo 01 0 foeders. Ap in , \\'ilh. mini o r /lny o ther lwu--element beam, l h cr~ is also a lo t to be ga inC(! by d ri,ing bo lh d c"", nls ill. a way which allows line luninS to be ea rned out in the sluIck. n tls O\ll!rrome. the problem of red w:ed ba ndwidth. ahhouit b it req uire. Iwo fcc:d e~ and !lOme w-o 00 the pat1 of lho uller. " T wo epee-wire fOClkrs, brOl.,ghl inlO the sItack, can olfer tho following ed vama gea: (I ) Instantaneo us beam reversal (a \'U)' ~fu.l opera tional feature lha t al.., m<>N: tha n halves Ille avc:ragc lime: speol in beam turning). (2) Ileam bcc<.,me., t unab le rrom tile sllack and Ihe beam r. vers,,-l feat ure makes lun ing very ea~y : one tuna for nu ll o n Ih. rcec: iver an d then operate. the reV(:n; ing switch. (J) Insrantnncc us reversa l also prov ides a simple chock 00 beam performance. (4) Less th an 180' ro tation is needed . nd Ihia allows simpler and chea pcr methods of beam rotation.

    A MAT E UR R AD i O TE CHNI Q U E S
    ($) In luference can be null ed o ut.

    A fUJthe r very imponanl pra clical .n]vant ail-e is Ihal ;1 no lon,er becoees n=JIIry to .. lu ne 1IJ1 " th e bea m ...ith the elements 1'l1~ to the ground. ...ilh the pro blem of hav,n il- to allow corr~J y fIX Ille clfe.::t of rll;, illil- the ""rilli .
    M 'n low r/n d Q uod E/.....ntJ

    quad elements wllich a re ofu, n "nman~geabl c u n 7 MH z and ton ln ge evcll o n 14 MH 1. For example lhere is the tocMi<jue des.;rib<:d by D , L. Cuunic r-D uIIOll,G lF PQ , .....me yean ago in Q.!IT(Il11d included in some recent ediLio nsof the A RR t.'. Rod/I> A multur's l1alldbook ) : see Fi ll. 131{ T his is d e,illnc:d a). to ptO\'ide linear IQ;l.d in g a nd alto...s a 7 Mlh element to Ila~e 2S n. 4 in. sides (Mill bill enough but a lot una l1cr Ihan a full""ize 1 MHz q uad elo:mo:nt). Seeking a rcptacnnent for a gaJe-,,rille noff fuU-sizcd 14/21 M Hz q uad , DlIvc Blakcl Q 3MWV, has come u p witb IISntem haVing r.omc: simHar it ,es to the OWl'Q demen t . He has been cond ucti ng testS o f II scWc:d-down clement vn 144 MH z : F ig. 131(bJ, T o provid e referen ce informa tion he h,,-,used th is two-thi rds-siu loo p "", II sinj(Ie-elcme n t acrilll, a sim ilar h UI fu ll-sized eleme nt a nd. reference d ipo le, p ul at the same heiRhl of 30 n. Th e foed im pedan ce uf It rull-sizc deme nt was a pproJim.a lely 14 ohms ; the folde d, l wo-third... size cle men! 73 oh lt\$. T ests wer e ClUTied ou r ove r a 31).mHe p.Jth 10 02 FT, and On both trallsrnissiQn alld recept ion md icale only a ~"ry , Iish t drop o f signal st1'l:0l lh when the fold ed de ment is com~ with Lhc stllndu d elCll1CIlI: both 1 0ops slK>w a mar ked un pro vcmcnt over the reference d irole. As a reflu!t G lMW V buill a 14,'21 M Hz vers iu u, ..ddm ill eenecrcr clemenl o f tbe same CQnfiguralioo. G6X N also eo mmentcoJ on the UJ<: of minil\turiud quad eleme nts, In Itis n tinuil ion there is one IIrrllD&cmen t, pcr mill ing 12 fl. sid"" for 14 M Hz, which he co nside rs su per io r : F ig. I3 I (e). Thi, arnm gellleo l dOCll nOI a ppear to be wid ely known altltouilh his descr ibed in 1I'r; tcm p31cn trd by E. G. Jolliffe , GlI MX, 11150 u tilizing traps 10 fo rm a two-band qua d. The .. tlll' hMS " or .. , ideb ur ns .. p ro vide llIe eq uivale nt o f capacitive cnd-l ood inll a nd th is tc<:bD.ique res ults in much higher ' lIlucs o f radialion resistance tha n mU~1 Olbct COJll monly-w.cd " rraneemcnts ; il also a vo id s the usc o f lo:s.sy components such the load in, coils uie<J in II nu mber of the min ia ture q uadJ. O (,XN h~. me&lIu rcd (a nd calculated ) a rad ialion mista n"" of75 ohm s wh ich mak es Ihilll l'prOllctl a sou nd ba sis for SCDtially a .. no co mpromise" mini""lUlld.

    A n umber o f ideas ha ve bn sUlUlcsted for miniillurizinil-

    -,

    , // ..,,'O.
    C
    12'_ 0 ' ,

    / j '.-,

    ' 0<' X , 14 "' Il l

    '.

    a.,

    '

    ......,
    /
    /
    , , ,
    v
    x
    "

    M lnlotur. VK1.i aQ " X" a.om. The low~1 .... ire-ty pe th ree- ba nd " X " beam dcvelo ped by F red Ca ton , VK lABQ, is d escri bed o n page , 1S Subse1 q uently hc ha s carried o ut work lin reducing the di mensions to fo"" mmlature beam5 , ca pa blc of about Jd B fo rwar d ~ in (r efer ence d ipole) Dnd llbou l - 12 to - lSdD in the Nck"''3rd directio n. Fill. I )Z simwi how the eleme Dtscan be sho rrcned by usi ne .. I" a<l ing SluM. .. ra t he r th a n lo:s.sy ind oc ton. Theoe S1uM. ~ ma lic of a lePlIth o f 2 in. (no t Ic,~) spa<:ed hu mc mllde hoe, pcrmilli nS a 1<4/21I2R MH z beam to be "",de wilh a turning radius o f a b"ut M ft . With the aid uf II e.d.o. !he ccrrcce tappinll p"iut!< fo r the 21 and 211 Ml b ba nds CilP be fo und uslllll Cfu"""h le clips, afterwaroa ~I,jering the m. The 2 in. ~prcaden; were made from plaMie icc-crcam holden . ri ~_ 133 shows another lech niquc fo r rumpact sinllleba nd beams, the " X .. spreaders bein , dol'''cl rods 4 fl. I" ne for 2~ Mlh , (, ft. for 21 M l b and II ft. (Of: 1<4 Mll z, using :JOO ohm ribbon feeder to form the fol ded e1emenltl with small CUI-QUt .. IP ps ".

    1'\ r-,
    , , ,

    2' ''' ~ ,
    l<>O"' ~ 9

    "'I...... t ....

    'u'

    . tub

    2~

    ......,

    i'._ 1/
    ~

    ~ -, <, 1 /
    LOU lnq

    Ir .u,. lo '
    l .. a.r l

    $I""
    _, ~

    b 'OC _. M o ....

    "~ '

    1 /
    10 l ll d D

    <,

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    f ie, In . V0l2A 8Q', . 01.. . -.4.'"

    ,....,. . ..u

    " ...a
    ,, ~

    m l. .. _

    ....ltII

    A ERI AL T OPI C S

    j 1 1, gap '16

    an d greater wire diameter to ach ieve similar efficiency. Conversely, for similar results it ~h" ufd 00 pO~5ib\e to reduce the dimensions of the G 6X N beam stil l furt her . One fu rther genera l po int made by G~XN : ttle importance of no' "e~urillg wires directly to bamboo "preallers. since such elements have low radiat iOll resistances, ttley will ha ve very st ron g elec trostatic fields, and bamboo is a ,ery bad ins ulator when wet. He w;.". polythene line (as thin as I"'","ihle) , cxcfusively fo r acriaf in,olal ion, lind the corners of his demClII' arc secured to radial ti~, the spider belOlI bowed to prov ide tension and clearance. Tile VK2A BQ Pseudo-quod

    F red Caton. VK2ABQ/G30 NC , has a novel idea for a mini-beam rhae has no t ra p. or l<luLl ing coils and lo c ks like a _12to " . 11<" ,' Quad but is no t. t'olJowing evafuution of Ihe desi[U1 at v.h.f. t s ee ...l 1-- a~p ro~ gap he has built a nd tried a 14 M Hz model.l.ike allmlniaturlzcd Fir. U ) . VIU AIl Q. 11 M H. b...m ".Iftr two 100 ohm. ft .. t d bbo ft ded aerials o ne inevita bfy lose; .orne gain r..ld o<l clIp..' ''' (abo'" 14ft. lond. Th .. do.....1 rod, ,h.. "lcI b.. 4 It. fo . and loathe need for care ful adjustment, but VK2ABQ and inreports creases 11 MIoI 1 ft. fo, 14 MHz. achieving about IRLl B Ircnt-tn-back ratio whi.h in the reaf wor fd \,f interference i. M~ I\ as useful operationally as striving after more fo rward b'llin. A " neu tra ll. ed" VKlABQ M '"'.~m Th e aerial is based on the re1alive high efficiency of a heavily end.loaded element, In l?TllClk" the basic horiwn tal e I n his own approach to the VK2ABQ mini-beam , G6XN d iago nal of a 14 M ilL d ement IS about 11 fL 4 in. an d Itle !l.lS adopted a novel .. neutralizing." tecllnique to overcome abuu t 7 fL the " d ouble-h umped" respo nse broughlabou t by what in boo m end-loaded d ip<lk in the form of an H_etemenl ts bent An eITect is a pa ir of high-Q circuits tight ly coupled by en d into a more nlanagcabfe diamond shape to make me driven capllCilunces, making it very d illicuIt to obtain any thing llke S. 111 doing radi equal element curren ts a t the sam e t ime U c<lrrcct j"lhMin g. element: Fig. Uits deep nulls this the ends ation pattern of th e Hcclcmcu t with oITlhe is but litt le affected. It is not intended to explain this system in detail as it is still Th e dlmcnslcus given in Fill. 135 were Ihos<: found by in process of being tC5ted ; however, the basic arr angeme nt i. VK1A llQ to resonate at 142 MH z with the bottom apex shcwu in Fig. 134. about 9 ft. orr [l;round. i n adop ting the VK2ABQ a pproach, G 6XN is con vinced that to mak.e an element as sma ll as pOM, ible withou t add ing lossy componwts (e. g. the loss resistance of lo ad ing coils) l or21um one mu. I " end loa d" a nd the end-loa ding m U51 be con fined g do lOOp wittlin the 'paee enc1Q.\ed by the radiating clements. and that this can usef ufly be dune with" bent_over ends " . G6 XN considers the VK2 ADQ three-ha nd min i-beam a serious con tender in the search fo r highp<;:rformance minibcums. Wh ile tt ns might seem dcliberately t o inc",,,..., (rather than neutralize) the ca paci t ive eo uplln ll betWlX'n the elements, never theless both techn iq ues appear to be ma king delibe rate use of capacitive co u pling to create the " equal currenl" litualion requ ired to achieve gO<ld back: fro nt ratio. On th e other hand. the VK1 ARQ a pproach will have a lower radlation resistance tha n the G6XN neutrllli7.ing leChnique, an d this mea ns either less bandwidth or some sacrifice "f gain (COnsislen t wilh VK2ABQ 's claimed 3dB forward sain),

    About l S "do ub led ba ck t ow.. r d Jthe centre

    "

    r.

    at

    O.. lta ma1c h

    x.x

    Fli . us. T h.. VK2AaQ "'... 4....... ~ ..d (a" olly .. ' o. m <., YI II ,,,I n. .n....loa4e4 II0. 100n...I .Iem. n..) , (I) ba .l 0nfolu , .t; Oft of .h.. .. I..m .n " (b ) for... ..,t Ift' o . d l..m ond ... " . nwld . mo. .. m an bl.. ..." ew. ... (e) ...n.<lo . ... Ith ." nlftl"" b, (d l I n4 (..) bI.l on ..... .. Ie ft 01 th e r m ....n . k.

    Fifo U4. c;6XN'. n.." t rolln4 In.m 01 t h.. VKIAIIQ ...lnl.bu m '0' 14 MHz htch hat boen e....... II h.. IIM o' S5 ft. ...l, h h ll hl. ' ...ml . ln l " l.. ~ no <omp>o...i ~ inl- _ m , ,,II. eo m eet!_ YO ltll fa ll lzo 4 . ...... at lo ...e. he ll"" .

    Simple and extremely light frames were made using i in. dowel ro d with a wood plate 9 in . X 9 in. at the centre an d with a piece of 2 ill. x I in. wood for th e u -bolt " hictl at taches the etemen t 10 the boom, for whic h he uses a 7 fl . lengttl of light lubing of uboul 11 in. d iameter. Both the frames for the driven efement und the rerfecror arc idcntical but the reflecto rincludes about 5 in. of 300 uhm ribbon feeder which Is trimmed to resonate the reflector to 133 M Hz using a one- o r two-turn g.d.c. loo p as show n. and which is then left In a/l u (or the two halves joi ned ).

    AMATEUR. RADIO T E CHNI QU E S

    dowd road and men reaeeror loop resonated at a frajucncy ~ per cent luwer than the dri ven element.

    It wo uld be JlOUiblo !O rotate the loopa by 90" if vertical JIOlarization were requircd , lWd 1II Wile-band bea m coujd be to l'1l'led by inlcrllt(:inS th e 21 and 28 MHt dements in the IJ$UaJ way, and all fed at the !.UTICI p.Ilnt; short ho runnta! wire !tioIl$ arc space d equal d i, llllKCS a10llg the d owel ru d lind taped In pl ace. T he rell cc:lor $IU," arc taded o n t il Ihe

    I- ~ ... ..

    ,., ,- w ."

    w~~~

    S.../lehlnr ....u Coo..-I,,! Coble III Rildl"' ZS (J une . 1 ~ 7 ~) Louis Dc Bruin, l .'iSLI', descnb<:s. a system he "...". 10 provide Iully-auto matlc remote ,witching 10 Imy of mree ".r. aerials, ba-e<.l o n silicoll<on. wlltd n:ctificrs. li x relny., a nd a 12-vol t power un it located al the . latio n end. The remote Iw;lch .. senses" which band
    the lran gniu cr Is Ul,MId to and aUlolrullicnlly I", ilChe$ in the ap propria te ae rial. Tho app ro pria te o ne of 111<: three tu ned cir<,:uil. induces into th~ a~~oci;lIW s.c.r. a d.c. 8illlal, ~alls i n ~ it to la lch a nd to o perate uie ul'l'rv"riatc pa ir o f ~la~. W hen, for cum"le. 8 rel;ly "!'>erat"" co n tact 8 1 ... ~all'" the 470 IIF electrolytic ca l'a~i l<>r 10 oJi'iChar~ thu m l:h rela y 10, openll ina it ....,mgntllril)' a nd unlatching the tw\> s.c.r.s not In u.\C. Kday con tlloCb A :!, 82 and C2 an: used to con nect the correct a ll1"ia l to the fee er (for hi llh power it truly be ad~ i ...blc to \I~e d Iwv co m aets in parallel /. T he . c.e.s mU81 be A1Pl1b lc of carryina the eurrentlklw,n s in the a S MlCialc:d ~l:ly an d may typ icall y be ' OO-~oll ty pes at 2-a1llJl rat i" l1 _ The rel ays.w:d by ZMLP a re desc ribc<! .... made by STC in plas tic QSC:$. for 12-mll orcranon. Tile Plutol )'pC fad no screening belwt'lCn sections . Ahh oullh the possibili ty eai,ts tba t wit h di .-..;l harmonic relati on ships two s.c.r., could try 10 lal ch aimo lla nrollsly. if lh is occu rred resonance o f lhe c" ils cOllld be Mall8l'rcd ami the SoCri.., ~aPlt ci tors a lter ed to su it. H e a lso u v.h.f. d iode in (lI1lCC o f Ih~ IN 60 it ad ds that by .hould be puuib le to "" eth~ tc<:hniq oe to switc h ~.b .f. aerials. By k.now inll the " Sllltl s.w.r. readi,, ~ o f the :u:rials o n lhe d a rere nt blonds it is poss ible to o,e YOllr s.w.r. ",eter to ch eck thatthc lIutoPla tic sw itdt; ng i, rea lly W{'O [k.in"

    M Hz and )S M I r~ , d i ~l i~ ity tn:ly be Iltr moro important tha n sia nal o" trul. T here is much to be .,.,id in favour of usi ng a I:ood fr lUJle acria l. o r a good fe rr ite-rod atrial IIlins multiple rods. to obtain exce llen t Dull d irectivity I1Id ec mi nimitc inte rferen ce. F ig. 117 shows 11 desi;n I' " b lisbed in Elt t,,,,, ,,icl Aw t' mlll a nd originall y in l'ruc:tkuJ Wi, t/n l . About 100 fl. I'lliotic--covem:l wire (aholi t 22 Ii,tv.,.) iI " ""d fo r the mai n w imlin$lIoo shu uld be wound to a whelll n umbe r of tunu : lor medium-wave rece pt ion it is customary 10 usc 7 hU"8, b ot if this wlll nol tun e III high as 2 MAl , remove u ne turn an d try again . ' O -ohm bal a nced Or COIlXla ca bl e ca n be use d instead nf JClO---t>hm Albie to Ql n ncct 1110 aeri llito t he recewee. Ai m Itt m ak ina lhe wind inll-'i a nd 1CCllCl"a! cone ructlca as sym mc:tnc.. l II posstble s ince the deplb ofthc recepuon depends o n t he electrical bala nce . 'ruee ill ,ignill. " n the .-elver, pc.&kinlt the tUllins co nt rol on tbc ItClJal Bnll alljuS l1nll urree non of 1 1' e ither for maximlllll 00 pict-up or for minimum in lecre~nce.

    "r

    ",,11

    ''''nll:

    Fra me Aulal. fa r M .F. Reee p llg" It is a fall a~ to bel ieve tha t the best r:<:;,' il1 g ae riltl ;s a l,,'a)'S the on c tbn! pf<w ides the mint mic ro- or mi lli_vnlts o f . illna l Qlll PUI : ....11M i~ im porta nt is th e best PG'"ible s igna l(,,..no "-: r3l io. T h is mcu no that on some h.l nd~ , . lKh "-' 18 +', v

    Polorll"tJon With the ~l'I t mi xlure of ~erlially_ a nd horizont allypol ari ze<J lIen"l! for v.h. r. lixtld pnd mo bile o pe ra tiOfl. the lhollo.s that ooo.m q"",_lilln o fpo b rizatiOllCOO phnlt loss when ft'i~m, "",n ic.all) -p" la ril oo ! ien als on a hontOTltally. polarized aerllli o.nd via: vcr.sa) ca n loom lII'lle . MIke C ooper, 0 \\l810J. in some eaperlmen l' w ilh GW 8GPX OYC( a d ista nce o r 10 m iles 011 144 MHz " oing a 10-ckmcnt Inm-m in inl lIerial lind It d ipo le n:a::i~inll aeria l measur d IllI e a' -era ll" co upl ing lo ss or 17<1B, lind losse s someti mei Il.i high as )OdB. These Iia:ores a n: in line w ith those foun d in ~.h.f. a oo u .h .f. te levisio n pra<;tiee. So, he ...'ondered, how sho uld he mo unt h .. d"""""'il: beam!

    ell""r'"'

    n.e.

    'n "".."", 'no.'" ,...... ,....

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    0"

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    fI,. tJ' I._1. Z5SL.......' _011< '. ..mll'. I.wlochl.I ' ' -

    A ER IA L TOP IC S

    JNl llinS a cord at the base of Ihe mast Ihe 000m i. ""liN 0g. insl tile Sprill& 10 the vertic l Dian e and the eo rd lied at 1 a lbe baoe o r the ma. t 1 h uh.! it in th is pos ition . Stops arc !itlC(l 0 10 ens un: 90" ro tati " " . el it po larilation couplinll: lou.
    Th. G~BWE " Tltf_r" A"ricll Ste phen Pric, (l 4HWF., hlili a .h.r.;u. h.L aerial for ~ .... ilh suc h r igs liS the T.R22OXJ Or T R l WO tha t i~ not only goo d run and convenient 10 me but ako make.~ sense techni ca lly ' i n~ it minimizes bod y absorl't ion aOO body so;;rcning a~ well a ~ pUllinS the radialo r as hillh a~ po:< ~ ible,

    /,
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    mM I~m

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    .... 1" " '0"" . 1. _ 1.

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    II
    o p' I'1I' io ft Oft

    ~r. ' d cOO"II'<I <a 10 !Oll Wi ' "' a" r

    Y' d in. de. p null

    On 144 M Hz ho rizon tal pol. ri,...l;on hx the edge for DX opcr ati(,n. bu t vatical polarization i$ cu~tQma ry rur mob iles and repeat ers . The possib ility of 4~' sl<tn t pota rizauon pre5COU the problem lbal some staucm mllY slan t tbc other way. Circu lar pola riz.ation is a tl ra~ l i ve. thou&h involving a )d B power I... when reoxived with linear po lariza lio n. Hn. lOluh Otl i OOwn in F ig. I3H an d am,i.a of the abihty to rotate his YlIli beam thro ugh 'Ill' . Th c boom i. I'.:ld .o lhe IlWioI by IW P atcs suppo rting three ro ller belinnp. The O boom is held hQrizolltally by me tension of I SrrtDs. By
    l d )a boom

    " I.

    n f . TIla G......., " " " a.

    10... ....... '0" OIo ft.

    0 ' .h.'.lu .h.l . hu . ..,i.1 for


    1J~, II

    p o'''~ I .

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    ~ x I'O U... b ln g . 2 ' lo n g x 112"<10 t u 1 1 too" ....I . t lng On VII "" ol .ln ln, ot 1 1'0<1 w nl er.l , KCII d t o PIOI. Ar ardlt.

    "'''0

    x _ nOll p in.

    Corti lob". o ' mo st

    COl"d, "cell"d
    ~

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    leal Or
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    n ol'. ",,1 .,I loft <oypll ftll 1+11'1 .... -... aerial ' ~.o ... . tQ. "' I.IYOMm ...1 1 Oft. 0. ...
    Fl I . IlW'JO I

    ..

    rl._ ..

    stu rdy lC31hcr 11/1l . with t~ whip (I92 in. for 144 MHz) IllIlde from thio " uwl. hal1ger wne. Th is is a ltad ied 10 a wan de r plug W Ith the jt, in "ren/lthctlC4 t>y $Ca hng lhe plug top witll Ara ldit e lind Ihe c1emenl made vin 'lIl1y leIS o!:ltrulive by a pplying a coat of ma lt "la ck pa int. The centre co nductor of a light and Ik xible eou ial fee<kr (e.... UR43) is allucheU III the plug. and the bnl id is C1mltted 10 11'.: gmund plune formed by an alwninium foil lining inside lhe do med crown of the hat. It is diltiroll 10 Jo klel Itw: bra id dire<.:tly to lhis fuil bu t G4BW E (IOi ,,~ out tha t if IndividUlll Itrllnds of the braid are sprc3.d ou l flat o n the surf""", a covc rin", of ad hesive ta pe sho uld produce an aecepta!:llejoin . Th e lI:ro und.pla ne C,Il.n be cxlellded as shown 1ly wta vin. " lengt" l,f p.v.e-cc...C'rcU win: thro ugh a pa ttern ot .mall holel ar o und lhc: pc:rimclC'r o r lhe brim; this wire is of cou~ also connco;ted 10 Ihe bnliding of the: COIUial feeder A ehin strap is uwfu l, an d all hou gh G4 \)WE's pro totype is ror 144 M Hz it would be even me re suitable for 432 MHz ope ralion wilh II need for an clemen t o nly Ii in. long. He also po ints OUI Wt ir you lUe little coy ab uu t IIppe;lrin. In public in a , ""' boy ~Iyle hal. ot her styles ufTer ~ibi1il icl . Dul do not "'C th i. ap proa ch fo r high po wer! G4BWE suggests a ITWI l imum uf 3 wlll1- . nd of co urse avoid putlina your head down lind ClIlehinll yo ur neighbo ur in lhe e~. As shown, the tip of the wire clemen t i. ben t roun d.
    .. c:o....boy hrirn. auapted 1 ca rry l\ 0

    In esse nce he usn, see rill:.

    AM ATU fl. RA DI O T CHNI Q UE S OI' Kllon" I Vdrl lcol Arroyo

    In Prot! IRE, January. 19.17. ~ pu"" r bJ,' G CQrlle Bro"'"11 Included. di:lp aDl l h~ l h,,-~ sino;(: I:>c~<)me the elll " j,: sou rce of informal ion On direc lion . 1 vcr l icllllypo larit ed ma, l ami)'!.. Il showed lho: horizo ntal radiat io n p~ll"" ~ fo r 1"' 0 ve<ti<;;l l ra<.lia l".... fed "ilh currents of C i 'lull i ndi~ll l i ne h ow thc panerns V ilry with the ' f"l"inl: of lhe lwa elemenls and lhe ph~,c o.1 ilfl.'Tl:oces. I'~rl of Ihis di~l:rllm i$ MOWn in Fi~ . 140.

    COlli lhen be replaced by a. Ih ed ~apl'C;IQf of ap l'ru " im. ,dy lhe ""me val.w: . n,C e(,u lal cable ca n be SO. 1lO or 71)-0hm impedance,

    "'K it""""""

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    Jan JaiCr . " AOTRE, " "'" an. H U<:<CVl )'P<' h<::~ m when oPcra1inl: ",,,hi lc eq uipmcnl whIle Sialic On hilhop$. T hIS provides ~OIno 4 ~ d [l gain lind is mu ch ~a.i~r IQ cenv lhan a mullici"l"enl Yagi Or quao.1 array. A broumslick 3 1l~ c h e d 10 lhe Io<,r' raek St rviM a, II em,..c" ienl """ t, And th e t>cam when l<t~ en IIl11lrl can ~ rmOSI I;1 into 3 briefe.",: r ill, 141. lI t: uses 6 tum <!;lImetcr tubing rnr lhe centre par" <>f lhe c1em~nh (i.e. het w~cn poems Z_7. which are al'PTOz;mlldy 400 mm apa rt). n ons Ihal " ill h.ke 4 mm Iubinl: ~ re ' QIM rcd 311"'ina Z ; Ihe fo ur ~l i"n, . ho" "11 a~ Q I. Q 2, Q 3 31 Q4 1d an:: Iheo m~Jo o r 4 mm lu hinll tbrcad cd II I " ne eno.1lo lit lhe l",Il . A)O pI' ' rilnmcr i.. connected bel"ccn poinl S X and Y anJ ad)lt'otcd fo r o ptim" m ,. w.r. : for ,:"n,~icnce lbi~ trimmel'

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Ihi.. dcl"ilcd ..,iele . h","" Il<lWMJ l'Cri' " i>C"ic<: can be Ih~ ''I'li'''''''' , ,,,lfI). ptOviJ .,.j A".em lia and Nil"" Zc;,lan d from Wertach tal. slre n8t h (whal o ne ,.-Is i, the tn.".r. tel The Irn,Jilit,,,;,. ama l ~ur .. da" n ,'du~k" y.lin<:l Wes' G"m", ,,)", d m'ing lhe lox l " vening h"",.. by u,Hi1intt :a .... 1 pcrio,h of " I'Ii", nm D X ;,rc d i"" ll)' l ; n k ~... ,,i' h I he rr~',,'ar the ~-I .OOO kill lon ~ P.lt ll eceoss So" lh Amc .ic;l lhan via ,h e 16,000 km shnn l"' th. Ic is sho wn ' h. 1 si ~Il" ls ,,,cr Ihe long " f'/I<' <lN1IK:" o r ion."pheri" lilt, wh"' h , .:""r t<..,<:,,,,,,, "f lhe palh arc " nell 2 ~d l:l ~l ~on~er Ihan Ihe c. l<:ur,lucd ti\lures d'lferetlO' in elT""li~e la) ct hcit;ht in <.Iark n....., " noJ oJayhghl. 1 baso:J on Ihe no rma,l L L I R (<'lrmu!. . r " ually ,mpo rlllilt IS V ill. I-Ill i hows h" " ch"" Ltr ho I' pru ra ll'll i" " mOl ,' ...."'ur .... hell Ihe sit;na l. hil II lill.,.j .. layo-r. thc f"ct thot . Ile o pumum f'''-'I" eo,:y fo r km ll'I'-~l h service al Itl) When Ihc ,;h~ " re ruughly " ""eke"". "n" ca n launch a thi>< Iimc " f I he day is abou q Mil , . where Ihat fo, sh on. as lJ.' i, fa<:I".y d ''',da l h" p . ign,,1 II',,"" .llh a n am"" pm'MlnK ,,,," rmlh ,erv;ee is IIbolll 21 M il L 0'" Am"n/: Ihc rea sons a,l>an<:"d 10 accou nl 1,., lire ~5<m a h,):h angl.. <If ,,,,I"t!wt!. I hc main "d vanl a ~e of 1 "np lC'S disc ,epancy arc : ( I I the lon g 1 lh i, 1:I.1 ,;"lIlIya " <.lark " pa lh ur r-aoJ iali" n i. Iha ' the pa rh is nflCll fn r a ron~r f'C.'rioo. ," and ' hll' f... less subjec, 10 layer a h" nrf" ion ,Juc 1<, Ihc ~,'I ion Th" N"w /" ,, /o, S" ,u p" t e ycl. or Ihe sun; 12) ' he erfcel o r ,rnl;p" d lll focuss in8 (,h i. auses m.>nl} -',"m Ihe faet Ihal all ~rcll l circles pa,,,i"l: Ih " ,,-,~lI If"'" I" " g 1I" .u n......! C)'des la' l and 1l0w' I'c ~"la l l ~ d,' the,' any I""n l Oil a sphere i n l c~"<;l atso lit a , ,,,,<,,,<.I poi nl ,,,,,,,,," .' 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"" ~ . arc ca used. il is s U ~l!-es le,J . hy d ifTerc nc"CS in Ih... lime la ken b ) ' : I, : , lhe Iran 'l'orl or Ih... "' ~~"cl ic liel d rt nm Ih. d <:cp ;nl" i", In , thc ~I.I ,fa(c "rIh" "m , l '",f" " " r I ),..h "o nl i de~ that Ih. , un ! ha' Ihe ahilil y HI rcm cmncr" the e<lfr"", period or Ihe c:yde 1l1l,J ~el . h..k illln ph""" o,cr SllCiIC'", i,.., eyel<:s . The idea "f ~ 2 ~yc"r I"<I lh"r l ha " an I}' )'eo, cycle is .up pO"I",1 hy Ihe r"" ' h:" Ihe ,,' Ia r rn"IlI1CIi<; licld revencs , p"b, eil}' in " ree""i,', I l ' ~c", pe riods. Dk kc SU iCiCC'l IS thai , Ihe ,yel " i~ I,ke Ih,n of an 01 ,<:. waveform. Filt. 149 shows ~ , ""fJ> _ Be. ! , nor! p. th sun'pm Ollmhc~ plotted against yea ~ whru one pUIS , l roque ncr ' ailernale ma,im.1 a, " po ~il iv c " a nd " neFll",, " peaks, , I I He pllt s f" rw,,,d a speculative hypol heslSas 10 th e nature c "f Ihe h m i.,,1 .. d od '. 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    Cr l1l11 \,tinll int o Victo ria ~ 1 n1 i ,>" . I I",ti"c<.l 11"" a ncw 14 " ~l H ~ qUild Imd aPl}C;u'e<! ah,,,, . the ",,, f' '' 'l,, ;n the nri~ t< ", arcu: bul e'lItlC lhe li"'l reall:'ll~ or "in ler a n<.l il ",a, gonc. ncve r 10 rca ppe;!r. I co uld 1 01 hd p rclk"l in;: on u ll theelT"" 1 lha l had gene lute th e projec t and ilS , llllrl ei r""l ;v" lif" . Many q Ull d~ 1ulfcr fWIll lac' k or ",,,,hun i,,.. 1 m husl n",s. lcl',." ,el1t <j u ile a <.I jllk,, 1i "'Hlslrm:li " ndl pmje<:1 cven if a Mlila l,lc ...' p ider " is ,wa ilahlc. while d Llr irll: oncra lion Ihe lime tn ~e" to ' WillI: a lurl:~ I><:a", a r", ,,,!! In a rc<jl lired <.Ii ,..,Cl;" n is "fI~ " n di,adv"n 'd~~ . A f" lI_sifc qu ad . I'arlie ul arl ~ ro r 14 M Il.. i, um lo LlI'IC<ll y ,lillk ul l 1 I'li l up :Ind 0 ,lin,eLl II II> ~ cc[> "[>, cspc cially In all urba n c nvironmcill whcrc WOf_I,,1' rr",,, ntinll ma y t,., rcqu; rW . I rI /(", /,,, IM,,,c",,,), No 6, 1'1111, 1'1'111- IIf, L. V,evo I 7h~ki i . IJA .1 IA R, ,bctiht. . an inllcn iOliS. thOllllh basically sim ple, arrnnllcmcnl lh lll ap [>CMS 1 overcome moat o f l he usual 0 "C pro hlem. in P"' " nll a q \la<1 o n a rooftop. In df~ I. he ha r. evolved :' q uad -type antenna Iha l ts f ix,.d. r~'1ui ["" "" [ ram,. wo, A or sclf'slIpporti nllt u bular clemen Is. vel C'1I1IX' insl anl ly switc hed (rcmOlel y) so rhm ns mainlob e in IIny n ne or Ihe four q ua d ra n ts. sroce th e ullidircClioll ll1 bennlwi,lLh 0" - 3d R po il\ls} is ro ughly 'I{} '. Illis mea", lilal s uc h an d"" )' shn uld prov id e an " ",",ep lubk I'crf"rn' nne<; Ih ro Ullh" u t lhe 36(l Wil h no l lim inl/. <.Iela y, The <.Iisa<!'d" 'u l/." ' or I h~ l""i c <.I~,i l'll al<: the Iim;lc<1 a in ldbo u l 4JB) a " d Iimil"'-' .irJd"hc s uppress ion. , ho l'llh a Ill'lll ""r ur prtl PtNl I., !I'd ' 1I" ~""" way 10 o V(: fco m inf these pro blem. have h"c l1 PNlp<lSe<1. The a llay .. . ill ~Ir"'l . a !wn ~", [lI" "1 array Wi lh "" livel y fed rel1c..:w r. Th" "nay i, rmmcd r"'m f"ur h" lf. I""I" wh i"h <riln t'lt:"I ' sclc..:lcd ' hat. nl IIny o ne rime . lwn ha lf-k",[>. r" rm lhe rd.lidt nr a n,l Ihe ,,' h~r lwn the rclk:cln r ; fnl.lrp<,silio n ". ilchi n ll ",",,,id,,,, Ike (nll' h. i<: eo nhg\lra lKtn , o r lUl ' u dirocl 'Vlldl hc~ ,,,s , In I::",h poslI;"n , IWO ha l(-l<:>o ,1'" fm m Ih e r~di;' lor. wl,i,,, Ihe ,'I her two f,' rm lhe reflector Wil h ilS phlt, i"l1 ""'li"n, H II , l ~l lIi,-es nn ind ical ion o r Ihe Ilene rnl Ct.'n lll/lIlllti"n Hnd how lhl ' i5 co mpa rable willi a convenI", n,,1 lWQ-Cler1lC1ll ltllnd. T il<: upper veruces or IOC separate Ino [>_ a re jnincd logel her, ,,'hilc Illc low er \'cnH:ei fo rm Ihe reea ro''' '' ; tke mtd d lc lXtnion. or the loops nrc in e!fecl ptille n rune ou lwnrds, All ,,ircs a re held in p la ce by -d llUying nllhc, 11"'11 a ny rr:unt:wo rk , " "l ing Iha l 1111: fo ur wirn a l t he lOP a rlo' el1riea lly jo ined . r ile rech nique used l1y UA 31AR to ,wilcll lliJ po lar

