SYLLABUS FOR 2011 BAR EXAMINATIONS

REMEDIAL LAW I. General Principles A. Concept of Remedial Law B. Substantive Law as Distinguished from Remedial Law C. Rule-making Power of the Supreme Court 1. Limitations on the rule-making power of the Supreme Court 2. Power of the Supreme Court to amend and suspend procedural rules D. Nature of Philippine Courts 1. Meaning of a court 2. Court as distinguished from a judge 3. Classification of Philippine courts 4. Courts of original and appellate jurisdiction 5. Courts of general and special jurisdiction 6. Constitutional and statutory courts 7. Courts of law and equity 8. Principle of judicial hierarchy 9. Doctrine of non-interference or doctrine of judicial stability II. Jurisdiction A. Jurisdiction over the parties 1. How jurisdiction over the plaintiff is acquired 2. How jurisdiction over the defendant is acquired B. Jurisdiction over the subject matter 1. Meaning of jurisdiction over the subject matter 2. Jurisdiction versus the exercise of jurisdiction 3. Error of jurisdiction as distinguished from error of judgment 4. How jurisdiction is conferred and determined 5. Doctrine of primary jurisdiction 6. Doctrine of adherence of jurisdiction 7. Objections to jurisdiction over the subject matter 8. Effect of estoppel on objections to jurisdiction C. Jurisdiction over the issues D. Jurisdiction over the res or property in litigation E. Jurisdiction of Courts 1. Supreme Court 2. Court of Appeals 3. Court of Tax Appeals 4. Sandiganbayan 5. Regional Trial Courts 6. Family Courts 7. Metropolitan Trial Courts/Municipal Trial Courts 8. Shariah Courts Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com F. Jurisdiction over small claims, cases covered by the rules on Summary Procedure and Barangay Conciliation G. Totality Rule III. Civil Procedure A. Actions 1. Meaning of ordinary civil actions 2. Meaning of special civil actions 3. Meaning of criminal actions 4. Civil actions versus Special proceedings 5. Personal actions and real actions 6. Local and transitory actions 7. Actions in rem, in personam and quasi in rem B. Cause of Action 1. Meaning of cause of action 2. Right of Action versus Cause of action 3. Failure to state a cause of action 4. Test of the sufficiency of a cause of action 5. Splitting a single cause of action and its effects 6. Joinder and misjoinder of causes of action C. Parties to Civil Actions 1. Real Parties in interest; Indispensable parties; Representatives as parties; Necessary parties; Indigent Parties; Alternative defendants 2. Compulsory and permissive joinder of parties 3. Misjoinder and non-joinder of parties 4. Class Suit 5. Suits against entities without juridical personality 6. Effect of death of party litigant D. Venue 1. Venue versus Jurisdiction 2. Venue of real actions 3. Venue of personal actions 4. Venue of actions against non-residents 5. When the Rules on Venue Do not Apply 6. Effects of Stipulations on Venue

E. Pleadings 1. Kinds of Pleadings a. Complaint b. Answer (1) Negative defenses (2) Negative pregnant (3) Affirmative Defenses c. Counterclaims (1) Compulsory counterclaim (2) Permissive counterclaim (3) Effect on the Counterclaim when the complaint is dismissed d. Cross-claims e. Third (fourth, etc.) party complaints Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com f. Complaint-in-intervention g. Reply 2. Pleadings allowed in small claim cases and cases covered by the rules on summary procedure 3. Parts of a pleading a. Caption b. Signature and address c. Verification and certification against forumshopping (1) Requirements of a corporation executing the verification/certification of non-forum shopping d. Effect of the signature of counsel in a pleading 4. Allegations in a pleading a. Manner of making allegations (1) Condition precedent (2) Fraud, mistake, malice, intent, knowledge and other condition of the mind, judgments, official documents or acts b. Pleading an actionable document c. Specific denials (1) Effect of failure to make specific denials (2) When a specific denial requires an oath 5. Effect of failure to plead 1. Failure to plead defenses and objections 2. Failure to plead a compulsory counterclaim and cross-claim 6. Default a. When a declaration of default is proper b. Effect of an order of default c. Relief from an order of default d. Effect of a partial default e. Extent of relief f. Actions where default are not allowed 7. Filing and Service of pleadings I. Payment of docket fees II. Filing versus service of pleadings III. Periods of filing of pleadings IV. Manner of filing V. Modes of service (1) Personal service (2) Service by mail (3) Substituted service (4) Service of judgments, final orders or resolutions (5) Priorities in modes of service and filing (6) When service is deemed complete (7) Proof of filing and service 8. Amendment a. Amendment as a matter of right Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. Amendments by leave of court c. Formal amendment d. Amendments to conform to or authorize presentation of evidence e. Different from supplemental pleadings f. Effect of amended pleading F. Summons 1. Nature and purpose of summons in relation to actions in personam, in rem and quasi in rem 2. Voluntary appearance 3. Personal service 4. Substituted service 5. Constructive service (by publication) a. Service upon a defendant where his identity is unknown or where his whereabouts are unknown b. Service upon residents temporarily outside the Philippines

6. Extra-territorial service, when allowed 7. Service upon prisoners and minors 8. Proof of service G. Motions 1. Motions in general a. Definition of a motion b. Motions versus pleadings c. Contents and form of motions d. Notice of hearing and hearing of motions e. Omnibus motion rule f. Litigated and ex parte motions g. Pro-forma motions 2. Motions for Bill of Particulars a. Purpose and when applied for b. Actions of the court c. Compliance with the order and effect of noncompliance d. Effect on the period to file a responsive pleading 3. Motion to Dismiss a. Grounds b. Resolution of Motion c. Remedies of plaintiff when the complaint is dismissed d. Remedies of the defendant when the motion is denied e. Effect of dismissal of complaint on certain grounds f. When grounds pleaded as affirmative defenses g. Bar by dismissal h. Distinguised from demurrer to evidence under Rule 33 H. Dismissal of Actions 1. Dismissal upon notice by plaintiff; Two-dismissal rule 2. Dismissal upon motion by plaintiff; effect on existing counterclaim Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Dismissal due to the fault of plaintiff 4. Dismissal of counterclaim, cross-claim or third-party complaint I. Pre-trial 1. Concept of pre-trial 2. Nature and purpose 3. Notice of pre-trial 4. Appearance of parties; effect of failure to appear 5. Pre-trial brief; effect of failure to appear 6. Distinction between pre-trial in civil case and pre-trial in criminal case 7. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) J. Intervention 1. Requisites for intervention 2. Time to intervene 3. Remedy for the denial of motion to intervene K. Subpoena 1. Subpoena duces tecum 2. Subpoena ad testificandum 3. Service of subpoena 4. Compelling attendance of witnesses; Contempt 5. Quashing of subpoena L. Modes of Discovery 1. Depositions pending action; Depositions before action or pending appeal a. Meaning of deposition b. Uses; Scope of examination c. When may objections to admissibility be made d. When may taking of deposition be terminated or its scope limited 2. Written interrogatories to adverse parties a. Consequences of refusal to answer b. Effect of failure to serve written interrogatories 3. Request for Admission a. Implied admission by adverse party b. Consequences of failure to answer request for admission c. Effect of admission d. Effect of failure to file and serve request for admission 4. Production or inspection of documents or things 5. Physical and mental examination of persons 6. Consequences of refusal to comply with modes of discovery M. Trial 1. Adjournments and postponements 2. requisites of motion to postpone trial a. for absence of evidence b. for illness of party or counsel Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Agreed statement of facts

4. Order of trial; reversal of order 5. Consolidation or Severance of hearing or trial 6. Delegation of reception of evidence 7. Trial by commissioners a. Reference by consent or ordered on motion b.Powers of the commissioner c. Commissioners report; notice to parties and hearing on the report N. Demurrer to Evidence 1. Ground 2. Effect of denial 3. Effect of grant 4. Waiver of right to present evidence 5. Demurrer to evidence in a civil case versus demurrer to evidence in a criminal case O. Judgments and Final Orders 1. Judgment without trial 2. Contents of a judgment 3. Judgment on the pleadings 4. Summary judgments a. for the claimant b. for the defendant c. when the case not fully adjudicated d. affidavits and attachments 5. Judgment on the pleadings versus summary judgments 6. Rendition of judgments and final orders 7. Entry of judgment and final order P. Post Judgment Remedies 1. Motion for New Trial or reconsideration a. Grounds b. When to file c. Denial of the motion; effect d. Grant of the motion; effect e. Remedy when motion is denied, Fresh 15-day period rule 2. Appeals in General a. Judgments and final orders subject to appeal b. Matters not appealable c. Remedy against judgments and orders which are not appealable d. Modes of appeal (1) Ordinary appeal (2) Petition for review (3) Petition for review on certiorari e. Issues to be raised on appeal f. Period of appeal g. Perfection of appeal h. Appeal from judgments or final orders of the MTC Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com i. Appeal from judgments or final orders of the RTC j. Appeal from judgments or final orders of the CA k. Appeal from judgments or final orders of the CTA l. Review of final judgments or final orders of the COA m. Review of final judgments or final orders of the COMELEC n. Review of final judgments or final orders of the CSC o. Review of final judgments or final orders of the Ombudsman p. Review of final judgments or final orders of the NLRC q. Review of final judgments or final orders of quasi-judicial agencies 3. Relief from judgments, orders and other proceedings a. Grounds for availing of the remedy b. Time to file petition c. Contents of petition 4. Annulment of Judgments or final orders and resolutions a. Grounds for annulment b. Period to file action c. Effects of judgment of annulment 5. Collateral attack of judgments Q. Execution, Satisfaction and Effect of Judgments 1. Difference between finality of judgment for purposes of appeal; for purposes of execution 2. When execution shall issue a. Execution as a matter of right b. Discretionary execution 3. How a judgment is executed a. Execution by motion or by independent action

b. Issuance and contents of a writ of execution c. Execution of judgments for money d. Execution of judgments for specific acts e. Execution of special judgments f. Effect of levy on third persons 4. Properties exempt from execution 5. Proceedings where property is claimed by third persons a. in relation to third party claim in attachment and replevin 6. Rules on Redemption 7. Examination of Judgment Obligor When Judgment is unsatisfied 8. Examination of Obligor of Judgment Obligor 9. Effect of Judgment or Final Orders 10. Enforcement and Effect of Foreign Judgments or Final Orders Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com R. Provisional Remedies 1. Nature of provisional remedies 2. Jurisdiction over provisional remedies 3. Preliminary Attachment a. Grounds for issuance of writ of attachment b. Requisites c. Issuance and contents of order of attachment; affidavit and bond d. Rule on prior or contemporaneous service of summons e. Manner of attaching real and personal property; when property attached is claimed by third person f. Discharge of attachment and the counter-bond g. Satisfaction of judgment out of property attached 4. Preliminary Injunction a. Definitions and Differences: Preliminary Injunction and Temporary Restraining Order b. Requisites c. Kinds of Injunction d. When writ may be issued e. Grounds for issuance of preliminary injunction f. Grounds for objection to, or for the dissolution of injunction or restraining order g. Duration of TRO h. In relation to RA 8975, Ban on issuance of TRO or Writ of Injunction in cases involving government infrastructure projects i. Rule on prior or contemporaneous service of summons in relation to attachment 5. Receivership a. Cases when receiver may be appointed b. Requisites c. Requirements before issuance of an Order d. General powers of a receiver e. Two (2) kinds of bonds f. Termination of receivership 6. Replevin a. When may writ be issued b. Requisites c. Affidavit and bond; Redelivery Bond d. Sheriffs duty in the implementation of the writ; when property is claimed by third party S. Special Civil Actions 1. Nature of special civil actions 2. Ordinary civil actions versus special civil actions 3. Jurisdiction and venue 4. Interpleader a. Requisites for interpleader b. When to file Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 5. Declaratory Reliefs and Similar Remedies a. Who may file the action b. Requisites of action for declaratory relief c. When court may refuse to make judicial declaration d. Conversion to ordinary action e. Proceedings considered as similar remedies A. Reformation of an instrument B. Consolidation of ownership C. Quieting of title to real property 6. Review of Judgments and Final Orders or Resolution of the COMELEC and COA a. Application of Rule 65 under Rule 64 b. Distinction in the application of Rule 65 to judgments of the COMELEC and COA and

the application of Rule 65 to other tribunals, persons and officers 7. Certiorari, Prohibition and Mandamus a. Definitions and distinctions b. Requisites c. When petition for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus is proper d. Injunctive relief e. Certiorari distinguished from Appeal by Certiorari; Prohibition and Mandamus distinguished from Injunction; when and where to file petition f. Exceptions to filing of motion for reconsideration before filing petition g. Reliefs petitioner is entitled to h. Actions/Omissions of MTC/RTC in election cases i. Where to file petition j. Effects of filing of an unmeritorious petition 8. Quo Warranto a. Distinguish from Quo Warranto in the Omnibus Election Code b. When government commence an action against individuals c. When individual may commence an action d. Judgment in Quo Warranto action e. Rights of a person adjudged entitled to public office 9. Expropriation a. Matters to allege in complaint for expropriation b. Two stages in every action for expropriation c. When plaintiff can immediately enter into possession of the real property, in relation to RA 8974 d. New system of immediate payment of initial just compensation e. Defenses and objections Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com f. Order of Expropriation g. Ascertainment of just compensation h. Appointment of Commissioners; Commissioners report; Court action upon commissioners report i. Rights of plaintiff upon judgment and payment j. Effect of recording of judgment 10. Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage a. Judgment on foreclosure for payment or sale b. Sale of mortgaged property; effect c. Disposition of proceeds of sale d. Deficiency judgment (1) Instances when court cannot render deficiency judgment e. Judicial foreclosure versus extrajudicial foreclosure f. Equity of redemption versus right of redemption 11. Partition a. Who may file complaint; who should be made defendants b. Matters to allege in the complaint for partition c. Two (2) stages in every action for partition d. Order of partition and partition by agreement e. Partition by commissioners; Appointment of commissioners, Commissioners report; Court action upon commissioners report f. Judgment and its effects g. Partition of personal property h. Prescription of action 12. Forcible Entry and Unlawful Detainer a. Definitions and Distinction b. Distinguished from accion publiciana and accion reinvindicatoria c. How to determine jurisdiction in accion publiciana and accion reinvindicatoria d. Who may institute the action and when; against whom the action may be maintained e. Pleadings allowed f. Action on the complaint g. When demand is necessary h. Preliminary injunction and preliminary mandatory injunction i. Resolving defense of ownership j. How to stay the immediate execution of judgment

