Mobile Communication Systems

Part 5- Modulation Techniques

Professor Z Ghassemlooy
Electronics & IT Division Scholl of Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University U.K. www.shu.ac.uk/ocr

Contents
Signals Modulation Why? Types of Modulation Techniques BER Performance Advance Modulation Techniques

Signals
Signals can be:
Deterministic: value at any instant can be expressed exactly with a mathematic formula (eg. Sine wave) Probabilistic: future values can be estimated, based on past values
Random: a probabilistic function where all values within a range are equally likely to occur

Most telecom signals are probabilistic:

Estimation of a sample value is the best we can do.

Signals
Is physical representation of information (voice, data,..) Is function of time and location Has parameters, which represent the value of information Types: Time Value

Continuous Discrete
Disc eret

Analogue signal Digital signal

Sine wave as special periodic signal used as a Carrier:

s(t) = A sin(2 f t + )
frequency

Peak amplitude

Phase

Signal - Periodical
ideal periodic signal 1 0 T f = 1/T
1 g(t) = c + an sin(2nft) + bn cos(2nft) 2 n=1 n=1

Harmonic components 1 0

DC

AC components

Signal - Representation
A [V]

Amplitude domain
A [V]

t[s]

Frequency domain
f [Hz] Q = M sin

phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase in polar coordinates)

I = M cos

Noise
White noise: all frequencies at equal power
Many sources (thermal noise, combination sources) Not possible in practical circuits, so we get

Band-limited white noise: constant power spectral density over a finite range of frequencies
Corrupts digital signals when decision thresholds are crossed

Modulation - Why?
Smaller antennas (e.g., /4) Multiplexing Ability to manipulate the signal To fully utilise the medium characteristics Improve the performance .

System Block Diagram

Digital data 101101001 Digital modulation Analogue base-band signal Aerial Analog modulation Modulated RF signal

fm

Transmitter
Noise Analog base-band signal

Radio carrier

fc >fm

Analog demodulation Radio carrier

Decision circuit

Digital data 101101001

Receiver

Analogue Modulation
Where the center frequency of base-band signal shifted up to the radio carrier frequency by means of:
Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM)

Digital Modulation
Digital data is translated into an analogue carrier signal by means of Passband Digital
Modulation (typically bits encoded in amplitude)

Passband digital modulation has form

s(t ) =

n =

A (t ) cos(2f t +
n c

(t ))

Bits encoded in amplitude An, phase n, or frequency n=2p(fn-fc)t, which are constant over a bit time Tb.

Digital Modulation - Types

Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Multi-levels Schemes

ASK
Data m(t) Ac
1 0 1

The most basic and simple Low bandwidth Ssusceptible to interference

Bit duration Tb

Carrier frequency

s(t ) ASK

Ac cos( 2f c t ) m( nTb ) = 1 = m(t ) Ac cos( 2f c t ) = m( nTb ) = 0 0

Information

ASK - Vector & Constellation Diagrams

A 0

Vector diagram

cos ct Q
A

I
0

Constellation diagram:
The x axis is a reference for symbol that are in-phase (I) with the carrier, The y axis is the quadrature (Q) carrier Components (i.e. sin ct)

PSK
Data m(t) Ac
t

s(t ) PSK

m( nTb ) = 1 Ac cos( 2f c t ) = Ac m(t ) cos( 2f c t ) = Ac cos( 2f c t + ) m( nTb ) = 1

Bit duration Tb

PSK - Implementation
Basic
Carrier (cos ct) PSK

Inverter

Data

Advanced
Input data Pulse shaping filter X PSK

Carrier (cos ct)

PSK - Constellation Diagrams

Q cos ct
-A A

I cos ct

It display antipodal signalling. I.e. symbols are equal and Opposite to each other, unlike ASK.

PSK - Spectrum
BPSK represented in a complex envelope form:

S BPSK = Re ( Acm(t )e

jc

)e

2 f ct

}
2

Complex envelope

The power spectral density of the complex envelope is:

Pce BPSK ( f ) = Ac fT b

2 sin fTb

PSK - Spectrum - contd.

sin ( f f )T 2 sin ( f f )T 2 Ac c b c b + PBPSK ( f ) = 4 ( f f c )Tb ( f f c )Tb
2

Power spectral density

fc-2Rb fc-Rb

fc

fc+2Rb fc+Rb

Frequency

ASK/PSK Non-Coherent Demodulation

Similar to AM but only requires to choose between one of two values
Decision Device s(t)

Tb

nTb r(nTb)

( ) dt
0

r1
N

1 or 0

cos(2fct)

Sampler

r0

Decision device determines which of r0 or r1 that r(iTb) is closest to

Noise immunity N is half the distance between r0 and r1 Bit errors occur when noise exceeds this immunity

A coherent demodulator for BPSK

P. M. Shankar

FSK
The instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal is switched between two (or more) values by the modulating digital data signal.