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    GJZ I-f L', Swit ch." Oct."~dr.' A ..... y

    .. T he rall ial i<>n from all antenna is produced b) lhe ctlrr"m An....'inll in il. Th u, Ihe I'r0 l><:nies of ~ n mTay are de tennined by Ihe I"""tion "nll rel" live ph ases o f th e eur n:nl m~.ima ;n ils vari"", elemen l . 111 Ihe UA31AR an lenn a the ~"Urrent ma xima <I " r 1I1 ihe IUp "tid oollo'" vcrt~. " 'here M ro ur il wileSltr e d"", I" I/elh er. Th L seems to ind K"-alCthai the _nay . sholll,1 h,,"e II K nm hIt' d itl'el'<:nl from Ihal ('Ifa s;n!':lc, lIin one-w avelength h,,'p, A ",,, . ihlo: d isad" "nl a~ of Ihe dcs'Kn . L tllal o nc " " fte nl mll,im um is 1I1 lhe 1""esI IJ('lim. e1~1 to . any ctuuer e Ihe gro llnd. m .. Th e use of a hi~h impcda n<."C r<J and i. olal ed wires al a Ihe 1"1' vert"x of the " .... y m"""" lile "",,,,nl ,,, a , in'" to where Ihey do 11\0 : 10 <.'O nl r , huI~ Il"in. Sr>! illlllll a on~wave lo" p al op f1'O'\i,e ,ome,'! an d rc~ding al hish impo:<i;l:k'c ..... iIl IHll w", k, An e ,t ' lI I ~o ' PM$<: sh,ft IS II1 lrod ....,..1HI Ihe feed "" i'll an,J Ih.. I....... current IllH ima a re oo t ('r phu"" .... hen Ih.. 1 ,,1' i< " ie" 'ed fll~ Oil , NOle Ihe d ifference fr<>m a enn_ " --e v..n l i"t~,lI y "" rlIl_fed 1,)0'1' AA \IM'd in II q uad. The , ;Iua li" n ..... ilh 2~ I" " .... is ve ry d ilr..' enl , r ite eurrenl ma xima al'<: 1 led a l I"'" fo ur ", id-poinls o r lhe '...... i ides an,J, "'Cn fa~"C on , lhey ad,J 10 P'o.J,,~ II hOfl7o nlan)P<llari,...1 ~ ittllld ; ca.:h ~"'rtt.., " r lhe loop is at II vo ltaJl:" maxim um ' " 1.... 1 Ihe ' ''P(>'''1 wi,e;; toc.:d 10 be insula ted from hiGh d . ...-olla l!"<. The 1 9 3~ hisqua re desi!>'" used " " ly l,lOP a l II linlC and " as hid ira:liona l. ., he r"lk""inV ,Jeoi, " u:lt:" th e t>i"'liMe COncerl. .....ilh insulalCtI .....i...,.. at t IM: Itl(> "~'I e" bul ,, " h a d ilfe''Clll Iced a"lIllltClll"nl w a$ 10 m " ke uSC ,,( bolh loop" simuHalkO U'lly in or d..r 1 1'" ..... \"' e so me lI"i" . A lill l... 0 1 t:<"lI1le:lry sho ws lhal lite cen lres of Ille sides lie at the .on ,..", " f h"n~onla l ) /4 squa"",. Co nside, the a ntenna as w n, i. I ,inll " r Iwn fial lon .... thai ha\'~ I""ell folded a bo ut II ,' cnkal ltne. Om, " r 1 1l<..~ L"ll n he fed al hillll i ll\,...,dll ll~"tl to prodl ,ee a Cl II,.",U pa ue,n simila ' 10 a Aat I""p. If 11,.. " the r r,)lded 1 (> 00 \>"CtCI,. he: fed in rh;>sc ..... ilh Ihi. 11M: Sillnnl. would nOI nd<l IL l """t ad ' am age hcca U!>C of tlte 00" I'ha,e , hift lnlrod uced t>y rtre -";4 .p".:inl\. T ile anlenna w""ld Id'" I>c ,Jil"CC li" nat. The 'I'adn~ <;an he u"",J I " produce 1\ beucr Illiin an<l a un illi.......1imml radiat io n 1'"lIern by feeding the .Cl:o nd I" " p ')0 " nul or p h:L "". tllis is , Itown in ]"ii:. I ~6, W hich represents u r>!Dn ,.rlhe antenna. T oo rd al ive phllles of Ihe currenl. ure sh"wn f." lhe bcnorn half "r l ho: 1l"leunn. l lalf_loo ,," I lln<l

    (i,,) Mor~an . G 3Z 11L.

    wrues:

    2 Me fed rrom npen-wlrc line A. an d halHoo rs .1 ,'n<l " 90 in phase fro m line A ) ,, 0: fed via line H. The ph'" e-,hi fl, c"",hi,,~.,j wilh lhe .p.w ;n~, makes sif\nal, to t he lefl ,,, Ill in-phase. while s i ~ n a l> to Ihe rif\hl .:anecl. The "",r..nlS in Ih~ 1"(> k~ arc 1!lO out -oI~ phaw with rcsrecr I" Ihe ." rr~" I", n J i n~ current . in l ilt: lo"'cr Ic~ . bUI Ihc bend. in Ihe wires Illa ke t he hori ro lllaJly pola, il cQ silln"l. add, an d Ihe ve"'icli llY- I" ,I~ ri~cd s,gruls cancel. In c dlrtttioo or maxim" m r",' i~ li"tt elln he ~Iccled by .,,it.:hin ,,- phases at the f~<I ", 'inl in II "milar nliln' .... III Ihe l>fe' ....us ,1esigns. ' .. 'I he hillh i "' l"'d " n~"C f",.,j <;"1 I>e lIIah:h<.,j I.. .. low , ;n'I'C,I. nee etla ~ia l "ahl~ (or I"' ;n line I b~' means "f I"" -.,,,, , I ra"~r" rn,,,rs "f o ""n ...... i' e li"" .....hid ' ..an l>o: comt>innJ inlo a . quare r"m -..... i'" llI'T anllement . The ,J,alWnaHy c ppcsue wires uscn f,,,m ;'"I0:[><"",I"nl " I""" ,,it c lill<':<. Each pair I~ in the r..rc Cllu,,,,ll,, nlia lpl a, ,,, "f lite Olhe, so lhe 1.....0 pa i,s sho uld 0 havc lillie int~'a"l i"n , Th" " hasinll' 1' ' Fig . I ~Io is I'ro..1\tccd hy inscn inll an e, " a ; 14 (dlrio.:a l I 10" 11'111 I' f 1 ,,,,-imp",' ance .. feed er at Ihe ba~ " f on~ " ,...,n " " lr:ltldo,mcr 10 lliw Ihe requ lled 'Xl (>ha-.: , lIifl, and I'ring Ihe I ~l) all(\ n o "'i ," al lh c ha,~ .rl he am"nua . TIle: a" .lU f.emCnh n~ed It> srvc Ihe rour "" .. il>l" .Ii'''''l i"", ''''~ iud i<:ale,J in Fill. In. Tilt: d irect ,,'n '.."""1 h) IIlt,",'IO II'lIi" Il II,, ',~ ) a,,,1 ~ 71) ........... a l tile 1('1 , ,,,,,,,I'ln,c en,1 ,.r III" "1'>0,,,.,,i,,, It,,, ,,r,,, ""' , 'I ill' .,. her 1.... 0 d,rec li"n, "''l'''''' '" ' h:hin~ ," I h,' ""t..",,,, ,",1, ;\ 11,, ~.... p,, 1c ch, nlle", er rel.1~ " "ul.1 ht: 1I,..,J e.l ~ r,,1 , 1 " ,1.1 . " ha ,'. " i,k:I~ ~I"""'" .....">1,"1 '" " " I'" "i'h lit.: hi ~ l, "t'. , " " h,,~ : ;,1 Ih, anle u"" f,..... l'"i"I : ' .., . (J Jl H L CU n ""''',-ur Ihc I""i!: i<l"a ,,'uh me ,es u l l ~ of some eaku~'t )o>n5. ~lc hits . un,(>,"cd Ihe p"l ar ..Ii a ~ ra ", or Ihe array. aPJ>ro~imH linli " . 11011 u ortelH <l i'l fih" li"n .. illl I k n l ian d ipo les loca led al l he mi<l",> inl...,r Ihc "i<lc. Ireprcscming a ' <::I . o n" hle art',,,,,n ,a li,, n). Ih.. t e, u ll ",~ pauern tti...-<'S ;' , ""in " r ft7d ll r, .... ilh Ihe m"m lo be ill Ihe ",peeled diro.:\Inn ami ~ n,, 11 In t h... " I'l"", ile direc tion. In lhe hori zonta l r iline <ritt, I~M the m" in t" h... a h" lf. power tcnm ,dl h or ~ ". The reve,"", n ull i, It",,,, Ih"" ~Od n do....n fo r a id lh " r 34" and more II>"n 10dO d" ...." f" r 66 . The b"d new. is thai t here arc , i,le I"l-o::s , il" a le<l 112 ' ~i lhc , side of tbc main l('I t'oc, "n ly .3d H d"wn ~ Th~ si<l... I"h"" h" ,"" M O points lr d ,lI;v... to the 111'I ,n 1,,1"'1 ,, ~ . " purl . The null, between Ihe main a nd side 1,, 1:>c~ nrc m()rc thun 100 m .I"..... " for " "(1;!cs of ~ .l ' to ~O' olf the main ,,,nc .
    (adv~nce<1

    It",

    G6XN' . Octah edral Array .

    Les Mown. G6XN , re po rts : 1 ,hill k I h''''e n" ..... 11"1 the a"' ....."r 10 Ih" probl em of all ro und swite hahlc ~"ra ys .,'iI/,(l1ll Ihe d i,,,d,all1age. of Ihe UA3 1AH ver>ion, and r ill.' ",,,I,, f,;,nd o [1C ralio". " I lh ar my re ma ill~ lile <ame oi,,, :> n..l

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    AM A T EUR RA DIO T E CHN I QU E S

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    (look;" ... do"'" on a UA ) IA R il ~u n. be Ihou ~h l ur ~, two s, ocke, ! X ;tntCn"a, 1 11 11 <1 Ihe ",,, III_I>;,,,d fealll' ': can he a chieved !'oy all pI' . he . lmea r rcsouator" ht 'sa l'~a n n t\ in dlJCl ~ oc",) loxhniq uc (p.l@.C UOOl un,J b}' til<:: llSl'

    Co J7.HL) lie ma kes some inilc n ; ",,~ n<r'M j.. O"~ of e,,, ,,,n, di,'r;"u,lOn to OVc' C Un'c .he snup., " r X-type clc "' cn l ~

    '''''' ~ h....l,.ul , hap<: l\S IOC UA) Ii\ R ,i"~lc-r>< ..e des i... . 11l1' (t i~ c n

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    I lts quad u' c. IriNind IinCM resonat ors ( Fi ll . 15~) . In effect, three 0:10:111"'11 , un 14 MHI l>ceo",,: 12 o n 1M 1o.1H7, in, iliving .ign dic,,'" "" ru { U <.i 6X N 'Hitel: I f l"~i ,,tl a [>iii, ,, pal'llUcl c jcmenrs (r ig. 1(,(1(11)) oc nd ing Ih" n, in,.. X St\.lPC U..i.... 1 6O( b) ~ ma ke, , ,, ~h ~ m=

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    thin" (I<>w r~tl i~ ! ion resi,ta nee . n u ll~ ~ t 45 ' rll rw~ n t, I~ 'gc , ide ~ntl bad IIlho>< l " 'hy no! try tho:. "I'f""i le kind of knd ing : ri ~ . l NJk j, Non..,<: rhat .,,~ with ,t~ n"",,l d emen ts. s p;lcinj: 5 1 r", Ihe ~ 5 " , Iin:<: lio l> i. 0 70 7 o f the ,,,,,, im llm s p;1eing S ~ I"" in Ih;s ca M', a llcJwing fo r Ihe ~'"rr"n1 ,11,11'1 .. n hu tio n . the .;IT" 'liv" III lll ll' ;lCinj: fo r Ih" l'Cam d il'O,;li" ... is ~i l1 g to I.... a 1 1 Ie.. lha n S ~: in fac l. nOI ," uch !" ellIC' thau "

    "
    (.)

    S I n.c. as th e hea ." IS l'OtaleJ , he re IS a t jj"' l rel;ui... y /i l//. d eh " nge in '1/''i:li,~ .ra(" i ll ~ . T hu" inSlcad or he i n~ narrower, Ihe lIca m WIll he hrc.l de r than with no n na l c1emeIllS. r.ide ed In hes a re ~l" " "r " Ipp. essc.l a"d h;,d, lobes "re" rly red uc . .. Rul ho w ,,<> we ~ o r "'Ill r; ~ . I (,I~ b) to I' ill. 1(,()(e) '? Th e Iric k is . impl e a nd Ihe l ~ ill 1M' l:>;'si, ~1rY elu ral d UlIlg" r", m Ib, UA31i\ R a rra ,,;:e IHC III; ,,,, merely ~ l lI n Ihe fccd pol" t to Ihe ",id"'~ o r a .id~ " I' Ih e qu.l d 1 01': lh i, ~wi !cho:s the 0 pllla rll a llO" . r",m Ilon~oll t a l to ,,,,, Iie;,l a nd puslles Ille current ma ~ lm" OUI 10 Ihe c"rnel 's inSI""d oj' .1Ie p inchedin 1" 1' a n.1 hI.Hum , 'erl il:C:\. ! .. Lo ok i" tl- r"'\t " the . ide I h tl- . 16 11 we """ e ", rcnt rna, ;rn,' , III a . h . e and .1 ..... be rca s for the U A:lIA It " lOad lhe ma " m., . I' re a1 e, r. J ~ nd h . l-ly rhe " a lure " I' t h i l1 ~s rhe,., i.< a $naJ, Fccd l n~ a l lhe ,rne.~ i~ ,,<>1 " e" rly M co nve nie" I, ",.1 "'t a re ~o i "C to ha,." 10 f~.-l a ll ro ur co rne rs . Or rwo ""roe l'Splus so me tril:ky , wllc hllll' a l the up pe r "n d lo ""er h i;:h \"ol1a~ pOllll~ . ,>r Ihuv inl! ol-"' -ci.-.: uit,,,l l he lo p) u~ ;" e r l' reed a l " lh.; h" Il"," (w;1h 1he G 6C J "" lu n nlod ifica ti"n). .. T he m uillb.l nd fo ur ha lr..,len..., nl vc .--..;" " .UII. ... r", m ncc" ive . p"d"ll 0" Ihe hilrhe r f'C'll ~ IICY 1 " ls and ",i~ h l "" be he tte r ", ilh OI IC "" ir lln u~d , 0 , Olle c " " ld pin"', lhe , ,..,"'."" I"~ct he, hy a n ;l rr" n ~c"'lCn r of ..." ,1 ... In , m" le" "' nl lllg lhe verllea lly po la , i,.,'. 1a rr~ y . Le5 M" ." ,n i "u''l'O.~ 1Cd a numbe r " I' " lea s pu r r,', "a'" some )." " a ~" hy O r Werocr Bol dt . lIJ4V M / .. A " eW m u h .h:u ld I/"all a 'It<nn,, " IH um R<tdi" . '\UI\"SI . 1':169. pp4' 4 ~1. G~X N ' wriIL ": .. I have tricd " " I Ihe lJse of ven ical p"l" ri" ,( i<, " Iv a<:hicvc lhe " "Jc.:tiws. hu t .. n h no ne o f Ihe oJ .." ,I~a" ta e" of lhe ,,,,/!.nal UA.lIAR arr."'lICmc n r, The " rr~y p ro vides Ir i~" nd ope ration or 17 f l. "l llm ~ 1 "1''' a l"nl( Ihe li"cs ,, [ the 0 IlJ .. VM q uad .... hleh is , f c n~ .d frun l Ihe I.. , y ll a rra y. l-ig. 163 sllo"-,, .... ha l each 10.. 1' looks like whe n sh irl",l wu nd 10 , p , o...ide ven ical-pol a riN oJ ~ ig na k n..: en,f> co uld he joined. "'.1 ill p rine i" le thIS ma ~c, '''' d iff",e nce e k Clr iea lly, alld ...." villi Ihem unjo ,nc,j is c;" i", a n n\Oa Y . Iilln lly rcdL/Ct d ie leclric .",,"" in IOC ma. I. I have bro ug lu lhe e nd. o f 1M twO 1 001" eh ..... IOj(cll,e, . w p a nd OO It O"" ' " Iha l the lOP ha ll o r lhe ' l"mt se r~." a l.., .. Ihe 1(1 1 parI " I' lhe I\uy .... ire ' sys lem. r."'-"' ''' tot th . d lrTe",n. mc' h"d o r [<:<:< "" . tM 11 a rran~e m cn l /()(>/( s w ry ,n "" h like lIoc l' i, q ", ,,e " nlcnna.

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    PII . IS'. ~ I . . .. ' ..._ ",...I b. Gtolt N I~ r "ib . na . ....... .... ~ " "" . ;cwm. u O U ' . (' I-. o. 14 MH . ) . T h "' . ~ . C I .. . h., ... . I . " .." I h. Ca X N , h , . h .... nl

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    ' .1 . _ hifdn ho f.oodpo in ' ",. V-"l l-"R I. - . . U.. II ~ I .., ..a wl.h ' h. . . ...n ' "' 1 ' . h. , n' " i....... of .. , .... . I hoa In ' " '' .nd """,0 " Iu .

    AERIAL T O P I C S

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    The .impon~ n l d itr" r"" '''' i> 1l\; .l Ille ~ rray is IfI-IIM a mI J noJ unidl,cc u"" a.'? U "fnrlu" a lt:l ~ lor rull tl Ult.l r~ " 1 '''''I~lI i ll ~ h I pro~itk omn ldir"" li" n.. I ''1'''r'l1ioll. ono; needs n mm'lI m,,1'I' .om plicalc,1 swih;l1 inlt a lTanll"""'I1I . 0' l WO bea ms al ti l/hI_ an!:l"" Oil Ille snme n",,' .. Wilh a 11 ft , 1 <><:>11. nne h.., " n ~ M Ml il ihe full gain o( n hi. S4 ua ,,, I'llOli re f1lxlo r I,,' me 7- ~<I D) . und (1(1 14 MH l " "'" a 1'1'. .. ad oc;. no rmal q uad pcrr" rm a nce (. ...u n<.l 6<.lB ..rcrct\('C ,11 ", .1 a lth""ttll III,s w,11 ~ .1i!:h.ly <.l"i:r. o.ktJ " " I,,ss 0"", ,,1 lah... ~1"1l' 10. (QUa;;l e the e' '' TerllS. I ""\'1: C...,>C up a pins l , II< p\'1:lU>U plm. pro N ctn C""" 1"'11<' 321) albeil in a muc ll lcss "' r....",. fu rm. Til.. "ca ~ t>lc " f hci nl: U~'1nl lIy d,,~in, Nt lh IIl>. l lioo ~h rcu, ~hnll i<... 'II" , ""Jll.. Ih "".uslinll. It.c a nde be , ,,ttrl I UY ..-ires ""'" u n ha. " .n ~ dc'<i,cd sfIII.'i"j:. hUI 3 ,,"y inlCl'CSl"I"ll. ""inl .. III< " Iy lhe e lf,,\'1: ',..COnll , ulOtlI.1Iic.a II) d...,..= W illi , "" r, equency. ""1 11....1 ....... 10 .10 "nY' hinl( ."'"" " /0 ,,~ p,,'Ic~s. On ! S MI I l l~ ce nlres or , he U'm;'fIl move 10 ' he rn or th e sid SO INI lhe ........" .~ih" .. t uo;l 'y JwJ{Ih&: t " " lhe lmCB_A.:lm.. 'C'd I, , he rfl"KI"'e mean sr-'''ll on 14 M l iz i< Ita lhan l he SflX,n. r>f the ~ to lhal ,he e..mpcns.ali.... io. llOl: 1....,., C1. Iltll " ;" C

    I"ul>lcm "hlCh I sh.d l .......... l... ;""""11"'''' Lil.... . "oJ " lIiell I am 'tire " 'ilI nno r " "''' i" . " ",, ' uble, .. Thr r<$Q<lltnl Ilu ll rc,,~hc!t d......n 10 """n<l I....c1 " he re il c",,101 be ma lchN in l" a n. h id o f reeder. I ~ flOO ,, 10," line. and t he kO RllI frn m '110" 1<:<'d ' I""nl ' 0 shn rri" II-N' " ' Jlh o ul al abo ut 4(, fl. f" r 21 an ti 2' !IoH II . and .~ (, fl . fu r 14 !Io1I!L. Wilh a IO" 'r r a nle" "a. H 11_ fo, P ;tnt! 21 MH l and J I fl. fo r 2R !1.1 II, ,,'o uld rcrt""' ''l a bell Ct 01'1io n ",100'1'1' ,h ese p" ints "'" " llhhl t.Uj' "':oell, . If lleam ,.,';otion IS 10 l:'C a, hi". "d h )' l"in~ llW,I. mo unled i l rit:"1 ..nllles. II .. ill lie n<:<:e, ry It>Ilu 0 ... , he 0"'" nOl In II';<: " ul of rcsonaOCi: by m " . "f ,,,i I3 Me slUll Shol l-eil\.l 11li"ll .,

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    Fill_ 1601 ."'" , he u~y cnd.-on tou l .. ;ll! the rtt'd<', omi llN , W i.1I "-' hct"CCh the ItJ<!P' ,he CU.""'t ,,,uo in dry _ . 1........ 1-6 ...... 14 \ IH 4 1.1) . K> 11 MIl l i ,ld " boul lJ . 10 ()-4) on 18 MH , . bu t ..... 14 !IoI Hl lhere d n'P ' 0 1'1 In "el ,",Ullle ;l~ '''ctl tor ~"""SC "r '.... 1 i n. In ,he 0 rcqu i.C'd ~lub Iet'>!tll'1 ; 110.. ind it.." ,... ,h"", ;,. "" ....... lat.....,

    A ......... ariali,'n , ~ the \'K2A bQ bro m. rW uc,nll Ih" " ll: ~ ill furl he. , hu bee n <l........'f"C\! tor VIUA 6Q Ind i~ sho"", '" 1" 11. 1M. T his t~k cs . t.c (urn, "t ~um",,<:1 111 M H<t I lnY, "'-lIh M I""""J l;s.j;... 0( onl, .4 n . a lll"" Uflh or C('lJ"'" ;1 ~'O ukl he "", led up r 14 0 , 21 M Ill. l'he u~ 1 rorm 0( C"_'''~c' r.oJ i" l or a~1I c1emenl mc;o ... 1 1 "-simiL., a",,," '" nr ...ire to ;o r"lloSON d'J'Olc I nd rct'lI"'r n t.... a lXommo.lal.., t " " Ih... sowl lltUCIurc. I "-~ I""<ok ,t.c ..ue of lhe on. ",.1 VK2 4 AQ tksi&n. 1lI<' ~in "rrect or ,C'd uelnl It.c I i", ia " ........ (;l~,t>., () ctl

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    \\"tom h~ e ll "" '''$ on Thor U K dUrin. 19711 he! ~,,~ (,u"" I""" :>"~laH l'. J . t " TN " , W O<1\;Kl , Gl l1.R . 10 t... . kl ,lIlC A. a hc-i ; h l fir JO ft. th O. has en:r.bIN (i R7.R ." .

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    8 t oo ol.... n " 80 lu ll a M C'ffific: nt h .f. "'"",d ba nd ba lu " hy Joe R",isoell . W UR lI/om H...Ii". Scplcm bl:r. 1-,.711. " ,, 12-15) ........ a n i mpIO'~ h' l:he. -poe""",,hil;IY f~ lt ire lu... id c.. le "n .. f uch i5 wound ~ . h"' 1 ....Ullih , 12 IUI'I1 '. 36 40 In . " f ~a hle) or thln co~ . i,, 1 ~a h le of lhe ""l nlr<:l! irnr ,la IX'C . The W lJ R unit ( F i, . 167) 1I5~ the 1",1" lna Ge ne ral I-J 611 t 0 1 core wilh Mti- 14 lf ll ca b le: ,I ~"""rs 35 to ju M il l (""l h rfduce.l d lkk ....'Yon 18 M Il, ). "'or use o ve' 1 . ~ o M i l, . IU I", n~ of cable , h" uld pro ve "" fficiem. an lll'C'II CU' " rna l"",,, 1 n,i ll-hl ",0' '' more ..... il.. l-Il... ro r 10Wff fr""....... ln. Wilh J(G I4I iU c C'3blc Ihe .."" os,Jcoillncd for 50 oh ms imJl('da.....-e. htol W IJR rn.:okts II dCOl' lhat 0 1110:1 i,nroa! a l'K'(i may hi; K k.;IN pro~loJcsI l hoc" Iw "" irnro.::dan~.. o n l he Iowbl f""lllt'l>CY b;>.nd i!. ~t 1ca ~1 10 lima lhe Q b&e imf"'<lancc. The <k-!i,n ca n he Ldal a l v.h I if . 11"nt ion a p;aio.! IO la )'O<l l and k~ let1clhi. W lJR q a la : The bea"l ~ '" thi!. ty pe '" " Iun .. lna l II <Juc:,; "'.... m lmdua: an, ..J..l,11(Ml;l1 ~. I'~t' ';""""l"'f>o:'ll~ 10 I ..... f<:a/linc..
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    ,"" "rr.. ~. " n'" in l U' 1l l hi. ,m l'lin ""IUC'l ioll 1;11 1,..., h . c""",,, ca ...r" lIy Wilh .. "'""" .. -...llh. Th.. m;ll('l, il .... Ifu ,,, , a t , .... frc-dtl<l'in l herOle CUll,nll . he r.>.k "I rti . ... ''' ~.ll(''jIOO lor obiros . II " ",,",Ilk ' n ......( . Ihe rn<>n;\!ll f ral ' ome') hy ......t. ~n ll " . 100; b;ue<. .. / 1100; <lff. b""'llJ . l')un,j,J . h<> h is is not ra....""'1'llftJ<kd u...~ 11 .. "",-.-n;J,.., ,n nrOO ... red ......, I"" ' ;IT '" lhe . fr:ln_ ,,,k Iocy\?lld , h~ 1 , l'Ioooo n. The 101:>1 ....... J:th of .. ire fnr :M \ 11 1, .. a!>out 3S fl . N" Uy. ('Oims Y a nd Z '.h ....kl hc ha lf-.. a~ a lo,,~ ' hi; ~ fl l<kn """'~I . . ..... bere Ihe .. ,m cu.'" 0 ...... . a ""'l\1I ,nsu l:> IO' ~ h< ... I,1 be U"C<llo ~ r t he .. ;Ift _I"' n; " t h.,rwlloC .. hen lI .... et '" .Pr!it"'tl th"'..... he " 100ndeno.'Y f..... lhe w ,"" to wel,J IUl'C'h", r. r ho: " fl}'rdm'ds " c.-n be Ih ,,,'~h l o f a' a rtl"lI~c1)' d l\c icn l f"rm o f in,J',,:. i...... 1 ,Ji"lI. wh ,l. Ih c end ,.....;. i""1 .... 11 ,:o "'i" ",, I" rrpl ~ .. 1 ".1pac "i ...... h'a ,J ; ,, ~ 1 in e~ rh"r " Io:. 21\ OQ <I.... illns. WII,," fr d wllh ~I ..,hm c",, \;~1 ,~ 1'1". a n ' .".r . ,,( ""_ Iha " 15 cOllld I", " ch iC'\'(;.:! .. ",,,n,11h,, C"" ttl o .....r al inll f"''l llc nocy . [k-"I'Ue Iho: com",, ':1 I;, " "n,1 hi gh_Q co nSl, ,,cli ,, ". .... Io:. 211flQ reports a , ,,h,, ,,,,. ;,,1 f "'"I.". I...- k ra lM> h.f Ilk' ..rdc r "f .h l\"'C S p'ui 1U' I. a I~pe:c l able r, '.,..a rd p in " ...... r a r"lI.i,,, <l1 1"01c a l.... .. e\alle nt .. s t..lc ,,,;.,c l;on . .. hie h ha ,J ""I bo:cn "n tOC' I>;tIC"J1

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    ' 44 MH o Coli" ..., Varl/u l Arro, T he ' IlI rnc li,ln . (,f a ~rl i~.. I. omni-directtcaa l c,>linc: u a..a y fo r v .h .f. o r u.h.f Ope. alion be.:urnc mor e al'I"' n:nl as Ihe ' ''''' o f ~" " icK ll y- polarllcd ~ignar. inc rca ",. _ lIu, tile c"linea r h& 10 hi; " N" O:" hed "';lh so me Cll ulion : il " Il()( a I)OI o:n1 lhat Iendl itM"lr ,,,..d ily 10 fancy varia lion>. Ncvc n hdcs.. t he tr......I;o n. 1 oo li,,,,,,, <kI lln i. a very fll'll" lb l a M ,.....r" l "''''' " llCmcn l. In ~ """ f"" /lali. J une.