k. Summary procedure, prohibited pleadings 13. Contempt a. Kinds of contempt b. Purpose and nature of each c. Remedy against direct contempt; penalty d. Remedy against indirect contempt; penalty e. How contempt proceedings are commenced Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com f. Acts deemed punishable as indirect contempt g. When imprisonment shall be imposed h. Contempt against quasi-judicial bodies IV. Special Proceedings A. Settlement of Estate of Deceased Persons, Venue and Process 1. Which court has jurisdiction 2. Venue in judicial settlement of estate 3. Extent of jurisdiction of Probate Court 4. Powers and Duties of Probate Court B. Summary Settlement of Estates 1. Extrajudicial settlement by agreement between heirs, when allowed 2. Two-year prescriptive period 3. Affidavit of Self-adjudication by sole heir 4. Summary settlement of estates of small value, when allowed 5. Remedies of aggrieved parties after extra-judicial settlement of estate C. Production and Probate of Will 1. Nature of probate proceeding 2. Who may petition for probate; persons entitled to notice D. Allowance or Disallowance of Will 1. Contents of petition for allowance of will 2. Grounds for disallowing a will 3. Reprobate; Requisites before will proved outside allowed in the Philippines; effects of probate E. Letters Testamentary and of Administration 1. When and To whom letters of administration granted 2. Order of preference 3. Opposition to issuance of letters testamentary; simultaneous filing of petition for administration 4. Powers and duties of Executors and Administrators; restrictions on the powers 5. Appointment of Special Administrator 6. Grounds for removal of administrator F. Claims Against the Estate 1. Time within which claims shall be filed; exceptions 2. Statute of Non-claims 3. Claim of Executor or administrator against the Estate 4. Payment of Debts G. Actions by and against Executors and Administrators 1. Actions that may be brought against executors and administrators 2. Requisites before creditor may bring an action for recovery of property fraudulently conveyed by the deceased Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com H. Distribution and Partition 1. Liquidation 2. Project of Partition 3. Remedy of an heir entitled to residue but not given his share 4. Instances when probate court may issue writ of execution I. Trustees 1. Distinguished from executor/administrator 2. Conditions of the Bond 3. Requisites for the removal and resignation of a trustee 4. Grounds for removal and resignation of a trustee 5. Extent of authority of trustee J. Escheat 1. When to file 2. Requisites for filing of petition 3. Remedy of respondent against petition; period for filing a claim K. Guardianship 1. General powers and duties of guardians 2. Conditions of the bond of the guardian 3. Rule on Guardianship over minor L. Adoption 1. Distinguish domestic adoption from inter-country adoption 2. Domestic Adoption Act a. effects of adoption

b. instances when adoption may be rescinded c. effects of rescission of adoption 3. Inter-country Adoption a. when allowed b. functions of the RTC c. best interest of the minor standard M. Writ of Habeas Corpus 1. Contents of the petition 2. Contents of the Return 3. Distinguish peremptory writ from preliminary citation 4. When not proper/applicable 5. When writ disallowed/discharged 6. Distinguish from writ of Amparo and Habeas Data 7. Rules on Custody of Minors and Writ of Habeas Corpus in Relation to Custody of Minors (AM No. 03-04-04-SC) N. Writ of Amparo (AM No. 07-9-12-SC) 1. Coverage 2. Distinguish from habeas corpus and habeas data 3. Differences between Amparo and search warrant 4. Who may file 5. Contents of return Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 6. Effects of failure to file return 7. Omnibus waiver rule 8. Procedure for hearing 9. Institution of separate action 10. Effect of filing of a criminal action 11. Consolidation 12. Interim reliefs available to petitioner and respondent 13. Quantum of proof in application for issuance of writ of Amparo O. Writ of Habeas Data (AM No. 08-1-16-SC) 1. Scope of writ 2. Availability of writ 3. Distinguish from Habeas Corpus and Amparo 4. Who may file 5. Contents of the petition 6. Contents of return 7. Instances when petition be heard in chambers 8. Consolidation 9. Effect of filing of a criminal action 10. Institution of separate action 11. Quantum of proof in application for issuance of writ of Amparo P. Change of Name 1. Differences under Rule 103, RA 9048 and Rule 108 2. Grounds for change of name Q. Absentees 1. Purpose of the Rule 2. Who may file; when to file R. Cancellation or Correction of Entries in the Civil Registry 1. Entries subject to cancellation or correction under Rule 108, in relation to RA 9048 S. Appeals in Special Proceeding 1. Judgments and orders for which appeal may be taken 2. When to appeal 3. Modes of appeal 4. Rule on Advance Distribution V. Criminal Procedure A. General Matters 1. Distinguish Jurisdiction over subject matter from jurisdiction over person of the accused 2. Requisites for exercise of criminal jurisdiction 3. Jurisdiction of Criminal courts 4. When injunction may be issued to restrain criminal prosecution B. Prosecution of Offenses 1. Criminal actions, how instituted 2. Who may file them, crimes that cannot be prosecuted de officio Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Criminal actions, when enjoined 4. Control of prosecution 5. Sufficiency of Complaint or Information 6. Designation of Offense 7. Cause of the Accusation 8. Duplicity of the Offense; Exception 9. Amendment or Substitution of complaint or information 10. Venue of criminal actions 11. Intervention of offended party C. Prosecution of Civil Action

1. Rule on implied institution of civil action with criminal action 2. When civil action may proceed independently 3. When separate civil action is suspended 4. Effect of the death of accused or convict on civil action 5. Prejudicial Question 6. Rule on Filing Fees in civil action deemed instituted with the criminal action D. Preliminary Investigation 1. Nature of right 2. Purposes of preliminary investigation 3. Who may conduct determination of existence of probable cause 4. Resolution of investigation prosecutor 5. Review 6. When warrant of arrest may issue 7. Cases not requiring a preliminary investigation 8. Remedies of accused if there was no preliminary investigation 9. Inquest E. Arrest 1. Arrest, how made 2. Arrest without warrant, when lawful 3. Method of arrest a. by officer with warrant b. by officer without warrant c. by private person 4. Requisites of a valid warrant of arrest 5. Determination of Probable Cause for issuance of warrant of arrest 6. Distinguish probable cause of fiscal from that of a judge F. Bail 1. Nature 2. When a matter of right; exceptions 3. When a matter of discretion 4. Hearing of application for bail in capital offenses 5. Guidelines in fixing amount of bail 6. Bail when not required 7. Increase or Reduction of Bail Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 8. Forfeiture and Cancellation of bail 9. Application not a bar to objections in illegal arrest, lack of or irregular preliminary investigation 10. Hold Departure Order & Bureau of Immigration Watchlist G. Rights of the Accused 1. Rights of accused at the trial 2. Rights of persons under Custodial Investigation H. Arraignment and Plea 1. Arraignment and Plea, how made 2. When should plea of NOT GUILTY be entered 3. When may accused enter a plea of guilty to a lesser offense 4. Accused plead guilty to capital offense, what the court should do 5. Searching Inquiry 6. Improvident plea 7. Grounds for suspension of arraignment I. Motion to Quash 1. Grounds 2. Distinguish from demurrer to evidence 3. Effects of sustaining the motion to quash 4. Exception to the rule that sustaining the motion is not a bar to another prosecution 5. Double Jeopardy 6. Provisional Dismissal J. Pre-trial 1. Matters to be considered during pre-trial 2. What the court should do when prosecution and offended party agree to the plea offered by the accused 3. Pre-trial agreement 4. Non-appearance during pre-trial 5. Pre-trial order 6. Referral of some cases for Court Annexed Mediation and Judicial Dispute Resolution K. Trial 1. Instances when presence of accused is required by law 2. Requisite before trial can be suspended on account of absence of witness 3. Trial in Absentia

4. Remedy when accused is not brought to trial within the prescribed period 5. Requisites for discharge of accused to become a state witness 6. Effects of Discharge of accused as state witness 7. Demurrer to Evidence L. Judgment 1. Requisites of a judgment 2. Contents of Judgment Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Promulgation of judgment; instances of promulgation of judgment in absentia 4. When does judgment become final (four instances) M. New Trial or Reconsideration 1. Grounds for New Trial 2. Grounds for Reconsideration 3. Requisites before a new trial may be granted on ground of newly discovered evidence 4. Effects of granting a new trial or reconsideration 5. Application of Neypes Doctrine in Criminal Cases N. Appeal 1. Effect of an Appeal 2. Where to appeal 3. How appeal taken 4. Effect of appeal by any of several accused 5. Grounds for dismissal of appeal O. Search and Seizure 1. Nature of search warrant 2. Distinguish from warrant of arrest 3. Application for search warrant, where filed 4. Probable Cause 5. Personal examination by judge of the applicant and witnesses 6. Particularity of place to be searched and things to be seized 7. Personal property to be seized 8. Exceptions to search warrant requirement a. Search incidental to lawful arrest b. Consented Search c. Search of moving vehicle d. Check points; body checks in airport e. Plain view situation f. Stop and Frisk situation g. Enforcement of Custom Laws 9. Remedies from unlawful search and seizure P. Provisional Remedies 1. Nature 2. Kinds of provisional remedies VI. Evidence A. General Principles 1. Concept of Evidence 2. Scope of the Rules of Evidence 3. Evidence in Civil Cases Versus Evidence in Criminal Cases 4. Proof Versus Evidence 5. Factum Probans Versus Factum Probandum 6. Admissibility of Evidence a. Requisites for admissibility of evidence b. Relevance of evidence and collateral matters Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com c. Multiple admissibility d. Conditional admissibility e. Curative admissibility f. Direct and circumstantial evidence g. Positive and negative evidence h. Competent and credible evidence 7. Burden of Proof and Burden of Evidence 8. Presumptions a. Conclusive presumptions b. Disputable presumptions 9. Liberal Construction of the Rules of Evidence 10. Quantum of Evidence (Weight And Sufficiency of Evidence) a. Proof beyond reasonable doubt b. Preponderance of evidence c. Substantial evidence d. Clear and convincing evidence B. Judicial Notice and Judicial Admissions 1. What Need Not be Proved 2. Matters of Judicial Notice a. Mandatory b. Discretionary 3. Judicial Admissions

a. Effect of judicial admissions b. How judicial admissions may be contradicted 4. Judicial Notice of Foreign Laws, Law of Nations and Municipal Ordinance C. Object (Real) Evidence 1. Nature of Object Evidence 2. Requisites for Admissibility 3. Categories of Object Evidence 4. Demonstrative Evidence 5. View of an Object or Scene 6. Chain of Custody in Relation to Section 21 of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 7. Rule on DNA Evidence (A.M. No. 06-11-5-SC) a. Meaning of DNA b. Applicable for DNA testing order c. Post-conviction DNA testing; remedy d. Assessment of probative value of DNA evidence and admissibility e. Rules on evaluation of reliability of the DNA testing Methodology D. Documentary Evidence 1. Meaning of Documentary Evidence 2. Requisites for Admissibility 3. Best Evidence Rule a. Meaning of the rule b. When applicable c. Meaning of original Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com d. Requisites for introduction of secondary evidence 4. Rules on Electronic Evidence (A.M. No. 01-7-01SC) a. Meaning of electronic evidence; electronic data massage b. Probative value of electronic documents or evidentiary weight; method of proof c. Authentication of electronic documents and electronic signatures d. Electronic documents and the hearsay rule e. Audio, photographic, video and ephemeral evidence 5. Parol Evidence Rule a. Application of the parol evidence rule b. When parole evidence can be introduced c. Distinctions between the best evidence rule and parol evidence rule 6. Authentication and Proof of Documents a. Meaning of authentication b. Public and private documents c. When a private writing requires authentication; proof of a private writing d. When evidence of authenticity of a private writing is not required (ancient documents) e. How to prove genuineness of a handwriting f. Public documents as evidence; proof of official record g. Attestation of a copy h. Public record of a public document i. Proof of lack of record j. How a judicial record is impeached k. Proof of notarial documents l. How to explain alterations in a document m. Documentary evidence in an unofficial language E. Testimonial Evidence 1. Qualifications of a Witness 2. Competency Versus Credibility of a Witness 3. Disqualifications of Witnesses a. Disqualification by reason of mental capacity or immaturity b. Disqualification by reason of marriage c. Disqualification by reason of death or insanity of adverse party d. Disqualification by reason of privileged communications (1) Husband and wife (2) Attorney and client (3) Physician and patient D. Priest and penitent E. Public officers Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com e. Parental and filial privilege rule 4. Examination of a Witness a. Rights and obligations of a witness b. Order in the examination of an individual

witness (1) Direct examination (2) Cross examination (3) Re-direct examination (4) Re-cross examination (5) Recalling the witness c. Leading and misleading questions d. Methods of impeachment of adverse partys witness e. How the witness is impeached by evidence of inconsistent statements (laying the predicate) VI. Evidence of the good character of a witness 5. Admissions and Confessions a. Res inter alios acta rule b. Admission by a party c. Admission by a third party d. Admission by a co-partner or agent e. Admission by a conspirator f. Admission by privies g. Admission by silence h. Confessions i. Similar acts as evidence 6. Hearsay Rule a. Meaning of hearsay b. Reason for exclusion of hearsay evidence c. Exceptions to the hearsay rule (1) Dying declaration (2) Declaration against interest (3) Act or declaration about pedigree (4) Family reputation or tradition regarding pedigree E. Common reputation F. Part of the res gestae G. Entries in the course of business H. Entries in official records I. Commercial lists and the like J. Learned treaties K. Testimony or deposition at a former trial 7. Opinion Rule a. Opinion of expert witness b. Opinion of ordinary witness 8. Character Evidence a. Criminal cases b. Civil cases Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 9. Rule on Examination of a Child Witness (A.M. No. 004-07-SC) a. Applicability of the rule b. Meaning of child witness c. Competency of a child witness d. Examination of a child witness e. Live-link TV testimony of a child witness f. Videotaped deposition of a child witness g. Hearsay exception in child abuse cases h. Sexual abuse shield rule i. Protective orders F. Offer and Objection 1. Offer of Evidence 2. When to Make an Offer 3. Objection 4. Repetition of an Objection 5. Ruling 6. Striking Out of an Answer 7. Tender of Excluded Evidence G. Supreme Court Rulings as of December 2010 VII. Revised Rules on Summary Procedure A. Cases covered by the Rule B. Effect of failure to answer C. Preliminary conference and appearances of parties VIII. Katarungang Pambarangay A. Cases covered B. Subject matter for amicable settlement C. Venue D. When parties may directly go to court E. Execution F. Repudiation IX. Rule of Procedure for Small Claims Cases (AM No. 08-8-7SC) A. Scope and applicability of the Rule B. Commencement of small claims action; Response C. Prohibited pleadings and motions D. Appearances E. Hearing; duty of the judge