Ac cos mc t S FSK (t ) = Ac cos nc t

0 < t < Tb For '1' 0 < t < Tb For '0'

t S FSK (t ) = Ac cos [c + ()m(t )] dt 0

Data

FSK contd.
Data FSK
Data

Ac cos (2fc1t) c c1
FSK

Ac cos (2fc2t) c c2
Voltage Controlled oscillator

Input data

FSK

FSK - Spectrum
f Amplitude
fc1 -Rb fc1 +Rb

f
fc2 -Rb fc2 +Rb

fc1 -3Rb fc1 fc1 +3Rb

fc Frequency

fc2 -3Rb fc2 fc2 +3Rb

f = Frequency deviation = (fc2 - fc1)/2 FSK bandwidth = 2f

FSK - Demodulation - Non-coherent

BPF @fc1 c1 S FSK(t) + n(t) BPF @fc2 c2

Envelope detector

+ -

Decision threshold

Data output

Envelope detector

FSK - Demodulation - Coherent

SFSK(t) + n(t)

LPF VCO @fc1 c1 + -

Decision threshold

Data output

LPF VCO @fc2 c2

Bit Error Rate (BER) - ASK/PSK

Channel N(t) s(t) + cos(2fct)
Tb

nTb

1 or 0 N

r(nTb)+N(nTb) Receiver

Probability of bit error: Pb=p(|N(nTb)|>N) N(nTb) is a Gaussian RV

BER ASK/PSK contd.

The expression for BER (or probability of error) normally contains the energy-to-noise ratio (E/No) The unit energy is:
E = ST Energy/bit

S = Signal power = Ac2/2,

Assume R = 1 Ohm
STb E = No No

Or in terms of signal to noise ratio (SNR)

Bit rate R = 1/Tb, thus

E S = No No R

BER ASK/PSK contd.

ASK & PSK can be represented as:

S ASK (t ) =

2E Tb

cos( 2f c t )

for i = 1, 2, ..

2E cos( 2f c t ) Tb S PSK (t ) = 2 E cos( 2f t ) c T b

for biary "1" 0 < t < Tb } for biary "0"

BER ASK
Coherent

Ps CASK
Non-Coherent

E = 0.5 erfc 2N o

Ps NCASK = 0.5 e

( E / 4 N )

E 0.5 erfc 2N o

erfc = Complementary error function, and one needs to use a standard table.

BER PSK
Coherent

Ps CPSK

(t ) = 0 .5erfc

E cos No

Differential

Ps DPSK (t ) = 0.5e

E N0

BER Vs. Signal -to-Noise Ratio

NC-ASK C-ASK

E/No (dB)

CPSK BER Vs. Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Various phase difference

P. M. Shankar

BER - FSK
The average energy / bit is given as:

Ac E = S FSK (t ) dt = Ac sin (c t ) dt = Tb 2 0 0
2 2 2

Tb

Tb

Pe CFSK

E = Q 2N o

Pe NCFSK

1 = e 2

E 2 No

Coherent

Non-coherent

BER FSK, ASK, and PSK

Equal E

NC-ASK NC-FSK

C-ASK & C-FSK

E/No (dB)

M-ARY Modulation Schemes

In ASK, PSK, and FSK each modulated carrier is capable of transmitting one bit of information. To increase the bit transmission rate one could allow each carrier signal to transmit more than one bit of information. This is called M-ARY Modulation Schemes. For example M = 4, there are four basic symbols (or carriers). Therefore a sequence of two binary bits can be transmitted by just 4-ary symbols.

M-Ary Modulation

Binary data Rb bits/sec

Digital-toanalogue converter (l -bits)

M = 2l level multi-level digital signal Rs =Rb/l

M-level modulated output Modulator

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Combines amplitude and phase modulation One symbol is used to represent n bits using one symbol BER increases with n, Offers improved BER compared to comparable PSK schemes

QAM Example : 16 - QAM

n = 4 bits = 1 symbol 0011 and 0001 have the same phase, but different amplitude. 0000 and 1000 have different phase, but same amplitude.
Q
0010 0001

0011

0000

I
1000

Used in standard 9600 bit/s modems

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

Bit 0 : sin t Bit 1 : - sin t Basic PSK Low spectral efficiency Robust, used in satellite communication systems

Q
1

I
0

Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

2 bits coded as one symbol Symbol shift of sine wave Less bandwidth then BPSK More complex
10

11

00

01

Relative, rather than the absolute phase shift could also be used: Differential QPSK

Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

The two QPSK constellations. Note that they differ by /4. When going from (1,1) to (-1, -1), the phase is shifted by . When going from (1, -1) to (1,1), the phase shifts by /2. Thus, depending on the incoming symbol, transitions from (1,1) can occur to (1,1), (1,-1), (-1, 1), or (-1, -1) or vice versa, leading to phase shifts of 0, /2, or in QPSK. I and Q represent the in-phase and quadrature bits, respectively. Arrows show all possible transitions.

Main Points
Most information today is in bits Digital baseband modulation uses simple techniques to encode bits into baseband analog signal. Digital passband modulation encodes binary bits into the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the carrier. Decision device in receiver uses threshold to determine which bit was sent. Bits errors occur when noise exceeds noise immunity threshold. BER in AWGN is a function of Eb/N0