    AE R I A L TO P ICS

    feeder i'll" lhe shac' ~ , it is I" ",-, iblc III a ny p0 int 1 in,...,t a 0 4: 1 rol ull lra n. fortl it r mld Ihen " se 711\.hm c o. , ia l cable, ~
    801.. nced D lp olu o n d C.... " ial Co bl e H, n o me , W1WAM . in QS 1. Ma )', 1979. r4~, ,wt n lh a! when a l:>a lane C<1 d ipo le ",eme nl i' fe<J fw m ..-ua,i"i eab k: an u lI,,'amed CUI',,:llt n"..., Ihe uIll ~ idc t " nduc to l' jac l e l o f lhe eahle , While , ,,ch "n Mrllngcn lenl ma y have a 'Q' ul rlld ia,cU I'I'W e'll ial il' tha i when t he er c1eme nl ts fed f"' m a 1", 1~ 1l~C>J fcc-'<le r. ih" rod ialion pattern may be d istorleoJ a noJ t he: ru d ~" i" n from th e t"cc<le r ma y cOnt ribule to TVl. W1WAM sho ws (...ilh ll1~ I IICll1a,io;~ l jUliilkal ;u n ) ho w llle simpl e e ~~>cdle" l o f C" " "<:<:1ing t he shield touter conductor}of the e:tble h. eol rlh ~ t a pm nl ,-/4 fro m Ihe a ntenna fecdpoint tcMil'5 in II m inimum d ivc rt io n o f ,.nnl'mnter powe r on III lhe o vl, ide < nd uct" r " f Ihe cable , v <' rly Ihio lcch niq lle wOlild I:>c ea ~y 10 im rl e"'en l o n 1ea siilllleba nu oJlp,, 'e-- lypc antenna s o r '",am> fo r I..... I"wer. frequ ell, y a m~ ICll r ro nds. T heit' ~vuloJ. "f ,vu t"SC, be r", hlcm, f" r m"ll i-lxlnd operoti"" '" whore Ihe a Ult llll.! is m"re I h~n )./4 above e art h (..-" uloJ a J J.,I.j. , ectinn he C\luollly effeclive '?). A P<l5-~ibilll y " O, ih inv<:sl;l;'ll ing w" ulu be Ihe usc a n .. a ni fioCi JI ClI rlh " ,,,n. i,lin g "r "ne <lr m" ,e )14 wi."", in~1l1 3 ted 311 hr fa r en. l, a1l3ehc<t to , he ca hte, II has been noted [,.,fore Ih ol li he uoe ,>fa' lifi.;ial ea rl h, " f,h" tyl'C <;;In elimi"ale vel)' d rcclive l}' lhe I' roh1cm o f l he .. hoI " em h po inl Ihal "f,tll "" cm' ...'hen a lunltwire nnrcnrta ts Ul'ed from a n "I"lilliu op c nll in g p<'lSil ion.
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    197 9, \' K2A XZ rlXa lls ,h e 144 M il l array fa~ hlOlloC'd fro m ,'ill" a lum inium ....in: Ih;11 u~ed In 1l1' 1"C1Jr in severa l edil io ns "r the AR RL ka ",lboo~ . f i, . 168 , h "w~ h i, I'1:rti<'ln. JUllou !:h tnore ,h .1 Ihe QriLtina l desi..n had Ihe p hosin, 100 1'" sl'i'~..,.l I ill. a nd Iha l eac h wm pr~ a 40 in. ' ha irpin " Ivo p ,,-illl 1<) in, centre sections. The a n " y Cll" be mad e oul of I"'" %-97 in. lengths of sliff. ill. a lum in ium ....ire (A RRl. us~ 1 ... l<> M iAA",t " nlv tllinium c l" th<:sl ine "ire " ) an d i, fed wnh 300 0 hm lxllallCed fL ...Jer ,,.. fro m e ither 51 ur 7! "hm c" u ia l ... ca Ne lhroo,h a 4 ;1 c"a~ ial ro lun, T he ekmem. " ,e "'''ilntcd Oil l'llla ll cer am ic r illa rs on a wooden pule (u,i ,, ~ sm ~1I cla mp' of ahoecl al ilmin ium wrapped a ro ullu ,I>c .... ire a nd sc reweu I" II>c aia nd-o ffs). The a rray W 'lLenlr" i", ra d iatio n in the honlUma l plan e 10 r nw idc o"m i..Jirocl io na lllo, in _ vc,y il. eful for "or~jn. 10 mobil h

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    Milli iha nd d ipo lC!< ...ilh cOOl oial feeders Can be ""ill hy " ,i n\l the pa ralleled ,Iir" le recnnlq ue but an a he l'l1 Kli ,,, I~h niq ue pro vidi"W .. lOO o hm feed r<,inl "n " ,Ij",elll, h" m lo nica lly rdal eU ha n<.l. h.. . been descri......1 oy ~ "n Ma y. \''' IJ'~I (.1"' '' (''1/' H"d'", Jul)', 19 79). rms a n lenna (Fill. 1(,9 ) uses Ihe pl"Of"'Nir:sof ).j4 stu b to pr ovide an arrr"~i,,,n le 30() o)lin rc,j"li> fcnlfl<lim Oil the 'e two ha"d ", The dime nsions given a", fur l " MHz a n<.l 7 M il t hul Ihese cou ld be scnl<>J f" r uih e r h;r n<.l~ , au Ihe h igher f rC'\luency Il. nd tbc ~ iHrc , e..-ti"n (If Ihe a nlCf ll ae lS , 1a ns a r"I,I",1 d.""le a nd SO l" Uv;<.l", Ihe ,lfKI oh m im peda nce. Ixinl!\ ca,:h '-/4 I" n ~, do 00 1 iiUt<lU...:e Th e t "J rea"'a ",,e lind in ell'",-", are d i~"nnc<:ted frOIll Ih e f"lded " d if'<l lc ""..-1i<;", du e '0 Ihe il11l'e"'u "", m;sma tch. O n Ihe l"wCT fre<.ll ", rn;y 1:>:. nd the fu ll lenlllh "f Ihe '1lllCniltl elen,.,llI f,,~ a ../2 r,,, t;at or . with a T ma i..- h t>a: ,io<! to lite 300 uhm line. f" r Ihose wh.:> do iwl wa,n U. la ke 'Oe 300 o llm h"hil le'ed

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    /( o"p T h<> t B"..m Up 11 ill " 0 1 u nly high winds thn t Call hrin\l llli aPl"' te nlly ,,-ell. bilil' a rt-ay ' uml:>linK d ow nwa r<l,. Me'al fa l i ~ve h.-uullh ' about by viht1l liu" ",-er a long I"Cr i", 1 tfor cU lllI. le_d ue I.' ver tex shedoJ in!: a l q u ile i,,"<I\'><1 wind spe"" ,hl Cil ll he a sues, As " u lc<.l ea rlier Ihc addi l;" n or .1111 pro blem a t n ib!>er slr ir ' (w hICh ma y be fnr mcd by W'ill ioll down <,<>;l i" I\' " r I:arden bosct, m,,,, ,, ,,,,1 lowa roJs Iho enoJ of ,"" eleme," ,. I."".n absorb and d r..i r ate moct,n" j..-n l e nerllY a nd ..- . 11 !>e e IT",," ~c in ied ucillg hrca kaz..~ a l Sites " 'heft mo . de rate winds lend 10 hlow rllr 1""1: l'Cl'iods. Anmber reaS" n wh." luh ular a t um i n lUm .~ II"y c k mc n t~ do Hot a l" ay 'ay u p 11 5 1" "1: ;" "-~f><'<;'1 is e l"';lr"l y tle acti o n. pa rlil."ub, ly 111 1&311la <lell '" ind"sl iial (s"lphu r d io, idel 'llllll " rhcre~ . 1"00 oflen " hllliiniulll all"y cl"""'n1 are h" lled 100001""r or fl'c<.I inl" p lace wilh ",,,,,, o , I>'a \.S nu ls ;n Ii " a ll eln l,l lu prevent " "I. a nd hd lS; hfa s i. o ftc" Wh"' e nh,min itlill i. in conlll. 1 wil h lli" ,lhc, meia l il i. Untn allll ""c" :1 I1 11 "e"ltnccl o,e r a l" " ll pe riod , I his rs because .li", i", ilar melal s ,m""""",1 in " L' H1d lJ <:l i n ~ solut ion or ekc:lr" IYle ar c likely 1" f" m l a n c1cc lrical .. cell '. The 11C!l'll ivc elect ro de (Ihe a lllm in iUill) ", ill ' hen Ilmd "a lly II"C I<' " ",i!:hl an ll slie "g ' h d L 10 dl SSOlul K>n in jll\1 l he sa me way a. ' Oe 7ine c~""' ",dc lIilCS in Ii L"'"" h~ ..-e ll. Alum illiuol1ami ~ i n<' (" h ieh f"'m llej;'Jlive d cctrU<!csl have I"-,i li'.: eo"",iLl n po le n'i " l... " f 1-6 1 volls a nd 0 76 vnhs , ,,,,pec li>ely, where;" ~'o r per (.1",1 hrass is Ii n alloy ol c''Pt ,.,r) is wettrcwa rd, the u ppos ik ell .! "f l ite oorrosiOll r " len lia l table (0 ,34 v" lId M ind ic s ated hel"w ;

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    Tn nlin imire eleclro lylic en fToslo n. screw !>oils a nd nUI S cult he m;'dc of steel with r'OIl i~e llalva nilCd l.inc plate ,...,l1ing. Cad mium or nick e l>l ale ca n a lso he used. as can . Mainlcss steel ha rdwa re. Th~ male rial. arc a ll m uch l"Ille r lha n bron. a llhou~h ..-nrrCIsive aclion will no l Ix eOUlr lete ly lnhih ilcd . fit liMI pnxllulion is 10 painl jni nl~ u f d .ssimilar me la t. in o rde r ' " h ...... "~ill a ll mo iSlure ..noJ th us p~ v. nl the

    AMAT EU R RADIO T ECHNI QUE S

    f" nnolion o f an ~ 1 ""I 'olt lc . r " r h' ~ hcsl 1 ,,,,.,,,,lio n. " liM C,,,,1 of line cllr",,,~I~ prunc, ~"" lJ l<l t>c f" l1,,"',,,l toy on" o. "',,'" coalS of ~lIU<l c", crior I",im. Zinc d m '", alc rro vid~i !'U-ivallnll ac t"m. II shou ld b<: lllllClll ha l . sla i" I= " s l ~'( 1 is "<>1 co rr",i" " rcsi~la n l u nlcu il ha s a 8<"<'d po li. hed su,facc : ,f di rl 0 ' s,:" ic ill p, ("!c nl .J"""1'UIYlc. ca n 811 III ,,'ork. a n<l ''''' '' 'I in cor"" i" " . Ant "n"" l or . Tl,c a m" " " " is 11 01 .... 11 Ihc mOSI ;111l'orla nl pan " f a ny )' ama teur sU I;,.n . but al.., rema ini lhc m051 mislJ lldc'''lood pa rt. T. Kinll. I .L2A KW. ( IJr~"I..;". (kln k r. J'I181 hu co me . uJI,,'ilh U .. bask am"nn" fm" . " hli~ h ' I }' , m~l i r.",l in the w", i"n Ili,,,n lX'low): ( 11 A cut f", Inc cenue of Ihe J' ~ MilL ban d a nd fcd .. ilh ~ n o r 75 oh m,na ' ;al ca ble via an a nlen" a tune r will l", j"'1 a" 1l .Jd al Ihc bind cd~"" n il is a t Iho ' C'IOna nl fr~. 0 '1"oncy of Ihc d ip"l" clc n~lI l . (2) The sallie dip u k . k d .. jlh JOno hm , ihJ ~ 'n or OJ.1C:ll li,,~, alla in "i n an a _l.u., will wor k o n OilY ba nd rOlm J'8 M i lL I" 297 .\ IHr. 0 ) Unless hill:ll<-r tban ISO fl " il h'I/ <11)' mO e", Oil ~, ~ ll M II' on ",hkh ,li,eclin n ~ ,l it'<'le "",int. , m" ,e . igni(,.'a n' will f>c the o"",lr""I;,, n:;, trees ~lC , "h i...11 ails", " "'''\C o f Ihc p.,wcr, (4) A 1 10l . " le" "<1 provi""" ""'0"<: lIxe i,,~, microvol lS Ihall 011 "OO, t "nc (i.c. Ie Illan ;"'!l !>ut a [ran , min inlt O'lI"" "a r. d iale'< Ril ihe r""~' Illat Can f>c red 10 il c' ecpl IR I,~ . ( ~ ) i\nlelln~. a n" II", "'ll" I'", ,,nl COnncel"" 1" l""m, cn"

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    (12) A n."'llhl an lc nna is no' a heller '''''c''na but mcrt ly a n""c ",pcn~i "" a nlClllla ; a !Jelll;' illl'c" mcn t ill :t gooJ hr", k "n alllt nn:l.'. ( Il ) I. y,M.lr bo:sl frk lld afraid 1<1 lell you ?

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    1...11. , ":.,.,10.

    hJ. us a " ","pC>C cycle 1:'>cS up and up . If The .. ""II Qf "uuh lin!: you , r ,r. <llltPlIt po...~r w,lI b " e virlu.aJl~ "nn nl i<:cabJ", t>m h n l;' i n ~ in p", power may "'cl l be IIl\l;c,,,,hIc S1n<:C OU lPLl I ~fficicncy m. )' he atreel"J. (7 ) A lnosd y-Ioa<! "'! ' !">I nSlnill"r ",,, nd~ a.. f,,1wh cn ow. dri ""n , (Ill A l ighlly.I,..." k,I 1rR n ~m i u"r, .. hen ",",d ri." " , "'11~ Ol Ihol l\CC'l a nd " LlIl'ul may even be reduc ed. (\I ) A prop<:rly [Lln ed "l'''em i. w""n II>c a" ,,,,,n,, e" ,rectl)' I".d, 'h e trausmiue r, (10) A [X)Of an i"""" rs al.. a~" poo r " " I" "",, ; blJl when ~"t,"d ilions a,,, ~"..,I i' will w",l . O i l The re ut<: n" rn,lgic r",,,, ,,las o r tHall;C t>n , cs ahle 1" imrm ,'c Ihe PIl,rU,n'ance of 1'<"'1' a"le''''u''. h" , il i. ,";I~, In rc,h,,~ ,1r '"l1" I;"'"lly (he ell";ien,"" (If n 1"",,1 "n"n,,,..

    Tt,. Z J, . . .., SI.. ,. or The !>a, it idca o f Ih;'; type of a nlcn nn i, 11> ..'" a lon jt d il,,,I,, " r cnd-fed wi", wilh the t ..." end .ect;" n, form;lljt vcrn",,1clemcnu , a rr''''Il",t I" that Ih" " " rn:m fl"w;" J( in lhe \am" I.! inxtion ill eac h vertical M'Cli(' n mal es Ihcm fun.I "'" a, a "" ir o r I'ha,cd ""rl ical~, allh" " gh nOI ,"",! uirillil a ny ~ , ,,unoJ ' a,ti,," 10 ..,h ie.t l h ~ ;mpc<!a nc>: malCh. 1\ v t .1tcl t(~taJ,1 ~!{Ipe,. fo r [01' M nl.! DX o~ral i"n c" nsi,1So f two 70 fl. vcr tk al "",I i" ,,<alld a ,cnlrc-fed l lO ft_ slu pi"iI sccuon. L1 ,u. loo l inlt " . Ille Im'l""iIlCr much like a c" mmo n 0' lJ"" len halt'-wa. " ,hpo:.lc. FlI' 1 ~ Mi ll .s" . h an ,," Ien na ",,,,0.1 , h;\ootJ rn,lSI'l an d " f~ i, :n," " ,n' of~t'a,..". R ,, ~ Fo.. d l. Ci.l( i M X . '''C' th iS :lm~,,,,,, . hl\l scabl " ""'n (" , 7 M i lL. Thi. h"s he"" 1" 0,",," !O ",,, L .. ~II " "I "nl)' on 7 M i ll bLl I ai, ,, ~I ~l l l l in :l very Ctnll\i'",l locatin" allli wilh II>c I"''' low "" inIS" "'y a r"" fecI aJ ~"c gro und : "'"" Fi ~ , 170. On 7 Mil , 'his ronlillu,,, n,, ,, represents a half-wave c!cn1cnl, " ,hllile-fcd fUM In.: l...,c o f Ille IIPpro D iale " . vclt ical ~1'''mCn. by ""'""~ of a . I" nd"rd " L " malchi" l: ""I" ol k ("ne ,,><lllel" '. nne ea IlaCiln r), 0 " 1 1 MHz Ihc nnle n" a f", ms a J~J Z 'Y"c"'. the I'h,,, i,,!\ ill Ill<- elell,e" ... t og,e l ll~ ,,, II ' hclr . ....<' n~. l;It i ll ~ "",h 8~ 10 ~i~ e Ihc ,. nle", ," ~",'>o.l h ;l{kid~ I.! i r"", i, i l~ .

    --Quick Guide to Radiation Ha zards- P " " nll-lhe P'''1 1',,1" ~'''; l1'$ ma tly PC"fl1c " 'ill1,, l',,, fenlOnaJ i,"crc" ,n l ad al'. ,,, i,,, ,"'a"e. ,",cr".. "." '''~''', b.-QUd. .u<li" l( n".1 t'nn.",i lwrl from hih' I'''W , 10 " "no.1 _hell.!. h."" '' """"me "'""e,,,,i" I.'I ) awnre of Ihe r l"<, bk ",. "" I I,) Ihc ' Cry J" T "r"" t .. ~" I" l~.'d. " "r '0 r.f. " , c ;n " ilf. ,eril ,,1 I'" rl, ,'f t he .. o rlJ. II .. a .cn~i Iiw , "hll r", ",,, lin a m" tellT<. ,,,,<1 r>n e .. hidl c" Ll ld lel,,1" ' M>c;al l" Ollk,'" nul " " Jo ~e II>< "e """"'aIed " illl TV I, Wc 'l<.-cJ In .<l e,' ,;"",f" II ~' a mj ""t l:'c f'T", " k"d in!" IIldkinll ,aSIl .t alen1C: 'HI. ,\1 ' he I,e.,n "f ,h c (>("I>i. " , " " >c ""e,ti"n o r h.. .. .a rc is Ihc '1,r" Ii", i, lfo, ""n llnuo", e' I,,'su' el "I III In Wi,:m" 1 '-his ,,' Ill- " lliciaJly "'<:" n, ,,,(:,,d,,1S'll ndarl.! " ,,- I ill ille l JIi. , US A , Jm l m." I\' " I"", ,, " "'" i. " , Al1 h" " "h ,.1 """ l ~ )'"'''' .11\", ;,,,,, ba,,,,I I" d~"a l ,.. ,d l ~' ,M' lie Ihe"",,1 clf"" " "I" h.f ,IV /". I1 .f, .Il.l. ,,,<l,al,,,l cn"'K~, lhe vaSi ,,,aJ""' Y of Clll:",,,crs wo, linll ,,, Ihi, f,< ~ '" salisficd ' hal il ha. prr>vIJ ~d cIT""l",e prol,'<:li" n I,1 " Iolain,! hio loltieal damage (...."" 1Q<",liLct.l hc:l li,, ~. e w n of """,iliv" "'ltJns such a' Ihe e rcs. Ill"'ewr. 'he USSI-l a nd I,a" cm Fu , ol~a " c' '' IOt ries ad " llIcd a rigure I" ",c, by " Ih,,, ,s;,nd uroee, 0-01 mWiem ' , r" I1., ..'i,,& " n"mhe. (If '''1'''''' SU~ I il1 1/. lhal "''''>S'''C 10 ,,,'n.ionrz1I11l ,a .li;"'"n of a rela Ii"d y 1 le,',,1al' pc;,,.,: d capa hi" l,r causi nll. " lTc,t. o f a 0" nnn.I Ile, ,,,"' emcre : he" da< 'hc'l. inah;;; ly to make ,Jccis io,,~. I:en<:ral Icnl io n. Iotn. e "r a" . i" I) . in hihit i" '1 ,,( SC~ dl i~., ".,h"", . f~~1 or .I u w 1',,1.., rnlC . I> illh Of I".., " 1 ,, prns..",.,. , ,,,, elc. Al1em l'lS in ,,"c, le, n coUnLl'ies '" lCpc-..1 lhe c,crime nl,

    "'I"""'"

    "HI'"

    A ERIAL TOP IC S

    fai\ooJ Io rr\lvi.... "" idenl:" of such IJj"I,,~ i':l.I l e1T""l~ in humAns, " llhou gh $lime e~ rcri me "," On .",1.1 11 rnam"'1.I 1, ele. did show some: unel plaincd elf~1S ((or i""1.I""e hen< ,,"e re fo ul\d to lay fewel eW). RCSQn;ln~ e1Teel < in ' '''1.111 ~ n i m~ l , dilfel fro m those of hlJm.~ ns, because of Ihe dirTere nce in ' ;7C . Un like rOf ion i7,n~ radiation IX.raY", nll< r radiation :le;< ele.) there 1$ 110 " Unll of abso r1Jo:,.l cn.",y " rnmpa rahlc 10 lhe .. re d " 10 form a benet ~ulde Ihan power All' ~ t the sU face o r the skin. M,cro,,avc,,'e n enll'nc.:rs atsc .oompla'" l that rbc media conr~ C'l""""" (a ...., "l ~e po wer densily 10 " hich Ihe bod y is c~pooed " ""'" ," me rc l iod of tinlC ) wilh " " "'ll""" (Ihe IO l,ud I>\_ er dens iry ncar a so urce o r I:a dil'erllinll micro"a~c ..adiati" ., such as a IcakinRoven door). Wilh I'd...adia lion Ito.".., .. t he pro blem of the ~:'Irlield l in " I\i<:h lhe ,,"';I'e will oot hc cnhere nl ) and tbc Ia r-tield (where il is poiS,ble 1 con~ider r" dia llon as beinll rrom a poin t 0
    ~Oll rcc).

    .. E..poo."rc to ... .. iu...rrcq lle....} lIC~ta l in g equ jpm u-, is n " er safe ' "' toy St",,, Kla ffilln, MD. WAl U MY in II",,, RIJJio, Septem her, 1979, 1'f'2(,.)2, IS !lood in u analysis or Ihe s """.Ie.... ., fur and a~ "'<1 eye e1ta ractl. euccu un lhe brain . white blnnd cells, effcclS ('1'1 tile rcrruducti'e syslem, bchavi"" "al elr""" , etc. Much of Ihe 1'""1 re-;ca", h in Ihi< field h. , ra i<;e<1 moo: q ~t ions tha n n "n, wen; co n, incina; evidence o r any bi('lo{tlCal crrects 00 hUlTUlns from e" lend", 1 eXl'llSure to a po wer nux belo w 10 ",Wlc", ' is , Iill la ~k ing . Yet a l llle sa me l ime few cngi,,,,,,,, w" " Id fed able 1 dismiss 0

    ent;rely l he I'""il>ilit y, One must en1phaSI lc lila' by the n me lhe radiat ion from mOS' amateur an tennas reaches a lI\i nlt arC:'l or rhc 0rer:'l to r, it is well belo", c'.'cn lhe USSR Iim i, of (l 'IH mWlem ; allho ugh t h" lo wer lin" l " 'o " ld be e xceeded , ror insta nce. wlth hand-held equip m ent, " here the autennu is ('ne ll e105C to the face ;\"d eyes, Th ere is a gro wing bod y <lr 0p IIl'o n which wo uld P\u the sa l~ hnut (or O'"llnlltlIlJ " ('<'S ure " l ,\1 '"", I I11W/, I11 ' . WA 2UMY co mes up with balanced and sensible a.h i<:e to amate, " ~: ( I) Avoid high-frequency, hish po wer eq uipment "jl h "nle"""s jn the shack " illli" 3 m (10 fl.) (' f li, j", areas. (2) A, oid direct raJ iatio n to lhe cye by " I,,,,,, mill er in the microw ave region (hx ' klng into a horn a'"en".:! or d""11 a "avcg" ide etc.t. 0 ) A, oid prol o nlled close contact " 'ith a n.v anlenn. ,ad~lt ing mo re than mjnimal :'IlI1o"n " of e" " 1I:1 . (4) W",,\Cu i" ea rly mouth s 01" I"e li:mmcy, ,,' lh, "e wh" may bn:",,,,, prellna"t . sl", ulJ a , ,, ill e" nlael wilh , '",nli: h.r. v.td . and u.h.f. lield, . It c"'uld he ar~"Cll lhat uiee "~<1 I1l!ll" "l a l i,,, ,, are ,wc'I'm le"live '" thut they 1.1,.10 vag'" in ,,<>1 I dyi,, ~ d"wn f' ,......; ! ~ "" "" ~r Ie, cl, ell:. Neverl hele,s Ihey rc ~ "''' . I:II",cnl lin ~"' rlainly lIml ..." utd Hv" i<l "ny fU hlrl' . 'eCrlm,na"on ~ from I"" pll" lie. A, WA2lJM Y "'1': .. th~l' nrc "'aso n,~ I ~ pn:s:..ulio n< 1"'" shnu ld 1.'1.111' 10 n" m,e m"",h h" ,,1oh,p, while " IIO 'nll ~""' l i nued enj<lyll1 enl ur ,II ''' ' leur mdio cqutpmcnt." "

    SECTION

    NINE

    Fault-finding & Test Units

    no
    velvet-.nooth ~rmentioa. Bul today in bolh NOd....... and IraDJmilten tbc:fc i:I -..ally no tlilrlCUJty in IIclUeviDI _ than aufficia'lt oY<:fa1l pin. &Jld then: an: very IOWl4 reuonl for leltin l ea.c;h nlve " loaf 1Iloag. . Muty o f theloe reuonI . an: bg.und up with rWldamenlal qllCltionl of val.. and cum pnnent rdiabilily as _U as the ~JIl& which ocwr witb qc" aDd raix del illl pniola of InterQll to al l who wutl their oquipmcal 10 fUDWoIl etrcaivt:ly O~ a Ionc pmo4 Ather tban jusI t o giw: ....liII'aclory ~I AI 6nI bu t tbal lO m iff into cn4ual dmiDe.
    W"- V...... Gr.- Old

    H -...oI""","",1'

    v'"'"' $II""

    The aYCfa&'ll: ~ 00cs nol "-ve II) WOlT)' as midi about OWllCn 0( _ modern dcdroaie wtlictl hundmla of val_ are NIl contiDuou.sl)' aDd heat remo..... is ~ probJem. H O'III'I:a". G38AX brov8hl to ow allCntion an iDlC:ro$1Pa rullolicalk>a by lhe IDlCmational F.kctronic ~ CorpgmioD, HNl. dW /pQti/w D(rM TIl SJlkldJ QN/ 1M" 1WDIilIfo IQ T_ U/~ IIIfd ~ kIIllblH,y. Thlt Nnerir::a.Il firm xu 0111 10 mow : <I) that lhJ'ee out of (our eqWpmenl faulll are due 10 wive fail un:I ; (2) Wt ee main CIlIIC of valve failure ~ hip Ollt'ratr5 " ternperatUft:l ; and Il ) thai !he \I.e 0( .. ne\It' type: of .....1 . - lina YIIlve weld c:an drastically ra1uce the nwnbtt of failulft. Fipan:I ~ qUOIn!. V>owing Lbat one of Ihc: m&in . . - or hip lilll ee ~ is the !;M'l:f\lional type of valve lhil:ld which. it .. claimed. may incrCUCl bulb templ:rarurw by up to 100"C above thote o ~ with ban bulbi.. It is even S<l~ that no moRl ktballiudd c:ouId be dcsi&llCd should one atlempt 10 do so dclibeTl,tdy. The DeW type oI .t1ldo:1 haJ .. blactrocned 1Illfaa: and au iwIa" liniDa o f beryllium copper wlIk:tl fumIy IP"U~ lIle nlVC! alvelope. A test 011 rypo6AK.5W valva produced, after 2,500 boun, .. rumval pcrcc:o~ wilh ~ Welds or ooly just over 10 per eml, eompued. ..... llh about 45 per cent with ban: bulbs and IOnle 60 to 10 per cent with the new .hiclds. 11\Qe Ihkkb mluoe opel'&tUIJ 1atlpeB.11l1'Q by ~t4().SO"Ceom~ wil h ban: bulbi and 1OmC 12S-1SQ"C below QI.Invmtiona1ly lhicklcd IWll. G3BAK mentions that cuWl\ t)'pel of ~ new lelcb are being rnanufactured in tbi . c:ountry by CoarTVd Mf, . Co. LAd. with small quantifies roslin. aboUl1:5p eactl. E~ jf one docs no! rush OUI to bu y tl\e$cl Ihklds, Ihill b<x>kJel oena.i.D.ly ma kes one look Into 1M ItaUoo equipmeot to p ull OIIt lstinl valve Iltieldl whe~~r poulble. These $hkldll milht a.Iso o ffer I melLlII o f o Yer-nmn iDl valwa eo nlidenbly without wffering the usuro conseQuence&. l In the 014 da ys, when vaIvet anti thcil' uwciated pnwer auppljea ""'"""= hanler tn come b y, lhe amaleW prided himodf oa maltinl each valve contribule the ma.Umunt poWble aml'Ii6caUoll : on e notable cumple _ the det.ector with

    ....t... f.ulun::s as 00 tI>c


    ~ioc:s in

    .-

    Consider wbat bappem whal valve IP'OW'I old. 11. _ nl'l'/l hal a mut.... ooM,ld l noe or &lope dooe 10 the fIpm pYa!. in the data tabb and 011 whidt delilll cakvlaliona will ........ Uy be ~ ; bul Ihat ill no cuaran tee lhal Iwo )'Cln later ill will ha...., the IImIl dope. In fact. front the "''''"lftll it is pu t inlO use the g,thoJdc will begin to low I lill ie of itl emissive ~t surprilinl wben OIIe rernembcTllMl a wn'UIt of 10 rnA meaIW Ibll ..me _ bbndRd......IOEIIImi11ioIHni.IliOIl dlidrom ave lhe ea tbo4e every IOWlllt. EWII. !be Ilea. cathode rnaterilb IJt1 lircd evml1la1ly llDd 10 Ibe nweua.l COIld\llCWloe f&lb. TIle IYCCII/l Ilvc IlllIte:t, in facl . is baIica1ly a device for _ urillt: mu tllll txlGdlKtaDOl: and. ll.lt<HnaLio::lDy eomP'lrin$ 1hilI with tbe liIIl1Iure.. As the dope fal ls, in n'WIJ' ~tJO<ll th.iI meanI lhal in orda" 10 ~ the pin , bias II red.ueed-"!OfftIlicall y or 1TWl....1y -and CUlTetlt rile&. Th. ~ lhe ra te o f CIllhod, 6etcrioration and may also in troduce fbt1Iv:t hannl'1IJ rlrtl due to tho hcu liberatinl the Inca 01 III wbic:h ~ mnain .. bound .. 10 the inlanal mcIaI&: puu o f the ~ prod...:illa poIirive iont wtlktt QUI eatIIe ~ grid cunmt o r ma y bombard or poilOn tho cathode. In a hot flIIIIllDl power valve. dcll:tro l)'lis may ooeur In the Vlllve piDdt, ew:nlU&Dy (au:t;in( inJu "UoD bnakdowD. All litis. of wune. addI bp to wNot " lDow from Q perieooe : valves ha~ I Iimite4 life aDd Ii... leu pin II Ibcy grow old. But !he impotUnt ~InC to Do te is thall he hardft' the va.h<c is run. Ole faIIU wi.lI be the rile or dekfioralion and Ole quider wiII m. ~ drop _ U bdow the malter's filii""'. valve$ in I~ llinen In fnnge alUl are IaIo.l to requi~ ~I me moft' often than in good siP'll
    A parl from the do,le or the val~, \'011qe IIJIl dqleDds upon the: d ynamic i m ~ of tho IoId 1010 whicb . 1 .. workinl. ln m:eiver1 and trat\l>Tlittel1. r.f. or H . stage p,in can be nt.ised weu aooc onfl""""liuNJ Q tu. by inausinl !lle ~ L componmt at an - J....C .. ..... d. J' ur ~ if an i.f. transformer b dca,gned t n runa ion with I low mild capaci!aDCe a.::ross ii, unpliblion will .....w ly be mud! areater than with IU ICf capKitanoes. Hut co.trI p.iD achieved ill Chis .....y will ll/llIIlraJly be AIc:on1iderable _ III
    H

    st.ability. iDtroducinl greater nll/lllll rat i"'C dfl;ll;!s by addinl 10 the fKl'Silive reedba.c t. and 1110 resu lllni III a p'IlIter dc&ree of mill.lienmmt ",hm m ool lignab abou t I change in the opcrI1ini point of the Ylllve b y . &.C. lCliof1 Jt wiU also make IICriouI miAlignment mo re likely wben the v.dve is repIaa:d. Thu. although modem valw:a IIIld. compo_II can be nwk 10 give us Vy hi&lt itale pinI., ro r lona-;:mn performance stabilily it is wise to keep at least tome o f IhiI pin In reserve ; the CUnt. valve. lhat I t linl may IIf'(lUIIO add htlle to results. win probably be pullinl ils fb ll weight in lWO o r !b rei yean' time. Dis is not 10 dc:Dy tha t theno will be limlll ",hen an amaleur designer may with advantage igntl~ thae arp me:DlS aDd decide 10 run a valve c:veD beyond its ratings. Bul where !his is.woe. II mould be d e;srly RQ)gnilcd lhal life or over-diisipatiOft is likely 10 be I lbon 00II.

    blirl.

    ".
    T_ _

    AMAT I!UIt RADIO TECHNIQU E S s-utIlIy

    !he ~ CDPDoer &Ad ~ w.:ordiDlly mak o do .nth mud! more limited ld1iol1 of oquiprncnt. Ch'I::rwbdm.irl&lr. the lin... moll imponant il:e.n ir. the multkaD te IeStmder or. u the ~ term it, the

    For the lo raocable tuhlle the DOCd 10 trace and rcdifY !auItlI ia cquipmca.1 i& lik:ely to n:maUl.nth \11.. The amateur, conotmod primarily with hil own OQ\Iipmcnl, d OCl DOl ILIw to wony 100 muc:b a bo llt the lime fKlor ill lnIdn. fa ul ts u

    ten'i<.in.

    YOM ( YOk-ohm-mil liarn rncu:r).

    flcQ:a tly the lUNItnar hal had a much areater ranac of rohoota from a l prica wbidl tr'IIJ<c II han1!y ""Ol1h while bI.1ildib& ODe', OWD.. Senral -o-uo.m illInumen l m&tcn DOW 1Nll:,~ reliable &lid oaw,tiJc, ~ IaCmCten of aood InlIitivily. Rebuilt ....6 surphg meien MYe also ClTOf'Ptld ooUcc.bIy ia prlo;e. pan]y bccauloc of thl: n:marhbly dMap nwecn ~ Imponed from the Fat Eut. FonUD&lcly, we are IlOI ~ in ....y posilioo10 name I .. be-. buy." Newwtaen to faaili trKinI may be IitlJe IUIClttU.ill .. to the PlcQw sipi6::ancc 01 .. met... IIeDtlt 1'y,ft lISUa1ly h qll oted iD _ of 10 many ohm. Fw typic&l mcten Ih Ll may....". from. f_ hww1rcd " p 10 alrWtirnum of about I OO.~ comidefably more foc dro:tmnir; ICSlmetfn ( val \OC tnasiatot YOItmetcn). fWicaD)' 1000 ~ per voh mewr iDdicateI ~ IbOW:IDISIt with lull IC:alc ddl...tioD curftIll of I mA (iD p<lk:c: the movement trill boo --"&1 rrlOTe ImIitnoI buI damrcd witb pan&l IhwI.t ). Thia meaDS thai till! total rnPfL"f ......&ncIl' aw-ted _ tile ~ to toe -.n>d wiO be: 10.000ohms for. 10 "Oil tan.... 100.000 ohms for. 100 \<011 r&IIJC aDd 10 CIa. While U. kI.... ...tIM of this k>adiIl... of 1ittIe eeeeeq _ f or mlUl)' rouIiDc aDOde, ~ and c:albode 'IlOka&e lllaIW1:mCII ls in ~. " is su.ffic:iml 10 ca.. QDDo Aderablt ~ In blah ~ rim1i'I(rot"~ lbe &nOok \'O<IlqC of doel:eclor triode _ YiPs' hiab anode load reIJSlor ). f ie. I , ~ell from O~/Mw ., RJJo IINi T, II . ~is'-. u plaint 1M qui le dearly.
    1CSlmd~ 10

    peI"......

    -! ll:o:
    .",

    ,l3V
    ~,

    IOQll; 4 1V

    ~"

    26"V

    (.)

    (.)

    j I n (.)

    ..

    vol l (as pro villcd by !be A vo Mod el ') i.I fUI bc>fninll IWI.dard ro r pror_iola1 let'vidnll. It $hol.lld however be DOted WI the load ioll depend. Upo" Ille to t..! rcslsWla: of the IDClm' renJ e. lblB a 10 ,000 olum per volt mel em a 20 voll ranJl: offen 110 I"'" ter Io.adlDlL than a 20.000 OOTllll rer vol l 1M1m' 011. 10 vu lt ran _e.

    Un ill . Iew yeLP! alO a MDJitirily o f 1000 ohma I"" OIl on d k ranacs wu a lmosl atuldard for radlo 1e1"riQna. but IlM: o:>miD, of the lranIiltor IIu bl'O\llthl a lrend Iaward$ hisher teOSItivit y rnctel1. 1Illransi.lo r dmJ.i1l,. ICKX'l ohmI per vol! nH1er will us.wJy eve reu/lnably aoxurate mcasW'Oo menlS of mos l emiUer an d oo llcd.l>r vo l",,1lW b ill It Ukely 10 be wen oul Oil t>.se voltages. The figure of 20,000 ohmll rer

    FAU L T FINDIN G AND TE S T UNIT S

    for "y 300 vollll a.c:.. we consider lhal MUililI 1csI lbaIl 7So-volt . nd prderably l OQO..voll d~-raled <;&pKitoo Ihould be ~ 10 stand. up 1 me straln for loq. 0 Similarly. for co mbination l or a.e. and d _~ voh~ (for aampk In COUPLinI capACilOn in 1I.r. and r.f. power amplif)'in,lUlp) they IhoukI alwayl be ~rously ratal. AlwlY' nmembu. fo r eumplc, llia t h.1. lines "*0 rise appriably there is DO load across Ulan . FortuDalely, mOM co mponenlslll'e _ _tivdy raled~herwise there ","", ld be more breakdowns !han Gol present. For acaa'3l purp<l5C faull-tral:ing an d lldj ustmc:rll o r c.w. loud ... rn. !tansIDlltco__..... b. rigs pille IOOlC. I.ddil ional problcms---few aids QIl\ beat !he It.,iLtional eeon bulb as an II . voltage indicater. low conlUmpiion 101'1:11 bu lbs In a Iin&1e tum loo p as r.f. power iDdica to r. an u !he standlrd electric light bulb as .. roulll and ready pown outpul indicator. These aids--pllll pre ferabl y a " andard W>1t -e hm-m illi amll\dtf Iatmeter. aDd a pid l1ip lI\dtf--aln JlC:RtfaUy be 'died upcn to hunl down any normal fa ult o r to let up 10 newly buill lrammlllC:r. This. of CO\Inc. is Mt 10 dC(:(}' Ih'" valu", of signal grUet Iolon. val"'" voIlmctcn, wobb\l.latoo and oldJto.:opes and all Ihe puapbemalia of the elcarQnicl laoomory-but rather to RUIW'lI any ll<:Walmef ttllll eVCll oomplc:r; rccc:iven and tranl.lniU",", can be bu ill and maintained witllOut them .