F. Finality of judgment X. Rules of Procedure for Environmental Cases (AM No. 09-68-SC) A. Scope and Applicability of the Rule B. Civil Procedure 1. Prohibition against Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary Injunction 2. Pre-trial Conference; Consent Decree Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Prohibited Pleadings and Motions 4. Temporary Environmental Protection Order (TEPO) 5. Judgment and Execution; Reliefs in a citizens suit 6. Permanent Environmental Protection Order; Writ of continuing mandamus 7. Strategic Lawsuit against Public Participation C. Special Proceedings 1. Writ of Kalikasan 2. Prohibited pleadings and motions 3. Discovery measures 4. Writ of Continuing Mandamus D. Criminal Procedure 1. Who may file 2. Institution of criminal and civil action 3. Arrest without warrant, when valid 4. Procedure in the custody and disposition of seized items 5. Bail 6. Arraignment and Plea 7. Pre-trial 8. Subsidiary liabilities E. Evidence 1. Precautionary principle 2. Documentary evidence IMPORTANT NOTE: This bar coverage description is not intended and should not be used by law schools as a syllabus or course outline in the covered subjects. It has been drawn up for the limited purpose of ensuring that candidates reviewing for the bar examinations are guided on what basic and minimum amounts of laws, doctrines, and principles they need to know and be able to use correctly before they can be licensed to practice law. More is required for excellent and distinguished work as members of the Bar.

EXCLUDE: Muslim Code, (PD 1083) A. Requisites 1. Nature of Marriage, Art. 1 2. Kinds of Requisites, Arts. 2-3 3. Effect of absence of requisites, Art. 4 4. Essential Art. 5 a. Age, Art. 5 5. Ceremony, Art. 6 6. Formal Arts. 7, 31, 32 7. Solemnizing authority, Art. 7-8, 10 a. Exceptions Art. 35 (2) 8. License Required Arts 3 (2), 9, 11, 20, 26 a. Foreign National Art. 21 b. Exceptions Arts. 27, 31-32, 34 9. Marriage Certificate, Art. 22 EXCLUDE: Duties of a Civil Registrar, Arts. 12-19, 23-25 B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce, Art. 26 C. Void and Voidable marriages 1. Void Marriage Arts. 5, 35, 36-8, 52-3 a. Absence of Requisites, Art. 35 b. Psychological incapacity, Art. 36 c. Incestous marriages, Arts. 37-38 2. Prescription, Art. 39 3. Subsequent marriage, Arts. 40-44 4. Annullable marriage, Arts. 14, 45-46 5. Voidable marriages, Art. 45-47 6. Presence of prosecutor, Art. 48 7. Pendency of action, Art. 49 8. Effects of nullity, Arts. 50-54 EXCLUDE: SC Rules on Procedure (Nullity and Provisional Orders), R.A. 6955, An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice of Matching Filipino Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals, RA 9208, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com III. Legal Separation A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, Anti-Violence Against Women and Children B. Defenses, Arts. 56-57 C. Cooling-off Period, Art. 58 D. Reconciliation efforts, Art. 59 E. Confession of Judgment, Art. 60 F. Effects of Filing Petition, Art. 61 G. Effects of pendency, Art. 62 H. Effects of legal separation, Arts. 63-64 I. Reconciliation, Arts. 65-67 EXCLUDE: SC Rules on legal separation IV. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife A. Essential Obligations, Art. 68 B. Family domicile, Art. 69 C. Support, Art. 70 D. Management of household, Art. 71 E. Effect of neglect of duty, Art. 72 F. Exercise of profession, Art. 73 EXCLUDE: R.A. 7192, An Act Promoting the Integration of Womens as Full and Equal Partners of Men in Development and Nation Building, RA 8187, An Act Granting Paternity Leave, RA 9710, Magna Carta for Women V. Property Relations of the Spouses A. Marriage Settlements, Arts. 76-81 B. Donations by Reason of Marriage, Arts. 82-83, 86, 43(3), 50 C. Void donations by the spouses, Art. 87 D. Absolute Community of property 1. General Provisions, Arts. 75-85, 88-90 2. What constitutes Community Property, Arts. 91-93 3. Charges Upon and Obligations of the Community Property, Arts. 94-95 4. Ownership, Administration, Enjoyment and Disposition of the Community Property, Arts. 96-98 5. Dissolution of Community Regime, Arts. 99-101 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 6. Liquidation of the Absolute Community Assets and Liabilities, Arts. 102-104 E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains 1. General Provision, Arts. 105-108 2. Exclusive Property of Each Spouse, Arts. 109-115

CIVIL LAW I. Effect and Application of Laws New Civil Code A. When law takes effect, NCC Art. 2 B. Ignorance of the Law, NCC Art. 3 C. Retroactivity of Laws, NCC Art. 4 D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws, NCC Art. 5 E. Waiver of Rights, NCC Art. 6 F. Repeal of Laws, NCC Art. 7 G. Judicial Decisions, NCC Art. 8 H. Duty to Render Judgment, NCC Art. 9 I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom, NCC Arts 10-12 J. Legal Periods, NCC Art. 13 K. Applicability of Penal Laws, NCC Art. 14 L. Conflict of Laws, NCC Arts. 15-18, relative to Divorce, Art. 26 (2) II. Human Relations New Civil Code A. NCC Art. 19-22, relative to breach of promise to marry B. Independent Civil Actions EXCLUDE: to be covered by Remedial Law C. Prejudicial Questions EXCLUDE: to be covered by Remedial Law PERSONS I. Persons and Personality New Civil Code A. Capacity to Act 1. Civil Personality, NCC Art. 37 2. Restrictions on Capacity to Act, NCC 38-39 3. Birth, NCC 40-41 4. Death, NCC 42-43 a. Compare Art. 43 with Rule 131, Sec. 3 (jj) presumption of Survivorship EXCLUDE: NCC 44-47 B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 50-51 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com II. Marriage Family Code (Aug. 3, 1988)

3. Conjugal Partnership Property, Arts. 116-120 4. Charges upon and obligations of the CPG, Arts. 121-123 5. Administration of the CPG, Arts. 124-125 6. Dissolution of CPG Regime, Arts. 126-128 7. Liquidation of the Conjugal Partnership Assets and Liabilities, Arts. 129-133 F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage, Arts. 134-142 G. Regime of Separation of Property, Arts. 143-146 H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage, Arts. 147148 VI. The Family A. The Family as an Institution, Arts. 149-151 B. The Family Home, Arts. 152-165 EXCLUDE: Arts. 157, 161 and 162 VII. Paternity and Filiation A. Legitimate Children, Arts. 163-171 B. Proof of Filiation, Arts. 172-174 C. Illegitimate Children, Art. 175 and Art. 176 as amended by RA 9255 D. Legitimated Children, Arts. 177-182 EXCLUDE: SC Rule on DNA Evidence VIII. Adoption EXCLUDE: Family Code, Arts. 183-188, 191-193 A. RA 8552 Domestic Adoption Law 1. Who can adopt 2. Who can be adopted 3. Rights of an adopted child include FC, Arts. 189 and 190 on successional rights Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 4. Rescission of adoption EXCLUDE: AM No. 02-6-02-S.C. (Aug. 22, 2002), RA 9523 requiring certification of the department of DSWD to declare a child legally available for adoption B. RA 8043, The Law on Inter- Country Adoption 1. Who can Adopt 2. Who can be adopted IX. Support A. What it Compromises, Art. 194 B. Who are Obliged, Arts. 195-197, 199-200, 206-208 C. Support during marriage litigation, Art. 198 D. Amount, Arts. 201-202 E. When Demandable, Art. 203 F. Options, Art. 204 G. Attachment, Art. 205 X. Parental Authority A. General Provisions, Arts. 209-215 B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority, Arts. 216-219 C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children, Arts. 220-224 EXCLUDE: Rule on Guardianship of Minors, Rule on Custody of Minors, RA 8972 Solo Parents Act, RA 8980 Policy for Childhood Care D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children, Arts. 225-227 EXCLUDE: RA 9231 Child Labor Law (to be covered by Labor Law) E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority, Arts. 228-233 RA 7610 Child Abuse Law XI. Emancipation Arts. 234 and 236, as amended by RA 6809 XII. Summary Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com XIII. Final Provisions Retroactive effect, Art. 256 EXCLUDE: Arts. 254-255, 257 XIV. Funeral, NCC Arts. 305-301 EXCLUDE: Care and Education of Children, Arts. 356-363 XV. Use of surnames Arts. 364-369, 369-380 (other articles repealed by Family Code) XVI. Absence NCC Art. 43; Art. 41 Family Code A. Provisional measures in Case of Absence, Arts. 381-383 B. Declaration of Absence, Arts. 384-389 C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee, arts. 387389 D. Presumption of Death, Arts. 390-392 EXCLUDE: Arts. 393-396, contingent assets XVII. Civil Registrar A. Arts. 407-413 B. RA 9048-clerical errors C. Rule 108, Rules of Court EXCLUDE: Act. No. 375, IRR of RA 9048

PROPERTY I. Characteristics II. Classification Arts. 415-418 A. Hidden Treasure Arts. 438-9 B. Right of Accession Art. 440 1. Fruits Arts. 441-4 2. With respect to Immovable Property a. Builder, planter, sower on land of another in concept of owner (1) Builder, planter, sower in good faith Arts. 448456 (2) Builder, planter, sower in bad faith Arts. 449450 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. Usufructuary, Art. 579 3. Lands adjoining river banks a. Alluvion Art. 457 b. Change of course of river Arts. 461-246, see Water Code PD 1067 c. Avulsion- Arts. 459-463 4. Islands Arts. 464-465 C. By Object 1. Real or immovable 2. Personal or Movable D. By Owner 1. Of public dominion 2. Of private ownership a. Patrimonial property distinction between private property of individual persons, and of State entities E. By Nature 1. Consumable/non-consumable vs. Fungible/non-fungible III. Ownership A. Right in general 1. Bundle of rights a. Jus utendi, fruendi, abutendi, vindicandi, disponendi (possidendi) (1) Actions to recover ownership and possession of real property (a) Distinctions between accion reivindicatoria, accion publiciana, accion interdictal (b) Distinction between forcible entry and unlawful detainer (2) Actions for recovery of possession of moveable property (3) Requisites for recovery of property proof of right; identity; reliance on strength of own evidence not weakness of defendants claim 2. Distinction between real and personal rights B. Modes of acquiring ownership Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 1. original, derivative C. Limitations 1. General limitations taxation, eminent domain, police power 2. Specific Limitations imposed by law, sic utere tuo, nuisance, stat of necessity, easements voluntarily imposed by owner: servitudes, mortgages imposed by contract IV. Accession A. Right to hidden treasure B. General Rules: 1. For immovables: a. Accession discreta (natural and industrial civil fruits) and continua (over immovables: artificial/industrial and natural) b. Accession industrial (building, avulsion, rivers, islands) c. Accession natural (accretion, avulsion, rivers, islands) 2. For movables: a. Accession continua (conjuction, adjunction, commixtion/ confusion, specification) b. Rules for determining the principal and accessory V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property A. Requirement B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud C. Prescription/non-prescription of action VI. Co-ownership A. Characteristics of co-ownership 1. In general 2. Special rules: a. Concept of condominium