    '''''''''.

    po ssible prc-a.lipuncnt and e&li blation. They abo allow the coanruceor 10 Utelde co mpln. ci rcui t.,. wilh grca.ter con_

    .mea.

    s.npl. SI,,,,,/ /,,Jede'


    More and ""'" IIeI'Vlc:e a11iMen Ull fitldinl tlull alimple mu ltiv/btalot type of eeneratot o;:an be a uldu aid fot Ilqe_ dy bY-Il.alll' let" of rco:i~"il.':ula lhose:: Usilli translstOl"J. W'" have lUI idea that JUdi an r.cc:a:sory woold abo be pretty uscful lO ClDftfIrucIOrs. II II a Ioa/caI e>;tension of Ibc o ld dodlt'"of pu ltiD. )'Our fin~r 011 the pld and Iisten inllo 0001 e-cce

    SUI electro n ic equiprno:nl has not only 10 be built it also n:quircs maintenu>ce . And mCR. oneil enough, II tile IUb wllh p rin ted wirin l panels. Jt is all too easy for !he heavy handed o r inexperien<>N repairer 10 ruin .. paIle l. Then: II 5Iill eontro veTliY "' val ;among pro{CMional $e'rvice cniillcers, some rqarding lIoem aI a boon 10 ~g ; olbcn ClIptess.ing (forci bly) the op~ile view. Bul w/iatc'l'er one'l opinion, the prinLed palICl Is here to sl.ay and, u amaleun, we m USI lcam to live with it . For. IlIllately Ihe panels hav", improved INU"kedlyove r the )'l:VI:. with the copper foil ohowin, much ks l ten<lency to come away from the \.am.i.natcd hue. However . """'" now. excesuve bea tiD. o r rrnx:hanical mishandlintt will break the bon d betwem Ibc thi.n copper lIUiPlllfld the board.. II II also usy 1 bridl'" over adjacent" wirer" willi solder which ma y be 0 d ifficult to clear without bli~lerin, Ibc panel. Then again any undue 6ellin1 of ee boaTdI iI likely to cause hai rline crack.l in !he foi l (bc.t det<;ctcd ....ith a aood m&lTIifyiQg IPUS) whlch may re lult iD wmpletfl o r intmnirtcnt open cin:uill. A good dea l of infonnatMln on ta.cklinl repail1l to printed wiria4 pancIs has appeared In the various llade journals and SCf\icvIIl boob. A small booklel devoted ",xclusively 10 Ihia lub}oct. A GlJdt '0 1M R~f'4I, <1/ PrinJtdBoord As#mblks, has bccrt published by The EkcIroIlic: Ell~ Associa. uce whid! packl into some I I pagel o f lellt a creal deal of
    p~l advkc:.

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    the raulling hum. bul with the ~ a.d\'&lltaae that il produca l ipW er;taodin l -U imo lbc d . ranae. SO lbat ODe need nol Itop u !he delector m p. SovenII d esipU have a~ um.1 traIlIislOn. pcnnittiD, .. sma1I ameralOr to be bUIlt (0 a me a.nd Ihape llfIt"Vdrnately that of a foun!al.ll pen. with. &Il ou tput probe in pI&oa of the nib. _ _" 1 Jh<vs ODe J:l dell.... rrom RJuliD-E1t,OfJle3 (March 1962), using small mcraory o;;eUs 10 ~ th", cra.n.mon; lheIc lfanA;"to rs were type 2NI US I' in the orilPnal. bIlt almOSt any smallsipW type IbouId be ml.wnably cfl'cctive.
    P,lnhd CI ,..:lrlt Po,,'" Durinl the put dcalde printed wirin. p;wcIs hava aJrnosl complelely conquered !be domeslic radio and tckvIsion ebas&is, and are now a pp;arinl inc:II-.asillsIY In &mIltcur Idts aDd tOIl equipment. Apart from !be ~ ad VlUllaaet 10 the In&Duf&etun:r. tbeIe prin led pat>e1ll permi1 the dllll licatloD o f circullll to very close toloennceI, making

    ProbAbly Ih" most common e&lW: " f dama&e is !he usc of llllIUiablo tools. You.ilMl C&IIIIot use !he type of IIOJdcrinl Iron with whkh you would tackle oulSide aerial collDaetiOlllI BEA rt:COn\IlOI:Ild a ICl lderiDs: iron with a lo ng laper bit Pf'CfClllbly not la.raer than U w. tls, used with thin (22 I .W.I. ) cored solder (60{40 lin/lead). Other uscfultools &ft : dilgonal wire eu lkr1; anipo.noscd instrumenl p liers; a anaIl ro und Illff D&lUral bristled brush fur I'eITlllV'in J 1CIlder; a penknife; a Illl&1I wire: pick. ot ICIldenng aid (EEA IUllICIt Iloarp pointed instrumen1 rwee:zcn). For lrad.ns: raullll and nWtlnl rnc:&IIJI"CIIV~ 10 lharp .needle point probe! (ndk soIderod to c:rocodilll c lip) wi ll aIso be! useful. One of til<! maio difficulliel. for the amateur is that unlike conYaib<m,,1 wirin .. It is sometimes difflCllll (de pending IuaeJy upon ho .... the component 'Wift,s are ben l over on Ih<l wlrinllide of !he p;&nIII/to di.scol'Ul1 alUllll compollClll in order 10 leI l il out 0 cireuit . Sometimes it II euler to destro y !he """,pone.nl In older 10 u.lvale Ihc inlcmal leads 10 f&d.litale conncctln , in .. rcplaoerncnl;.not to f'tauly If a n umber o f com~ncnls ha ve 10 be removed bcfon:: tind ins:!h", rop o ne. W,th this technique. the eomPOllCDt II cut in h&If with. wire tlm",rs and then stripped away fro m lhe iDt"'rna l leads ; the win: eIIds of the new compo ncn l 11ft formed inlo loops which can be put over the IIlvagcd connectin l wln:I and soldered iDto position. In thiI way 00 IlOlderIol is done 011 !he fo il $ide Ilf the board. However. JOmcti""'" this eeenoe be done and the orlainal COIIIponeat has to beentirely removed. III this ..ale!he ItDa1I brush (so me enlinceTl use a IUedo-sboe brusIt) is n ccdod 10 brulh off JOkier immediately it is rnollell ; then the penknif'" blade is inserted belWOell the fo il and the benl over lead and th e lead benl O\1 so that the component can be wriakd oul t of lbc board. When worldn, on this .ide o f the board, .oDIC 1lIa.tlbc Iron should 1101 be a pp lied to the fo il o r cond uctors. olll y 10 th", wire ends which ar", soldeml to tllem. When Ihcre Is a break ill the foll, no attmlpt Ihould be ltiadc to ICIldcr thll over, or to bridge it by 10 wire ecneected 10 tM foil& ; instead, connect an lnsuIatcd wire from Ih'" tmnina. tlOlll of the foil on each side o f the break. U WlIOIdem! wlTCI Ull IO be pulleo.laway from !he board . !hll sbov.ld be done from the component Iide. o the rwise it

    '"
    be lP~"
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    AMATEUR RADiO TECHNIQUES '


    f ud ...a ....rboll ,.r di...., l ~ .........., oi l and W&ll, while liltl!'l...fuel diMOlvcs &.Dy m in. O rd inat)' deletgl:nb. used In .. mi ld soMlon, will duJ fai rly effectively wit h grease an d grime (liquid detu eentS llrc .bo userct in .some a pp licalion s fo r t l>cir all li-slatic propc:rtics). Ca.r bo n tel l:llll somcl iJllCl (e.l . dllm n atmo~pbcrcs) cause corrosion. It <:Un also be d..ngarcus (see pab"" 63). Noiloy putontiomctcn CIl.<l oftCll be ~ lI.in,pl)' by fofcina II liqu io.l clcanct: in Ulf'OIllb tile ~...n bearlna ..,ililout dMlanl linl- afluv.u'd.. I .. m in r the coa tro l bac~anh a nd fOfWllldli a few limes. sc ree of the prop rietllry cleaners prod uced spo:;ificlllly for radio servi<. OlI: eo otaiD the 00;=)' lu brM.:ant (c.,. i 5crv isol) 10 Illa t IhC!lC ~ be uscJ ..ilbo ul !he r.ccd 10 allot ""t!'01aum jell)'. How<>V<>C" care s hould be tak.... willi ~ Ic".ncra a>JllaiDing carbon tet or trkhlon:l ll}'lenesince Ihey a re highly so l. ent Wlo.! e;m readil y d i5SUlvt: Pers peK an d ether pllUl i~... F o r th is reeso n the cleaner sho uld not be splashe411bou t too en lhU$iaslicaUy near plaslic cont rol knobs a nd OlhC1" pw1I, and it Illoo ld be applied sl'llrin&1r . Most te leviSIOn ......ken wam IIlain sl their u..e on lelevision Il1ITCIlt luntl'll aince Ihey ""n . Hae\:. Iho pl... tic (1H "biscllil" WlKre ti,e,"", i. lUI)' q UC'ltion of tlarmful e fTew;ts il may be bette r juS! 1<> polish Ihe con~ Wilh a $Oft lind"", d o!. . h $:lme clean in, atcI\1S l hould a lso be u.-cd with cue bco;:aUIC thC 11 re eil hcr IOlhmmllbl e o r (as with carbo n l:1) give off 1 to JU,) (wnes. I'a inl lhin nc... Shlluld nOI be u..,.] M a clclInln. a~ 1 (a1thouall elfective) since it ill rather danp:rous 10 usc and ..... vcs cl~ ly ao;:t;\'C rcoiduc-tbi. IIPplic$ .. I.... 10 pelrol . 00 no l oV<:tlook the valu e of t ha t good o ld-f....hloncd ~lcanet_lJtl le soap an d wa ter. Aft cleaning con tact materia l o r, say, a ")'litul, avo id to uching il wilh Ihe Ik in sirw;c Ihls may deposit acid oila wllieh will f;&IlSe ra pd n:tamishi nJ. R:entl y Iwo new lyl'C!l o( cloctr ical and mechanical I.. b riooant., Which aI.., h.vc a clellnu'lI: elf""t. l>aye cum" 10 th o (urc. all Illese have IU~UU)' cverccmc OIost of the p rob lems a ll'Q4y n>cntioned. These ~ FJecu o l.. be (wh ich u clcctri!;;ally highl)' cond uct ive) an o.l MSol l ilicotlc "ease (wh;":h ha.s a ooo.l did",;tric p ropen ;e,,) . A1th o uah elcctooll)' th ese are very d iffcrenl, be th lire "'Iller repeUent and can be used (or many of Inc ...me purpose" IS the y provide IUllg . I..", protect ion ..,.irm ....rn""'in ~ And i<m. n'~1 a rc dlemio:al ly incn a lld d o nol a tl.ack p llllies. El:trul.. h<' No. I (Jrre" capl is w ita ble for use with nonan::in~ cnnl/\C ts. In aero,ol fOm]. No . 2A. il ca n be Lllle<,l on lI11lypc. o f co ntacts, Ae rosols hllve a lso been in uoo.loccd by Sen isol arw:l Tun-O-L ubc. Tun-O_Lube does noe . trecl pl. "ict. a nd can be o bta ined wilh line metal lubc 10 a llo w ,I t o be injected LhTC>tJ~h t he "U ' " lhe clip on ca,but! Jlolen,iome ters . MS4 can be o blamed In 100Ih~It""tYP'C lu bes for appHca_ non t c lu rre l$ .... d variabk: capacilors and can be used for fl\lUll' ether I'Ufl'OSCI, Including the p reservalKm o f rubber. l:Jec:rolube have m:crl lly introd llCCd. lIll l\lIl'O' kct di speJl""rs finN with a lIeK ibJe plas tic tube which enablC(! single <,lt0P5 to 1M "laeoad in d ifticull ,, 1 _ . O n. of irs mosl cf!'ocUw. uses is to q uieten noisy \-aIve pins ; anOI~ is for prcscrvinl rela y CODI:ad1. Ne ilher of 1"""'= subslaJlCC'S '" p8r1lcularly cheap com pared wilh ho usehn ld cleane rs lUId lu brlcan ls bUI t hey lire economical in U'iC . MS4 i, a lso lIvuilllb lc in a fo rm suita h le rUT Iprayinl O'e r wh ole lIrea.' o f equ,pment for general .....ICl'pTOOfin' lUId I'rcsc:rvalion . An o the r subltanee fo r Ik;. I" " P"S". p ow bci n l'l im po rled (rom the LIS, i. ekCZ'2/; fluid which i, ... id to be useful for dcalinr with electronic cquifrncnt damaged by e.po.utc 10 moiSl u~ or even by le ta lmmersion. lei Iul.ve a lso =cntly introdueed a new silleone grux. type M494. A. fun hcr use for . ilicone grea..:o U IO im prove t he heat Il'3Jnf.". from l rarui~I Of'$. A nother ae rosol chemi cal imrorted int o the UK from lhc (J n iled SI ~I,"" i. " Fro. l A id " whi<ll ill .. =rnpone,,1 coo ler

    ~..u 1 _r,IO pu1I a....ar,somcof lbe foil. An....complM in' 00 "l'C\?Iir o o I IC fOil side, I c affected part o flhe board s hou ld

    (l'h.is type of advice is casy to writo--oot al....ays so easy to

    AI &11 times, &V(l K! applying mecllllllicalsiresl o r slndo 10 tile boards, or Ihis may ea....., the:: hUriinc cracu lo

    of polystyrene dope!.

    ."pcar.

    foUow whw. slr1,lggllng w;lh a n a wkward oonlponent.) The abov e ht m sllou ld lake eere of most of th e simpler s types of Impvuenl rcplaumenl. but W on: tac klin, sud> jobs as th e rep lacement of va lveh<'lden, iJ . tmnsfornleQ. ami ot ncr muJlkoMcclion eempceents, it Is well W1,,"h con su lting tbe EEA puhl",,-tiQII. Otherwise you may find yourself either blislerina the pan el or In sud den need of .. ,;ou p k of S1WCIwWs each hOldin" wldc rln , iroo . Some lima It soems u tho~gh we $hall a II'lCed to take a course in
    wetcn rq><l~ before tacklin g modern d ClCU'oni<: eq ~ipmctl t. BUI atlea.sl wilh t he printed p a.nc13 it is ~ldom nocasa ry to delve down through scycral laY\'1"'I of compo nents, each o f ...hi d , m u ' l be Tml,-"ed. befon: llCllin, 10 !he fau lt)' one.

    Cltomlcol Ald. lInlil a f~w y"a", ~ 80, al m ""t th ~ onl y ~ h~ n , j,;W ~ i <l . .mmonly f" wld in I lle amateur $hack were liqu id lI"" n ror so;<krin , and wmc ca roon lct:"achIo.io.le fvr dnr.ning Swilches and quanz; Cl)'Slab . No...adays Ihe pro r~ iona1 elCf,;lroo ic~ wllrk shop ..-enu In ha~ almos t as many "bottles" and " lub es " on th e Ihelvn ... there a u . ~o 10 .pcM., in the ,

    Allhou c k f""" .. mo...... "' w<;> .. ld fu>d it ....onom knliy ...oro. slock iq'l I ~e ti lll ra n &'l o f pro priel ary "hl-mi<....l lIid.. IIOme \>oo. kgrow,,1 IoJ lo.. lco.! ~c " f wha l Is Il'"lla blc can llc nlOSI uKful. pan icu larly "" n ro.!in a ry househo ld chem icals l:lI.TI wmel ~",," be subs h tu le<l . TI,e <ktnger in substi tUlio n, tw...ever, lies in the: po.si bilily or p rod uQn' UAcKJXCled l id" effects : for uampk. most o fus know better tban to lubr icale ru bberwilh oi l Or JIT..... e. bUI it i. n,ore dilT"",11 to kte p mock of which chemicals ca Dand wh ith canno t be sa fely a pplie<llo , uious pLnl ics. li la k.,. oo ly .. lill ie of Ihe wr ong ' llbsla l\Ce 10 ClllI$C i.. eve~blc d amllge. Mas: ele..:trnni<: ehaniclll ..ilb. are used 11.' cleaneR, lubr;' ClUIl. I.Ill.l auh""ivcs o r ccme.n l$, 1Iithoullh some d Cl\ncn; aha lubrica le. In th e l lllile<! SlateS, there are a bo proprietary chcrnic.ah for suc h pur po "'" ... ~lr i p r>in r: r nn""" l r. om wire ano.I fo r IlOppin g cord dri~ fro m slip""' " Rotary swileh co nllo<;ts. turtet .luo.l C(ln u~c ts, minialure valve pin s and all t)'ll<" o( potentiometers an: n olo rio us ouW'ccs o f noise ano.! uno::n ain o per,,:,n n, includi na: calibr,,_ lion enOB . This is ~nly due 10 normal n_hanieal 'NCAr ; more PlnlcuWly il i, Clused by lunish inll\- T UDish in , is the formation of a thin o~idil.ed film which i. a !"'Or r1....tri<:'al cond .. ctcr on any eonract which rs nOI a Ulo ma tically selfcleanin g (4on o.l often e n Iho", ...hiell an: supPQSe<i to be). Th is oJ iIle film may . u b$eq ucnlly be increased by &1i~1 <lrcill,. Probab ly the wry ..... "'1 "'111 o relcanin/l co nt"",s is to Icrllpe away the cx ule film "', lh a s1111rp edged lICrcwdri....". cr with rtluAh emery d"th, bo lh o f wh,ch will d ig jmo the l ut fa. c_ l""rcasin!d Y enn lac t ~urflll."e'O arc heinE p la tnl with c , e llmotl y IhiD laye", of silver and other predou s rt\CIa1s, a.n<l ;t is mOil im po n ant not 10 damage ll ~ su rfacn. C1eanin~ t1uid~ w n ta in in: c..rton tel ... chlorio.le or trichloret hylene (e.l:. Tha wpil and pet re l li;hlCI fUel) arc wide ly uWll fo r gener.lIy cleanin g and removin lt o sid.. film from roIary switchc$ and po tm liomclers.. T~ O uiW, and a {lumber o f o lhen, a re effC<.1 i\'C in removinlt Ihe ta m i. hio l but , unle ss combllled W 11 lu brlcllJll, ofler lill ie orcrec no ith ap.inst recurrence of Ihe fuu ll . When u. ing suc h fluids. il Is Iherdo re "o.Ivi...ble til a<.ld a D.na lsligh. smur or Va seline or petr oleum ,icily. A JOlu IMln o f 20 per cent pelrolC\:m jeUy in wh ile spn t (t ufllClllino: wl;>s ule ) is Sl tkl'aet ory. Only tit little o r the'IC lubricants should be used , since Ihey tend 10 ecueet dusl which i n~"fCascs mechanicalwear. ll u lh IIl hlcr

    equiPfOCRI.

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    ' A U L T . F I N D I N G AND TEST UNIT S

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    wbidl CUI be used 10 hel p Ifa::c iJll<:rmiuenl laulua lMd by CM:rtoo:aUna. The -.pcacd comporoma ...........~ ...iIh !he d>aniW while: iD tbe boI: CODduoon. Pd !he dJccc ot IbQr coolinl can be oboerwod A l,,"her jmponcd amlIIOI II No-Arc ~ whidl K\lI to lQnJ> a lIi&l\lr dIIcialI. irlwLItor, for eu mple oa 4amqed printed cirl:\111 II ..... acu .. an wbeanc. Anm her daw. ol cherrOo;::ab is co lXUllCld willi the -'iDa; O lodi... olUlrnlncrl and \'&riabIe inductor ~ Van-. t Illbsl;ano;a ate uxo.:I by d;ffe~t manufAdurcn, iDdudinl paid t, lao:qvcn, -.lin l ........ 8oII.L. bINmm, strips of 1'\lbbu md IC'iU&I. If'CUy Q)fIlptlWldl.. M " . of thai:: ~ (aJI be frd .amP'r by tacwill. the COft a Iiltle tattbl:t uno UM coil or by IwatiIlI 'OriIll a IOIlXrina: itotr . Willr Ioclr.iD. painu " -.mctima be I'>flOfII&rY 10 appl y a oteI'J lit tle eelluklee tNm>c:n witIr a pUnt bnAb but n:manbcr thal tOO mudl II lill.dy to Irind n.th Ut.ID bel p. WIleR a 1T\&1r.erI-:I .... 1 bftn bfolr.etl r", adjuaunc.llt, it il n-a .adviablc 10 IUeW Ie an ~ if posable .-rth tire IafM Iype of kJdin. 1Ubltan<:e. Proprietuy oore oompouoda i.l. tn.nd"onroen and Iadueton ..... 1fW1r.eta!, for u arnpic: Compound 1(i004 ...hieh docI DOC perish or

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    rot"

    Iodil,

    'ifery uscfuJ material f", ament ;" , (I( ImPrqnac;,,\ I\ome.buill collt is [)mIl. (nwode by Ornco (010;100) LAd. wlo icn is .. deaf. po l)'l)'R'lCl thcm>opIuIic ITIIoIeri&l d l!llOlYf:'d in " q..oc oJryin. IOlven l. When d ry I~ varniob hu the lr. insuLlt>on dIaracIetiJlia 0( pob~tJTCI'IC. CkncraUY in the . ftcld of cement. ~ 1Id.bai_ IfC&I pnlarns flu been ~ The prorcssi~1 wotbhop uiese da~1 Wo on en lnelllda _ , anp:: of c:t>cmicaI:II for the ptCJlUlIfl OI'1 and tre&lrnmt or printed o;!mJ n paneb, not to IllC'ntinn varioo.a ICn to;h rcmoVCTll (oi l, bcawu and elbow ,rcuc is . Ilud mncdy l) ror wood and ~ic c.o.bincll, lndudin l Ipo;W fin W!cl. caW )'St1 ~ polillrc:l tor the hum ir.lrln, 0( poIyeslcr cabinets. AocIonc ma ka a userul so lwnl for deanio, _.... y lraca ot .-..lin anCT IOlderllla OG prim ed ~ rdI ; _ clear lacquer ('an be uted 1 coal conncaions on printed buatdl. 0 Proprietary electronic cllclnlcals arc M vailab l, rrcm radio trade ....holcalen, but Olle mail orde r finn which . loc h _ wide r~n ~, I~ R. ~<1 I<"' I"" \"o.

    """= A

    _ good I IDA meter ta>dl 1 loCI one bllek m<:M'I tban. say. 0 .. S rnA type (tbe PIf)IImlImI:lIn lOme COflllI'K\lI. r.r. tJ'>crmo. couple ammclet'l arc 0( .bout th it. yaluc wbe:a 1Inw1t'd
    eo _o _~

    T..._ , . Grl4 0 1 ,,., , The usual recipe for a ;rid di pmCl U II " lak e one ~ and a I mA r.l .d. _ : ' Now CYUl a t surpl us pm.

    / .1-....

    A4jurtnMtot G" "lel F" r S.s.8. T, .....ml...

    Alan Carpe nter, IIH II. QIG 3RQT, rlXWllrds from Zambia Ihe circu il d iauam (I'll . 3) <:If simple p dle t he rcell will be rO\lI>l! or ccncnl lnlercll. ltatJeally this il an llOO 1;/1 si l>C '_~ e oscill ator havioa _ continllOUlly variable mark.

    AM ATEUR RADIO TECHN IQU ES

    IOOp F

    '00,' ~ ;::... .,
    loo~n

    . ."

    eccer

    " "0-

    ....

    y
    l/
    , ot.
    d

    I-

    th e freq ucocy of the I .d.o. ~I)' colacidca wi th !hit o f !he ll anaJ leJIm1Ilot .hen a very aha:rp di p oco;:un. To tlnd the c:uc:t centre o f tl>o: dip it wiU usually be J\ClCUI.UY to Irtcreue

    1 --~I

    0.0 0 3 F

    .0-

    '''''' .y
    _d

    G2UJ baa foUJll! a lypQI dip to be front.)' 8O,.A to """" than IO,.A, evo:n lhoulh the , .d .o. ilsclf~DO iDdIcation o f RlIOQI.I'lOI:. He points OUI tha i 00 IndicatioD ...ba!eel' Is obtaiDcd aD Ill)' luu1no.Dic 110 thai the calibration .. c0mp letely wwnbisvws.

    the ~plin g to L

    0-00 '

    ..7 0 1tl'1.

    #'

    ,., . So 0.. _

    . IYl " __ boo" " " ' - . , ..,.

    'o r~

    by ~ ohm rer.isto r and thcmtOCOuplcs are o ften accidentally ecrm OUI). So the ciml [t in Fi l . S &J)OtIed rea:ntly in <m e of the CoDIine:ntai jo urnals, i. no t wltbout Lln e rm. ID t~ :urangernent oa;o,>OO trio<k K<;\iou iI uNd in valve vol tmeter Iype circuit, pnmill in l thc we 0( me ter with an f ... oJ . o( f"" m 2 to 6 rnA .

    2 .. '

    TIwo

    _ I.

    U. for an y RUOB, more claboralC IIITUll\:ffiCl1t 'Nf:n: required, it would be poaible 10 Incteue tl>o: ru>p of the d e, amplifil::r, for eumple by re p\lCint; !he !bed .50 o bm emitter resis to r by 21 ohm bed resiato r in _ _ with JK ohms YariDble resistor; sucb a d .c. am pl i6ercould handle iDputl;>,llTC8u of I I1A10 100,.A OIl . 2 rnA b .d. meter. A simple tfI.llSis,lor .. valve vo llmeter III thiI tYJ!C b not linear but th is .. of 00 conteq ucnce ir ODOl ollly requn u a d ip .
    N

    ,
    [OUf

    I SV

    Poor M .... ,..".. Vohmc_

    '"

    0- 0 '

    '"

    cq.

    /'

    A circuit .hich baa been 10iD. !be lOWIda (&rdio-i'. Ironic., JanuU)' , 1964, F'lPlJuc1la" No . 11/ 1964) ISIII ecceemieaI hlah-impedanoe valve vo llmeler us1llI a bIllanccd brid.Ire d.reui t : see Fie. 1. "I'bo metet" .... be 1II)'thln. from .50 fIA to about 300 /'A. CalIbration can be carried o ut by <::hcddD, apin$t llDgther valve voltmeter. It nccr:uary ~bunt resiaor can be added aerosa tbe meler 10 c:orr:I
    c:a1i ratlUD .-.naea. b

    .M. Tl'OMln or Vole........

    cven

    open 10 amb iguity thlln, ror i!ulnnce. usin. ;I reod yer as an illiermcdiacy . Fie. 6 indicalCl lt>e set -up
    eit her a mkrolllltmeler 0( aroun 200 '"'" r... d . or kss, or, if thb

    C4IfIlNtlnI a GOO G 2UJ bas \'C:ry kindl y senl alon. det4lb 01 u effective mcallI of c:alibratiD, e.d. o., or wdeed any o ther 1)'pC of oocill&l or, di reo;tly from a si;n.al iWe:nrtor . He reports t hat th is ha:I pro~ flU" quicker and leslI

    Tra.osi&lor vottmeters QJl be used for lllIlIy JlUIl'OM'I th o ~ since tranwtgn _ es"cntial.ly cunmt_ trglled dnices. they aro 001 al wa)'lo . . .wtable .. valves for we In hlab-impedanoe voltroctcr1. A ao:neral pIUlIOIlI IleDllitlye h.f. indicator fgr cb~kin& oecl11atgn in convenen, Il'Il\dstoT c:ryatal 0IciII&t0n, eic., is Ibow:D in Fl . 8 llDd is by PAQBM from ElrdtrHr (Much 1964).

    usinl

    '"

    is not llvailable, II standan:l I Of 2 rnA f.l .d. meter with II trlllSislor u.e. amp lilic:t. AI lndkatod in th e caption , the induclor L de peoda 10 som e exter\l on ti,e "",Ill be inl! co vered bu t is entirely _<riticallllld (J 2UJ bas found
    tiyc 111m coil su it. ble u low al \ 5 M ,;j.. The sifl;lai seouator is limply set to lhr: requir-td Tan. c and Ihe ou tput adjusted .....t11 II IUit_ able mldin. is obtained on the mew due to the RICtlfying ICtlort or 11>0: qyslal diode.. Then the g.d.o. 0'1" other o~ is coupl ed 10 L, Illd this Ihould llormalJ.y _ _ lUI incre:l.1C ;n th e meter readin, uoept when

    .... +. -

    OSv , .. -r-';;::....J::'"1- -j::. ,N

    ..
    ...

    125Y

    I' A U L T. f I N D I NG AND TEST UNITS

    '"

    E j,,-<H

    _~ _

    ~"

    0000l

    H'r" G..-In R.u S_ rtIt M_ Most ~ tive lieId otrenith metcn use a tUDCd cittuil with iu auCDdant eeed for pluK-in Of swit40ed calif.. Alternatively Wlluned diode cimrilll arc used but need a lot 0( d . 10 p"'" good rcad.inp.. In CQ (Jaquary I%S) WA4DXP cbcribca an untuned WIit in wh ich hilh .cnsiti';ty is adt~ by inco rpon.tinla transistor arnplific:r opemin& from a l 5-'roft ceU: see Fig. II . A1lbouJb Ibc 0fi8i,na1 model \taCS a SOD ,.A. f.t.d. _ r, it is $UtIed that an I rnA. f ....d . meter coul d be used . Hifh imPOdaDce hcad plw uCli ill place of the meter allow the umt 10 (UllCtioD as an a.m. momlOr.

    A pmll PW'])OSC portable ttal>Jistor vollmC\Cr (Fig. 9) havin , an intemal ~anoe or the order of 100 K omn. per volt appcan in URE Rnura d~ RmJ 'The value of II. II iq. obtaiDod from R _ 3/Q-003-Rl, .... here Rl if the iDtcma1 resiswlce of the micro.:nmem . An OC71 eould be tubsti t uted fo r the 0C70.
    ~.

    Jaav

    ~ ~

    '0.

    ,.

    ... ...
    +

    ,.

    "
    eco

    fI.. II. H llh

    ..... , ~ ....., ...... ... - - . J

    "' ~fI .14 _ .. h

    ........ tt'W
    ~ ._

    DX

    TIl l

    ' Tilt

    f'

    '"
    ClAl 0 5

    For the complete

    IleW'OOme1'

    to ttaMislo rs, a practical

    c.w. mceucr was dcsc:r:ibed rec::mtly in Dl,QTC comprisinr

    "

    a [one oscillator (aImo.1 any available Inmsisto r woul d be

    suitable) powered by the d.c, vollago output fro m an untuned crystal diode : see Fig. 12. One word of ca udon : make sure that the <;rystal diode is not rad iat in, hannooiCli .
    PIC K UP ROD

    fl .

    t . T.. ft . . .. ...

    lot. 01. 001.." . . " .. ~ _ '" a~.u. UlO I( o h m .N. Tlli . oelO. OC'7 i .

    ,,6Iton.- ..

    n _....

    . .C
    ift .....

    ,
    C,

    Tr.. ntl rro rl o. D.C. AmJ>if{len Then: are ~ waY' in which .um\UI . f. junction Iransistol'5-DOW available very cheapiY --<:aIl be used In l imp'" In<.lJc>Ito r an d mooi tor circu its to Impro vo 1Cn$i. tivity, cspc:da lly wllcre this fcat\Jn: is of more lm po~ than aocur&cy of caJibrarion. Fil. 10 sho ws a typICal field Ithmith meter o r harmonic etiecker (deri ved from on e given in th e boo k lhuul.llor$- TMo ry mad Prf2Crk~) in which a . Iage of d.c. amt'lific&tion can IWe 10 a I mA f.s.d . meie r an ertecu ve .."uitiV\ty of tbe o rder of 2S J>A f....d.

    '0'"'

    '18

    L_~ PHONE5::=:1-"'f---'
    O<rr M lnl-Mon ll or Whilc scanning o verseu magazines in sea rch o r item! for IT, it is interestin, 10 note ho w IoOme d n:uitl make a round of each country in tu rn-a certain iruhca tlon t llat thq ha ve proved useful . One: recent eu,mple o r Ihis Is ... mall tran .. I!tor e.w. monitor usin, n:aiticd r.f pick-u p usisled by 15 volt cell. Tltis mOllitor providCli a 40cck 00 the f\lllCtlo.o. ing of a c.w. uansmilter and aLw provldca a side 100'1' for those who lile to Ii! tetl to thfir OViD sc:tldin jC. Thi s circu it -., described by WB2AAl 1O CQ (Jan~ 1963) an d turned up again &I .. Ocr MInI Monicor " In D1J.QTC (Dember 1963) an d no w apin in 13. The translJtor rormll an a..f. OIIciI.lator with II f~ueocy dctennined by e l , C2 an d the hi&h Im pcdaooe headpbo ncr, but l;l){llponen l valUCI and tran sisto r type are l'faJOllDbly non-aitial. While it is poaIibk 10 Opc1'ale I ud'! deVice entirely by Rditicd r.f. picit-up, Ittl! dca:rco of couplin, to Ihe

    ...
    ..... . _

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    .... IL a _ I _
    ao f.
    d. .. _ , _. T he _ ;a bho ...10_ _ lod.. 0-. -.II ....... . L

    AI'

    n.... _

    k...

    ...ohm

    ".
    "

    AMAT I!UIl. "ADIO T I.CHNIClU E S

    "
    " 1C 1l -~

    COL

    ' ... l l. - o- H ' _ _.- T _ 0C'l'1. 2N I _ .. " - ". _O . Il;I . ' g,. ID .. Ull _...... IN _ _ . .. _ l ..... " 1. H'-1r ._ , .... .... _

    .....-_ -.10 ' ....

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    IOIH '

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    ~
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    III P'll n tl _U

    'I'

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    !Tc:.;..;;,.

    ,.rItA
    Al.dlo Or-:/I"'tor A ... tller Wlwual aerieI multivibn.tor RoC -.udlo Jell etator by DH NW .. In the same jou rnal, wit h tbe vllluea shown in 1"' .. ... mitable for IIlI. ou tput on a bou t 800 ';;/1. To ley the . olldtlaror I .ry can hi! Inlll!MlId Mflw..n R2 and rlll" i, wilh
    aft 000015 ~f" CI;l4dtor

    f l.. 16. T ...._

    " ' -

    .. _

    _,I.,... _ I"" . Il,SGI, 0

    ( - . 0 . T . Do T o _. he_ _

    i1l panllel (or click SUpprts.o;Oll.

    .
    ().()O,I

    lZ :101l
    ~

    - rr
    '"
    . , ... DU _
    ~

    \11 ~

    ""!'I noo,I'

    .. .....
    .,. ,

    palent number 3,O?O,1S7. Even with. 6 voll lllpPly , lbe draio II only abou t I mAo anoS lhe rrequmcy Qtl be dWI&ed by changinlJ th<l value of Ct . Typical rrequendea are 6-1 ,.F

    ,~

    abou t 200tl ell ; 0 " ,.F 10Xl el l ; I ,.F 7'00 cll ; 4,.F )00 til. Almost an y ryp. of w((1.. r. transiston Ihould be IIliWlIL Paper or llOD-polarit:ed ... ~ton, ",1Mt tban doo:tToIyticII. W>ukl be UJed.

    1=:.
    '""'"I-"
    o_

    ."

    ftwot-y ~ 000:1ltonor
    lbc value or 100, 1000 or UOO kc:h ba~ martel' II too wlddl knowfI to require anpbuia. F ru:ci VCl'S JIO( a1rady Iitted., & tJaNitloc _ oIJera 11Ie"-

    soo.

    lie _ _ . _

    . "" , t ca l .. Icc.llL

    T~~ W_~

    tranliston and said 10 ~ a1moIt pun tin. ...ve output OC'T wide rreq~ nlIp (KC lIa!. ( ftIqIICnl;J it; JarF )' 6cl cnniDc:d by the value 0( Uoe IndlM:li..-e ~I is

    A I ~ O$cillatot IUiq 1_

    .-raJ

    purpc)tC

    1021.v

    HIGIl - r

    14 1....0PHO NI

    ...
    ."

    2 4 k

    "
    tV

    .... 11. II-C .._

    ... . . .11..... Till , TIU, a lmoo ...., ....... . r 0.1 . lotuN. _ ..-two of C l _ ..

    " I _ 11.

    W1 ~_

    _ 01.......10_ _..._

    -_.

    T
    .

    ...-. _

    laIC or vnaIl size and simple powe r nq WremenIJ. Sever.1 desiCl\l ba Vi: a ppeared. The ketron/u World eimlll b,\' W6TNS aud ZUMX ( F~ 18) II 001 lhe: . implmt bui ll dcsiJMd 10 provide wc(ul marker llicnab up 10 )(I Me/. aod 10 h&'If: & .. ocp li'lf: " d\ast.il; line whicll faci lilates 1 11 \IX oa th e dA. YOI\J1te ikvdopcd aaos the cathodo>biu resistor of the m:>Ii'll'Cl"S ou tpul 1IaF.

    J NITS

    '"
    T!U.N S_

    PICK-U P LOOP

    >---, !

    ~~
    100)/1' ZSJ"' -+-,
    (.)
    AI
    CAR50N

    MITTElI

    aSOQ

    (.)
    (.)1,,I

    .....

    PIa. I" ' M '-C/O pM "" W 6TH I _ ZI.IAAJt. no.)'I _ . _ II. _ .. .,, " .-, N o. J6 ' - ' -.1 ____t -........ ' /I H _ .. .
    _. ~

    _w'_. _.. .__


    ,,_ et _ _.
    , , _

    I:,,_""_w __
    , - ,, _ --, _

    Aft a1lem1oliyc acnn~1 two vam.s.i1 provided In FiI;. HI, t.K<1 011 dcsilD by D lJV. tbb II capable of Ilivine: &a:Urate 10 kJ:/s marUr poIll.lI., whea adjuIled. 10 the DOC 200 kel. tranlm illiOllS, or 10 WWV ee.

    UlitIj

    n. Mk':"Y IMatdI
    Th ose wflo \UIC c:o-.IUiIol cables (or f- 'lJir. t bcir Kriab are lIeIdom Cl'Ilirdy happy IboIiI what is rea lly lOinS on 1JlIlde, bu.t , until _ t!y, the OODStructiOll of an C~ive ' .W.f. Indic:atm" bas no t bcm eay. A desilD by K6QHZ (OST. N<.:rtember 19S8). takell tho IlIqlI out of COIlStr\KtinI

    aD I .W3. indicator and. otI'Pu' rn<mllo r. The secret of lhil modi&d " Monimatcll" bel in the Ule of a 16 in . lin, -.etJota fornxd from standard c:o-u ca ble, modified by I'\l.IllllnIJ all iDmIakd pick-u p wi~ un4er the cuter braid.illL wblch can. be doPe by .. bunchin l1" the brakl~ G6 RC, who baa built OIlC, says that the only diJfcultics wet!! it! ~tlPl the ~ braidi.ll ; from II;lllldLi.ll. the mameJ and 10 lbort.-c:imJ.iting the pick-u~ wire. aDd iD findin g low value arbor! Yali&ble resIStor (R I). lbc original article ~icI . 2OO,..A f.I.d. mete r but he used one of the 5UfiIlus CI'O!9$-A.l'tn" type of Indicator meten which haw: a full ,calc def1ecllon of tho ord er or60,.A .

    .,.

    r::!;

    . !!'

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    ~

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    -. . "'~

    O" ~

    :I ~

    Pi"

    "T+ lJO V
    PII It. A ....... 1 ._ ....

    "...., ~.....,.

    <11. 10..1I. ..... 1<11. . ..,ll_ 1 by DJlJV .........101 ....... _ k . . . - - , l DO _ 10 k<J. _01<11"" . t.. II k. l.... ... o _ _ .. _ ......17 O<IJ ~ .."'. T'" 101 "" <ri_ _ ~ , ..
    ~

    .... _ P D LQTe,

    1"1 . . ... l NOI

    -..-.ooi

    .... - .

    ("""....

    I. llh.

    Tunl",IMlkalOI'I
    An iDleratlna fCllture of D USZ'I modWal('l( is the ineJusio " or a lOOdulalio n level indicator limiJar to the !)'pC or voltaIC level Indlca tol'll widel y w.t.d In domest ic ta pe ~ 10 ass ist th e user In CQf"Jttl.1y ICUIn, of piJt

    . 1 01(

    '00'
    Pl,.11. u

    ~1

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    ..l I_ .._

    .. ~......
    ~"

    contml, 21 showl th b d m>it. which taJr.eI 011' . sma ll au dio sip&!, from cee l ide of the lOOdu1atMm u.nsfonner. recll6cs It with & crys ta l diode and &YCf1L81'5 it out by mcano of & reslnance-capadWlCe time Q;mSUUl t netw ork. Th e system goes under the imprasivc Gcnnal1 name or A.....' ....""" anu lee, aDd would seem & useful means o r keeplnl an e~ OD the audio.

    .. ,.,. It .......

    _I.' ""
    , l n.Il
    ,..~ .

    Onf'modu/oUon '''''kalo'
    .-

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    Tbfl O~tiOD IndK:ator of F i,-. 22 lD various vertionI has boeDaround for quite oome lime. This parlleu1ar

    ".
    ",.

    "'H"'T ~UR

    RADIO TECHNIQU E S

    cin:ui.1 ~ froon ~ N r. 6, 1964 aDd proYideo ~le vlau&I waminl of aD )' over:riodullolion whlc:lI ailS the c:anier and &iyq, rbe to spla" tf.

    c.W . M<HI1toIQ JTPG deocribcs I noYel fOl1ll 0( e.w. rnonltoc (F la. 24) pr ovid in ll; Jide.tonc: wbc:a Ibil .... ve ltal II ealilode keyed. The ZCnCI" diode is UIed 10 pr OlOlCl lho If"'If InUIIiJtor . f. ~lla lOf ""bose illd llQi ve ~ t II provided by the bill;hlmpo(\anQl: helodnhonQ (IN , facm of .t. oso;illalor . is alia ~ OIl ~ Il<: 346 1 Tho:: buM;: IcdWqlle coul d be wed equally well ....Ih ot her Iotmi 0I .f. OIClIlaIOf.

    I~~~. ..
    "-. n.

    " 10 k

    "
    ~

    ' w r ,j, ,j, ,. 1-- "


    0 - 0 - _ . _.._
    . _ '...... V I

    ....~:rJ
    _ L ....

    I
    ,

    '11" 1 _

    Crys.", CoHllN'"t_WICIl .. DIfr--.ce 1JI1'llOe<l1 yean lNIIy do:scripllonl bllVe Ippean:d of "?I'll eaIibralon. ilnd. ' '''''luero;y m:ten uste, decade i.e:. d.iriokn and Olher d.ipl.lHypc lnlqntN eimaiu. A rather d.llfrmu aJlproach foc an add-on taJCnJ pul'pOOoIl cali bralor whkh b " mple 10 buil d. IDd can be oped.led COOTlOITlKaIly from I 9 volt balta'y bas been lkiIcribed by Paull"ra ll$Oll In btliflo f.JtI"OIIiu{....pri.. 1J7}) . lbe fIO'oOdly II III usc of a llnalllo.orlead.coosumu i.o;. devdopcd. primarily freq uenc y dLvi"' r f dcaroilK orpm.. Unli ~e mot! iDlqr;lled timlitt thal.t

    '.C.

    ~ft.(. -

    tM tn<:inI 0( TVJ in 144 MQI tRDImIt~ l h llk._ lnor. !'I f It. 19651 by OM2BJL The _ d . dJOdc dctoctor with ae, ~Ifter;. quire e:t'l'IVIIOll, bull IJl inl-mc fNlur-e 01 . 1.1. ~ ... :. ,I- ... J . _ .. ~ . 100 .... _ _ -.IPlOA r-ir ~Oft or QOftIt'O'Ia d) CIOlItIpratioD 10 form l he amplifia' . AIn--t all)' pau of Lf. or m"!L.Ijpa' .......on

    The ICllSitiYC absorption type freq llC:lll:)' melee cum hal'lllOrlicodtcea Ibowft FiJ.. 23 comet from aD artidc OQ

    devic:cs iIKwponle qllit e hich ....wc ~on-uplo :OK o h"" - ~ in In unuwatly low powa- c:olIIUtIIPtion Thoese tc, dtTlca .1:10 tood. dal ImIDeI" llUIn dua"'lH ;ne Iype deYioeI. As indica ted in Fe. 2S. lbe 1 : I divider unill requm: DO n.kmIII = po nents when IIMI1 en th.iI. appJiatioQ : one just foccb in a linc-waw r .f. Ii"'" and Obol ins I ~ 1IQuatl: _\'C "anal It baIf !he frcqvcoq. In lhe USA lbcse MFC4(WIl) ~ COlI 71 ,1ll1 irl lI'I\IlI qUl!ltiticl a.nd tha'C is abo . d..1M F~ manned as lhc

    .re

    M ~ 'NO 'I> 1100 .............. 1 ""'" of Fl, . St.eYh MFCI040 lo iCOlporalCl dQD:II ttamillOn and resmon.. It'iaen 10 __ S Mt/I and Dperatell with a supp ly potenlialanywhcn: becwcclll.boul " and 16 volt .. The unit shown COfIIUmCS a bout 14 mA II 9 volta, ... maltln. II altru:tM with q uite llmall lraMittor-fadio bonaict. II pn:Mdco ma rlieR up 10 60 Me,....

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    ihould won; in this 1lf'I.llIC.maU: and t.imilolr ampli6er ~I Q;M.Ild be uoed in any of the: Innmtorized . arid dip" motets where tbe d . .....Ip"" ~ the nmed cin:ui l III mo nito red a lld .... pl ified . Etl"cetiYdy , tbe onl y addI tional compooml "'..." the ........1 ..-ta~ am plifier is lhe sco;on4 ttalliistor.

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    On e of th~ ma in diloadvantap o f low priced end homeb uilt o!ll. lhl!lC(lpcl b hum. ~Iy in the veniCll.l anlpli. i flU and lhllt ClI.u'led by di rt>:( p ick-IJp In lho e.r.!. Not evuyun~ can IIffo rd I MuM etal lCftICII. but rnuclr. tan oflell be donO! by r~po!il ion ing ure ma ju r ........'"' or bum fields, !D"IlMiinll !he main. tr an ltortn<:r and llloJe of 1Iea1~ UlSlrunwll$. A push-pull amplifier roe the vertical ampli& ' can also help ; ,,"<.lI m lip is th e ..., o f d .c.. o n the veniel l I mplifier hea lcn.

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    A compact " fool proof " uanWtor ollCillll.tor tllitJlble f..... ...., with FT243 and. . imiLu Q'}'JIa1I wilhout any ~ eitcuill il a ~u1 device to hlve around tbethack to pnwidic sigrull 80Un;c: , to drive . Ifammiller 01: fOl" toMi", Q)'Rals.

    fur b.f.o.a., local OICilla.tOIS,. allibralOl1 Or Iyn lbeaiun withou l a .-,nant ci~lt. He points OUI that it is ~I y rqardod u rather diffICUlt to o btain relia ble rcII,Ilu with t.hae particular c rystals. The nove l feal"'" of h.if, circuit is the e-pac:ital i\'c divider phue shirt lldWork from the: co llcao r ofth~ tnlMistor Dt the sup ply 1 m...

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    ou tpu t. Fia. 26 shOWl t he simplei' olrus tw o &IT~b, the other incl udina:an additional OC7 J and OM' to pnMde biD "'rruJ-tion for t he OICiUator . In Rtldl.,..REF (Mm:h . 1967) . F renc b adapUUoo. of ODe of D J2NN ', cireuit. eontainod the eommenI WI iI; w&I WIsati.factorr with m.f. Cl)'Ilal$, iuell .. SOD keJ- and I Me/. ban . This pl'i)mpted t 'lITD to IUggcsl in 1Wd 1f>-RF

    In DL-QTC (July, 196j) D J2NN provides two drcviu both fm lutiNl all AFI27 O$Clllator with MJ27 cmltttt.f ~

    GJOG K h&lI bu ilt a considerable Dumber of !bC3C oscillaton and findli that Ihey all work reHably. fint lime:. He II1CI a 2N2926 trllltIistor made by G eneral EJecU'it: in 1M Stalc$ (aVllilable from Jeon".. Lid . of SCY'ell.O.IU ), aDd tbe only xttinJ: up acljUl tmcnt II the 10 K ohms potm lio mctcr !o livc muimum o utp ut. The cin:uit works o~ the full ranae of Fl"241 Cl')"5tab (340 to :580 kc/I) giv!n4! .bout I voU lleIk-to-peak o u tp ut with a co rmunpt ion of . boul 0 -8 rnA wilh a 9 volt l upply . GJOGK mcn\lOOill lhat the mtire unit tan be boilt co nvcnien tly in tobaoco till.. ..... furth er vviatioo providiDJ an oscilla!or fo r l1>C with l urplus crystal... Ih.iI timl: in tellded for parallcl.raona nt 100 kC/1 DT f_ shear or :5- X wu., appcan in W;r#I#~~ Wtlrhi (AultUll, 1967) by I. R obc:rtI. Suc h crystalilhow co nsidcnblc nriatiorl of 8Ctivity and requic1lO&d eapaci ta ~, bu t it n claimed tha t the citcuit of F ilf. 29 will allow mOlt crystali lo be tDed. The lLW of. y.h.f. type transilto r &hould be DDtod; the amDliluOe and harmonic ccntene of the o utp u t is I Ovemed by tbe PDC.. an d whc:rc: highest sta bilily il re-

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    (M a y. 1% 7), further variant which he U3ClI AI I Mc/a

    Cf)'Sul calibrator providini hannollia u p to 14' Mqa, and C:laimtd to be effective even with very llu gish m..f. C)'ItalI.. This Is shown ~r~' V , an d inc ludef, cme and one " '/NI l.rilnsittor ( uy* the types are DOl: crit ical), an d IXIlltumellaround 2 ':5 m..... at 9 volts. 10 bis coe. lor Iaola.tion. the chlWil of the UIlit is co nnect ed on ly to the ou lpul cou U shown . G~d Kennedy, OlOGK, provi des detaib; 01. 1'1 arranjlO" ment (Pi, . 28) which he belw:vcs to be o rigina l a110WU1f F I'241A crysaJs to be IDCd 011 tbcir fun damental freqll~oclcs

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    quired the pin contro l should be adj"" ted to provide lowest a am plitude Ie'od c:oD&i5l.ellt wit h rcU blc ltartinl. In l ome aues, wit h miniIfIwn pin. full ou tpu t may na t be o bllJned until about IS secoods after switch-on. Bul where the lI1Iit is req uired u CI)'SIaI calibrator, etc., maher hannonic le"" ll can be ~. Where. with maximum p in, t.hae are insuftidcnt the lilithtil' I lIllllCIls !lw.l a Schmitt Iriuer cin:ul l t hou ld fo llow the o utput Itage. liell Co/lbrotOl' Allb ough lbe tttrui,torUed froqucncy standard iI a mo re modern ap~ thall 10 UK yalva. for lbil applicat ion, there are still a Iarp number or val l1e1 providina usdul 100 kc/I calibratio n pips eilher lIS .epattle units Or buill into reeeiVCl1

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    ~s co ,nponent, prod llClllll 10 kc/s markcn for fine calibration. Anneted by the , implicit)' of this \/IUt, we sta l1ed o ut to plll ono In ope ration, bu t discovered thai the junk-belli: 100 kc/ I CI')'Ita1 was DO Ion&cr In worltin ll order. However by ch anltillll t he time con stant (by rcdllC~ the value of the lilted CllpacitolS), we found lha l 1 Mets Cl)'$lal CO\IId be ITIIIde to lock t ile WlItabie mu hivibra lo r_r.rrc oscillat io n, II wu also clear lha t the rqeneralive divider effect co uld be adllcvcd , thouJh und oubted ly . 100 kelt vnit wou ld be I mell1 uKful pl:C of equipment. Wit h such regenera tive : divicla: Icehnlq\ICI II il Importa nt 10 cnsunl th.t t he ri,h t ccum-dowu iI beinl obtainlld, &Jld when the oscil lato r is not prope rly in klclt a.l lOftS of noises tum up throughou l t he band, so some carol in settillll up il called fOf . D igital SIC d ividec calibratol'l\ arc discussed in seclioo

    &.s)'lnmelrical and thus has a stroIl& 10

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    oscilla.tor which ean be synchronized fro m the buM; 100 kef. oscillator. The ariai...l article doet not spocify lbe type of neon bu t the H i~&C 3L or 1L series (similar 10 NE2. NES I) would .lm~t certainly be . uit.blol. When sell ing up the deviu it will he necessa ry 10 ma ke ~;,. ' lull Ihe correct order of dj~ isi on is achjc~cd by cou nl ina t he pips be tween two 100 keh points.

    A IIOVeI rnuns of mod ifying web cin;uils to pro vide 10 kc/l u _ II as 100 kc/. "ipo W n(lIN in DL QTC ( AugII3l, al 1966) : see F ie. 30. Th is incorporales _neon bulb rdaxatioll

    hll.W been publ ished fo r F ET vollmctcn, bul the un il show n in F ill. 32 h.. !he meril of rcqu irin& o nly a l inglc Jow-eost FET plu, eee ti lieon ~n tra nsiato r, in ooQjunction with t he SO uA meter. I I ooukI be extended to co ver addiliona1 higher yoltalte ranges by Ulclldilti the hig h.stability input network -&Ild 10 cever a-C. _UI'l:l!'let1I$ by mean5 of COIIvenlioo..1 diode probe.
    M PF105

    A larle number

    ordiffcICT11 circu itltTlllil"melll'

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    SIC Crrd al Ca lib,alOl' The uocr..d llCH ~f IOW<051 sem ico nd uaor ml.grakd eircuiu. (SIC., fo r CJ)1.W r:.alibralOf5-J'T'OdlKmg Wong mar ko:l'5 up 10 hi, h frcqumcies with oDfy a ).volt power 101I1"CC--1uu been underl ined earlier. One of the most interes ting of II number oJ atrftnl IUno=at iQnl appearing for l uch ci~ i ts " lhat in the .. dail1'ef'! caseboo k " scctioo of Ek cm",lcs ( 1l DecembcT, 1967) by John Allho use. This ind i<:;otCli how a sill$le fll 914 dua l two-in put ,ale SIC (fOf detaib !ICC section I ) plul ju. t a 100 J<I:/! I:fYl'tal, a ~wilcll, a ' k pol, three MOO 1li ';" O~ and IWO fiMd n pacitc rs can J'I"Ovidc 100/10 kc/s m.arke~ throUJ,hout fhe h.f. Ipoc:lTum. Abo ut one-voll output pu l.es arc obu .iMd . The pri nciple is IMI the bu~ crysta l ox:illatOf, usi", in Ie 1114 SIC, has a lime oonsta nl approxima un ,l the . of the cryslal's fundamenlal f uency , resullin& in ked oocillation I t 100 kc;lL But ir:J:e t ime oons llnl is funhcr increased, Itlble oscillatio n call take place: lit submu ltiples of lhe crys la l frequency. 111 l"".... ) 1, if the Iwitch S 11 tu rned 1(1 100 kc/s the circu it osciUatCll a, 100 kc/s. I:lut when turne d to 10 kqs, l.hc circuit oscillates at 20 kelt . but the wavcfo nn at thil freq ucncy is

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    n.e . rran lCfJlClll m own il based on desilll which or igin&l ly appcucd in Elccrnmicl WDrld in Febfllllf)' 1% 7, but with IOlI'IC mod i6cal ions IU~lcd by another" eerrespanden t 10 that joomaI in the November 1967 [pue. The original cireuit u$ed a p-dwmcl FET plus one of Ihe relatively n.rc p-u- p silicon tnnsistolS. The mod ified unil, however , hil a readily a.....ila ble. n~ FET (of. Iype eUlTmt ly beina orlered in Ihe UK al aboul eilh t thHl inljll) and the much mo re usU&1 n-p- n silicon lIallIiSlor. Th e F ET is connec ted ;n source-fOllower I.nl.naemeol direc tl)' ooupled 10 tl'>o Illicon translstDT, and the c:omspoodent in E1Ironks WII'Id writ'" ent husia. lically of Ihe high <

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    linurity wh ich he , u, ge", I, .. at leut as l oot! U IIWSt coll1llle f(:iaUy availa ble e.e. v~ IVI;: ~ltmeten " and considers that witb h lab qu ality rcsi,ton in the inllUt Ddwotk and with accurate calibrat ion woo kl come close to laboratory type unil1. Even if t bil claim may be pitched a lillie h iih. the simplicity 01 the uni t lbo\lld mal"" it &Ilr1lCli_

    A.f . W_ Briel, . OJdISatM Further cvi<kno; co( lhe value 01 thi s typo of oecillato r, in the lorm of an RC osci llalor capable of P1pp lyins an o utpul of 1000 wa ve(o nn &lI the wa y rro m aboul 0' ~s up to , Mch (tbe component valUl:' shown provide Avo ranges of 15- 200 c/'; 1-2000 C/S; J -""' 0 kc/s ; Is-2OQkC/s ; an d G-I ,....2 Me" ) 1 bas been P\lbli$bcd In a Ferranti booklet 011 Hil" FJIh/Ir, Audio lMsig1U usi1l6 SilifDlf $nrticondllflOT [),.tus (' .. I. 'Ibis is inten ded .. a multiplllJlOSe l e:ll oscilla tor and. provides an oulp ut ol the order o r I-vall r.OI." All inte~ ma lurun: ~ the use 01 a IUpet-a.lpha P&ir (Darlini!o n compound) in Ihe lira Mage of the IlDIplifier and the inl:lu.. .inoml t hermislor(STC type R' l )t.Uob iliut. Oanacd oon u ol! provilk nut80 swit<:hing and rrequeney COPIrol : Fl 33.

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    Many ama leun pin their lint expericnoc of handlin, lr~or cirt:uils in lhe co urse 01 ~Pl'irin, one of the mullil ude of broadcast reoeiven. Some two-lhi tds of all raults on thli&C m;elvc:rs tend to be of a b<ulatIly mtcltal1ilcal nature . Th ese inelude broken Ano 1eadI 10 the rerme rod ecu wind iIJ&$; cracked ferri te roo. (thl:Ie can often be glued with Anl ldite. Durafix, etc.) ; dirty o r bent switch ODI1lal:ts ; .. t ired " spring con laCU in the eaJllicce jacb Jbort-eimlitiDll an inlernlll apeake r; te'li!lors on prin ted cimlil boards bCling broken during rc uuee rq>Iaa:meol of b m eries. T ranswto l'll lll'Il pretty ~l iablc, hu t one a:rt.llinIy oomes

    aaosa instances of tbeir Illilill, ; in my e>.perienIIc t t - a re tnOt!ot often the . _ tmnsiAlOtS IJI lite OUlpu t or d river l~p. f. ihc la ilure of a transillto t it usual ly the RIIult of mal-ua&p o r t he fail ure of an lISIOcilted OOfhponatl ; for this I'l:&WD ~n:: m ould be Illr.eo 10 cbec:lc cum!IIl I nd vol~ae conditiont and a1I rompollCtl t. whicb could cawe lailun: belore n:p!aQnl the KmKOIldUl:lor_ jlllt as o ne .hould a1 wa)'1l d o t hil what r!"placing a reaifier ill a val Y1l l"llCe'iver. A very common lault II alill the old probl em 01 noisy voi llml: co lltrol . Thcae can JOmetimcs be ca Ped wilho ut n':n\o vinl tht:rn fro m t he lei with the aid of """"",",,.Jiw lubriclln ts l uch u EJectroIube (avail. blG in both arease and aelOlHll lonn--the lall er ... Iype lA-XI. o r Tun-O-LubCl whicll i! ma rkeled wilh a fine mt"tal lube 10 hd p ill,je<;t tbe lubricant th rough the gap ill the C d ip o n polentiomelel'll. Neither carbce tetrachloride no r trich lore lhylcnc (lighter luel ) should be used lo r this purpaIe .ilIu il len ds to leave a white deposit which can IOmII: liInt$ beco me COfl"O$ive. TIle 1I0i~ in pots dot:s no l alwa)'l co me from lhe usual faull-it dirt y eoueeice riPg; in some CiUeI it may be necesIIlUY 1 dismantle the co ntrol, and then to dun ..nd regrcase 0 Ihe , pindle berate reassembly. A ra lher la bo rio us p~d ure bu l otM! which ma y be nessary 10 cope: ....it h a apa;ial pot lor which no repboement can be o btained. Who:n deaJing wit h aD cqu iptncll t with a lusJ?C!Clcd Iran ';5tor fau ll-ortc:n deno ted by t be ba lle ry runmng dcwa-; SOlllc can: should be ta ken aillQl a short-circuited tran,istor can someaima be as ho t all a so lderin, Iron, with 1 surface which will stick 10 the linil"fll and cau se a bad burn: not a lrequen t O<Xun-ena: but it ClIII happen. A poor ba ucry coo d itiou will nor always be de tected jusl by choc:kins Ih~ ballery vo lta ge on a high-sensi tivicy me ter. Low blItlc:ry YOlI. ~~ o r high internal resistance of lhe hauer')' l:llD prod uce insta bility. motorboa ting, dislortioD, or failure of the local osci llato r (com pletely, or on the highe r-freq uency eod of one or man;: wavcba llds). Th e end- point 01 battery life ill dmotcd on IDlIny receivers by iRcro'lSin, cross-over diJlo rlio n (a co ndit ion ClIu'll:d by the two halves of the waveform In a eta... R l rage no t fill ing together without d iscootinuitie!ll; modem temperatu re and vo llllge co mpensated OUfP\lt st.ges an: mueb mo re IcdcllIlIl oflow vo llage lind low tempcrature than those: u..,d in earlier transistor receivers . A uselul method of checkin, a baUery Is: (0) to measure the voltaiC' on ne lead (VI); co nnect a l OO-OJun resistor lICl'OSIII It and IIlI:lISurc it again (\'21; fhell the infernal resistance of lhe ballcry ca n be ea lru lated Irom: 100 x (VI V2)fV2. Banerlo:s when good sho uld have a resistance of say 10 ohm. bUf will usually be H tisfactory re abcu r SO Ohml fo r I s-vcn unit; a bo ve this they Ihoul usually be d iscarded . When replacin, ou tput transislors. look lor Ihe p reseece nll.i lioonc greu.lC; this Is often U5N to impro ve the ~rmal co nduc tivilY between the transistor alsin,lnd the commonly UM:d sDlall hea t sinks. 11 may be Impo rtan t 10 ensu~ that a ~l scemcnt unit has n l imilar ro atinl. Silicone area" also pn:\"entl rubbClr leads or gro mmets fro m hardcn in& o r perishlOlI. an<\ becau se ol ll waler-repellen l prope rties can be useful for !ICIIlinl ou tside coaxial leed ers. Apart rrom arease. a l ilicone material in the fo rm 01 whi te paste Is mar ket ed ... Develop meo t Compound 262 ), lhis tw ,000 thermal conductivity .and ean be used 10 improve heat lr!UISfer between com poncnlJ llIId t he l urfllOll 10 whkb lhe y are attllched ( u~ful also wben d ulin, wilh r.l. power transIsIOR). W hen font checking a receiver, good rou tine Is Aut iO check ba nerie.i under load; then to ltXJl< very eatefully fo r mechanical faul ts or dry J oint,; and only tbca to stan syslemtna tie t~stin" .... tltina: .tllpby..1a1C uslnl a lowo vohagc signal inje<.1 0r (C.I. pa ge )4 11 with. 47 K o tlms reeetor III seriel IlIith the probo to limit si;n.aIs 10 a saf~ 1ewI. and u.tl.n, I hia,h-telIIItaoeo voltmvll:ll" to cbock Hoc, collector. emi llCr alld bur: vol~lICI.

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    AHAT .UR II.ADIO TECHNIQU I S

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    .... G)lJ. 100 .. .. _ _

    lUte illCOc poi . led in lhe ftDaI reoen.:r. h vt t-:a decIoped . Por amateur lppUr;arioot. _ Ibc simpl eR fClml iI-..Itable. As Ihown iII- F~ll'). this ~ of a I J.voll Z2A UOF kJw.capaciWlCe aDd !he entire wW ..... buih nllo U r.r. oo.uial WODlICfot. No ma lchi lll 10 the ou tpul ad is ~ aDd uoiK output, due 10 ~"'ll(lI; etJec:b, ' ali llilbtly ...ilh f~uc:ao:y ; fro<n .bout 32dB above tbetmal noise at r~ be:iow 100 Mel. 10 294B at lO Me/l aDd 22dB allIOO MclL Nodi output. u . fllllCl>Oft of diode c:unml, ~ broId muimum ., abou t 6 rnA c:unmt. droJ!piDc only abouI (HIlB tor 20 per cellI cbu:I.. in maxrmum (Um:D! ; lbete Is aIIo .Illsht r.uof[ with lna-m.

    n.m.

    ~ Iurc. This would be quilC IUitabie lor .ppllClll tool. but output stability ICUI be funbet Impro,~ by ~I impedaDa: maldUn& at tile fRqUlellC)'

    limi t. The afnIlF'DCDl of F~

    .lD IIIe tinalllmlOfl, . IN542A _ is opcn.led in~ breakdown with auJftll of .bout mAo rol~ by BFY90 widebarld ampIl6er. ~ the unit woe! buill.... . ~ cocl-. aDd. simple ."..ldV:d atIcDuI.lOf ClCIn/IClaCd III tile OUt put IeId" lhit eouJd form the basis 01. mocJ uxful ~ dledoer. WbmI OG!Y low ooItqe SlClPl, iI ...adable, aJdl .. the Z2AIOOl' can be used QD l ~voIl ...pplies. ~llilifta:. ClUTalI of about

    }l(b) is daimod 10 pnMdc: OUTput 10 lIrilhinpllll!mlnlU I d B ~ JO a nd SOO Me ....

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    his finallI.IlMIiP& up osa ftrm m:ommeadallon III 10 ~ Uld'u1_ oIlbi1 rype of DO daDa>!. to r ~ ali~mcm eec, O lSJE I scoentOf _ Ihc dmlll sbowo III 1',.. l$; lhis II almoll idcatir;al wilh that al_dy deaaibcd b.d ... da_ IU allow tho IIIe of a 1II .....lI1OWltina c1ioIk, which juM . happened to be all STC VR5 73BA (S?' YOlq, S'2S _ UI). A S wall diode rnay be upco;:lod to hI...e a tairly hip juDctlOll capacitaQQC wbicb Qluld pracol maldlill. problelDl ~ ooc aco::pcsthat outpul will ftl)' appreciably witb frequeao:y. ~ SK potentiomet ..... lote.Dded 10 control the output. whicb It was aotieipa ted ~ fo O_ the . impIa R latlOlllhip o f more ~t, mo", IlOlIC. Tho prime pulPOOiC of lhi:! UIlit w.. for h.t. tI:CICivec &lip men t. lJIdui OUlPlil """ obtained throu. ho\It the tante 111 10 30 Me/l . II ,..-IS a llO fOUDd dial .. hen \UCId willt a o 1.014 Mel. convener ~'CI')I hih n oise Illput ..... lIClticvod. even thou&lt tbo lIeooral or comrN>ncntl IDdlay-,t had 1I t been 0 chosen wllh Y.h. f. ill m ind . 0 3SJf! d oea no t bavo fl eililiel fo r a<:cURIc Iy meuu rinll how 110M VllJiea with freq uency, a1lhou jth it WIll fOWld on h.t. that aolse inplil to tho I\:IOIIiver could be a ppl'llCiably ~ by UI1na an ~riat tunlnt: llJIit bd...:en ~ner.tor an d reccivtt (ind lcatlvo pcrhaPl or the hl.h jllnct ioll ca pacitanoc) . No nnally lho lICnera tor " ~, fo r example. to . Drake R4B ha vill" DOmina! 5O-oh m in Plll sock el, th rou ah , bout J n . o f JO-ollm co-ea. T o hil IIIrpri1c. OlS IE (ound th ll noille ou tput dld lIot increase with CIlrtull, b llt rllher there wu a , twut> &.lid Iiani fican t peak of ooiIe with, CUrretl t of , bwt 11 mA. e'iat IhouBh the diode w llCeTDCd ca n pasI nearly 1 am p. Betwee8 100 IDd 200 mA the output is rOllihly OOftIWlI
    fea~lIf"t$ altho DOise ,rCUfm1 1 rdalioDship.

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    FAULT.fINDING AND TEST UNITS

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    (3 ) When awltched .. 0 11," ii ac ts a, 11 Il. d ul ctYlt a l.