(1) Condominium corporation (2) Interest in real property (3) Concept of common areas, amendment Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (4) Documents to consider (master deed, declaration of restrictions, articles and by-laws of the condominium corporation or the association where applicable b. Rights and obligations of condominium owner (1) Contributions/Dues (2) PD 957 and RA 6552 c. Grounds for partition of common areas, or dissolution of the condominium B. Source of co-ownership C. Rights of co-owners 1. Distinction between right to property owned in common and full ownership over his/her ideal share 2. Right to oppose acts of alteration 3. Right to partition 4. Right to contributions for expenses (necessary expenses, taxes) 5. Waiver 6. Right to redemption of co-owners share D. Termination/extinguishment 1. Effect of partition 2. Rights against individual co-owners in case of partition 3. Partition in case co-owners cannot agree VII. Possession A. Characteristics B. Acquisition of Possession Art. 531 C. Effects of Possession 1. Possessor in Good Faith Arts. 544, 526-527 a. Right to pending fruits Art. 545 b. Right to be reimbursed (1) Necessary and useful expenses Arts. 546-547 (2) Expenses for pure luxury Art. 548 2. Possessor in Bad Faith Arts. 449, 549, 552 D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable Arts. 559, 1505 (3) 1. Period to Recover Arts. 1140, 1134, 1132, 1133 2. Finder of Lost Movable Arts. 719-720 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Distinguished from voidable title Art. 1506 E. In concept of owner, holder, in ones own name, in name of another F. Rights of the possessor G. Loss/termination VIII. Usufruct A. Characteristics B. Classification C. Rights and obligations of usufructuary D. Rights of the owner E. Extinction/termination IX. Easements Arts. 613, 615-616 A. Characteristics B. Classification 1. Legal easements a. Right of way 2. Voluntary easements Art. 688 a. Effect of Zoning ordinance C. Modes of Acquiring Easements 1. Compulsory easements Arts. 620-624 2. Easement of light and view Arts. 669-673 X. Nuisance Art. 694 XI. Action to Quiet Title Arts. 476-480 XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership Art. 712 A. Occupation Art. 713 B. Donation 1. Definition Arts. 725-6, 746 2. Characteristics a. Extent to which donor may donate property b. Reservations and reversions 3. Kinds a. Donation Inter Vivos Art. 729 b. Donation By Reason of Marriage Family Code Arts. 82-83, 86 c. Donation Mortis Causa Art. 728 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com d. Onerous Donation Art. 733 e. Simple, modal, conditional 4. Formalities required a. How made and accepted

b. Perfection c. Differences between formalities for donation of real, personal properties (1) Movables Art. 748 (2) Immovables Art. 749 5. Qualifications of donor, donee 6. Effects of donation/limitations a. In general b. Double donations c. Excessive/inofficious d. Scope of amount Arts. 750-752 e. In fraud of creditors Art. 759 7. Void Donations Arts. 739-740, 1027 8. Revocation or reduction a. Grounds for revocation, grounds for reduction b. How done c. Effects d. Prescription e. Innofficious Donations Arts. 760-761, 771-775 f. Ingratitude Arts. 765, 769 EXCLUDE: Intellectual Creations to be covered by Mercantile Law PRESCRIPTION I. Definition Art. 1106 A. Acquisitive Art. 1117 1. Characteristics 2. Ordinary a. Good Faith Art. 1127 b. Just title Arts. 1129-1130 3. Extraordinary Arts. 1137, 1132 second par. 4. Requisites Arts. 1118-1125 5. Period Arts. 1132, 1134, 1138 6. What cannot be required by acquisitive prescription Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com B. Extinctive 1. Characteristics 2. Requisites 3. Periods II. No Prescription Applicable A. By Offender Art. 1133 B. Registered Lands PD 1529 C. Art. 1143, NCC 1. Action legal to demand a right of way Art. 649 2. To abate a nuisance D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession E. Void contracts Art. 1410 F. Action to demand partition Art. 494 1. Distinguished from laches G. Property of public dominion III. Prescription or Limitation of Actions A. To recover movables Art. 1140 B. To recover immovables Art. 1141 C. Other actions Arts. 1142-1149 IV. Interruption Art. 1155 V. Nuisance A. Definition B. Classification C. Remedies OBLIGATIONS I. Definition II. Elements of an Obligation III. Different Kinds of Prestations IV. Classification of Obligations V. Sources of Obligations Arts. 1156-7 A. A single act or omission can give rise to different causes of action Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com B. Natural Obligations C. Extra-contractual Obligations VI. Nature and Effect of obligations A. Obligation to give 1. A determinate or specific thing 2. An indeterminate or generic thing B. Obligation to do or not to do C. Breaches of obligations 1. Complete failure to perform 2. Default, delay or mora no default unless creditors makes a demand; Exceptions (Art. 1169) a. Mora solvendi b. Mora accipiendi c. Compesatio morae 3. Fraud in the performance of obligation a. Waiver of future fraud is void (Art. 1171) 4. Negligence (culpa) in the performance of obligation

a. Diligence normally required is ordinary diligence or diligence of a good father of a family; exceptions common carriers requiring extraordinary diligence (Arts. 1998-2002) 5. Contravention of the tenor of obligation 6. Legal excuse for breach of obligation fortuitous event; requisites D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach 1. Specific Performance a. Substituted performance by a third person on obligation to deliver generic thing and in obligation to do, unless a purely personal act 2. Rescission (resolution in reciprocal obligations) 3. Damages, in any event 4. Subsidiary remedies of creditors (Art. 1177) a. Accion subrogatoria b. Accion pauliana c. Accion directa (Arts. 1652, 1608, 1729, 1893) VII. Kinds of civil obligations A. Pure Arts. 1179-1180 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com B. Conditional Art. 1181 1. Suspensive condition 2. Resolutory condition 3. Potestative casual or mixed a. Obligations subject to potestative suspensive conditions are void (Art. 1182) 4. Effect of the happening of suspensive condition (Art. 1187); resolutory condition no retroactivity 5. Effect of loss of specific thing or deterioration or improvement of specific thing before suspensive condition (Art. 1189); if this occurs in resolutory condition in obligation to do or not to do (1190, par. 3) C. Obligation with a period or a term Art. 1193 1. Suspensive period; effect suspensive period is for the benefit of both debtor and of creditor, unless given in favor of one of them; if given to debtor alone, debtor losses benefit of period in any of the five cases in Art. 1198 obligation retroact to the day of its constitution 2. Resolutory period 3. Definite or indefinite period a. Instances when courts may fix the period (Art. 1197) b. Creditor must ask court to set the period, before he can demand payment D. Alternative or Facultative Art. 1199 1. Difference between alternative and facultative obligations 2. Effect of loss of specific things or impossibility of performance of alternative, through fault of debtor/creditor or through fortuitous events VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation A. Joint (divisible) obligation 1. Concurrence of two or more creditors and or two or more debtors a. Joint obligation is presumed, unless otherwise indicated by the law or nature of obligation (Art. 1207) b. Obligation presumed to be divided into as many equal shares as there are creditors or debtors c. Each credit is distinct from one another, therefore a joint debtor cannot be required to pay for the share of another with debtor, although he may pay if he wants to (Art. 1209) Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com d. Insolvency of a joint debtor, others not liable for his share (Art. 1209) B. Joint Indivisible Obligation 1. Obligation cannot be performed in parts but debtors are bound jointly 2. In case of failure of one joint debtor to perform his part (share), there is default but only debtor guilty shall be liable for damages C. Solidary obligation 1. Anyone of the solidary creditors may collect or demand payment of whole obligation; there is mutual agency among solidary debtors (Arts. 1214, 1215) 2. Any of the solidary debtor may be required to pay the whole obligation; there is mutual guaranty among solidary debtors (Arts. 1216, 1217, 1222) 3. Each one of solidary creditors may do whatever maybe useful to the others, but not anything prejudicial to them (Art. 1212); however, any novation, compensation, confusion or remission of debt executed by any solidary creditor shall extinguish the obligation without prejudice to his liability for the shares of the other

solidary creditors D. Divisible and Indivisible Art. 1225 E. Obligations with a Penal Clause Arts. 1226, 1228-1230 IX. Extinguishment of Obligations A. Payment Arts. 1236-1238 1. Dation in payment Art. 1245 2. Form of payment Art. 1249 3. Extraordinary inflation or deflation Art. 1250 4. Application of payment Art. 1252-1254 5. Tender of Payment and Consignation Arts. 1256-1261 B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance Arts. 1262, 1266-1267 C. Condonation or Remission of Debt Art. 1270 1. Express Formality of Donation art. 1270 2. Implied Arts. 1271, 1272, 1274 D. Confusion Arts. 1275, 1272 E. Compensation Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 1. Kinds Arts. 1278, 1279 a. Legal compensation Arts. 1286-1290 b. Agreement Art. 1282 c. Voluntary Art. 1282 d. Judicial Art. 1283 e. Facultative 2. Obligations not compensable Art. 1287-1288 F. Novation Arts. 1291-1304 CONTRACTS I. Essential Requisites Art. 1261 II. Kinds of Contracts A. Consensual B. Real C. Formal or Solemn 1. Donations Arts. 748-749 2. Partnership where real property contributed Arts. 1771, 1773 3. Antichresis Art. 2134 4. Agency to sell real property or an interest therein Art. 1874 5. Stipulation to charge interest Art. 1956 6. Stipulation limiting common carriers duty of extraordinary diligence to ordinary diligence Art. 1744 7. Chattel mortgage 8. Sale of large cattle III. Formality Arts. 1356, 1357, 1358 IV. Defective Contracts A. Rescissible Contracts Art. 1381 1. Difference with Rescission (resolution) under Art. 1191 B. Voidable Contracts Arts. 1328-1344, 1390-1402 C. Unenforceable Contracts Arts. 1403-1407, 1317 D. Void Contracts Arts. 1409, 1346 1. Pactum commissorium - Arts. 2088, 2130, 1390 2. Pactum de non alienando Art. 2130 3. Pactumleonina Art. 1799 V. Effect of Contracts Art. 1311 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com SALES I. Introduction A. Definition of Sales Arts. 1458, 1470 B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale Art. 1505 C. Stages of Contract of Sale D. Obligations Created Art. 1165 E. Characteristics of a Contract of Sale F. Sale is Title and Not Mode G. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts H. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell II. Parties to a Contract of Sale A. Capacity of parties Arts. 1489-1492 B. Absolute incapacity Arts. 1327, 1397, 1399 C. Relative incapacity: Married Persons D. Special disqualifications Arts. 1491-1492 III. Subject Matter A. Requisites of a valid subject matter Arts. 1459-1465 B. Particular kinds IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery Arts. 1462, 1505, 1459 1. Exceptions B. Sale by a person having a voidable title Arts. 1506, 559 V. Price A. Meaning of price Arts. 1469-1474 B. Requisites for a valid price C. How price is determined D. Inadequacy of price Arts. 1355, 1470 E. When no price agreed Art. 1474

F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon G. Earnest money vs. option money art. 1482 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com VI. Formation of Contract of Sale A. Preparatory Art. 1479 1. Offer Art. 1475 2. Option Contract Arts. 1479, 1324 3. Right of First Refusal 4. Mutual Promise to Buy and Sell Art. 1479 B. Perfection Arts. 1475, 1319, 1325, 1326 C. Formalities of the Contract Art. 1403 (d) (e) VII. Transfer of Ownership A. Manner of Transfer Arts. 1477, 1496-1501 B. When delivery does not transfer title C. Kinds of delivery D. Double Sales Art. 1544 E. Property Registration Decree 1. Requisites for registration of deed of sale in good faith 2. Accompanied by vendors duplicate certificate of title, payment of capital gains tax, and documentary tax registration fees VIII. Risk of Loss A. General rule Arts. 1263, 1189 B. When loss occurred before perfection C. When loss occurred at time of perfection Arts. 1493 and 1494 D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery E. When ownership is transferred Art. 1504 IX. Documents of Title A. Definition Art. 1636 B. Purpose of documents of title C. Negotiable documents of title D. Non-negotiable documents of title E. Warranties of seller of documents of title Art. 1516 F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods Arts. 1514, 1519, 1520 X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller A. Definition of unpaid seller Art. 1525 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com B. Remedies of unpaid seller XI. Performance of Contract A. Delivery of thing sold 1. Sale of Movables Arts. 1522, 1537, 1480 2. Sale of Immovables Arts. 1539, 1543 3. Inspections and Acceptance B. Payment of price XII. Warranties A. Express warranties B. Implied warranties Art. 1547 C. Effects of warranties D. Effects of waivers E. Buyers options in case of breach of warranty Art. 1599 XIII. Breach of Contract A. Remedies of the Seller Arts. 1636, 1594 1. Sale of Movables B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment Arts. 1484-1486 1. Sale of Immovables a. PD 957, sec. 23, 24 b. Maceda Law: Sale of Immovables on Installment C. Remedies of the Buyer 1. Sale of Movable 2. Sale of Immovables XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale A. Causes Arts. 1600, 1231 B. Conventional redemption Art. 1601 C. Equitable mortgage Arts. 1602-1604 D. Distinguish from option to buy Art. 1602 E. Period of redemption Art. 1606 F. Exercise of the right to redeem Art. 1616 G. Legal redemption Art. 1619 H. Age redemption Art. 1619 XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957) Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726) EXCLUDE: Electronic Commerce Act, Public Land Law, Retail Trade and Liberalization Act, Bulk Sales Law SUCCESSION I. General Provisions (Arts. 774-780) A. Definition/What is transmitted Arts. 774, 776, 781 B. Succession occurs at the moment of death Art. 777 C. Kinds of Successors Heirs, Devisees, Legatees Art. 782 II. Testamentary Succession A. Wills 1. In General a. Definition and characteristics - (Arts. 783-787)