    A .im pl~ caflacirance m<:t~r $uit. bl~ for eheck in g tile va lue of mir;a o r "" ramie Q1 p;ocilon in ra n.:es o f 0-\ 00 pF I.nd 100-2000 pI' is descri bed by O NSGP in cQ-Gsa (J ul y! A U ll"~L , 1969). This ins trumen l is Intended to overcome the common pr ob lem o f CBPl'ci to n whose eolow eodinll o r otller 0 value ide n tiflCII lio n is 11 IOIlRer readable . II should. prove l ufficim lly accurate t o a llow l he recoYel')' of many componenls ",'hit h wo uld otherwi se OOVO IQ n:mIIin lUI""'" in the ' u nk bo~. An OC171 o r equ Iva lent Irans islo r cryslal Otcil. ejo r t O NSJI suggcsts Channe l 66. FTZ4 1crystal) p lus OC17t I.mrlilicr fd$ 492S9 ke/l sl3J1D Ihr o ugh Ihc un known I ca pacilor 10 an in le gn, IOrLe<;:to r d n: u.i l and I m A r...d . output mete r. T o o:alibrnte the ins lrunxnr, It kno wn 100 pF caradlor il In. crled an d R2 adjusted for fllll-lalle den cction o f the meter. Thcn with the switch in the other ra nge, Rt il . imililfly adjusled with .. 2000J.'I F eapacito r plugged in. T hl! two ra nllCl can then he approxima tely ca librated "" inw a ha nd. ful o r ClIjllu;itors o f known value. 'Ibc scale is no n-linear , and some imp rove ment ca n be aclUcYCd by illlClting a third I:')'st" l d iode in series with the meter. Tt>c:: or1Rioal so urce Will the a rt icle o n th is Iype of U1pa<. i teocc me teT by T , H . 1I01b<.rt, GMlOXJ (RSGH Bulle/in, M a n:h, 1964 ). Apa rt fro m Ihe usc o f a 2 M<::, CJ)'Stal, ..n d some varial ions in component val ue:<;, llle G Ml O XJ u nit WJ.s . Imos t idctt lical . G . R. Foum. O JORF, po ints o ut tha t thi, typo; of in$l nlment ca ll, wilhout an y monncauon, be put 10 ctber val..... ble
    (I ) II lui tably ca libru led il will 1.1.0 mCllsure lo w vallJ(Ol of rU(5funce and it!ductance. (2) When switched " o lf, .. it will acl as a ilC11sitivo; un tuned all _band field . tren Jth mete r, usinll sh on lengl ils of wire fro m lhe tes t te nnina ls lU acrial l'lro be and ClI n h.

    ee eeenee freq uctl\. )' meIer with hlU"lnOO ics t hr('IUghou t me "
    hi. raIl l e. This is more ap p licab le 10 the h ight;T fn: quc ney crysta ls p ropo,cd by O M3 0 XJ. s uch as 2 Me,!. or ;H M<:i" G3G R F . Iso e~pla itlll that he origin ally buill his mete r in acco n:l.1"Il.'C with the O M l O XJ circ uit U. ;nll .. 2-S Mc." <:rystal . nd I mA f.s.d . meter. He 'l,Ihsequ enLly discove red Ihat ma~ tha n ,Olfi<;ieqt mete r d eflo. tiun is p rovided usin g " (lnly It l in gle 0C44 <:.0 ., rh us a llo", inll the amplifier " ate to be dispen sed with. His unil no w ta kes the form .ho",n in Fia . 37. AI G3GRF pu ts it : .. There fO U havc it -one tran . il L r c.o. p rovidin g It ca padlalK'C. n:'<lStan"" an d indue o t. nce meier ( IWO ranges), fteld lIA:nllth mc:l<:f lind crystal cali brato TI ..
    S imp'. R.F . Sn iff.. In lhe o ld da ) < Ihc IOw ...." " .u!l1pt in n to rch t>ulband a 1"" 1' o f wire . pl us a nCO bu lh ~ ",I ~h,,, rpl inn Wa VCl'I".crc, "' CrC Ih" I1 , h.n da rd a id. fa r ",tt inllUI' a lm" , t any 11";1 ", mill er a.><I Il.. "'t a n lennu , T oda y """,,,,, h in, a lill ie more S(,ph ;ll ;':a lnl ;.. II ~U~lI y needed 10 CO~ w;lh scntico nd ucL li . sh idoJnI "" il... o rcrotd s 3noJ lite Ii~ c. n" l il <loes " ot need lei he I"" ."ph i"i. ~al cd . In Qrr. Oc l"her. 1'17'1. pp IS-7. Uub SIll ;" " . [)eM a w. WI fO B. show lhat eveu a '..,ry WAOUZO. aml Sil111'Ic r ,r. . " iffer Ca ll he a u.efu l aid: Fig , )~, SLId , rJ dClc~tor. when """d wilh a ,i mp le whi p Or ;11 ,h ... I;V" pro t>.:. ' ca n be usefu l a< a m I'AA-ll1lOJ-rea d) flCl<I,L re nl:lh ",,, 'cr. r.r. line-u p j" oJ ica l<>r. tt1< L r fo r 111<: .. jtOO<I" e.-s " li.e. i n l e~ rily) e of tm llslllillcr .,hicl,li" ll. a nd fo r r.f. ,illn~ 1 Lra< :i"l: al,,1 lit" llok r rcc tiher C.lU b<: f"nllcoJ r"'Ill ~"y like. Th" ,,,lLa l:c,I!> I'-,Ir or rJ . diodes, germ a niu m r suco.. . a hlou" ch il , h,,, ,I,1 be rl.'CO\:n itt'<! L lml Ilcrma n il" n t)V''!> will m"le scnsilive .in.... lhey hcllin '0 ,'o nd""'1 at O)--{l 4 U ll lS emn iXlred wilh Lhe (HHl7 vcus o r , ilk-un L ype, .

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    wi ll nol reall y tllke the plaee of aD ollCllloau>~. ~t dOCllll 1 ....,1 II~. II r.ir Indication or how fllr the audIO IP In ""n be .J ~ ... ,-.l . A lillie r.f. i, simpled frotJ:' the output lan k, fed throuah an adj"" tlblc: T.f: Yol \.a~ di~r. ~if>ed ud u8ed lO ,bI.o. I n EM lW or aimlll1T mAllie eye ind~ lor. One of 1M mllll~ Illre lra ll$i!ll'or ra dio llllllged ca paalon eIIn be, ~ for C I (2S0 pF ~rilble) which fOIll1$ the ildJ..lllb~ d lYukr, . AcljUStmall is limple. Fully mesh CI.,ioIId I~ Itlns/m lt er witb 1$ reee, and WllI1eSh C I until tho: t'MIl4 closes. Rem ow: 10Ile aDd adjust a.l. ga.in .... Ill the eye,usr clolc:s 00 peaks All eocnponerIU COIlJ>eCIed ~Ih r,f. ? 11 be lDOUlI~ .... r the flNl tlmk (lilts 1I'i11ptI l ll1ediode 'l\$Ide l he ~lD' 10 avoid 1M old probloem 0( hannonic ......... rion ntI aU forms of d iodct iudicatonl. aod. l he MlW can be Ioa~ ~"QJl easily be ~
    'ET"~ P" I A.C : a .C VoJ_eler Tho: uaibbil ily nl 1'!'<'.. Ii<>nl!1 Im~i~n. il>l'tXl't" .. linll rn "' r Ill I~ it;n . uch iI. lho: CA JI 40 pro " j,b I"," teon",I... (n"" "",," r,.-e fET-inru ' up- I m l' , ~. ..oh n-.:~r I Drrr..-<r. ~ ... ,.."'... Scptmtoo. 19 711 ) wilh lin In",,1 rfti"'..""" <If 10 ' Ill . hun'ed t>y a or ItOOuI 27 p r o Th.. Jus I h""d "" lh h <of ~. 10 Itl In "'" )t1O U II f< ),J Q ..... n.t... Whc'n"" " cu,,,.. ,,I""1II1 ' '' 1 ~mp lias 1 1 ~ 1.it::lI ,n rul t>u. ~U"""I <>f itM ,,, Itle, 100 n Ao I t room It nope.;lIu lIN: ..... ui... I,:.., lipm .. fo . I CAJI 40 ;, 0t'>Me lU.OOO Ilm l,,~, ..!>Ioul Ill l' A, r ill. -10 ~h ..... , ,, bIIsic d .... ....~ lIn ..,cr dtsil!rled ~ ft.'U,nd un "......mr, ... d.." itt. wilh ""111,,1<:1" " rt;tJII dt l", I. !'! r ,il'. 4 1. T "" a. C. r""hllt ts Ol:>lai, ,,,,1 . ", i n~ " Nidgc t h her n""er u rrun~ ...rro:nl. "''' II 1110: " a l ,,~ "r the CU~I sin ~ ' eJ",nl (S k i t>y S(>n1C 10 pe' ....nl 10 a ccoo n t fo r rho- d , IT..,_ e". 'e hell., .:.;n " .....m tl" a nd r ,m.'. "" h,,,,, or II ....-f~ 'r'!' . Th e 10 kU in",,1 S<', in ..... i'I "'s, tOj(c, hcr ", llll lhe h ",lt-on 1""Il.,:1 ;" n <t,00k'$ o n tIt<: Lc. ,;hil', I',",,' ~I t,he Mo srcr "'flUl " "" sis l,,,", a ltltln.. C.\<.'t. ." " "" h,,!-o es. S' nl I IJrI ~' Ihe 1000 " hm ...... i,I", in t h" n lllpu l c ire-u ;1 "r 1m: o p-crnp !:i~ et D d C llree " I' ,, ' ''1<>':''0" In the mcrcr "'UY<"mCtl'. T he 22 ~ll rcs i. l" r ;n Ihe ""II'U' e; ,,'Ull !Il um> Ihe hri d<,d indcs and a \ \ u , c. lhitl ..,m." ' ,-",rrcnl n"" . iu Ihe fcc<.lNd nc1 ..... '~ ", hell " " ",~n ..l. " h:inl! Itl'f'loo:d; rhis resuror ..",ll he l~ 1 " F ca.r::;cit" r .hu~1 ,nit ,he IT,,.lrr .' \SufC ~Illhilj l " of the corn" l , Th. _:00" h,n ..."",. ....

    SOZLiCE'::.rnbeJ simple VOiOCi peak indk<lt.... (Fi&-i IhiI )~) of the lype ofIm used In If pc he adm it' tha

    a nd 47\1 oh m Iru n- pIII uetnM lhe n.... ler IlfU"itk ... ra nle o f adJlI' tl\ltl11 for ca lrbruUn n. 1 m: rt!;iuive ""'''''Ork between I' in. I a nd 5 of lho- CAJ 140 N ov ldcs a. ,.... n ~"C o f offset 3d)""I. . "'." 1 . j ecc oot pul oIT",,1 "ol tn~e . h""", LIp J ' J Iln~ ll , <I.n...,t;"n of tho- melcr. wilh the LO ~n Irim -p<>t "Mb lin, Ihe me ier to be zeroed. Th " arti cle . 1.....11:& tha t tOI h igh im ped"nce ci rcuil. u f Ih !s !nJC II I. e(.e ntla l th,lt lilt ''I; nt ('<1 ('il'(""i t hoard . if .,.,. .. useo, eho uld hal'. the h 'lIhC$t ross;"lt il1!i ula tion rCO Lola nce a nti 5h<>uld prcferJhly he of the ,la... r. .... e type; rememhcr I.... ' nne nctdt ILl h~ ve lion insu lJl lOn raollanoc of . eve....1 hund red mtf'nlH'" he''''n adja <. n l lraeks . Idtally lhe input ",>l la ftC d ,,'itk r . k"u ld l.ISC d o tolcra ece C <>mf>O ncn t5, . llhn ullh lhe EA pmln lypc ilIoN m;Ol Urc ~ 1 per cen t . nd 5 pe l' cen nstsI ...... and IU l>er cen r c.apac llOR. ."""n .., " I',,"'l:'d poi1i ble ,.. ol>la in O\-er:l ll lICTUracy ", ilh,n ...1 ""I <:en , on ~II rJ np"'. The I\ok un il, 1 0.(tCl bCJ' "llh lhe sm.,11 9-....,11 No llcricJ. hov\cd in .. (>I1\l.tic l>t mc.I .l.lt\n 1'17 by 00 1>1' I I! rnm .

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    A. F. SI." W"we Ge_...1", J L C" ' lco i.. Ht>tIjq./(CF IO,:lobcr, 19'79. p p7" llIOl. )4. ",:>lt s Ih::Il <.......""'llON l5tfl6....,a.e . f . ~ I,," 1"",110 h.a .... . " ....Q n......;.,n l rcalu'~ ; r"" e...."""" lhe Wicft MC'i1l:ur.>r OcpenQ5 on ill. .C. (If "'a llili,alion : lho- hrid ....-T Iyllt or OSC"i1l:ltor l"C<.forirc:s pm:a..l)' m;a tdlC'd Iun '" """,1'lCe and capxi,an<:c ; MIt! w on . iii. ",>I" l oon is ' 0 Ift( . ' '(I)' simple sq,................., JC'I'CB10f 1.<00.-11 In ~ mu lti" i,,", tor nd , '''''' 10 ra~ Ihe ",, ' pu l ,h roup a ,,-,"pus f,ll....- dClilJ!lCd ... ilh .. (Tilica l fn:q ucncy .ou$hl~ ha lf Ih l 0( lhe mu ll"'lbralDr. F,C 4 ~1 ~ 1 Vwno'S a n C"Umplc of Ill.. 'ccho iquo. i,ll a (" M uS ,01 h;lvi", a rl't'q ucnt:y of 10 :00 Hz, rol lo ~"" ;I Illinl 1cr IOW-P:ll. r,fle r "h 1I ttil a l freq uency of SOO li z . Th O. ~u lls in II .irlC .,....., Ot.Il l'ul o f lOW li z. I ",>II r< ~ ~I ...""" k lOnd w n I. ili. lun ion of o n ly . !>oU1 ) PC' ~'enl n , Fl . 4~ b) " ~ nOlIlc , VC"' M u"n, ;I "', d u. 1 Op-JI1IP und lIl, pro vid,ng.500 H, t,ne-W " Ult' ul ~ , 4 .... 'Ils pop, llp iu ...,Ih Il"" ;\00u( J per CC'ft1 d llllo . li"n , Rudi<J---Rf.f f'I"<:Widn, &kl" ilcd ma tltt mOl li,.-" I . nd IJ buLnnl i n(orm~ I;"n <In tile del illn o r rhis rypo: . itll'-Wl\fC osci li",O' , bul I Ir ~ IICnel ftl pr ineip l..... . hOl,!<1 he d~" r from t hj~ hricf ..""nwry Hnd llIe lwo c i",,,;, ,,~m nr l<... .

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    .<:cm..< Ihe ,,,,,,,i ll ~lur emittel$. T h<: 10K ohm \'an,;h le rc, h lor meler current to be: lldj u'!cd 10 C O'1>'''O;e OI figure . f' 3(i Z 111.0 porn" OU I lhut Ihe u nil Can be: u",d " o II wav.;: nwl<:r ~;nOt: , .. heo coupled to an tlliCiU >T Ihere w;\I be al(' , an increase and then a ~rcu."" of emitter volta lJC II;. the
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    m. le. e l _ .;on." IL f In.._ a _...... ;n """ If. A m gl ...' ..... to g . wov. au _ ;. le_ RI ~ I. I 0 ,,1 .1<01 , , ~I. 0 .~ o mvltll'l IU. a In . 1 0_ . ' wl. ~
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    n oo._ I ~ '" , gro' e~ . , _ fortrl_ r noo '1'- Itc/' . 1 .1 ....... _ f m ' e, m u , 11lllllI-11,JOO . C/ . 1 ,,1'1 ' _ _ on," fo.--. 10 p ..nl " 1 01"" ...., '0 4011; .... ' ell
    .., ; n . . to ..... _

    ' ;1. 0. T ~ . ,tOZ ...... . , _ '60 /. to 11 H .'.. TIHI Iow-I v . ~., ,e l' d",,' " " ' - br_d v ~; " - " /" 1 ~1IO .v 00 n on'" f . ........101to 2CI ,,,m fa ..I Itcl. , 1. 5S __ o n U " "" ,_ ; llOOJlO Itef. l "Jf .... ... . ~ n ...... I""",.. ,

    ;_'"lI

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    No>'em be r, III N . 1"p4lI-Jl: rig 44. 'I !II. u,c. ~ silio;"n .. ,l~ r coil in ""njlln"i"n \l,'1Ih two lmull pilo l Ja m p". a I mA ( s ..... ml'lcr ~n<l l "w"'~t! aRc rcseaors. J\ ~ desc ribe d j ( is in lcndcJ ror usc in ~nsur i nll r.r. OUlputs up to a ",,"'K1e'l ~ " "II... hUI there ~m< n" ,(',,<on " hy , he I,'<:hniq u" llf ,",j"I1" " ,I,," cd l n;' I'''....''r SetlSl" shoutc "PI he " " e, """-' III hiWhc t "" wen. The unil can l:>c cal ibnlle'" by ".i ng tl .c.: whe n c h"" kcd hy Alt RI ~ I (1"'1"""""'<;5 ~ l" ox n ) ' 5 an d ~8 Mil.. it iu lated (0 ha" c proved sur pri5i... J~ accurate f'.)1 i l.~ 1,,,. c...... Si......, the t toad need net l'IC: undu ly , ead iw . it is f',, 'hll hlc Ih~ 1 <ueh K llnir, if mode " ardull y. "'''uld fll ncl;" " ",lIi,flleturily "' 144 \1111 " he ,c the ~"a ll ",',,"cr n'''.... ",,,,,1 ""vcr ma ny of <1 110,' 'nlall Il'nll>cd w " _

    '"

    AM A TEUR R A D I O TECHNI QU E S

    lhi, simple {echniq ue is uocku for the p ro tection of mkroammeten ua ce the ""Ilage d r<lp across the meier is ofle n below that reqai..w roe diode cond uction. The .... ran~ment , ho wn in Fig _ 4$ ha l been $1I~sled by Pa ul KruelC r in D rclmnic lJrsi/l" (22 November , 1970) 1<1 limit the ClilTenl Ih ro llgh ~ ny me ier 10 a safe. prede lermined

    value.

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    A ,ran 1islor is eon rK;Cled so that mete r curtenl 110...., throu.dl the collc:o:tor dreuit. M"-"im,, m base cu m; n t is c~ta blished by the 1S-vo l1 baltery and ,he te~i~ t"r R. Th i1 ~i. lor is eho-;cn .., tha I lhe maximum colle ctor current is about I ~ t" 2 ' ime, the full-so::alc me ter current a value alm osl any melcr will sland_ l11c n:!oi. IOf vallie shnwn (l 2 M ohms) is a nomina. l value for a 2O,.A mete r and sho uld be ctIan~ fOT<;tIller mo veme nts. Also, linee lhen: mo. be wide y IIIl.rialiun in beta fo r lo w-cost lrnnsisto nl. the eystem l liouid be choxkc<l b y rind inr thoe maximum ellrTCnl which can llow_ Ihll Ii lillie lro ubl e sho uld mak e the u", r muc h more coof... <knl in t he S Je ty o r a n espcnstve n",ler. .1

    _.

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    ."Il , 1"'''''1.

    f lr _.... o.uih o r ';"'01 . " f. .. . "n,., . , ,

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    Cry.ta l Che<;h r c... 1I.... ~ 1 .. gu/nosu " IC~lcn o f flll'lou~ Ill'''' nrc beccrninS qu ile p"" ula r rhese da ys. Anot he r \liloCfullooking elleCker or lhis In"" (Hg. 46) "''-' hccn dclCribed in

    9'"'' '
    ,

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    ' 01

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    In c uccr. 1\\'0 ~"all 1',1<>' '", It>< f" rm "" ' I o f a :10 .. h m .Iumnw load. and are moun,,,, l (in " li ~ h I I' IO .. r ""d""u",. a ,h C'd distance (a bo ul J in,) rru m Ille (ace or the ",la r edt Wilen the h"l b~ li ~ hl . Ihe 0:11 ~C11ItCS a d s, o utput w h i~h I< m"... .."C\1 hy II,e ",etcr. 'f he unll , nn be ca lib ra te<! (ru lll " , ...c. SlIl'l-"Y. Si' Kt> Ih 1,;101 null>sCol" be npeclcu Itl "'< f'I" ,, 1 s imilar l) lu d . ,,, Tn c <dud e nrc! "al lil:hl, W 7M l !> n"'ullls h is "'.:In in a 5 hy _ h~' ~ ill . al u,ni "; ",,, 1>1.. , Th e I sola r ccu j , a n Ill. h perim"llic r I)',,", Or ""uival"n l : Mini b u l b~ n,e ~I",dfinl ,,~ US :"/0_47. which are sl~ndanl (, ~. Vi,ll . (ll ~" ",, 1' h;.y""",t-lypc t>u ltbo. T he c~ li hr"I O<l ...:ale is n.' 1 lildy (" be Ii" "" N Il r:n her 10 te e') 1I 111 re~,ed In.... nls a the f"Il-~,:~ I" .d" n"" l i "n e nd. W ilh max i", ,,,,, ,,, n<it ivily ~ I fai.ly I.,,, ""' plli. p,nvidcd Ihk i< ahove ~ mini mlln, IllfClohulJ.
    S. ",ltJn Mete , P, olecllOll Pla cing II diod e lle"""-~ II mill i..mrneter can C nn lUCf,,1 o overload p ro llOClino f" r t he m.:le. mo\"C:ment.Unfo nWlOllel y.

    . ;1. U. Slm pl. " ...

    Cty l tal ,, <><I... tn l


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    I N31100

    o 'ft. '.'-1." .~ r"' . , N O" ......,..

    c..,....1c"'c,,"r-

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    C/rc(","ic DC/ii/If (2$ Oclober, 1970) by Mike Kau fma n of lIughc$ Airc mn . The ' e, t",r, he wri'e~. Ila. hI:o:n used wnu cry slals <anpn, from 3-$ 10 90 Mell il co uld p roh:r.bly nlso be e~rendcd 10 ery otals below 3$ M ell . S imply Insert tile ctyotal inlO the '''''I wr; ket, dose the pu oh.,wlt",h. 5 1. an d if the c rysta l i. IlOt>d the pilot lamp will s le w: if it will nol oscillate then ,he b ulb re ma in. ol T. The ori gin~l was btlitl in a P.1CkagC 2 in. X 4 in. X II if!. TR I i. an untuned Colpilll O!\Cill'lll,r; when il is w" ,k ing. several vohs pea k-to -peak ap pea r IlCTOM R2. Dl a nd 0 2 dcrcc:l l hi~ "" tput a nd pr ovide forwa rd bias to TR2 ,he co U lt)r L 'Urn:nl Ircrn whic h thoen e ncfJize'! lhe pilo t bulb. A ,. no-,ltl " ~"ryl;I:t1 p ro vides, nO f" rwa rd bia'! o n TR 2 and t he bu lb . ,ays o ff. It l ilou id be nu ted lhal t hi. Will QOI prov itlc a rea listic clle<:k of" o ve rto ne "cry'lals. slnce IIIC''''' will tend to wo rk. in llle: fu ndanltnlal ra rher t han cvc rt oee mt1<lc.

    .~

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    Simple R.F. N oiH at ldr a A numllcr n r desc riptions h~ V<l boxn pu blished o f 51ml'le r.f. noise br ida n using zene r diu.1I: noise ~lM'ralors IIln ng lhe lin"" o r l ile well.known Omc~T unil . Th e ZL2AMJ cin; uit a nd full conorucncn al de,a l), arc Ji~n in r ia. 47. While u would be o plimi, lic to cxr..cct \I ' imrle unit to "mvide l he so rt of flW;ililie. (nll nd in h j~h ll'".de . innal r.f. brid ges oo.ttina hun dred'! of puund a, thcte ~ etjllilily lill ie do ubt Ihal lhe zcnce no ;"", w:ncnl'or plul bridge ca n p rovi de Ii uocful DJean50f find ioll \,ut a aoud deal a bol.J1 the Impedance o r the Ira nsmiue r o r l'e<,."C:ivcr end of all

    ,....orcs-

    If I G ISE

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    , ~-JOf>
    8 11 '001

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    . erial fco;<k.r, even when tnCllpublc ..,f truly 'ICf"If.t;na the resistive and reacti ve C OmPO D eDll. As W1l2U J,l lllll it :

    ~ Th e r .r. bridge take, over ,"'here t he V .S.W.f . bridge leaves o rr I feel certa in lhal buildinlllhi$bridge ...m be the nlOSl rewardin&: project 11 ex(lel";mt nlinll ama teur will undertake 1ll this year. ' ZL2AMJ i> 11 lill ie mo re re51rained bul sa ys : .. Prov ided the limitat ioll5 of lI> is unit are accep ted it is a ~ry wor thwhile device fo r undertaking antcnl1.l chunJ,:e'l . . i\ is " \'lISt iml'r"""ment d n lite a nlcn na.',:<'1"" o f

    t"'* It"",.,

    YC'UCT)'<'Hr."

    The up"" . fn:qucnq' limil llcpcmb very mU<:h on the c0nst ruction of the bridge and the reduc tl,," o r un ballincinll: . I<my ClIp.'K ila ro.:a. U tt le difflcu hy "<:cd he eX~lcd beI".,.30 M<:!s bul il lTI<Iy be trie ky 10 e~t eod Ihi, 10 144 Me!" though WB2EBZ eonsrders that by ca rdully e<lmr>"o,.,ti ng fo r circuit ' tray, it wo uld be lX",iblc to e~l cnd Iho limit 10450 Mell Dnd claimed his urur In safisfll('\Ol'}' to 220 Mell . Strict attention needs to be paid to t he loroidal bal un. and thoe type shown is desig:ned 10 have , ia:,niliC.l nlly bette r broadba nd cha ruclcri.lH.:s t han lhe more comm on frililaf.wound un it~. The toroid u.od by ZUA MJ wa~ a Philips (Mull ard) Iype 2P6s:J.47 4 C4 lUlIde r'eTTox wound with 26 1.w.I. en amelled wire, a hhough olhe r loroidhoul d pro ve . uitable. Wlodi ntt A and 1Iofthe ba lun are 21\ .w.g. enamelled co pper wire tWisted I",, (thu leh,," twil tl per inch) before wind mll " o n to tbe core . Nine Il1 rDl of thi. twisted f air are ....'und o n the coil. Wind ing C i'I also nill<: tum , 0 the: ....me wire, eon linuin, t oo A and B windina dim:tion an d joining between A2 nnd Bt. It i, adv isable fo we .. muh imelcr to de tem liM all wire end s before finally co nnoctina:. All wiring of the bridboe sectio n should he with thick cop per wire lISin, sOOrles.t pos. ible lengths. The trimmer capacilor is adju~tcd . fo r op linllHIl null du rinll calibration and then left tilted. In thc ury, lfnnt in praCl~, lhe po tcntiometcr will ba lance any re..istance pl. ,;cd in the ~ un know n" arm of the brld,e,

    bu t it will uslUllly be idvisabk: to limit its 11-'" 1 around 20 0 300 " hm s. wlUr:.nz I.KCd a l Oll ohm slinc:>r p"tentlumeler ; ZL2A MJ a 220 ohms carbon pcrennorretcr which happened to be available. Calibrutiun ill done at lo w fr"'!ucnc y ...ina: {lon -i",I",I''''' (ca rbon ) re.."'tors uf lnown vallie. The: , Ialio" recetver is used a, the nu ll delc<;t or, lind the imPOlhllCC to be measurc:d pl"gged into thc t>rid~~ . The unit is adju sted for llliJlumun noise from the =~Iver and Ihe llnl no WD irnped;mce simply rend olf. The follo w!n, notes on its u"" f" r "..rial ma tehinll a r~ taken from llll llrticle bY Don Nclwn, W H2fGZ (Ilam R"diQ): ( I) Connect r.t. bridge directly 1 It>e acrial or at an cite0 trical half wol.velenglh away from it f)-," , no dete rmfnc t he clectrlc.u.1half wll"" lcnglh wilh the:bridgo: hy "el l;ng t he bridge to zero and plneln; a sOOrt< irroit a~r~s the end "r lhe tra M' missi" n line---cul smalllcngths from the line unlil a ",,11 is " btained al the (""IUr n<;y of interest) . In UI'. way lhe bridge is cffoctively placed at the aerial. rc:d ucing t mMmi,s,o n line err ol>. (2) T uninl the: aerid to frequency : YOll can find it" resonan t freq uency by a null un uie receiver. A Ihllrp;r nun wiU he SDwilh the brl<t~c adju,ted by the impcd.lllCC of lhe: llCrial l yslem. Adj u' t aeriallength un(,l lhe nul l oceurs al tIM: dcsir nl rrequency, (3 ) Dy adjusting the ma tchinlf scc.:lion , tune y" Ut aerln l to the desired imped an ce as Ih"",,,, by lhe: r.r. brKI~. wn2 ERZ " ISll f'nint~ om thlll the hridge can help you de t..nn inc the op t,",u", lap ~ti"n for inpul match ing to eoovert",.... pre- ampli H"rs, rec ebers, CI~ . I'ro<.~dllre is the 5llmo a. before ... ~t th.al lhe unkn ow n terminal is COl\neeted In a ""-"Cover inplll . T hen with the brjdllC dia l set to the desired frnpeda nc , the la p i, adjusted for the hc:.\t null. e And of co urse any K"nc"..rcs" mmt clrellit ca n be ehc.:l ed if placed llCross the ~ un kno",," ,. termhllll ; it is ntsc ponible 10 get some idea o r I rcsin ance in .eries with L I lld C.

    AMAT EUR RADiO TECHNIQUES

    Wld...oc.nd Noise Gene , ator ,heckine of receivers (Ulline a transistor o pera ted in tbe avilla nche mode to provide tl>c no ise) in EJe(:/rrmk nG~ beg ( >':tobcr, 1973) ~t"m" frum Prof G. Sinigaglia, 14BBE, a nd Dr O. T onlaS.\etl i. 14HER . The unit is vinually tempera. ' ture Independent, It most importa nt chatacteristio;: whUlthe source ~ to be u.'\Cd from t ime to ti me to mock that there hu been nOde terio ratio n ill receiver pcrrc rmance.
    A wc:ful loo k.llle eoise source for thl: adjUlltllll:llt alld

    "

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    h.I

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    '.I

    TIle :zt:nner diOok is fonned fro m an in versely polariled .... 't~.i b ..... jW><:t;(>n (>f a 2N'I18 h.f.i1""'n I. . ...il lor whi~b was fo und to p ro vide ir><,:n>:libly high " 110 M etneratio n right up into the giga hertz rq;ion . llte 2N 3819 F ET foom a

    T''''''''"OO"I~-d H"~lc M at., A sensitivc hannon lc detector de!;cribod in Radio-REF (J uly, 1972) coven the ran aea 4S-100 Mcj. and 100-220 Mch with . sensiti vity or the onJc.- of , ,.V for 22 ,. A dt:tlccIion. Since the orisiual dcsie n included some: rat l= od d com po nent values arMl two o f t he tra nslstOfS in the amp lifier _ .e fo und to "bottom : ' O)JGO has modified the circu it a rMl F ia. 49 shows his suggested lUTII.ll8CmeDt . He add s : " The hiehscnsitivity un tuned mixer abo IOCITlI less than ideol fo t ' witch hunt ina d05C to a transmitte r : a d ual-ll"le MOSI" E: nlillcr With ao inpu t circu lI p ngr:<l lo the oscilla lor , wo uld socm moR: allractive. [l..,t the pri nciple xems ideal for D portable field. strenath ~er for any frequency. Or ... a simple rcoeiver if a eCOnd.channel on ly 330 kc/s away is not too nnn oyl n.ll . .. Two " Olnl. : T.I ;s formed by the I in. Icllds to and from t he wave<;hanee switch to the $0 pF ca pacitor. Secondl y. tlle CII""d t'>T ae ro.. the mixer eminer I.':Slslor is said to be 0-01 ,. 1" a nd yet 2llO-lOO mv of osci llato r injection is app lied .~"T, ll l If the value ts In fact a mo re credible 100 pF there will be neAAtive focdback at J 6~ kc/s d ue 10 tbe 680 oo ms fClisto r ; t his will reo:IlICCItha mixer BIlin witho ut improving its overload perfo rma nce. but not ha ving tried th is part of the eircui t 1 ca n not spt.:lk from M perience." F or 11 long time. those invest igating TVI ha w: so ught a i\Cn.,i1ive detect or eo n,pa rnble to the valve t Yf>C"l that were widely u. ed a few yealS a8 0. So dClipite the reserva tions it 'Clem. wo:lI worth incl ud ine l hi~ tnterestln g desien .

    i.r.

    ....

    current genera tor IaritCly in<I~ 1 of te," pera tlile change$. The noise outp ut remains within about I per cen t over t he tem perature range of O' to and u a nrn'IC !IOun:c the only drawba ck is that it need s to be ca libra ted .plnst a pri mm)' sou rce unl ess it is inlended to be US'Cd ju st as a sensitivity check tll.I~ lha n to tnCll""re q uan t itatively the n oise fact o r o f a receiver . The d""lP\C'l' inc lude .n output pad to vary the o UIT'ut by k nown amo unts and otbo 10 provide an outpu t soun;o: malched 10 SO or 72 o lum.

    SO"c.

    GCM" Ol/. pllrpou POl"'.' Mata' Dummy l O<ld Dick Halls. GJEIW/O N8K M. pro vides detail of ~ combined power me Ier/d ummy loa.d (F ig_ ~O) which he !tllS fou nd mos t ulICful. Despite wme tcehn iC.II1 R""umpl ion, it i~ ca pa ble of Ind ialtinll PO"""" o utp ul 1 witbin 10 per cent of 0 IhI: true vat",,; he hl\. used it successfu lly from ~l c,ls to , 144 Mc,'s. Ibsically It proooes lhe tra. nsmitter with a matched du mmy loa d (in his caso: based o n a 611o tun Mor llanite nonirMl uctivc high ....tta ge mi Ulo r) and then meas ure , t ~ pelrk V<J!ta gc developed aCl"oss tlle load . In o rder fO co nven

    ~100 t .

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    lit-

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    F' . ..... GlJ GO '. _ I n...

    of ,h. ON4Tl n.I, I.. h ........ic 4 . _ . ... hl<l


    ........ h ........

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    fAULTfINDING AND T E S T. U N I TS

    ns

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    Flc. so. G--.J... u. p.... po ..... _ .I"u m, of aul .. _lola ... ~ " t l nc IG ) EIW UMI 10 ...1 L I u l r l n c .ha I ;.'".i _ulti,.. i U.a of _a .. locl. (w _<h ]l v .. l .. of m h 1 1... 10 ....... )--a . b'Cla 4 1ocl. of h l fh L v. n t l . , ",Ito, . . ..... U, Italola. T ha _ j a<k ... il f .. u ' " u.aful . _ .... b. ""plleall""..

    0._

    I ,

    I 0JI

    o n TIL <kvlccs will be . ble to ~ lIlOOIt of wha l lhe)' nocd from Pi . 51. Tbc illSUUlIlC.nt uSC! o nly all SN7 404N .. hex invel1er," SN7474 N .. dual D Dip-Dop:' throe TI L2O\l light emitting diodes alld five raillto n . 1'hc" wo rl<s " are built inlo a stubby probe , from wllieb emuae two lead! witb clips to bring in 5 volll fro m tbe tirc:uitl under tc: an d wilh lbe throe n LEOS mounted on tbe l ide of the pr obe in I read ily vi!ible posi tinn. Ru.k:aUy \bc pro be will indical~ ee Slale of poahi ... logic (2-4 to S valli); logic 0 (0 to 0 4 volts) ; lind n~ lIlltiv c logic. I"or many ye>lD a uscful device fo r chccl.inll " nalOIlUC circui\1i has bev:n the muilivibrator pe n signa l inje<:l<>r. D ic;tal pen probes have an equally lmpo rt.u. nl role u we i ~.i n.ly enler the wor ld o r d igital electro niCll .

    v",.." (Y~., Vo'". )

    VO'lm~I~'

    Ille voltage into watts, a higll-rcsistan cc voltmeter can be b uilt into the unit an d d irect ly ca librated; altccnat ively it i! q uile practical to use an externaltest mei er with a co nversio n lab le such as Ibat shown in Table I .
    TABLE 1
    W

    A voltmeter with I'M y 11 ~ ET 0 1' h;I,,,I,, ,' i~ ,il(l't - a,,<1 if you thin k thatls ~l ra no:e o r o ld har, c{ln,i da " norc by t.cs Yelhmd in Aus/ro/;"" t :t'H: ,. After a ll tile trouble I had III d", i ~n i nil a transjstonzcd milltvoltmctcr, I d lll( OUI my oid

    ."I,e

    10
    2Q

    R
    70 70 , 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70

    WR = V' V'

    , >0
    'II" 1400 2100 "00

    70

    18-1

    V S32

    V,..k

    IH ,

    100 ' 00

    ""

    so uo

    ac ., >0 '" 70 eo

    ssoo

    262 31-4 4H1 j29

    " 00

    '100 7000
    8400 10,500
    14,000

    esoo ssoe

    50) 2 64 8
    700 74-8 793

    83-/ _
    9 16 lO B lI S3

    14'

    H ' 127

    '''' H' 16'


    10-05
    S'Oj

    " sa "

    262 36'8

    63-S 125 83
    F're

    ,
    I?

    ,
    wl

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    I, ....

    c r _ _ ~' c I l ' Cp ;:s II i:i /I

    "L
    m
    reo
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    c '-_J "
    ,~

    "., 025

    0'15

    "

    sa
    115

    7' ,.

    4'OS

    H5

    The o nly conUtuctiona! precauti ons are to make the 1 000d .. loo k" Wec lossy oo-II.1dal ca blc 10 t he t ra nsmtner ; 10 SCreen Ihe dcl~or fro m Ihe luad resistor 10 avoid d irecl flick-up ; 10 provide etfllClive deroupling to preve ot picl< up o n the mete r wires . hom th e basic power relationship , W .. I'R an d W _ I x V it follows t ha i W x R _ v a. A typ ical lable of values is connrucrcd as in Ta ble 1, extendi ng over the power range 10 be ~sur.ed, the final va lue beil!g m e peak '{ 10 be u 'iCd Illl a. n md lcal lOn of power. If a buill.in ",d er IS to be used tIm ~bould ha ve an h .d. c urren t not gre., l..,- than 200 " A, al'd a suitab le series resistance ca n be cakulatcdfrom : volt ra ns e req uired /f.s.d. current in amperes. For MlB IJ incremcots of me ier dd\<: tion. and to lake any inaccura cy in the series c resistnr, the dampi ng resistnr ac:ross the meter coil co uld be vDried by up to 10 per u nt of ils nom ina l Yaluc. A ne w 1ICltk! can be co llSlructed once the h .d is k no wn In lerms of volts and will be linea r. Dlf lla / PffI Pr OM A digit al POll probe was describe.d by Terje IJolslad, t A4HK ill A trlalor RlJJiQ (Nr 3, 11'72). Rea ders internted In probe for c~tiog the iQgic state of d igital circui ts based

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    AMATE UR RADI O T E CHNI Q U E S

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    \,,,1, -,, vohmete]', made 10 )'<'IrS a go with I

    li'IC.HiIY "';IS a, I"',recl "' I could t ic"," of 1 meter ",,,,..,n1ln1 nserr . M :

    ""l'''''' "it hin 11K-Ill.: old limilil~"nd m i on :

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    Flu.b,.l.or1e Probe I The lllcrea' inil usc of digita l ioaic t<:<: hniqu es h. creat ed II. n Ii. cly illlCr"' t in the ~ariol1\ Iy~ of IOllic probe .....w to cited lhe Of'C'.ation of thc dcv~ alKl circuits. A nniblc 3. high-ll . dc 1. 'l1cl'a l pur~ inslrument with Q M:nsilivit)' " " of 10 M "h m~, \'o l1 r<'lmr" " 'JJ "/ ' 0 "1(" usinlj. a I rnA Ls.d. probe whic.:h i<. su itable f" r T IL. C MOS and HT l. oevces mC ler. M,..... va lve vohmCICI-':' lar> d"w n the mr> ut tn chlnp: h.1S bct:n de:;<,;r ibeU in UrN rQ"if /kx;z" by Arthu r R. rauwc. rc,u hin lt in there btin>: differen l sen:oll i" itie' On diller. lUingcr. It can al>'O be .a dlly modifIed 10 provide accurate tnl ran..,,. T he ZL 2AUT " ""CT gcts away fH'fT1 lhi. appro. ch . level <.IctC\:t ion O.'er K ranIC of referen ce levels by Ihe inc" r , 1. dju a hhnu gh il docs rc<l ui,,: ."me cxtremely high inr>lIt I'esist ponrt ion of a potent iometer to R st the pot ential applied 10 pin S of lite SSS tim er i.e. The probe ta k~ ad vanla@.!' Or the an,,,,, on thc higher V"ltall<' ra n~s . 11", f ijijCC vahe " 'lI-s found 10 suffer m ....:h Jess Irc ru highimpeda nce: in put of the 555 and l itis de vice i. capable of driving 16 w it 40 rnA LED indicato rs direc tly sO that o nly _ P K\ C cha.jIC problcms lhan clther the 12AU7 (ECC82) ' one r.c. i . used. \ lr Il AT 7 (EO':Hl) "ncn used in t1~ I"' sl fnr amateur valve T his prpllc Is claimed to Indicate the presence o r sho rt voltmeters. o, ~ prohl<:m which result ed in an ea rly vef1iK>n givinl! Widely Crwnc"u, readings wa. e.rlairn:d by linJ in; inpu t " pikes th ur would OI llcrwi~e be virtu ally IIndeteela ble s thm so me ""ulati"" in the lug . lril" rcprc:wnted unly (lOO ns pu lses, spllCCd 500 .., al'wrl , arc detectabl e). while a InOM o hm. btlw.:en ndjo ining lll~s ; Ihis may seem a l" t lIqua rc-wa\-e input lighls both LIm indicato rsequallY ( ~ lsib le un lil it is realiu Ih ul IIw,: lotal inl' ut rcsiSlance On tht to Over 400 kilL). The mt io of mdicato r brightllC),.' wililltso IOtl().volt ra nge i ~ IO,OtlOM ohms! provide an ilKlica tio n of the d Uly cycle of the pulM: tnt ;n G reat care wa' lnken over the 10M oh !'IU pote lllial applied to the in put. di,'ider smce thi. dcterm ines the aocuracy o r a ll ranges, A T lte Ixtek t....hack inp ut t.Iindes limil Ihe inp ut and p,e _ I ""It rcfcf'\'11 p" jn t was made for the SFT l ~ MO oontrol vent erra lic behavio ur of the S ~S for in puls ncar ea rth and checked as foll",w5; calc ulate the = i, t... va lues to get pot entiaL r as dose to J vou U p05 ~ihk:. and put IhC'iC in circ uit ; eOnThe SS5 funct ions u acomf"'\fllor with . thres hold of onenecl I volt ran~e " f melcr 10 I von p" int and adjust CAU DR" lhlrd of V when set by the mlerna l bias (this rcferatceca D Tl"'N COtltrol to TCIUl full 5C31c; ~onn""t mullimeter (20 K be va. ied when the p"t cntjomel~' is incorporated ). o Ulpur ohm s/vo lt) bo: lw"Cn I volt point an d ground, not ing where pin 3 has a Dinvcrted stare to tha t of the input so tha t l. EDI the \"al ~e vo hmeter drop s ; tin311y tr im resistor val""" unlil lighls con tinlKJWt.ly o n a steady Iti g" input ; LED2 On a Ih,s slightly kJv,er ~o hall.e is indica te.J o n the Illulhmeter. steut.ly 1 .. inpu l. 0 A hown '" F ig. 53. R l an,1 R2 a t-e compro mi.Ie values ' Thcn withou l lhe mu UimeteTin c i n:u i ' lh ~ po int is 110 W I ~'ol t abcave grou nd and ca n be uscdtu "" tlw,: bas ic sensiti, ily of al1o,,' ing J6 v" lt 411 rnA Lf:n,. 10 be used wilh supr>ly vonthe 'ahe ~" Umeter. Z L2AU T discusses the eooi ce or diodc ap rron l 45-1 6 ~oU!.. Ir t h~ pro be is wanted on ly fo r a

    rill_.n CQITII;l; from Lawrie .\ Io rtoll. Z 1.2AUT ( Hrt'Ok. /n . Ma y, 19 73) ; lr is by nn Illl:llll' the ~ "'t,I""1 f'<"' inlc JITallJl('II,cnl hu t is Intended '<> rro,-id"
    T il.: valve vo llmc:tcr
    desi~

    ucnm-engi nc lypc: "alV<.' amp lifier ha s m uch '0 rceou ,,,, ,,n'" it over [rD.mi...,,,, . . with Iran. i' lo n it is a wond er W<! Jll:l results as ll:"od .. they 1111: .. a ll\l lIulI"' ma ilily lh multh tile usc of rn~ "i" c d0SC5 0f negative fecdttad : '

    probes in M>lT ~ de tHii, t he half. w 'e V(,It,l11e doubler arran llC" men t ~n~ U'lCd to o btain peak t rca k fillures : , ili,: . n power . diodes wo. Lat '0 about 10 Mc/s : jlCl maniulll tli",I"" typica lly to 30 M cl~ ; "hile l~ val.,c probe is prefe rrc,1f"r v.b.f.wcrk.

    in

    F A ULT_FIN DIN G AND TEST UN IT S


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    th~ thr ee BAlO2 dh i"",,; in the Ofiginal n,oJel this made 4~5 kll z by using an e"- transistor m<l io <:oil on O I with all the coils in ""riC!!, bUI it is s uggeste d lhat G4 can be made (0 ope rale up 10 a bout 5 MH z if this is rcquirod . The LC """'lla tor is freque ncy modulMed by tbe acuo n or the lhrco: BA 102s under the mnoence nf the l,,"'-frequcllcy OM: illatm comprising gales G I and G2 an" Ihe BCIOg transis tor TR I. T hc amo w,t by which ' he 4S5 kRt \"C il1 aIOf is swcpt depends upon the ,eUin g "f RI>. A sha;>cd J'O'o li,-e synchronizing pulse is avai lahle from G 3. Another KCltlll (T R2 ) function s us an emitter-follo"'e r buffer slage. T he a mpUl impeda nce is IIt-Ollt 2500 oh ms and the output voltage is about 5 vo lts p. p. The wobbula to r opera tes from I 9-volt su pply req uiring on ly about) rnA. Qu-e should be ta ken when ",iring the CD40a I C MOS device into eircui l to avoid eiecncseuc punClllre.

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    single sup" ly le\lt: (e.g. if the: probe: i5 10 be used only with l TIL devioxs) the value can be optimized 10 plOVIde maxi_ mum light (e.g. 120 ohm s for TIL; 820 ohms for C MOS or HT L). Normally Ihe supply voltage (V ) is lake n from Ihe circuit und er test. The probe can be filkd inlo a penlight case or similar convenien t package.

    Low-COJ1 455 IIH% Wobbulotor In Eltrlron A. M. n csscreen , N L4714, describes a lowcos t wobbujato r based on Ihe four AN D ~Ies of a CM OS f.e. (CD408 1) plUll a coup le of trllOSi>ton, th ree BAI02 electr onic tuning diode > and II few resiston and eapa~ilon (F ill. 54). Such a unit should provido a useful 1001 l or the aliilllJlCnt of iJ . stages, n.b.f.m. discriminators and the like. The eeeu e frequellC)' III the L C IIseilialo r (0 4) is goverllo<! by (,/ -L I

    A f1c"iblc direct-reading ~lIplldtance meter ha' been dncribc:d by A . w tncc x in Ttla/Jlol! (May. 197b). sulta bte for values or a fe'" picofa rad' up to abo ut 10 " F. The basic rorincil'le of the first unil (Fill. 55) i, 10 chllrlle lhe unknow n Cllpacilor 10 II fi~ e<l voila ..., (45 volt, ) lind lhen to diCharRe il into the meter circuit ; lhe erage ~urren l is din:l;\ly propo rliC'nal to the: ~apac ltan~"C: Ihe whole I'rOCC'\, beillg ~ont iD\lO\I,ly repeated by t he astable opera lion of the ~5~ limer Lc. 1be meter nce<lle remains steady, although some vibralion can be observed on the hill.her C<l l'acliance r.lIllJCS. The unit (which dr aw o" ly ) rnA huttery curren t) deliven ullidio:o.1 iunlll voll111lC 10 lhe clll'a~ i t or under rest : lh~ I1leIIn~ thaI l he unit at n be usN 10 rrcas ure I'<l l llr i ~ed atpacilon. such :as d celroly1K:5, an d il will also cope with ~''Cnc-t>ilI'!ed scm i~ond\IC lor junelion ~a paci tan~cs whieh can be 1\ useful guide to ttle fTohn un koo",n transistor. To a.oiJ overloadin, the mete r '.llo vemenl . large value capacitors ' hould not he con nected with the range switched to II low l:al'll<-;tanl.'e range ; it i, t berefore usefulto ar ralllle Ille ~Wi l~h W IhIIl 0 111: ,ta rts al the highest value range, ro tllljnll tIM: switch clockwise unlil reasonable de~\ln is obtll incd, and ce VlI loe read olf. Tlic five S I positions li\-e hod. r:.nlJCS (If I I'F, 0-1 I'F, 10 1If', I nF and 100 pF. S provides a .. )\ 10 " extensio n, for cl<llonp1c pro. idinll U to 10 I'F un lhe I IOF lan~ . S2 is a I' ., d i'lde- b)'-lwo .. facilit)'. prov idIng f.s.J . range< or 05 I'f', 0-o5 11F, el<;. The 50 I'F " J ivide-by-Iwo " rllnl\C i. unlikely 10 be aoxuralc, hUI II docs allo w cst i malion~ or n lllCS down to I 01' 2 "fl.

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    AMATEUR RADIO TECHNIQUE S

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    ium d iod e 10 protect th e m<:tcr and a f_ , esi i lu l'1: Fill;. ~6. The m ck e i. ,,,If-zcro;n& a n d insclISitil'e 10 :lUpplr voltage va ria tion. An o p<:n-c:il'Cu;1 Or infinit e un known res isto r (R .) .. pillS" the meier noedle beyond f.s.d. bu t the termaniom

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    U R. il shorl-an;ui~ , V. ali lomatically ri_ to 3 valli :uld no curren t ftows through the meter. A JIO'~ible prob lem ICien t of the u rlCr milbt ari MO from t he temperuture coeff diook bul altoge ther thi! KCm$ lU1 alt rl\l;tivc little test uni t.
    Slmpl. Fr"'l.....cy C_ _

    diode shunt clamps the vo llllge across the meter 1 a safe 0 value. A short-circuit across R. (l.e, zero ohms) rew!t. in rero meter cur ~ nt .

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    " a. II. O I ~ I ~ n .. hl .h U a1....... I .. .......h h .l. II 1 . T _ ....1 I.. ",ill;em lo _ .. . ,... .. , .... ...1. '.. Ill w ith ' h 11>_ . h I "' ' . . I. - . J 100' - . h m . O.hn _ ,.; 1, ' tc h l 1 of ftc. ( 'f . Il .",~ a.h ,.. " ,, ' .c. ),
    As ~h own , the un it me;ll ll= l(XI,OOO o h ms (.s.d . b ut it Ull simple rrsener to add ad dl tiolllll ranges; this is done on the bas ", that l ui is eq u.al 10 Il . ,R. where R. i. Ii . l.anda rd (l per cenl) Te.isla r , By ~wHchinl lo lUl R. or 10,000 oh ms tbe n.n ll'l boocoma 10 ,000 Le.d . etc. The cunenl I. eq oal.5 (V. - Y ,J/Il. where Vo II lbe vollatte " t !he o",lput o f the op-am P. V. 1hc dr op " ero r.s the l.cner d iode (in thl. ca sc 3 volts) 9nd 1l.. lhe lo tal ~ist9 nce in

    u."

    A dcsign for a rrcq uency co unt er tha t kee ps to _alials. only has been published in EltClrr",ics (l (; Septem ber, 1976, p . 121) by Lloyd F. Bol WO)' . Apar t from the 7gmcnt LED d ioplily d evices a nd the :woci.ollC<l combined decade counter and 7'~Jlmcn t deoodtn (CD4026) there is only a sin&1e C~ 7 muiuvlbrator llnd j ust live discrete comJXllW:nll;): F ia _S7. Yet it i. claimC<! th~ t such a coun ler can provide an a<;t;urllCY o f the order o r 100 Hz at ' MHL The COUlller """ in effect n + 1 dcv~ for an n d iail d isplay; there a re no d isplay la tches, U lnr. k>&ic: fo r genera t ina a count' reset p ulse OJ' cur rent-lim itin g ~ islors. With a . impk a<lj u<t~ hle RC multiv ; br~ t\Jr as th e clock .. It i. nCIXSS;U-y to cali brat e the instru menl aga ins t kno wn fre. queucies . and long. term . lahllity will clearly be m uch jess than with a good cry ' llli O$Cillalor a nd freq uency d i. ider chain (sud! a IY~lcm co uld be sub5litulcol fur the 100 Hl. mullivibrMOI' if required). T he mul tivibrator is 50:110 p ro vide 1.JCCe5Sion o f 10 lll$ cyelel , so lhat the unit counts the in put pulses ill oo e period and Ihen <i isplays the tOlal for the next pe riod . Th is n:p re-scnts II sufficien tly high re pet ition rate to Ilvoid fi iclel ( the principle can be n tendccl 10 provide a freq uency resoIulion 0( 10 Hz by t1S Inu: 1OO m. periodicity but this res ull.'l In ubitionablc ffic l<er). The CD404 7 (orm. the mull ivibnl lor : when Q (lermilllll 10) is " low " the clOCk inpu l.'l o f the: CD4Q26 co llnter! decoders a re .. _ bled .. and the counlCB COUnt with the di.plllYout pUb ~ d i'llbled ". Whe n Q ' 005 - b iaJt the clock inpu f1 11 re "disabled " a nd the , o unl dJ5pla yed . At the end o f each 10 """ di. play peri od rbe countcre a re reset by the posit ive p uke which results from <! ifl'creotllltin. the ri~i nll o utp ut of Q by C2 R2 with the ultcrn Rlin. neg.aliv~ Plll5CS clam ped 10 e;trth by V I . With " period icity o f 10 ms the least 1;lIllific:a nl digit o f the d i~ play must always ind ica te incrcmm t~ of lH k Hz, since 100 pulses/s x 10 IDS equals One pul$l:. T he C MOS <ievices allow the supply vo ltage to be aaywherc from 3 lO , volu ; the hi~ the: voltage the &mIler the range of in pu t voltages, the r..ter the co un ting, the brighter, but more cur n:nlconsuminJ, the di~plllY .
    M M

    FAULT.FINDING AND Tf. S T UNI T S

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    ' 1," n . S I", pl .~ II '''' ,. .... . n<' coun ' " . 'i<lll'l'll ol"'o ", of .omoo ,,".. " . The r u ~n < ' i. m . .... ,. ct b y <<lontin" he p ul 1.. 8 10 .... In 1 and ' h,.. " 'ol.,i".10 d. , ln.'be <I" . t I D m. ""riod. Tho mul,l.lb.uo , d .... " I oh 0,,0 " n,ln ,. , I. ad . 1 p , leI h, I.nol. '0 t D........ tho . .. .... o ond h.. <0 b up . , . In.. " Ino l, 01 kn ow n 1"'0"" '" Th o C H O S , 04 , i" u' " o r. " CA 0 . ... u;,,' oftt <,p... In . h mm.'"-<..h.." . , ....m. n. Lf.D dloo '." . r . 11 00<1 FNDlH o r ...... 1t.n. l EI""' '''"oc.j, .. . I. 'no' cI";I " t h

    MII,lc ye WlelD-rllng_ G. D.O .

    Eve n in these da ys of semiconduc tor test instru ments, a .. ITIugic-eye " t uning un it still otters advu nta gcs as a g.d.o. Th e unil in F ig. 58 was designed by f'. A. S. Stc rrcn burg, who writes : " T he ' mog ic eye' is no t on ly much cheaper than the combinat ion of ITlI'lJ:r, am plifier an d detec tor plus r.f. ~nel'll. tor uorma Uycmp loyoo, but is 1I1so mor e rullllCu IInu easier to rea d. The design shown red uces Ihe n umber of Cl.>mPOnen t, 10 a n absolu te min im um. Since solid-sta te diP PCI1i abo ind u<.le II ha lle ry a nd meier they a rc ra rely any sma ller or more compllct Ihlln thi~ EM 87 uni t wh ich in my case meas ures ~ by 6 by 4 em. O f Cl.>u~ o ne requ ires a cable conneclion lO a power supply, b ut thlll is less objec linnable Ihun one might th ink. " In fact when tbe system was fou nd 10 wo rk my e~ isti ng so lid, lute d ipper was inunC<li atc ly scr a pped . I fo und lhe ' mallic eye ' d ippe r to provide the following advanta ges: (I) d csphe the ['lI lher large luni ng capacitor, it was po ssible to achieve tc$ult! up 10 160 Mll z withou t spu rious d ips (a smalle r-value caPlicilor m ighl be p referable if the un it was req uired for v.b.f on ly); (2) the lo wesl freQucncy anai nnble wilh a iiwndard 104 mH d.c. is 60 kH" (even lower frequencies cou ld be achieved wilb a SUilllble cho ke if r<>qu ircd). " T he in<.:Oq'lOra lion o f low-freq ucncy ra nges permits lhe chocking o f low-freq uency cry~tals (fo r cUUlple FT241 crystals can not I><: chec ked with many d i pper~), alignment o f 450-470 kHz i.f. ~Iascs, a nd the Inwer =nd. or Ihird i.r. secucn s c r sccb receivers ..... II><: BC4S) an<.l vari ou.'i N aticnal, H a mmllt lund, etc . models. In tbc original anicle I I coi ls on tlCtal valvo;: s.ockelS a re speci&d for the full cov era ge o f 00 klh 101 60 MHz. "

    wrile': " T he value o f this uni t II' a checker and t ime >;lI\'e r ca nno t be (lvcr-c mpha"i7ed. It is my cbserveucn that Pe<Tple Wil D sco ll' af its simplic ity do no t un derslan d il! purpose. o r a pp reciat e t he wide a pplicati o n a nd uscful results tha t ca n I><: ohtu inC<l from it. I tirmly ceueve th ut every ho me constructo r wo uld tind it in valuable."
    I-TT +
    ~0 0lc ~ !5 0 V

    ",
    '"
    . 1 JI . T~ "
    req.." "

    .-<t d m
    ""..I
    . . .k

    loy'. A. I . S

    1d", u l . "m.,1< .y. ~ Irld "" ... 111 d.... ' ~" ~ ""., I ~ IIeJ.. f..." h <. ... . e4'l_vo ...... m...y . 011 " 1, 1'<0" . I...... ,~ I.

    .lm ,I.m " .

    1 "),0'01"

    C all. It.) ..

    , the .rl, I1
    _11 k l1

    0<1. 1

    U I HH

    1 <.11
    <1

    o l y . CI I. ,

    . -0(1 by 1f',P),

    ty,.

    ~.

    ZUAMJ Kwlk-Sortcr TrQnolrtor Tester F red Jo hnwn, ZUAMJ, bas described in BU M -In a sim ple le>.I ~I ror bipolar t ran SlslOr5 lind d iodes tllat qu ic kly Sort.!l oot good reom ba d devices , idw tilin lea d co nn<lCtion s ao<.l ....~thcr a lra nsi. ln r is Jl p-n-p o r n-p-n de vice : F ig. S'iI. or llli, , imp le. scv<:n-c<Tmf"lnCfl l$-in-abo~ un it ZL2A MJ

    Po.....,r tr w nsiston and power d iodes ca n I><: cll6C: k~ minil le-Mrand leads wa ndc:r-bd, Ind croc-eh ps o r by wlrin Ksin K to the de vice a nd. then plugging these Into lead s in the tC51 socket ; a lema li""ly !;C(Wl rate ,. e ". .. h " a nd " c " test sockets can be titT-ed in add ition to lhe u,ullt~t socket. B,Uically, r.i n<:c the po wer su pply is e.c., a ny d iOOc: under : test will cond uct only wben tbe po larity is a pp ro priate lind wben Ih is agrocs with lhe pola ritYof one or o ther of the Iwo LE Os , If " !c'rt d iode i~ renlO\-ed fro m the l ocke t a nd the co nnecfions reversed the o ther L ED illOW! ; if I.... d iode i.

    f,ilU

    .
    M"
    ??Ok 0...."

    AMAT EUR RADIO TECHNIQUES

    ~;:'~il l~'
    c.,

    lfWC'~6~D2 , ,
    "'

    fl~,

    Sf. T

    loU AH,

    1<" ':>0". H k . 2

    .<: ,
    "
    ".,
    d ; ~d~

    TA BLE 2" ..-ik oSorbi T.,,1 l'nx'fllur~


    U " I('C' unlkf' 1"",1

    Iliooc between " ., " a nd" c " pi", Transilotot (known pin

    HI p... llion

    " ..... . p " LED

    ../1. ... /1"

    un
    0"
    0" Off

    ( 'olltlll'ikm

    Off Off
    Ma~

    0"
    0" On

    value

    0"
    in 00
    tlfl lllal l\.CI '
    1 1 1 ~ICiL'lCJ ill

    con """ ,ion,j lo " r; ", " b " . " d .. c " pins

    IXcl1:u ing

    0.

    I nc",a.o;e ~

    0" 0.

    0.

    brilli..nce

    G ood " nit . Anode rooIIncctcd \0 .. c " pin. <' 000 un i Anode COllncclN 10 " c " pin, ; l'au lly unit o oen-ctrcnu or raully connection , F aulty ,mil_ Sbort-circulted. I'auh r. Prollah'" . hort-circuil 1 cmiu.... 0 N um",l. Proceed 10 rola le R2. A& o0o.I p-n-p device.

    It

    ~ooo

    n.p-n de'lire .

    No... : wi'h " rllC1 io;c .. lht r indicalionl "eh a. co n"',' pin co nne<;l ;on. of an u/lkno .." ' r. n. ;'w, will he ohta in! , and" 11I m, ., .an b. """' pa ..... by noli nl: 1'(>O;li"" an <l dfO< I of R2 u n li, ht , t"",.

    "pel1 ...,"';UII I\<'iloer LED II""'"' : if s it, Or! ~ir euit "d ""to Ll:' l>S
    ~ I ., W.

    Trn ns i~I<l'" hc hayc s imila rly exce p l Ihal III <Illlk c them eondlX l aba, ,, curreo l is needed, a lld . his i. supplied th rnugh R2 ...lIieh i.< normally kep . in Ihe high-~islll""e posi tion . no.! Ihen a o.!Ya n""d \1I11i l 01\<' <lr o lher LE D !>cains to Illow . An ind ica t i,,,, o r tra nsi ~tclT .. lI, in n is prov ided by comparin g the poeu u n R 2 tra V<'1 w~re the LED flf'l' SllIrts to gl ow . Since it Ii. JIOSs ihle to Irca l l trs nl il to r 3 ! t wo sepa ra te diodes. devices ...ilh unkoown connQl;hons Can be ..,n ed out to find h;oo.e, em il rer aM n" lIe<:t o r connection s. Ta ble 2 l:iyC'\ an i,tea of how 10 u, e Ihe 1 ",1e<' 001 in pr8~I"'''' ..fler a bi t of u pc.rience fu rther " perlll i" ns ne likely to be<."f>mc = nd -na lure .

    V. rOO I" . C<J/i/>t.n or T he 1490 inl <:b .. t .... circ uit divider CIIn fum:t ion ;u a d ivid,,.... by..... device ...he re /I i. a ny Integer rrum 2 10 10. A n eu ml'lc of how Ihis facil ily C1I 11 be pu l tll pructical USCl is f"u nd in a Cf)s lal cilibra lor deligned by Ct8J K L lind G BISY . Th is p rovio.!e, ma rkc r points for II-'\C up to ....Il.r. a l in le,"" "l l of l I MHz. IIX ld ll .. nd I ~II with lho: Of'tioll of marke rs II'l'ced al ei lhe r l U or 1 2 ' ~ kTlL whi~h is of partic ula r u'\C r"r the r.m. ch annels s p.lccd at 2~ k Ul llpa rt , lo .h is TIL ca lib rator , lite secon d 1490 J ivid.... by e ither 8 or 10 <k:lCrm med by Ibe sell ing of ~wi l,h SI. T he IInil a m be b ui It (In Vcro boa rd uod COfl....,,, iently flu io lOa tobacco 1><."1. tOl!cthet with Ibm:> No . ij 1b., T he:: EET oscilla lo r can be & 2Nl 0 9 cr " Im",d a ny similar ty pe of devsce.

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    ri'\' 00,

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    -

    '0 0' , ....

    ~ ,~":.". ,,~

    "0

    Ol l';;;;;-Li~'

    "

    Index
    ( ," nl' '' lc l', 47 24 Abbrevia tion5. scm;c"n'!\I\;l or. 5 Abwrplio n rI. mete r, 34A AMorruivc TV I nit er. I'n , 216
    A bbrcvi3 Iion~ .
    A h "", via ti ,,n~ .

    r rrr.

    Kearn dircel ion indiL.1l1" r .lOJ Beams, mi ni;llUfC, 3 '9-)2 1


    ne~ rn l ri~. 11 1

    AC,-,,, ' I;,,., 235 ACl ive lilt. ", _ 114. J 15. 1311. 11')
    AClivil)'. cry,,* al. 152 Adhc-siv..., . "U'Y . 64. 69

    Ik veroM-t aer ial. 300 !J.r .o. u";n g ccra mi~ fill er, 93 lIic"ni<:~ I ..e r;a l" 276277 lIil..lc r,,1 "n lJlliroc l', 29 Blodetl' llrid ~cyc r, 190 Block ing. 74 nuht a il cUrl" i" , 2'J4 n o w-'i e ..~-ria l , 294-1<l5 n",,,k.in keyinG, 1l\4 H'a iol"""'keT I Vlli he ,", 19) 194. ZQ2 HridsW-T er )5 'a l l1 l1 , l', K4 ll li d~,.F f M:lcctivc a"'pli f", r, 116 Uroo,l billid aer ials, 276, 2?M29'l D,u ~ array. 275 Droce invc, 'c.,j V a :r ial. 2'14 nLln"r iLlIl pliflCr v.r.o.. 161 Hllildinll rc<:ei ~ef1L. 142 ""ti er osc,lI~ l or, MI , 173 H) t",,4 7
    Ki. t1c" llc Hcr i" l, 275 Bisquarc ncrtat. l " ilchabk. 3.10

    Coucc ror-rc nu dCleCli" n, '13 Col pi ll~ os.:illa" ' l's. 150 .,~. 16'1 C"",,,,o,, ,-,,IICClo. miwr, 107 C"""' I" " ' lIa,c r ET amplifier , 2 ~ COlllp'e'n e"l JI ) ~)mnk'lry ctrcuns. Cornpo ne m k " d . h;, pcr, ~ I C om po n",n. ma rk;n ll" .Iap" " e,c, 6~ Co m pr~i,," , "".Ii", 22.;, 224 C"mp u,e,s. 45 4~ C" nk.., ", ne.:l " fll. 3 11, C" ""W n l cu rren l d iudcs. 5(. C" ",' ruc' i,, nu l hin t, . 66 ('l," ""'l h",mce, IM4 ('mu m l. mo.' ",," "'nl of. 63 Conv en e r f",r 1.f.,'m.f.{I M I l" RI M C" nverler. lo w--e<:>5' h.r., 142 Con vcole,s. o<.:i11~ I M for, ' .h.f. 156

    f,.

    '"

    Aer ial "1I"nu" lo ,,,. 116

    Aerial oorrO:li on.


    Ael ial
    ~ in. ~

    Aeria l c OCcki ns wuh

    3) ~ - J.1 (,

    ""i,,, h r;' l!:". 3St;

    guid e 10.>. 314

    Ae rial. , s w;ld "l blc 1"'3"', 1211- ) 33 Acr illl' , '''" or scr'a ,,,I,,, 307 Ac , i,,1 Illn in!: un it , 28 5. lOS A.( t .c. audi,>-<.lcri,.,.... 25, 'M A.v.C: ,-,,:," u rollc:..l "11 """"h1l', 26, I ~6
    A, G , C. -':Olll roll~l

    A .(j.c'-Jlll ro lkd ",ci llal' '' ', 1M r. f. (, m" h r."r , 14S

    A ,(j.e:.. fOl....ard, %

    A.G .C.. u r;stor jmprovcd. J J7


    A.G .C. ", ilh MOSf ET . 25 A.G .C. with p in ,li,,,l,,. 56. 136. 144 Alpha " " H IlT, 12 Ahlmin ium ca rlh in ~ ' Y'l" rn 314 A, M, of IctrO<k:s. 2211 A, M.jS .S.D. (\cloclOl, 87 AIM:n Dlli<: liller.;.. 84 A r~ I, li , e , 1\4 Allen,,,,,,, ,,,,, i.Ur.f., 26, 29. 8 ~ , 136. 1J7 A'td io <:"",p,..". i,, n. 214, 223, 22'1. 2) 0 , A ud io conlrol $)'$'em, 2:\0 A'td io tiller s, 'JIl, 114-115. 127, 128, m, 2H " AuJi,,r,s' " ~tytr, 18ft Aud io interferen<:e lillen , 194. 204 21)5 Aud io '>sCilla ton. , 346. 331. ) 54 A''' ''" lU t i~ ""'d ~'tllHrol, 26. 57 ' rand,,.m e,,,, 66-67

    f".

    A,,,,..

    Hala n<Xd mixers, 18, 106. I I I, 1111, 120. 121. 12] 124, 126, u s. 1M 8.1la n.:o:d m<>d I, I ~ 'ors, 229 231l 8."10",,, 211 22113, 286. 305. 334, ) .U (bl uns in re' en..:. J0 5 n~ml l'" " TV lli he",. M . ' 81, 198 Hmlcrics . 243-249 H ancrfcs. " har ginll of, 2.10, 264 H<' tl er iG , p. ;lllel o permlon , 256 u Hall er)' co nwrnplion sa" i" Il, 257-258
    nml try di", ina tor, 2 58_. 59 Ila ll t ry ~t s bi l i La l ion, 252 Ballt ry ls bihttd s upr! y. 262 Ib llt ry-,,,lla lle ind ical or, 246 lka m..Jcn ccliu n 'a l"C$ Hnd d,,:u iU, 77-78, l ll.11)

    a l u e.)' current

    melcri n~.