(1) Personal Act; Non-delegability of will-making Arts. 784-785, 787; exception 786 (2) Rules of Construction and Interpretation/Law Governing Formal Validity Art. 788-795 2. Testamentary Capacity and Intent (Arts. 796-803) a. Age Requirement Art. 797 b. Soundness of Mind; Presumptions Arts. 798-801 3. Form a. Formal Validity Rules - Arts. 17, 815-817, 819 (1) See Law Governing Substantive Validity Arts. 15, 16, 1039 b. Common requirements Art. 804 (1) In Writing (2) Language/Dialect Requirement c. Notarial Wills (1) Arts. 805-806 (2) Special rules for handicapped testators Arts. 807-808 (3) Substantial Compliance Art. 809 (4) Requisites Arts. 820-824 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com d. Holographic Wills (1) Requirements Arts. 810-814 (2) Witnesses Required for Probate Art. 811 Alterations, Requirements Art. 814 e. Joint Wills Arts. 818-819 4. Codicils, Definition and Formal Requirements Arts. 825-826 5. Incorporate by Reference 6. Revocation (Arts. 828-834); kinds (Art. 830) 7. Allowance and Disallowance of Wills (Arts. 838-839) a. Probate Requirement Art. 838 (1) Issues to be Resolved in Probate Proceedings Art. 839 (a) Exceptions when practical considerations demand the intrinsic validity of the will be resolved (2) Effect of Final Decree of Probate, Res Judicata on Formal Validity b. Grounds for Denying Probate Art. 839 B. Institution of Heirs (Arts. 840-856) 1. Preterition Definition, Requisites and Effects (Art. 854) 2. Concept Art. 854 3. Compulsory Heirs in the Direct Line 4. Preterition vs. Disposition less than Legitime/Donation Inter Vivos Arts. 855, 906-918 5. Effects of Preterition, devisees only entitled to completion of legitime C. Substitution of Heirs (Arts. 857-870) 1. Definition Art. 857 2. Kinds Arts. 858-860 3. Simple Substitution Art. 859 4. Fideicommissary Substitution Arts. 863-866, 869 D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term Arts. 871-885 E. Legitime (Arts. 886-914) 1. Definition Art. 886 2. Compulsory Heirs and Various Combinations Arts. 887-903 Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Reserva Troncal Art. 891 4. Disinheritance a. Disinheritance for cause Art. 919 (1) Reconciliation Art. 922 (2) Rights of descendants of person disinherited Art. 923 b. Disinheritance without cause - Art. 918 5. Legacies and Devisees Arts. 924-959 III. Legal or Intestate Succession Arts. 960-1014 A. General Provisions Arts. 960-969 1. Relationship Arts. 963-969 2. Right of Representation Arts. 970-977 B. Order of Intestate Succession Arts. 978-1014, 992 IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession Arts. 1015-1105 A. Right of Accretion Arts. 1015-1023 1. Definition and Requisites Arts. 1015-1016 B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy (Arts. 1024-1040) 1. Persons Incapable of Succeeding Arts. 1027, 739, 1032 2. Unworthiness vs. Disinheritance C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance Arts. 1041-1057 D. Collation Arts. 908-910, 1061-1062

E. Partition and Distribution of Estate Arts. 1078-1105 1. Partition Arts. 1079, 1080 2. Partition inter vivos 3. Effects of Partition Arts. 1091, 1097, 1100, 1104-1105 EXCLUDE: Executors and Administrators (Arts. 1058-1060) to be covered by Remedial Law PARTNERSHIP I. Contract of partnership A. Definition B. Elements Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com C. Rules to determine existence D. How partnership is formed E. Partnership term F. Universal vs. Particular; General vs. Limited G. Partnership by estoppel H. Partnership v. Joint Venture I. Professional partnership J. Management Arts. 1800-1803 II. Rights and obligations of partnership III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons V. Dissolution Art. 1830 VI. Limited partnership A. Definition B. How limited partnership is formed/amended C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner EXCLUDE: Questions requiring application of SEC opinions or regulations AGENCY I. Definition of agency II. Powers Art. 1877-8 A. To bind principal Arts. 1897-1902 B. Exception Art. 1883 III. Express vs. Implied Agency IV. Agency by estoppel V. General vs. Special Agency VI. Agency couched in general terms VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney VIII. Agency by operation of law IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal X. Irrevocable agency Arts. 1927-1930 XI. Modes of extinguishment COMPROMISE Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com I. Definition Art. 2028 II. Void Compromise Art. 2035 III. Effect Arts. 2037, 2041 CREDIT TRANSACTIONS I. Loan A. Commodatum vs. Mutuum B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law II. Deposit A. Voluntary deposit B. Necessary deposit C. Judicial deposit III. Guaranty and Suretyship A. Nature and extent of guaranty B. Effects of guaranty C. Extinguishment of guaranty D. Legal and judicial bonds IV. Pledge A. Definition B. Kinds C. Essential requirements D. Obligation of pledge E. Rights of pledgor F. Perfection Arts. 2093, 2096 G. Foreclosure Arts. 2112, 2115 H. Pledge by Operation of Law Art. 2121-2122 I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage Arts. 2140, 1484 V. Real Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics B. Essential requisites C. Foreclosure VI. Antichresis Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com A. Definition and characteristics B. Obligations of antichretic creditor VII. Chattel Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics B. Registration VIII. Quasi-Contracts

A. Negotiorum Gestio B. Solutio Indebiti IX. Concurrence and Preference of Credits A. Meaning of concurrence and preference B. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables C. Exempt Property D. Classification of credits E. Order of preference of credits X. Insolvency Law A. Definition of insolvency B. Suspension of payments C. Voluntary insolvency D. Involuntary insolvency EXCLUDE: Warehouse Receipts Law, Usury Law LEASE I. Lease of things II. Lease of work or services III. Lease of rural and urban lands A. Qualified persons B. Registration C. Prohibitions IV. Rights and obligations of lessor and lessee V. Special rules for lease of rural/urban lands Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com VI. Household service VII. Contract of labor A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers VIII. Contract for piece of work LAND TITLES AND DEEDS I. Torrens System A. Concept and background B. Certificate of Title II. Regalian Doctrine A. Concept B. Effects C. Concept of native title, time immemorial possession III. Citizenship Requirement A. Individuals and corporations IV. Original Registration A. Who may apply 1. Under PD 1529 2. Under CA 141 3. Under RA 8371 B. Registration process and requirements C. Remedies D. Cadastral registration V. Subsequent Registration A. Voluntary dealings B. Involuntary dealings VI. Non-Registrable Properties VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com EXCLUDE: History of land laws, Remedies sufficiently covered under Remedial Law, Registration of judgments, Orders and Partitions, Assurance Fund, Registration of Patents, Administrative structure of the Register of Deeds, Consultas TORTS AND DAMAGES BOOK I TORTS I. Principles A. Abuse of Right; Elements B. Unjust Enrichment C. Liability without Fault D. Acts Contrary to Law E. Acts Contrary to Morals II. Classification of Torts A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability B. According to scope: general or specific III. The Tortfeasor A. The Direct Tortfeasor 1. Natural Persons 2. Juridical Persons B. Persons Made Responsible for Others 1. In General a. Quasi-delicts under Article 2180, how interpreted Family Code, Arts. 218-219, 221 (1) Elements; definition (2) Distinguished from culpa contractual and culpa criminal b. Indirect liability for intentional acts c. Presumption of negligence on persons indirectly responsible d. Nature of liability; joint or solidary?

2. In Particular a. Parents Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. Guardian c. Owners and Managers of Establishments and Enterprises d. Employers (1) Meaning of employers (2) Requisites (a) Employee chosen by employer or through another (b) Services rendered in accordance with orders which employer has authority to give (c) Illicit act of employee was on the occasion or by reason of the functions entrusted to him (d) Presumption of negligence (3) Employer need not be engaged in business or industry (4) Defense of diligence in selection and supervision (5) Nature of employers liability e. State f. Teachers and heads of establishments of arts and trades C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code) IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities A. Concept of Act V. Proximate Cause A. Concept 1. Definition 2. Test 3. Distinguished from Immediate Cause 4. Distinguished from Intervening Cause 5. Distinguished from Remote and Concurrent B. Cause in Fact 1. But For 2. Substantial Factor Test 3. Concurrent Causes C. Legal Cause Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 1. Natural and Probable Consequences 2. Foreseeability D. Efficient Intervening Cause E. Cause vs. Condition F. Last Clear Chance VI. Legal Injury A. Concept B. Elements of Right C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury D. Classes of Injury 1. Injury to persons 2. Injury to property 3. Injury to relations VII. Intentional Torts A. General 1. Concept 2. Classes a. Interference with persons and property (1) Physical harms (2) Non-physical harms b. Interference with relations B. Interference with rights to persons and property 1. Intentional Physical Harms a. General (1) Concept (2) Kinds b. Violation of persons security, physical injuries Art. 33, Civil Code (1) Battery (Physical Injury) (2) Assault (Grave Threat) c. False Imprisonment (Illegal detention) d. Trespass to Land (1) Concept (2) Elements Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com e. Interference with Personal Property 1) Trespass to Chattels 2) Conversion 2. Intentional Non-Physical Harms a. General (1) Concept (2) Kinds

b. Violation of Personal Dignity c. Infliction of emotional distress d. Violation of Privacy (1) Appropriation (2) Intrusion (3) Public disclosure of private facts (4) False light in the public eye e. Disturbance of Peace of Mind f. Malicious Prosecution g. Defamation (1) Defenses (a) Absence of elements (b) Privilege h. Fraud or Misrepresentation (formerly deceit) i. Seduction j. Unjust Dismissal C. Interference with relations 1. General a. Concept b. Kinds 2. Family Relations a. Alienation of affection b. Loss of consortium c. Criminal conversation (Adultery) 3. Social Relations a. Meddling with or disturbing family relations b. Intriguing to cause another to be alienated from his friends 4. Economic Relations a. Interference with contractual relations Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. Unfair competition 5. Political Relations a. Violation of right to suffrage (NCC, Art. 32) b. Violation of other political rights (freedom of speech, press, assembly and petition, etc.) 6. Defenses a. Absence of element b. Privilege 1. Consent 2. Self-defense and defense of others 3. Necessity NCC Art. 429 4. Defense of property 5. Authority of Law c. Prescription d. Waiver e. Force majeure VIII. Negligence A. Concept B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man C. Standard of Care 1. NCC, Art. 1173 2. Emergency Rule D. Unreasonable risk of Harm E. Evidence F. Presumption of Negligence 1. Legal Provisions 2. Res ipsa loquitur G. Defenses 1. Complete a. Absence of element (1) Due diligence (2) Acts of public officers b. Accident or fortuitous event c. Damnum absque injuria d. Authority of law e. Assumption of risk Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com f. Last clear chance g. Prescription NCC, Art. 1144, 1146, and 1150 h. Waiver i. Double recovery NCC Art. 2177 IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities A. General 1. Concept B. Products Liability 1. Manufacturers or Processors a. Elements b. Consumer Act RA 7394, secs. 92-107, (Ch. 1) C. Nuisance NCC Arts. 694-707 1. Nuisance Per Se and Nuisance Per Accidence 2. Public Nuisance and Private Nuisance 3. Attractive Nuisance D. Violation of Constitutional Rights 1. Violation of Civil Liberties

E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers F. Provinces, Cities and Municipalities G. Owner of Motor Vehicle H. Proprietor of Building or Structure or Thing I. Head of Family X. Strict Liability A. Animals 1. Possessor and User of an Animal B. Nuisance (supra) 1. Classes Per se or per accidents; Public or Private 2. Easement Against Nuisance C. Products Liability (supra) 1. Consumer Act BOOK II DAMAGES I. General Considerations Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com A. Classification 1. NCC Art. 2197 2. According to purpose 3. According to manner of determination 4. Special and ordinary II. Actual and Compensatory Damages A. Concept B. Requisites 1. Alleged and proved with certainty 2. Not speculative C. Component Elements 1. Value of loss; unrealized profit 2. Attorneys fees and expenses of litigation 3. Interest D. Extent or scope of actual damages 1. In contracts and quasi-contracts 2. In crimes and quasi-delicts III. Moral Damages A. Concept (Arts. 2217-2218) B. When recoverable (Arts. 2219-2220) 1. In seduction, abduction, rape and other lascivious acts 2. In acts referred to in Arts. 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34 & 35, NCC 3. In cases of malicious prosecution IV. Nominal Damages A. Concept B. When awarded V. Temperate or Moderate Damages A. Concept VI. Liquidated Damages A. Concept; NCC Art. 2226 B. Rules governing in case of breach of contract Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages A. Concept; NCC Art. 2229 B. When recovered 1. In criminal offenses; NCC Art. 2230 2. In quasi-delicts; NCC Art. 2231 3. In contracts and quasi-contracts; NCC Art. 2232 C. Requisites 1. Arts. 2233, 2234 VIII. Damages in Case of Death A. In crimes and quasi-delicts causing death 1. In death caused by breach of conduct by a common crime IX. Graduation of Damages A. Duty of Injured Party 1. Art. 2203 B. Rules 1. In crimes 2. In quasi-delict; NCC Art. 2214 3. In contracts, quasi-contracts and quasi-delicts; NCC Art. 2215 4. Liquidated damages; NCC Art. 2227 5. Compromise X. Miscellaneous Rules A. Damages that cannot co-exists 1. Nominal with other damages, Art. 2223 2. Actual and Liquidated Art. 2226 B. Damages that must co-exist 1. Exemplary with moral, temperate, liquidated or compensatory C. Damages that must stand alone 1. Nominal Damages, Art. 2223 EXCLUDE: Distinction between tort and quasi-delict Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com IMPORTANT NOTE: This bar coverage description is not intended and should not be used by

law schools as a syllabus or course outline in the covered subjects. It has been drawn up for the limited purpose of ensuring that candidates reviewing for the bar examinations are guided on what basic and minimum amounts of laws, doctrines, and principles they need to know and be able to use correctly before they can be licensed to practice law. More is required for excellent and distinguished work as members of the Bar.