    210

    Ca ble ' ''';1<'11 i'' 8, J 22 Ca ch ia auenu arcr. IJ(.. 1l 1 "C" aeria l (ecbelo n). 302 C " librl" "", J9-40. 1493 ~ I , 3fp,1 Ca padt" ncc d irK\c,;. 6, .l2 Cap acitM c", m",lc rs. 353. 361 Cal'acil i"",lyloodcd ' CC aeria ls, .1OS Capac;l<lrs, 5 1 ~2. 7l) C"p:lC;IL>f , errccuvcocss for TV I. Illll S CilffieT frcq ucll, ie. and s.s.b.. 2111 ; (: a:,," " :l.r. ullll' liticr, 222 0 ...,,,de d ) r.r. ~ 'Ilp lititl'i. 31. 7'.J Ca lh",1c-<:,H,pled " .ciUalo r, 82 ("a lhodcfo ll" w",r delOl:tn r, 1111 l;a lh odc mo dulat or, 222 Ch cmica l ntds. 6J . )4 2 C he micals, da" ltcrs of. 6] C h "~ e. i"l,ul smoolhinQ. 2~1 Ch " rdu l.h"", daily. 318, .l26327 ('h" " la l h"" Ilnl llagat;o n. 211-2119, 3 111.326-327 C ircu lar polur illl li" ", 3I] <' amp moollh" ll r, 228 1 Clam p, SOl(d-Sla'e, 1\15 1% C1;,pp oscillato r. n C lms D ampli roca tit1n, 14 C1euni n~ rq uipme n t, 55 CIcUninll Mll~enti. 6J Clippen. a ud i" , 225. 227 C MOS dc\'K>::5, 39 Coa~ ~,ll i ne IrB lll fo rmers, 30 1 Co:u.ial re la y, 5), 64 Co linea r \'e rlieal aeri a l. v.h.. f., 3)4 l3~

    Co"osio n, ,'oI11bil ll " !1 r.~ , COSi MOS <I"'i<..::s, ]R CrO$-<'lup l~d m i""l'l. 12\ 124. 165 C",,,,_nl' l< llllalioll . 74. W . %, 1 ')~ _ l fl6 , 11 8, 121- 12.1 ' Crys tals, 1 5 1 - 1 ~ 2 Crystal canb rarors. 40 , .148 .14',l-3~1 1 (',)' '' al che der. H 6 Cl")'l'l ~ 1 clod " I H Cl)'liI ~ 1 f' ller<, 8 ~ 8 :1 , '12, I.l'J 141l CIY'i , ~ 1 fille ,", ladd er, 6~{,'/ C~' ~ I 1ih"t'<, nWnl>li llu.: . 611 Crrs',, 1 b"l.l", ,<, 1S2 Cll/ s'a l n,h .LIll, d i....-rimi na IOl'l, 1.12o~;lIa' '''''' ' 21, ~1. I ~OI r, . 168, ](,'J Crysta l O'iCillacOfi, \"";u ble freq ue ncy. 1 5 ~ , 1'6, 171 Cu rrc" l. lilllilW PC'"'' i llr plics. 243 C.W. "'''nilor. 348 C W. ""i-<c red u~ t ion , 1 ~ 8 Cr~s la l

    (""C mmc.i~ls, 1>4

    l)uvld '$ IS" 1'\," , 1\4 Dawn /su nle' " hart .1l 9 D .C. a ml,liticl'l, lra nsi. I" r. 34 ~ n~ltah~t tuner. 7. 7'J ntllu _bi rok~d M-< aer~l l., . I .\ ' Della lo" p ae ria ls. 287, 2<J7_!9R I>c".... la l'<'. M
    I>cr>lcl io n 1) 1''' n : T, 2)

    ,..

    IJclachcd ll,n i n~, 1')5 [)elc<:lion, co here n ' (~)nd1l''''''' "' )' 100,1 28-12'1 D etection, lil 'IC" r, 113 netcc "'r, '''ll ho<J,:ro U"we r, 8R De 'e"'l" r, ~"ll<'CtOl- be",I, 'J.' I>e lc<: l" r, n.bJ .m . '1J, 128- 12'1 Jk 'CC l,,, , " ....c1uCl. 21, 23, 2~ , 35, 116. 92

    ".
    0<:110, . rini
    D etec tor, tl'm~,jsl, "., ..s, 9) lli:lC t.levice" 211 n igi... 1" k<:lro n ;'!i, llliidc 10. 31 Di, ital mi ~cr frequency cll unCer, 130r>~ loct or, ~ u~r'il-" incr,
    n1i~er,

    I NDE X
    116

    1111

    D ia il;,1 ro:n pr obe. 3SQ Di~ j l ul s.s b . 40-41

    '"

    Di"d e ~ lI c n ualon. 26. 30 Diu.!c-integrato r <.let"",..". 1111 D iod es. constant curr<:nl. X>
    D iodes, hot-c;",ricr

    Uiodcs. r in,

    ~ SdIOl1 ky). ~7

    ~ (,

    Ili od ...... ilico n. 239. 242 Dioo.I<,<. lllnn d , II

    Di,"'"

    Di,,,1cT -R lO...ilch.... 111 7 Dirolr . l1Iultil>and. 26~. 26l!. 333


    ll iPOk . "'la ry, 2(>'1

    D iod e 5... itc~. 7.1(, SO

    v;tr~lbk

    call"";l""" ", 6, 32

    I) i,rc r.con,'c ",i" " receivers . 100-101 ,

    -n! )' ..t.e."

    Il l-Il l , 124- 121,

    [livid,,"'. rrcq "c n,-y..1')40 . 4'1, 16lj


    DU A H Hcr inl. 2M D-M OS rick! d focl tr"n ., iS lo rt, 42

    ~ h '\I 110' .

    nr.uz
    2' 0

    H , Ts, 2l}.2S. 96100 n'Ts. ltuide Ill . 1.1 I- I':T l;Qudeh , 25.26 "I:: T voll' ''ele' , 3lotl, 354 Hel d .In:n~th meier, :l4 ~ Filler, , e,an ,;" , <,1 3 I'ilten;. c r~ S lal ladd e r. 61\.69 n il" ,", ulin g prilllc<J boa rd s, 1\1 3. 1\17 riller, tOP'CLlt a.I .. rive-elghlh..... ave lIeriK 2<,12, 2'1 3. 301 I. F.M. d"l ec l ~ ,n , 117, 1 2~- 1 2'I f.'. M , gen" nll io n. 19\1 200. 234 Foldc<J d i""lc. 2(,~ Fold ed q uad, ~tt~ Frame aeria ls fo, .ceeption , J07,.122 r,an kl;n oscilb t<l1, 112 r "' nk lin unifo rm ae rial. ! N (, FrcqUC I1C~ C"'"11~"', 1. 0- B I, )62 1 I'rtqocnq d ivider, Il'>ll Frequenc y " andard, 347 f-'req" l:fley .~ n t hesilcrS . \1,. 154 Fro nH:n<ls. reeci>er. 7) 1R. 97. 1t~. 118. 12tJ.l 24 1"1'10 I irllV.u~e'lien l, 104

    23'

    1.1'. filt, rs. va,iable, I O~ l(}<) 1.1-'. stages. 32 torer.a osr nr d",;ecs. 2tJ.2S IG t'I"T vJ ,,,. 100 d"" Impcda nt:e Ira" ,f,-,nll~rs. ', ' IO' , 221. 22') Ind \lCtiv~ "olt"gc-cc nl roltC<l-t><eillalor, Hi2 16l In' ldhiltty in "a",i, l"r am plifiers, 17 1"legraltx! circuilS, d ill\;I. I. B. :l-6. 39 lrOl e;tmted ein:u ils for rct:C i.u'S . 10!,
    Integr ated (;i'~"; l s. I\uillc Ill. 3.136 In tew,ale,1ei.t:uiIS. ",efl ~ Idl~", " I', 48 I n l e ~ ," l e d -c neun "o llage tq(ulalOl"1.
    25.~

    1 1 ~ 120

    nn" hlc-ba lall<.'t'd mi,,,,,,. 7 ~ , 106. 1" . 119. 123. 124. 1)4, 135. 164-1'" O(\lIhlc .hn, o .J i \>\l~, ~7 U" U IlI ~ 'W, 1 ' 1;11 lI~tlnt tltlJl'h:, ~n J l !'ol llo" bl~.d~ lI a aerials. 2~ 7 llrin . 'cd ,,,,, ing. 9~ . 151. 160, 166 D.S .O. ,.. nsmitte l'. I" W I"' ....\'T. 2 1~ . DTL I" ll"", ~~ Du. I. h;. 1l<l am pli rL ~ '. I ~.l D" .IHoT mi..." . 106 D"a lgale '~IIl <'1l"OXI .I.:v icc~, 22. 14 Dual-gate MOS I+.T p'~a", plir.. r, HIl, J)ual'!411 c MOS f ET proo ",lllel.,.;lur .
    n U1 ~

    J)~nal1lic

    '"

    ,yd . 251 rllngc of fccc;"e"', 10M I I J. . 1,w. IN

    Ear. K tille. , 116 ' r afl h co ndOCI ;vily, 2M , 277, 284 r :mhs, 266, 2M, 290, .l lJ, 314 r.chelo n ae.;al .102 ~.C1 . logic. 39 1-. I R ,r " 275 " !O IblIp", l ftS.IM 1 ~ 6 2 ]7 />, !' ''''-1 rieul inle. ference. 2731 7-1 " l:.1e..'\.i<:al "" fely. 6970 1:;1 "1 ,,'I)" lic ea p"cilo rs. 52, 61 "" !' ltXlru nk; luni ng. 6. J1 !' kel,,' nic ' ollmelrf. 354 l::l evaled feed wrlicall1e r;" ls. 177278 J:: pmy-tiller ad heoliv... . M . M [ q ui' .lent noi,~ ""nla r>oe. ' al, ... 74 E.gonor",,:. 63 f ad ing a nd io '" " ph efe, 326 f amd ay d o"hlo:-loo p tiller. 1')4 Feede r n:lll ion s. 317.3 18 l'e r r i l~ ""ad s, 51 f ET . mpllfiers. neul.,.li, i" ",. 4 2 fET frn nle nds, 91- IOIl ret ,n" cIS. 10 7. III FET o. cillalo.... 9~ , 1(,(, I'[T rower devi l.~ . 2~ , 4 J. 122
    Enhancemcnt - t~'P'I

    " G 21'1-S pial" ae rial. 2N 4 G .1PDM v ack a r eweillalor. 166 167 G4 l\Wt -rure.- acrial. J2J l il'> LX vllria nle l>.1n dwidlh lille., 1()I,l G 60 N acriul, 2')') ) 00 Uiu nl!allllwlllitl o-ouccrs. 12 G ain uniriblli ioll, rtl.-.: i, ,,.... 7f,.7') GIII. an i,cd wire c:Jrlns, 314 Gu",,,,,, 1113ld ' fo r <l uad , ]l0 Ga le:;. logic. }7l9 Germa nium I fa nli$l u~. 6. 19 Go ld_b<It1llcd d iO<Jc Iimi.er. 1 02 G ra:"' i<: sym bch. 4'1 G , itl,hro Itl<lers , l 43. 344. 319 G rid met eIS. calib,.. I i" n of, 344 l G round kusc5. red ucing, .306 G ru"n<1 plallC ae rial<, 2M- 267, 277 Gr"undcd '!p itl a mp lifle,"" l Nl G" nn 'effecl diod e. 211 Gu yw ire dnublel. 31M

    Inlellillibilily. s.s.b., 22ft lntc sfe rence Slll' p", ,,;o n. 274 . Inlerre.:"...,. Ihyristo r. 27 Inlerlll<ld ulalio n. lO5. lJ ~ IJ ('i . 13'1..141) Inlerrn"d ut..tio n. ~v ice e" l11 piwn l. 135-1.lfJ, 1411 141 1",,, . led ;\fou nll planc ue.ia l. 210 Inveneo-t. ae rials. 2'11 1" , ,," OO' V aerinl. , 2hK-2ll9. N4 In' erle r. c.c-a.c., 2M Iro n p("''''dc. e"res. (,oJ Japarlt"<e .:o mpoo elll m a .k i"g~ . 6$ J.. lf..." "h" ~e"""plilt~ '. 2}1 Jon es nn i,e ha lano.' inJ . 27] Junell"" F E'Fs. ~2 K2Q HW multih. nd 'eflIC.ll.I .~} Key elick liller, 1% Ke ye..... eleclr"" ic, 1 ~ ~ 1 ~6. 2J6 2l 7 K e~ i rll: prt>hkms. 183 1H 5 Ladd er fille , e r) sla l. 6&-69 LA 1U Iri ha OO ' '' ' ' ica l. 292-2'!} lo L l>, V ll;'l\e ;1....;011" 141 o 1 Lij(h L ninll pt Olecli" " . 21 n 6, l.inCII . a m lll ; li~ n;. 14. IH 1'16- 197, 2 lO, 228 linea . a ml,lir,er. I,a n. i:llo, . 14 '-'" ea. deIOXII" n. I II li n"a. inleg.a lcd cire uils. n. 35.16 Li'''' " " ....." va l.Ol. ,,>ing. 18~ 1 1I'I. 1%-1'1 7 L"lli", pro be . f1c_ihle. 360-31>1 Lngic 5ymbol J7 1 ~"'Il wl .e ae . ia l. , 2'1l'>. 305 l.(lflg wire ae fi.l lem';nalcd . lOS I.noPS. verli<;ally l,ola.izN . l.('lOp acr~, ls , 178-280. 29&. 3Oh. JUg.. ~lJQ . 311 L"",)" t.r. e hoLes. III Lo..'.a nl:lc .ad ial K>ll . 2~ 1 2~ 2 , 188291 LO PLL de",odlll~lor. 12'1 Lo du ly baue t}' eyd e. 2~7-2 S 8 L" w' noise audiu a m pll/'oe r, 221 I.ow-po we r l . ~".n' i llers. 191. 200.

    oJ,,,

    rr.r. 2)

    Half_rhom hic acrial. 2':14 H3 lf~l.llla re acrial. 307 Harmon ie t;!cnera lo rs. 154 Harmonic mere. J~ R ' Il. rmonikers" TV I fillers . 181 II U<X:V por lah k hearn . J!4 He" l .i nl.. 10 lI elieal hlle IJ(, Helieal' lllOde h.r. "cril l. 324]25 Hdico n" aer ial. 2M 6 Hdipo l ~u b~ l i llnc, 7071 Hele.odyne delector". (sec p.OO\.lCl de tector,; ) H.F . ch.araele.illi. lrll n~i' l"rs. 4. 12 Il .r. cry<M I tileers. 60. &4. 92 High"',, ' rcnl po we r "u pply, 2 ~~ Highfidclity a mp lif",rs, il1t crre.~ncc to, 204205 H"m od yne 11......,"lio n.IO I I0 2.I II l l .l HOl ea lT i~. ,Ii<ld es, 9 7. 110. I II , 1 1~ - Hull" ..ntl l' llff" v.r.o. lila hili/~r, 174 lI ula h... ", (dd rr) ae riul", 272. 1lu n", n e nR inee, in, 55, 6.\ I. F.
    " lI~n ua.or, 17~ 2~1I

    -et'"

    LS I

    2 1O2 1 ~ lI~ rll~

    <Cll ie integratio n), 3'1

    84

    Ma ins f,Iler for T VI. 194 Mak ino eoee limite 'Xl Ma rc"" i /Ierials. 166 Men"" ic5. com pu ler, 47 Me..' tran siSllm . H Melli! fa t ig u~ . "e,iall . 2tl4 Mellli o" jde ~ ..ri!l o(l. 4 1

    Melric c" nveNinn, 2 Minnpl",ne ~ m p lific"i, 22 1, 130 Mk ro phon c impedance transfe r rnalio n, 11 1,126, 12'1 0. M icro proc= or1. guide 1 4S.4S Microw ave p"w~r b""",r~li,,,, , 20 M ilk r """inuI",. ISO Minia~ ri al . ) SM Ht. 2R 6 Mini " l,,,,, heam ., ] 1')...321 M ini" lun: quuci cle'ncnls, no M inial" n: X bc~ms, VK2AHQ. 320 Minim um-loss bandpass filTcrs, 66, III M ixers, ba lallCed, 7M, 106, I I I. 11M. 120 121,12 3_124, 126, 134-13S, 16S Mixels, beam deflection, 77. 112 Mixe"" biasi,,!? o r, 104 Mixe N, choke o r, 113, I lll Mixers, r,c1d ell"e<:t trun sislnr , 134- )) S Mi xers, ,e l r_"scillalin~ , 107 Mi' e"" In,,,. ist,, r, 105 Mi xer-v,f,O" In Mo dulat io n of tr ansistors, 14. 1'1 Mod ulul io n lransrormc," . 22S Modulator. cathode. 222 Motluluto r, ".imples l" , 222 Mo dulal ur. to-ea. 225 Mo niloring d rive vohag"". 195 Mo nolith ic n""la l f11 le''! , (,() MONe keyer. 01.7 HO, 236 M" ,,"e < "lcillmors, 27, 2)S-236. 346 MOS FI::T devices, diod e protected . 281') MOS H ,T {MOST> devices, 20..2S. 2H,

    Mcl~ r i"g bult~ry curr"nL . l~O M"l~ r pro loch"n. )5ti M"l~r ,w ilching, 194

    (1<:I uh",lr31aeria ls, , ...." cha t-le. 32H_)H Ohmm cler. ~"2 "Opl 'm isC'lm nscci"er, 2132 14 Op lo--coul)lers, 71 Oscillator, ny'lul. 155 O""illal"r f" r ha lulKcd mi, er. 165 Osc illalor r" r ~., . h, ~~rrier inserti"", 142 Oscilla lor keyinl\, IH4 Osc ill:<Ior. low-nOISe cryslal , 170 Oscillalo r noisc, 121. 170..171 Oscillalo l'li. 8182. 150-11'1 Oscilla tor s. overtone. 169. 111..]72. 111 Osc illulor , ' la bili1y, 81 Osdll alor, lc,n re ralure COm1lellSalioll. 157,11'04, 165. 16ti- 167, 17/\ Oscillaln r. v.h.L, 169 Oul pul ralinlls, u,,<lio, 220 Oven , ~ I'YSI11 1, 17K Overluy lran sislo rs, 1(,, 20 Over load protection. n3, 26 1 Overmodulalion. prevenlio n or. 2)] Overmotlul ali l>tl SUI'rre"ion, 228 Overlonc (lscill" I"'''. 16.1-11'04. 169. 171- 172 OZ1HO kcycr, 236 Painl ing, d-'-y spr ay, 71 72 Panels, rro l11 , 63 cr, 174..IH , PAOKSH v.t.c. slubiliT 1170178 PAOKSB v.n.r. v.Lo .. 176..177 Para llel balte"y orcra liol1, 256 l'aral lcll1r><:ral ion o r l ra n~ i~l ms , 17 l'<I r<lrt"' lri~ <I mpli r'~ N. g I'urumelri ~ insluh ;lily. 11 Pummel'; e mullip"c rs. N f'-ch"nncl FE1 , 23 2332]4 Pea k expander. 226 I'e. " ind icat or (s.s.b.), 3S4 , I'c" I.. inverse v" h ugC'. 24024 1 I'lm,cd ,erlica ls. 292 I'h a.~. I"c" ..lo" r d~nl<ld ulul inn , 128. 1.10 Phaec-modu lalion (n.lI.r.m .), 1'J92oo Ph" ", ..splill crs, 221 f'ha~ing-I YI'C s.s. h.. alignmenl . 210 I'hOloco nd ll, rivc cens. ~4, S6 Pierce oscurators. ISO Pi..L IlC lwo rks, 181, 211 I'IN d iode auenu ators, 136 I'IN t1i"J"" . 56 1'1.11).1r I r.1 n.;~l "rs. 5 Plusli" P. ,lding, 64 Plessey PR1 55 rec..,i v~ .., 94-95 Po lar iT lIlipn, ,I'langing, 322..32) l'o lariZll lion cou pling 1 05><:5, 19 1 27U-171 l'o lariz.1Iion. Poreou o m rers. 52 e Po""" . ml'l i r,~ rs , Ira ns islOr. 1214. 3D.lI l' <lwc, ..f ET s.4) .45. 122 ]23 Power I:"in o r ae ria \~, ) 14 P" ....er meIers, 355, 35M P,," cr i>l\vinl::, 251 Powe r sup plies, 2 )~ ..2M Power Irans ;Slo r&, ,.f.. 12-1.1 I'n:;";lmplitico, d ., 30, 7\1 80 I're-mi, er techniques, 104

    P,i nled h'M,,1 TVI r,il," . PH . 1')7 Prinlcd I:ircuil' , mJ~in" 59.60. M . 1 ~ Prin le,! ~irc " ilS , rep"i r,nJ:, ' 4 1... 42 1 I'm"'=" ,hll" "t , HQ..lfoi l'r", ll1e l dc l,'('lo rs, 21. H, 2,~, 2'). .n , M 1, ')2. 110. II ~ . 113, 131..132. 6M 1341 3 ~ . 144 I',.,-..I " CI """ lul;IW' . 231 I',R, fI ,M ., " urrelll "",villj; " ill" 4S P"' I~C1i" n cil\:LJ il f"r p.u. 13. 190 I'ulse m"d " I,"i"n, , ,,ide 10, 2J.\.2J4 Po l, e..widl h..m'kl ul:1I i" n :ul1 l' lil,er" 1 4 P.V.C'. ",,,'j,,1 ""',,., 2NS C)-mul lipllcrs, ~'~ 'l>h. ') 2, 12,1 (}-muil iplters, silln,,1 frcquency, 1S () M I' o pc," Iio n, I 'J 1, 2 ( ~ ), 2 10211 Q, md aeri al ", "U~ l' L Sl'ecinl" . 2M QuaJ ,w, iul. f"ld ed . 2MS Qu ad ueriu l, ,i nglc lu"p. 27S. 299 O uaJ aeri<l ls. "u,l:i -ha'ld , JUS, ) U9 Quad acrial, , ,,i :ch.1hlc, J2K 330 Qua d c1emcn". n,ini;lImc. .u n Q u,,,t c1en1 CIlI S, Il,n in ~ , .1 Ill... I I l R" "" I r",nl cnd , 7')
    M:II; :II
    I~ A 2 1 7 , '1 4 '1~

    Ita,tia ls, 290 R"J iali o" lial arJ~ , ~ u id" to. ))6 Radia tion l' Ult ern:l. lmrilll nla l.
    2 ~6

    29~ ..

    zv

    Mo lo rcycle ba lleries. use of. 1'1 "Mou nlu i"ee r" lru" , mille... 211 Muilee ueria l, 267 Multi. hun,l diro lcs, 3 18, .I.1S M"l lih aml clcmcnlS, 2 ~(}" 28 1 Muili- band lo ops an d Quads, JOM..3 0') Mulli hand Yenicull, 2'12,294 Munl-convcrsicn Icccivers. R3 N.JJ.F,M " 113, 116, 132. 134, 199..200. N.B.L M. u",1 T VI, 2 1~ N. B.L M. t1n bli " n. 'ell i n~. 2 1~ N.B.r.M. discr iminaln "i , IU ..129,
    1J 2 -1 ~4

    e.c.a..

    ns

    N.ll.F .M . d i""r imin,"ors, c!)'Sla l, 13] . 114 N,..hl1 nnc.l FETs. 23 Nc[t3t ivc cycle \oud ing, 13 Neutraliza t jon, bcam"lrio<.Jcs , 81 Ne"l rulizat iun. lielJ elfoct Ira nsiS I"'s, NCLll rali'-lui\m. i.r, 51 ~ l\es , !l3 Nc u l rali 7~l ion .1Clrodc5. 1112 Ni -c~d ~II cha rliler5. 2SK

    "

    v.n.r..

    RuJn:lb v ",fi ll"l"' . ISR Rar" , e ",i ,, r. 1.4-1.'5 ' Rute"r-<;h anj;e " oi, e litnil~ r. R ~ R<Ili" Jcl~x:t "r, rtl"di r,cd, 134 R",..e;ver !re nds, 1ll4. lU5, 142, 14, 1 It'''''il'..< ....,,1 mi ~ "'~ . 121 Re rcl~ y , co,,, i:,1, ~~ 'cd Reed rela ys. 57, SM, 188. 31ll Regenerative ' ''''t'iv ~ rs. 141. 142 Re!tulaled row~r ' ul'r1ic-s. 160. 244. 247, 2S 4-2~l> Rdu ys, c"a,i"l. ho"" huill , M Relul'l'. d""'t r<>nla ~ "e l ic unci , ,, lid 't alC, 71 Relays. e"e ndi nll, SM Relays. ~ ey , nll , IM4 Rclay~ , l'Sltll\ 24'v('I' IH"' S, M x cvcrsc !tain , Im ~s i st Of , 2M R .E cIiPr>ers , 20620 M R.F. diod c s.... ilehinll, 51) R.F. noi,e i>ridlte , H6..JS1 "l R.F , "." iIT ". 353 RiL-bv n ,,,ic ,,, ph,,ne., 220 Ri" j; ",i,er J el"" !"", l ib Rioll " )< I<I"lal<>r ", i, c",. JR. 123 Ripple tiller , mini_"llC, 254 R"hdc &. Schw ar r tillcr , 108-10') lI. ot ary d ,pole , 2(,',1 ItTI. lo gic, JQ M V. !?uid~ to, 23' TI

    ".i,,/;.

    N<;> i5'e bridge . 1'.1'., ) S6-357 Noise cal ibrator. zener, 352 No i-e Iimiler , Collins. 8'1 Noise limiter, gold-h"",ktl d i"d"" 110 Noi"" limiler, mooile, 8'J N05e I; m i te ~ , RR-1l , 'l3, 110 9 Noi"", """illalor, 170 Nuise rWlIClioo , c.w., 13M Nnisc lem pem lures, 31 N<;>n ..li'",a r resiSlO,'S, 8..9

    Safe urea. 16 Sarel y " r"",aut io"" W .W, 247 Schull ky har ""r .hurn" . 9 7 Sch"ll k)' d iode r",nl-<,,,d 106. I II , & I'l o llk y l o~ic jUl tes, :W Scra;n kC)ocrs. 184 Sc..ccu motl ula li"n. 121\-221 Scree n I"r!?Ulalio ll. 1'16 Sc<:,,,,dJ ry hr~~kd.'''' n , 16

    ""

    "a
    Sdf. "" i ll" l i n ~ 1 ,. +

    IN D E X 5 )", 1" 1 , "",n i<."OO,d octo l. ~ 1 , Sy n" h,od ync r(\( ivc<. IOQ..I OI Sy nch,on ous det~l io .. . 100- 10 1. 124DO 127. 12M Sy " lhC'\ ilCr! . r"' <l",nq. I ~
    T 2H l acr i31.. ~M hpe ,.:o,d cr ~ e )'e ,. l M (, r ek'. 'isio ll inler rere "" e (TVO. 11lO- IRI, 1"2..I'U . I'H . 1 "~ , 10 1 20~ Tcle .i"''''' .a l .~ fo r pow e, umpl ine rs.
    I ~ R - I g 'l

    I
    Vac kar (lSCilinl" l'lI. IfJ H 62. 166..16ll Va l"" hinls . IR2 Va l"" . h iold.., 339 Va lv" v" ltnlCteN-. 344. 3S'l
    Varu d " I'lI, II . 32

    s.." " llda,v .." lis. 14? S.il~r ,,,.. illa l" .... 16 ~. IW,

    Semi",,,,,lu. llIr code. 5

    ""w,-. 41. 10 7

    &'m '{'Qnd UCIOr ~} ", I"><'I ,. S .'ierics ind cc ta nce " r ca l". d l0 rs. ~:l SC,ics'lah; li, cd I'< ,,,,or slIl'fJI}. 254 Sc, i"lu,,. J T n." ",,, rks. 11 Sc, vic." h ilily, Stll,, '. "cd <l i r<}I ,,~ . ~Xl SiJlld1 ;" "",10', H I SIlk " " u .>n rro lk d ' '''l ili. r. , k, 21 !':oil;':.", ~onlrol H:d s u~t ;' \I I C for. 250

    ,"ircu;" . )).40 . 102. I I ~ J 20 !'.cmi<;" " ,hK" Of'r>. wl<.J~ , i ll ~. M

    ~"'k:",,,h,,, ',,r "l1~lIra l~<1

    Var aCl'" lunin g d iodes. 6. \' a , i~hlc Nlnd widl h a .. .. fillet . 114 . n il f Vnriah le oondw idlh i.r. r,hen, l l , 108U ~I

    ,,,,,,iii,,,,.

    Silicon diode an"""",,,,. 26


    Si l i C("" c~

    Tc mpa trimllklt. Ili7 Tem pe ra tu re <~ 'n'I't'''$3 l io" . oscillato rs. 157. Ili7 l 40 Tcst l'e-t'ooes. a n<l, le mod Lilat ion or. 228

    Va, iable cryslal ,,,,,,ill>,l"" . 1 5 '1 ~6. 161. 164. 170 V3f i~l>I" freq....ncy " . d llat or . 8 1.82. 120. 156-- 15M 174 177 . V~riahlc V<llla"" rower sup pli". 144.
    14 S,15 1 Vaci, tu , ",g.c. JJ7 Vcc: aeri" ls. ca p;>.cili""ly 1 .",.JCll, ';05 veroboard, S4 Ve. lica l ucda ls, 2ti6-- 2li7. 2'J2-194 , B -1 Vefl ica l lIeda l,. dTCL IS or can h. 266.. 276-279,184. 3Oti Ve,he al a" rioll... de.." tl.~t fct'd . 27727R ven cs t ~"ri u l~ ritlltnd . I n Vell "' al " r... y..106 . l 24 Vc,l ica l.Te<: acri a l. 270. l iS V.II . r-. polamM ion . 27Q.171 V K1A IlQ mtnl-team, neot r:lIiLt:<l .l2 1 VK2A IlQ pscudo-q llad , .\ 1 1-322 VK 2AI) trill,1 nd [",urn . l i S, J14 VK 2A BQ x hea ", m inia lu re. J20 . H J.3 34 VMOS I'><",e, r F h . lIuille 10. 43 Voice " ""... 1 ~w ; lC h i " lI . 2 16 ",1 VOUa il"...~ ,n lrt.lled a m plifier. S7 V" h" W:-<On lf<.\lIcd oscillalol1l. 161- 11\1 V" h alle (le l'lCn dcnr l esi~lor,,- <) Volla lle rtoubling, 14 3 V" I"'lle m uhip lica ti" " . 24J, 2S4 Vilh a tte n:~ul" t i " n. ~ ti. 24S, 2SS Vo l la~ regula lor lip 2 4 ~ Vo lta ge-sla bili", ,.,.. a<lj u' l ~ hte . 2S1 VOI I"~ ..ililer , 2'4 VOIIoh 'l\..".illi><m mele ,. cho ice of. 340 VS IAA ,,"';,,1, W VS IAA . r,vc--hltnd. 312

    "..,lcrs.

    " .trlinll. 12

    SIlk,'" I" '" or d indes. SHW, 2392 42 Sl li, OIl tran ,i w ".,;, r.. 10 SIli'h'''_ 'J S tnt "'" .... " ", ill:< lm. 346. )5 4 "S~i"" icr l. inca r", 2 1ll2 l 1

    Sl600 in'0I:r,lICU ctrcuns. 11" 120 SL61m In'cilf:l. ICd c;" " il. IO! _I(M
    SI"p,nll v ee ac , ;;'I.\O~_.lOJ S. tnCle rs. 'II S" lar Ilale' a mi .:lId lit", .l2l1 S ,~ d e (l ng il,)II' , I" nl/ Mc. ~~ Sold er in., , . ,,, ic,,,,, I< "'''I''. 65 s So m,"'.c"" pb t o crnmor. 164 Spa,:" d ,,rrllc-lin' lIcd diod"" . ' Oil Sp".,.: h c<>mPIC5SIJ I. ]2'), Sl"""."h p,<>:Uing ro r ,." h., ~ O ~::Og S r ~t'''''~ 1'Clo1'Ol !>o:S, r e",'cr . 11 3. 104 ' SlI ~" lc l a .. I.... is." ,.,. 1Il1l . Sq,,,,, e'"'''''' uso;ill" ' o r. !foil Squelch, ~ 5. 2(. S.S. Il, ad,iu_lInctU <I .......e . }..l) , S-S. Il.IA . M. , ld e<:I C'I. 11 7. l ib s.s.n. c;rrr;e , f'Cl]llC nc ics., ~ I 'J 5 .S.h . \I"""r"lI o o . l'OI~' pha",. 201l..2 W , 5 .5. [1- !-,--nc"' lnr h .c ,). 231 SSTV. ~ u M k 1 . ::,W 0 Siah il""d ........ cr , ,, ppl)'.. 160 . 244, 247. 254_2(,.1 Slah ill7cd .. f.... . 174- 175. 177 1711 . Sr:lnd b, 1 '' '' ' "" ".'<:.25J )<' SI,'l nd illl\ "a ve, " n rqdcn. 3 17.)1 11 Simi,: 1" " l,,< 'li,,n . 62 Slc" ",I,' " .... ion. ~ I SI.n,,, rilh:r. i m p l i ~ e d . 110 St'e.,'hClt ...1'[>01 ('>. 30.1...'04 Sl uh fil'e.'S. :m3 Sl~h l1la lch . ZS6 DT. Stu h, 1l ~1Ol'- 3(l1,k, hm k e der. 270 Su n,cl ld a''', cha,t.l l'l Sun'lX' l cyc le. n 7 Surelga ine , ,te l,. 'I" n;. 1111 SlIl't' rrc ~e ' lu" l ive d Cl '' OI'S. 116. 14 S. "

    51 , """

    acr~~ I . l jlt" ,, ~

    .uti

    T henll" Trim mer. 167 Th in..film m in iMu ,e transnnuer , 1$ Thrce -!<a nd beams. 3 11. 315 T hrc'CCillht h ."a." "",iuls. 2'17 t'h r""h llid ga te limi'e" p ft n , y',st o r eOllll11ls. 27 T" " "' Olh. 17 roec osc illa l<lr'. 1.10 l'Olo ida l ta n k "i,," il'. Ill. ~7 To ro i.... h.r.. (;4 To-ro id_. t lln ~ hle , 121 Tn,,<:h t,,-ta lk ~,,'i, dl. 66 T PM operalion. 20 Tm n' e ive r. I""" ,,,' .. e l l.t I m ns"'e ,. ..,I id ",. al" . h ,,'C-!:'>o l1 d . 216..217 l'ra n""q ~a l", ill l P'''1'.g"''o" . 2I1M 289.

    Th<."m' l',". 'I

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