POLITICAL LAW A. The Constitution 1. Definition, Nature and Concepts 2. Parts 3. Amendments and Revisions 4. Self-Executing and Non-Self-Executing Provisions 5. General Provisions B. General Considerations 1. National Territory a. Archipelagic Doctrine 2. State Immunity 3. Principles and Policies 4. Separation of Powers 5. Checks and Balances 6. Delegation of Powers 7. Forms of Government C. Legislative Department 1. Who May Exercise Legislative Power a. Initiative and Referendum 2. Houses of Congress a. Senate b. House of Representatives (1) District Representatives and Questions of Apportionment (2) Party-List System 3. Legislative Privileges, Inhibitions and Disqualifications 4. Quorum and Voting Majorities 5. Discipline of Members 6. Electoral Tribunals and the Commission on Appointments a. Nature b. Powers 7. Powers of Congress a. Legislative Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (1) Legislative Inquiries and the Oversight Functions (2) Bicameral Conference Committee (3) Limitations on Legislative Power (a) Limitations on Revenue, Appropriations and Tariff Measures (b) Presidential Veto and Congressional Override b. Non-Legislative (1) Informing Function D. Executive Department 1. Privileges, Inhibitions and Disqualifications a. Presidential Immunity b. Presidential Privilege 2. Powers a. Executive and Administrative Powers in General b. Power of Appointment (1) In General (2) Commission on Appointments Confirmation (3) Midnight Appointments (4) Power of Removal c. Power of Control and Supervision (1) Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency (2) Executive Departments and Offices (3) Local Government Units d. Military Powers e. Pardoning Power (1) Nature and Limitations (2) Forms of Executive Clemency f. Diplomatic Power g. Residual Powers E. Judicial Department 1. Concepts a. Judicial Power b. Judicial Review (1) Operative Fact Doctrine (2) Moot Questions (3) Political Question Doctrine Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 2. Judicial Independence Safeguards 3. Judicial Restraint 4. Appointments to the Judiciary 5. Supreme Court

a. En Banc and Division Cases b. Procedural Rule Making c. Administrative Supervision Over Lower Courts F. Constitutional Commissions 1. Institutional Independence Safeguards 2. Powers and Functions 3. Judicial Review a. Quasi-Judicial Functions b. Administrative G. Bill of Rights 1. Fundamental Powers of the State a. Concept and Application b. Requisites for Valid Exercise c. Similarities and Differences d. Delegation 2. Private Acts and the Bill of Rights 3. Due Process a. Relativity of Due Process b. Procedural and Substantive Due Process c. Constitutional and Statutory Due Process d. Hierarchy of Rights e. Judicial Standards of Review f. Void-for-Vagueness Doctrine 4. Equal Protection a. Concept b. Requisites for Valid Classification 5. Searches and Seizures a. Concept b. Warrant Requirement (1) Requisites c. Warrantless Searches d. Warrantless Arrests e. Administrative Arrests f. Drug, Alcohol and Blood Tests Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 6. Privacy of Communications and Correspondence a. Private and Public Communications b. Writ of Habeas Data 7. Freedom of Expression a. Concept and Scope (1) Prior Restraint (Censorship) (2) Subsequent Punishment b. Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulations c. Facial Challenges and the Overbreadth Doctrine d. Tests e. State Regulation of Different Types of Mass Media f. Commercial Speech g. Private v. Government Speech h. Hecklers Veto 8. Freedom of Religion a. Non-Establishment Clause b. Free Exercise Clause 9. Liberty of Abode and Freedom of Movement a. Limitations b. Return to Ones County 10. Right to Information a. Limitations b. Publication of Laws and Regulations c. Access to Court Records d. Right to Information Relative to (1) Government Contract Negotiations (2) Diplomatic Negotiations 11. Right of Association 12. Eminent Domain a. Concept b. Expansive Concept of Public Use c. Just Compensation (1) Determination (2) Effect of Delay d. Abandonment of Intended Use and Right of Repurchase e. Miscellaneous Application Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 13. Contract Clause a. Contemporary Application of the Contract Clause 14. Legal Assistance and Free Access to Courts 15. Rights of Suspects a. Availability b. Requisites c. Waiver 16. Rights of the Accused a. Criminal Due Process b. Bail c. Presumption of Innocence d. Right to be Heard

e. Assistance of Counsel f. Right to be Informed g. Right to Speedy, Impartial and Public Trial h. Right of Confrontation i. Compulsory Process j. Trials In Absentia 17. Writ of Habeas Corpus a. Writ of Amparo 18. Self-Incrimination Clause a. Scope and Coverage (1) Foreign Laws b. Application c. Immunity Statutes 19. Involuntary Servitude and Political Prisoners 20. Excessive Fines and Cruel and Inhuman Punishments 21. Non-Imprisonment for Debts 22. Double Jeopardy a. Requisites b. Motions for Reconsideration and Appeals c. Dismissal with Consent of Accused 23. Ex Post Facto Laws and Bills of Attainder H. Citizenship 1. Natural-Born Citizens and Public Office 2. Naturalization and Denaturalization 3. Loss of Citizenship Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 4. Repatriation I. Law on Public Officers 1. General Principles 2. Modes of Acquiring Title to Public Office 3. Modes and Kinds of Appointment 4. Eligibility and Qualification Requirements 5. Disabilities and Inhibitions of Public Officers 6. Powers and Duties of Public Officers 7. Rights of Public Officers 8. Liabilities of Public Officers a. Preventive Suspension and Back Salaries b. Illegal Dismissal, Reinstatement and Back Salaries 9. Immunity of Public Officers 10. De Facto Officers 11. Termination of Official Relation 12. The Civil Service a. Scope b. Appointments to the Civil Service c. Personnel Actions 13. Accountability of Public Officers a. Impeachment b. Ombudsman (1) Judicial Review in Administrative Proceedings (2) Judicial Review in Penal Proceedings c. Sandiganbayan d. Ill-Gotten Wealth 14. Term Limits J. Administrative Law 1. General Principles 2. Administrative Agencies 3. Powers of Administrative Agencies a. Quasi-Legislative (Rule Making) Power (1) Kinds of Administrative Rules and Regulations (2) Requisites for Validity b. Quasi-Judicial (Adjudicatory) Power Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (1) Administrative Due Process (2) Administrative Appeal and Review (3) Administrative Res Judicata c. Fact-Finding, Investigative, Licensing and Rate-Fixing Powers 4. Judicial Recourse and Review a. Doctrine of Primary Administrative Jurisdiction b. Doctrine of Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies c. Doctrine of Finality of Administrative Action K. Election Law 1. Suffrage 2. Qualification and Disqualification of Voters 3. Registration of Voters 4. Inclusion and Exclusion Proceedings 5. Political Parties 6. Candidacy a. Qualifications of Candidates b. Filing of Certificates of Candidacy (1) Effect of Filing (2) Substitution of Candidates (3) Nuisance Candidates (4) Petition to Deny or Cancel Certificates of Candidacy (5) Effect of Disqualification (6) Withdrawal of Candidates

7. Campaign a. Premature Campaigning b. Prohibited Contributions 8. Board of Canvassers 9. Remedies and Jurisdiction in Election Law a. Petition Not to Give Due Course to Certificate of Candidacy b. Petition to Declare Failure of Elections c. Pre-Proclamation Controversy d. Election Protest e. Quo Warranto 10. Prosecution of Election Offenses L. Local Governments 1. Public Corporations Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com a. Concept (1) Distinguished from Government-Owned or Controlled Corporations (GOCCs) b. Classifications (1) Quasi-Corporations (2) Municipal Corporations 2. Municipal Corporations a. Elements b. Nature and Functions c. Requisites for Creation, Conversion, Division, Merger or Dissolution 3. Principles of Local Autonomy 4. Powers of Local Government Units (LGUs) a. Police Power (General Welfare Clause) b. Eminent Domain c. Taxing Power d. Closure and Opening of Roads e. Legislative Power (1) Requisites for Valid Ordinance (2) Local Initiative and Referendum f. Corporate Powers (1) To Sue and Be Sued (2) To Acquire and Sell Property (3) To Enter Into Contracts (a) Requisites (b) Ultra Vires Contracts g. Liability of LGUs h. Settlement of Boundary Disputes i. Succession of Elective Officials j. Discipline of Local Officials (1) Elective Officials (a) Grounds (b) Jurisdiction (c) Preventive Suspension (d) Removal (e) Administrative Appeal (f) Doctrine of Condonation (2) Appointive Officials k. Recall l. Term Limits Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com M. National Economy and Patrimony 1. Regalian Doctrine 2. Nationalist and Citizenship Requirement Provisions 3. Exploration, Development and Utilization of Natural Resources 4. Franchises, Authority and Certificates for Public Utilities 5. Acquisition, Ownership and Transfer of Public and Private Lands 6. Practice of Professions 7. Organization and Regulation of Corporations, Private and Public 8. Monopolies, Restraint of Trade and Unfair Competition N. Social Justice and Human Rights 1. Concept of Social Justice 2. Commission on Human Rights O. Education, Science, Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports 1. Academic Freedom P. Public International Law 1. Concepts a. Obligations Erga Omnes b. Jus Cogens c. Concept of Aeguo Et Bono 2. International and National Law 3. Sources 4. Subjects a. States b. International Organizations c. Individuals 5. Diplomatic and Consular Law 6. Treaties 7. Nationality and Statelessness 8. Treatment of Aliens

a. Extradition (1) Fundamental Principles (2) Procedure (3) Distinguished from Deportation 9. International Human Rights Law a. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) c. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 10. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Neutrality a. Categories of Armed Conflicts (1) International Armed Conflicts (2) Internal or Non-International Armed Conflict (3) War of National Liberation b. Core International Obligations of States in IHL c. Principles of IHL (1) Treatment of Civilians (2) Prisoners of War d. Law on Neutrality 11. Law of the Sea a. Baselines b. Archipelagic States (1) Straight Archipelagic Baselines (2) Archipelagic Waters (3) Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage c. Internal Waters d. Territorial Sea e. Exclusive Economic Zone f. Continental Shelf (1) Extended Continental Shelf g. Tribunal of the Law of the Sea 12. International Environment Law a. Principle 21 of Stockholm Declaration

I. General Principles of Taxation A. Definition and Concept of Taxation B. Nature of Taxation C. Characteristics of Taxation D. Power of Taxation Compared With Other Powers 1. Police Power 2. Power of Eminent Domain E. Purpose of Taxation 1. Revenue-raising 2. Non-revenue/special or regulatory F. Principles of Sound Tax System 1. Fiscal Adequacy 2. Administrative Feasibility 3. Theoretical Justice G. Theory and Basis of Taxation 1. Lifeblood Theory 2. Necessity Theory 3. Benefits-Protection Theory (Symbiotic Relationship) 4. Jurisdiction over subject and objects H. Doctrines in Taxation 1. Prospectivity of tax laws 2. Imprescriptibility 3. Double taxation a. Strict sense b. Broad sense c. Constitutionality of double taxation d. Modes of eliminating double taxation 4. Escape from taxation a. Shifting of tax burden 1) Ways of shifting the tax burden 2) Taxes that can be shifted 3) Meaning of impact and incidence of taxation b. Tax avoidance c. Tax evasion 5. Exemption from taxation Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 2 a. Meaning of exemption from taxation b. Nature of tax exemption c. Kinds of tax exemption 1) Express 2) Implied 3) Contractual d. Rationale/grounds for exemption e. Revocation of tax exemption 6. Compensation and Set-off 7. Compromise 8. Tax amnesty

a. Definition b. Distinguished from tax exemption 9. Construction and Interpretation of: a. Tax laws 1) General Rule 2) Exception b. Tax exemption and exclusion 1) General Rule 2) Exception c. Tax rules and regulations 1) General rule only d. Penal provisions of tax laws e. Non-retroactive application to taxpayers 1) Exceptions I.Scope and Limitation of Taxation 1. Inherent Limitations a. Public Purpose b. Inherently Legislative 1) General Rule 2) Exceptions a) Delegation to local governments b) Delegation to the President c) Delegation to administrative agencies c. Territorial 1) Situs of Taxation a) Meaning b) Situs of Income Tax 1) From sources within the Philippines 2) From sources without the Philippines 3) Income partly within and partly without the Philippines c) Situs of Property Taxes (1) Taxes on Real Property Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3 (2) Taxes on Personal Property d) Situs of Excise Tax (1) Estate Tax (2) Donors Tax e) Situs of Business Tax (1) Sale of Real Property (2) Sale of Personal Property (3) VAT d. International Comity e. Exemption of Government Entities, Agencies, and Instrumentalities 2. Constitutional Limitations a. Provisions Directly Affecting Taxation 1) Prohibition against imprisonment for non-payment of poll tax 2) Uniformity and equality of taxation 3) Grant by Congress of authority to the President to impose tariff rates 4) Prohibition against taxation of religious, charitable entities, and educational entities 5) Prohibition against taxation of non-stock, non-profit institutions 6) Majority vote of Congress for grant of tax exemption 7) Prohibition on use of tax levied for special purpose 8) Presidents veto power on appropriation, revenue, tariff bills 9) Non-impairment of jurisdiction of the Supreme Court 10) Grant of power to the local government units to create its own sources of revenue 11) Flexible tariff clause 12) Exemption from real property taxes 13) No appropriation or use of public money for religious purposes b. Provisions Indirectly Affecting Taxation 1) Due process 2) Equal protection 3) Religious freedom 4) Non-impairment of obligations of contracts J. Stages of Taxation 1. Levy 2. Assessment and Collection 3. Payment 4. Refund Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 4 K. Definition, Nature, and Characteristics of Taxes L. Requisites of a valid tax M.Tax as distinguished from other forms of exactions 1. Tariff 2. Toll

3. License fee 4. Special assessment 5. Debt N. Kinds of Taxes 1. As to object a. Personal, capitation, or poll tax b. Property tax c. Privilege tax 2. As to burden or incidence a. Direct b. Indirect 3. As to tax rates a. Specific b. Ad valorem c. Mixed 4. As to purposes a. General or fiscal b. Special, regulatory, or sumptuary 5. As to scope or authority to impose a. National internal revenue taxes b. Local real property tax, municipal tax 6. As to graduation a. Progressive b. Regressive c. Proportionate II. National Internal Revenue Code of 1997 as amended (NIRC) A. Income Taxation 1. Income Tax Systems a. Global Tax System b. Schedular Tax System c. Semi-schedular or semi-global tax system 2. Features of the Philippine Income Tax Law a. Direct tax b. Progressive Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 5 c. Comprehensive d. Semi-schedular or semi-global tax system 3. Criteria in Imposing Philippine Income Tax a. Citizenship Principle b. Residence Principle c. Source Principle 4. Types of Philippine Income Tax 5. Taxable Period a. Calendar Period b. Fiscal Period c. Short Period 6. Kinds of Taxpayers a. Individual Taxpayers 1) Citizens a) Resident citizens b) Non-resident citizens 2) Aliens a) Resident aliens b) Non-resident aliens (1)Engaged in trade or business (2)Not engaged in trade or business 3) Special Class of Individual Employees a) Minimum wage earner b. Corporations 1) Domestic corporations 2) Foreign corporations (1)Resident foreign corporations (2)Non-resident foreign corporations c. Partnerships d. General Professional Partnerships e. Estates and Trusts f. Co-ownerships 7. Income Taxation a. Definition b. Nature c. General principles 8. Income a. Definition b. Nature Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 6 c. When income is taxable 1) Existence of income 2) Realization of income a) Tests of Realization b) Actual vis--vis Constructive receipt 3) Recognition of income 4) Methods of accounting a) Cash method vis--vis Accrual method

b) Installment payment vis--vis Deferred payment vis-vis Percentage completion (in long term contracts) d. Tests in determining whether income is earned for tax purposes 1) Realization test 2) Claim of right doctrine or Doctrine of ownership, command, or control 3) Economic benefit test, Doctrine of proprietary interest 4) Severance test 9. Gross Income a. Definition b. Concept of income from whatever source derived c. Gross Income vis--vis Net Income vis--vis Taxable Income d. Classification of Income as to Source 1) Gross income and taxable income from sources within the Philippines 2) Gross income and taxable income from sources without the Philippines 3) Income partly within or partly without the Philippines d. Sources of income subject to tax 1) Compensation Income 2) Fringe Benefits a) Special treatment of fringe benefits b) Definition c) Taxable and non-taxable fringe benefits 3) Professional Income 4) Income from Business 5) Income from Dealings in Property a) Types of Properties (1) Ordinary assets (2) Capital assets b) Types of Gains from dealings in property (1) Ordinary income vis--vis Capital gain (2) Actual gain vis--vis Presumed gain (3) Long term capital gain vis--vis Short term capital gain Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 7 (4) Net capital gain, Net capital loss (5) Computation of the amount of gain or loss (a) Cost or basis of the property sold (b) Cost or basis of the property exchanged in corporate readjustment [1] Merger [2] Consolidation [3] Transfer to a controlled corporation (tax-free exchanges) (c) Recognition of gain or loss in exchange of property [1] General rule [a] Where no gain or loss shall be recognized [2] Exceptions [a] Meaning of merger, consolidation, control securities [b] Transfer of a controlled corporation (6) Income tax treatment of capital loss (a) Capital loss limitation rule (applicable to both corporations and individuals) (b) Net loss carry-over rule (applicable only to individuals) (7) Dealings in real property situated in the Philippines (8) Dealings in shares of stock of Philippine corporations (a) Shares listed and traded in the stock exchange (b) Shares not listed and traded in the stock exchange (9) Sale of principal residence 6) Passive Investment Income a) Interest Income b) Dividend Income (1) Cash dividend (2) Stock dividend (3) Property dividend (4) Liquidating dividend c) Royalty Income d) Rental Income (1) Lease of personal property (2) Lease of real property (3) Tax treatment of (a) Leasehold improvements by lessee (b) VAT added to rental/paid by the lessee (c) Advance rental/long term lease 7) Annuities, Proceeds from life insurance or other types of insurance Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 8

8) Prizes and awards 9) Pensions, retirement benefit, or separation pay 10) Income from any source whatever a) Forgiveness of indebtedness b) Recovery of accounts previously written off c) Receipt of tax refunds or credit d) Income from any source whatever e. Source rules in determining income from within and without 1) Interests 2) Dividends 3) Services 4) Rentals 5) Royalties 6) Sale of real property 7) Sale of personal property 8) Shares of stock of domestic corporation f. Situs of Income Taxation (See page 2 under Inherent Limitations, Territorial) g. Exclusions from Gross Income 1) Rationale for the exclusions 2) Taxpayers who may avail of the exclusions 3) Exclusions distinguished from deductions and tax credit 4) Under the Constitution a) Income derived by the government or its political subdivisions from the exercise of any essential governmental function 5) Under the Tax Code a) Proceeds of life insurance policies b) Return of premium paid c) Amounts received under life insurance, endowment or annuity contracts d) Value of property acquired by gift, bequest, devise or descent e) Amount received through accident or health insurance f) Income exempt under tax treaty g) Retirement benefits, pensions, gratuities, etc. h) Winnings, prizes, and awards, including those in sports competition 6) Under a Tax Treaty 7) Under Special Laws h. Deductions from Gross Income 1) General rules a) Deductions must be paid or incurred in connection with the taxpayers trade, business or profession Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 9 b) Deductions must be supported by adequate receipts or invoices (except standard deduction) 2) Return of capital (cost of sales or services) a) Sale of inventory of goods by manufacturers and dealers of properties b) Sale of stock in trade by a real estate dealer and dealer in securities c) Sale of services 3) Itemized deductions a) Expenses (1) Requisites for deductibility (a) Nature: Ordinary and necessary (b) Paid and incurred during taxable year (2) Salaries, wages and other forms of compensation for personal services actually rendered, including the grossed-up monetary value of the fringe benefit subjected to fringe benefit tax which tax should have been paid (3) Traveling/Transportation expenses (4) Cost of materials (5) Rentals and/or other payments for use or possession of property (6) Repairs and maintenance (7) Expenses under lease agreements (8) Expenses for professionals (9) Entertainment expenses (10) Political campaign expenses (11) Training expenses b) Interest (1) Requisites for deductibility (2) Non-deductible interest expense (3) Interest subject to special rules (a) Interest paid in advance (b) Interest periodically amortized (c) Interest expense incurred to acquire property for use in trade/business/profession c) Taxes (1) Requisites for deductibility (2) Non-deductible taxes

(3) Treatments of surcharges/interests/fines for delinquency (4) Treatment of special assessment (5) Tax credit vis--vis deduction d) Losses (1) Requisites for deductibility Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 10 (2) Other types of losses (a) Capital losses (b) Securities becoming worthless (c) Losses on wash sales of stocks or securities (d) Wagering losses (e) NOLCO e) Bad debts (1) Requisites for deductibility f) Depreciation (1) Requisites for deductibility (2) Methods of computing depreciation allowance (a) Straight-line method (b) Declining-balance method (c) Sum-of-the-years-digit method g) Charitable and other contributions (1) Requisites for deductibility (2) Amount that may be deducted h) Contributions to pension trusts (1) Requisites for deductibility 4) Optional standard deduction a) Individuals, except non-resident aliens b) Corporations, except non-resident foreign corporations 5) Personal and additional exemption (Republic Act 9504 Minimum Wage Earner Law) a) Basic personal exemptions b) Additional exemptions for taxpayer with dependents c) Status-at-the-end-of-the-year rule 6) Items not deductible a) General rules b) Personal, living or family expenses c) Amount paid for new buildings or for permanent improvements (capital expenditures) d) Amount expended in restoring property (major repairs) e) Premiums paid on life insurance policy covering life or any other officer or employee financially interested f) Interest expense, bad debts, and losses from sales of property between related parties g) Losses from sales or exchange or property h) Non-deductible interest i) Non deductible taxes j) Non-deductible losses k) Losses from wash sales of stock or securities i.Exempt Corporations Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 11 10. Taxation of Resident Citizens, Non-resident Citizens, and Resident Aliens a. General rule: Resident citizens Taxable on income from all sources within and without the Philippines b. Taxation on Compensation Income 1) Inclusions a) Monetary compensation (1) Regular salary/wage (2) Separation pay/retirement benefit not otherwise exempt (3) Bonuses, 13 th month pay, and other benefits not exempt (4) Directors fees b) Non-monetary compensation (1) Fringe benefit not subject tax 2) Exclusions a) Fringe benefit subject to tax b) De minimis benefits c) 13 th month pay and other benefits and payments specifically excluded from taxable compensation income 3) Deductions a) Personal exemptions and additional exemptions b) Health and hospitalization insurance c) Taxation of compensation income of a minimum wage earner (1) Definition of Statutory Minimum Wage (2) Definition of Minimum Wage Earner (3) Income also subject to tax exemption: holiday pay,

overtime pay, night shift differential, and hazard pay c. Taxation of Business Income/Income from Practice of Profession d. Taxation of Passive Income 1) Passive income subject to final tax a) Interest income b) Royalties c) Dividends from domestic corporation d) Prizes and other winnings 2) Passive income not subject to final tax e. Taxation of capital gains 1) Income from sale of shares of stock of a Philippine corporation a) Shares traded and listed in the stock exchange b) Shares not listed and traded in the stock exchange 2) Income from the sale of real property situated in the Philippines Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 12 3) Income from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of other capital assets 11. Taxation of Non-resident Aliens Engaged in Trade or Business a. General rules b. Cash and/or property dividends c. Capital gains 12. Exclude Non-resident Aliens Not Engaged in Trade or Business 13. Individual Taxpayers Exempt from Income Tax a. Senior citizens b. Exemptions granted under international agreements 14. Taxation of Domestic Corporations a. Tax payable 1) Regular tax 2) Minimum corporate income tax (MCIT) a) Imposition of MCIT b) Carry forward of excess minimum tax c) Relief from the MCIT under certain conditions d) Corporations exempt from the MCIT e) Applicability of the MCIT where a corporation is governed both under the regular tax system and a special income tax system b. Allowable deductions 1) Itemized deductions 2) Optional standard deduction c. Taxation of Passive Income 1) Passive income subject to tax a) Interest from deposits and yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes and from trust funds and similar arrangements and royalties b) Capital gains from the sale of shares of stock not traded in the stock exchange c) Income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system d) Intercorporate dividends e) Capital gains realized from the sale, exchange, or disposition of lands and/or buildings 2) Passive income not subject to tax d. Taxation of Capital Gains 1) Income from sale of shares of stock 2) Income from the sale of real property situated in the Philippine Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 13 3) Income from the sale, exchange, or other disposition of other capital assets e. Tax on proprietary educational institutions and hospitals f. Tax on government-owned or controlled corporations, agencies or instrumentalities 15. Taxation of Resident Foreign Corporations a. General rule b. With respect to their income from sources within the Philippines c. Minimum corporate income tax d. Tax on certain income (1) Interest from deposits and yield or any other monetary benefit from deposit substitutes, trust funds and similar arrangements and royalties (2) Income derived under the expanded foreign currency deposit system (3) Capital gain from sale of shares of stock not traded in the stock exchange (4) Intercorporate dividends e. Exclude: (1) International carrier (2)Offshore banking units (3)Branch profits remittances

(4) Regional or area headquarters and Regional operating headquarters of multinational companies 16. Taxation of Non-resident Foreign Corporations a. General rule b. Tax on certain income (1) Interest on foreign loans (2) Intercorporate dividends (3)Capital gains from sale of shares of stock not traded in the stock exchange c. Exclude: (1)Non-resident cinematographic film owner, lessor or distributor (2)Non-resident owner or lessor of vessels chartered by Philippine nationals (3)Non-resident owner or lessor of aircraft machineries and other equipment 17.Improperly Accumulated Earnings of Corporations 18. Exemption from tax on corporations 19. Taxation of Partnerships Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 14 20. Taxation of General Professional Partnerships 21. Taxation on Estates and Trusts a) Application b) Exception c) Determination of tax 1) Consolidation of income of two or more trusts 2) Taxable income 3) Revocable trusts 4) Income for benefit of grantor 5) Meaning of in the discretion of the grantor 22. Withholding tax a. Concept b. Kinds 1) Withholding of final tax o certain incomes 2) Withholding of creditable tax at source c. Withholding on wages 1) Requirement for withholding 2) Tax paid by recipient 3) Refunds or credits 4) Year-end adjustment 5) Liability for tax d. Withholding of VAT e. Filing of return and payment of taxes withheld 1) Return and payment in case of government employees 2) Statements and returns f.Final withholding tax at source g. Creditable withholding tax 1) Expanded withholding tax 2) Withholding tax on compensation h. Fringe benefit tax B. Estate Tax 1. Basic principles 2. Definition 3. Nature 4. Purpose or object 5. Time and transfer of properties 6. Classification of decedent 7. Gross estate vis--vis Net estate 8. Determination of gross estate and net estate 9. Composition of gross estate 10.Items to be included in gross estate 11.Deductions from estate 12.Exclusions from estate Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 15 13.Tax credit for estate taxes paid in a foreign country 14.Exemption of certain acquisitions and transmissions 15.Filing of notice of death 16.Estate tax return C. Donors Tax 1. Basic principles 2. Definition 3. Nature 4. Purpose or object 5. Requisites of valid donation 6. Transfers which may be constituted as donation a. Sale/exchange/transfer of property for insufficient consideration b. Condonation/remission of debt 7. Transfer for less than adequate and full consideration 8. Classification of donor 9. Determination of gross gift 10.Composition of gross gift 11.Valuation of gifts made in property

12.Tax credit for donors taxes paid in a foreign country 13. Exemptions of gifts from donors tax 14. Person liable 15. Tax basis D. Value-Added Tax (VAT) 1. Concept 2. Characteristics 3. Impact of tax 4. Incidence of tax 5. Tax credit method 6. Destination principle 7. Persons liable 8. VAT on sale of goods or properties a. Requisites of taxability of sale of goods or properties 9. Zero-rated sales of goods or properties, and effectively zerorated sales of goods or properties 10.Transactions deemed sale a. Transfer, use or consumption not in the course of business of goods/properties originally intended for sale or use in the course of business b. Distribution or transfer to shareholders, investors or creditors c. Consignment of goods if actual sale not made within 60 days from date of consignment Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 16 d. Retirement from or cessation of business with respect to inventories on hand 11.Change or cessation of status as VAT-registered person a. Subject to VAT 1) Change of business activity from VAT taxable status to VAT-exempt status 2) Approval of request for cancellation of a registration due to reversion to exempt status 3) Approval of request for cancellation of registration due to desire to revert to exempt status after lapse of 3 consecutive years b. Not subject to VAT 1) Change of control of a corporation 2) Change in the trade or corporate name 3) Merger or consolidation of corporations 12.VAT on importation of goods a. Transfer of goods by tax exempt persons 13.VAT on sale of service and use or lease of properties a. Requisites for taxability 14.Zero-rated sale of services 15.VAT exempt transactions a. VAT exempt transactions, in general b. Exempt transaction, enumerated 16.Input tax and output tax, defined 17.Sources of input tax a. Purchase or importation of goods b. Purchase of real properties for which a VAT has actually been paid c. Purchase of services in which VAT has actually been paid d. Transactions deemed sale e. Transitional input tax f. Presumptive input tax g. Transitional input tax credits allowed under the transitory and other provisions of the regulations 18.Persons who can avail of input tax credit 19.Determination of output/input tax; VAT payable; Excess input tax credits a. Determination of output tax b. Determination of input tax creditable c. Allocation of input tax on mixed transactions d. Determination of the output tax and VAT payable and computation of VAT payable or excess tax credits 20.Substantiation of input tax credits 21.Refund or tax credit of excess input tax Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 17 a. Who may claim for refund/apply for issuance of tax credit certificate (TCC) b. Period to file claim/apply for issuance of TCC c. Manner of giving refund d. Destination principle or Cross-border doctrine 22.Invoicing requirements a. Invoicing requirements in general b. Invoicing and recording deemed sale transactions c. Consequences of issuing erroneous VAT invoice or VAT official receipt 23.Filing of return and payment 24.Withholding of final VAT on sales to government E. Compliance Requirements (Internal Revenue Taxes) 1. Administrative requirements

a. Registration requirements 1) Annual registration fee 2) Registration of each type of internal revenue tax 3) Transfer of registration 4) Other updates 5) Cancellation of registration 6) Power of the Commissioner to suspend the business operations of any person who fails to register b. Persons required to register for VAT 1) Optional registration for VAT of exempt person 2) Cancellation of VAT registration 3) Changes in or cessation of status of a VAT-registered person c. Supplying taxpayer identification number (TIN) d. Issuance of receipts or sales or commercial invoices 1) Printing of receipts or sales or commercial invoices 2) Invoicing requirements for VAT a) Information contained in the VAT invoice or VAT official receipt b) Consequences of issuing erroneous VAT invoice or official receipts e. Exhibition of certificate of payment at place of business f.Continuation of business of deceased person g. Removal of business to other location 2. Tax returns a. Income Tax Returns 1) Individual Tax Returns a) Filing of individual tax returns (1)Who are required to file (a) Return of husband and wife Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 18 (b) Return of parent to include income of children (c) Return of persons under disability (2)Who are not required to file b) Where to file c) When to file 2) Corporate Returns a) Requirement for filing returns (1)Declaration of quarterly corporate income tax (a)Place of filing (b)Time of fling (2) Final adjustment return (a)Place of filing (b)Time of filing (3)Taxable year of corporations (4)Extension of time to file return b) Return of corporation contemplating dissolution or reorganization c) Return on capital gains realized from sale of shares of stock not traded in the local stock exchange 3) Returns of receivers, trustees in bankruptcy or assignees 4) Returns of general partnerships 5) Fiduciary returns b. Estate Tax Returns 1) Notice of death to be filed 2) Estate tax returns a) Requirements b) Time of filing and extension of time c) Place of filing 3) Discharge of executor or administrator from personal liability a) Definition of deficiency c. Donors Tax Returns 1) Requirements 2) Time and place of filing d. VAT Returns 1) In general 2) Where to file the return e. Withholding Tax Returns 1) Quarterly returns and payments of taxes withheld 2) Annual information return 3. Tax payments a. Income Taxes 1) Payment, in general; time of payment 2) Installment payment 3) Payment of capital gains tax Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 19 b. Estate Taxes 1) Time of payment a) Extension of time 2) Liability for payment a) Discharge of executor or administrator from personal liability

b) Definition of deficiency 3) Payment before delivery by executor or administrator a) Payment of tax antecedent to the transfer of shares, bonds or rights 4) Duties of certain officers and debtors 5) Restitution of tax upon satisfaction of outstanding obligations c. Donors Taxes 1) Time and place of payment d. VAT 1) Payment of VAT 2) Where to pay the VAT F. Tax Remedies under the NIRC 1. Taxpayers Remedies a. Assessment 1) Concept of assessment a) Requisites for valid assessment b) Constructive methods of income determination c) Inventory method for income determination d) Jeopardy assessment e) Tax delinquency and tax deficiency 2) Power of the Commissioner to make assessments and prescribe additional requirements for tax administration and enforcement a) Power of the Commissioner to obtain information, and to summon/examine, and take testimony of persons 3) When assessment is made a) Prescriptive period for assessment (1) False, fraudulent, and non-filing of returns b) Suspension of running of statute of limitations 4) General provisions on additions to the tax a) Civil penalties b) Interest 5) Assessment process a) Tax audit b) Notice of informal conference c) Issuance of preliminary assessment notice (PAN) d) Notice of informal conference Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 20 e) Issuance of preliminary assessment notice (PAN) f) Exceptions to Issuance of PAN g) Reply to PAN h) Issuance of formal letter of demand and assessment notice/final assessment notice i) Disputed assessment j) Administrative decision on a disputed assessment 6) Protesting assessment a) Protest of assessment by taxpayer (1)Protested assessment (2)When to file a protest (3) Forms of protest b) Submission of documents within 60 days from filing of protest c) Effect of failure to protest 7) Rendition of decision by Commissioner a) Denial of protest (1)CIRs actions equivalent to denial of protest (a) Filing of criminal action against taxpayer (b) Issuing a warrant of distraint and levy (2) Inaction by Commissioner 8) Remedies of taxpayer to action by Commissioner a) In case of denial of protest b) In case of inaction by Commissioner within 180 days from submission of documents c) Effect of failure to appeal b. Collection 1) Requisites 2) Prescriptive periods 3) Distraint of personal property including garnishment a) Summary remedy of distraint of personal property (1)Procedure for distraint and garnishment (2) Sale of property distrained and disposition of proceeds (a)Release of distrained property upon payment prior to sale (3)Purchase by the government at sale upon distraint (4)Report of sale to BIR (5)Constructive distraint to protect the interest of the government 4) Summary remedy of levy on real property a) Advertisement and sale b) Redemption of property sold c) Final deed of purchaser 5) Forfeiture to government for want of bidder

Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 21 a) Remedy of enforcement of forfeitures (1)Action to contest forfeiture of chattel b) Resale of real estate taken for taxes c) When property to be sold or destroyed d) Disposition of funds recovered in legal proceedings or obtained from forfeiture 6) Further distraint or levy 7) Tax lien 8) Compromise a) Authority of the Commissioner to compromise and abate taxes 9) Civil and criminal actions a) Suit to recover tax based on false or fraudulent returns c. Refund 1) Grounds and requisites for refund 2) Requirements for refund as laid down by cases a) Necessity of written claim for refund b) Claim containing a categorical demand for reimbursement c) Filing of administrative claim for refund and the suit/proceeding before the CTA within 2 years from date of payment regardless of any supervening cause 3) Legal basis of tax refunds 4) Statutory basis for tax refund under the Tax Code a) Scope of claims for refund b) Necessity of proof for claim or refund c) Burden of proof for claim of refund d) Nature of erroneously paid tax/illegally assessed collected e) Tax refund vis--vis tax credit f) Essential requisites for claim of refund 5) Who may claim/apply for tax refund/tax credit a) Taxpayer/withholding agents of non-resident foreign corporation 6) Prescriptive period for recovery of tax erroneously or illegally collected 7) Other consideration affecting tax refunds 2. Government Remedies a. Administrative remedies 1) Tax lien 2) Levy and sale of real property 3) Forfeiture of real property to the government for want of bidder 4) Further distraint and levy Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 22 5) Suspension of business operation 6) Non-availability of injunction to restrain collection of tax b. Judicial remedies 3. Statutory Offenses and Penalties a. Civil penalties 1) Surcharge 2) Interest a) In General b) Deficiency interest c) Delinquency interest d) Interest on extended payment 4. Compromise and Abatement of taxes a. Compromise b. Abatement G. Organization and Function of the Bureau of Internal Revenue 1. Rule-making authority of the Secretary of Finance a. Authority of secretary of finance to promulgate rules and regulations b. Specific provisions to be contained in rules and regulations c. Non-retroactivity of rulings 2. Power of the Commissioner to suspend the business operation of a taxpayer III. Local Government Code of 1991, as amended A. Local Government Taxation 1. Fundamental principles 2. Nature and source of taxing power a. Grant of local taxing power under the Local Government Code b. Authority to prescribe penalties for tax violations c. Authority to grant local tax exemptions d. Withdrawal of exemptions e. Authority to adjust local tax rates f. Residual taxing power of local governments g. Authority to issue local tax ordinances 3. Local taxing authority a. Power to create revenues exercised thru LGUs b. Procedure for approval and effectivity of tax ordinances

4. Scope of taxing power 5. Specific taxing power of local government unit (LGUs) a. Taxing powers of provinces 1) Tax on transfer of real property ownership 2) Tax on business of printing and publication Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 23 3) Franchise tax 4) Tax on sand, gravel and other quarry services 5) Professional tax 6) Amusement tax 7) Tax on delivery truck/van b. Taxing powers of cities c. Taxing powers of municipalities 1) Tax on various types of businesses 2) Ceiling on business tax impossible on municipalities within Metro Manila 3) Tax on retirement on business 4) Rules on payment of business tax 5) Fees and charges for regulation & licensing 6) Situs of tax collected d. Taxing powers of barangays e. Common revenue raising powers 1) Service fees and charges 2) Public utility charges 3) Toll fess or charges f. Community tax 6. Common limitations on the taxing powers of LGUs 7. Collection of business tax a. Tax period and manner of payment b. Accrual of tax c. Time of payment d. Penalties on unpaid taxes, fees or charges e. Authority of treasurer in collection and inspection of books 8. Taxpayers remedies a. Periods of assessment and collection of local taxes, fees or charges b. Protest of assessment c. Claim for refund of tax credit for erroneously or illegally collected tax, fee or charge 9. Civil remedies by the LGU for collection of revenues a. Local governments lien for delinquent taxes, fees or charges b. Civil remedies, in general 1) Administrative action 2) Judicial action c. Procedure for administrative action 1) Distraint of personal property 2) Levy of real property, procedure 3) Further distraint or levy 4) Exemption of personal property from distraint or levy 5) Penalty on local treasurer for failure to issue and execute warrant of distraint or levy Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 24 d. Procedure for judicial action B. Real Property Taxation 1. Fundamental principles 2. Nature of real property tax 3. Imposition of real property tax a. Power to levy real property tax b. Exemption from real property tax 4. Appraisal and assessment of real property tax a. Rule on appraisal of real property at fair market value b. Declaration of real property c. Listing of real property in assessment rolls d. Preparation of schedules of fair market value 1) Authority of assessor to take evidence 2) Amendment of schedule of fair market value e. Classes of real property f.Actual use of property as basis of assessment g. Assessment of real property 1) Assessment levels 2) General revisions of assessments and property classification 3) Date of effectivity of assessment or reassessment 4) Assessment of property subject to back taxes 5) Notification of new or revised assessment h. Appraisal and assessment of machinery 5. Collection of real property tax a. Date of accrual of real property tax b. Collection of tax 1) Collecting authority 2) Duty of assessor to furnish local treasurer with assessment rolls 3) Notice of time for collection of tax

c. Periods within which to collect real property tax d. Special rules on payment 1) Payment of real property tax in installments 2) Interests on unpaid real property tax 3) Condonation of real property tax e. Remedies of LGUs for collection of real property tax 1) Issuance of notice of delinquency for real property tax payment 2) Local governments lien 3) Remedies in general 4) Resale of real estate taken for taxes, fees or charges 5) Further levy until full payment of amount due 6. Refund or credit of real property tax Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 25 a. Payment under protest b. Repayment of excessive collections 7. Taxpayers remedies a. Contesting an assessment of value of real property 1) Appeal to the Local Board of Assessment Appeals (LBAA) 2) Appeal to the Central Board of Assessment Appeals (CBAA) 3) Effect of payment of tax b. Payment of real property under protest 1) File protest with local treasurer 2) Appeal to the LBSS 3) Appeal to the CBAA 4) Appeal to the CTA 5) Appeal to the SC IV. Tariff and Customs Code of 1978, as amended (TCC) A. Tariff and duties, defined B. General rule: All imported articles are subject to duty. Importation by the government taxable. C. Purpose for imposition D. Flexible tariff clause E. Requirements of importation 1. Beginning and ending of importation 2. Obligations of importer a. Cargo manifest b. Import entry c. Declaration of correct weight or value d. Liability for payment of duties e. Liquidation of duties f. Keeping of records F. Importation in violation of TCC 1. Smuggling 2. Other fraudulent practices G. Classification of goods 1. Taxable importation 2. Prohibited importation 3. Conditionally-free importation H. Classification of duties 1. Ordinary/Regular duties a. Ad valorem; Methods of valuation 1) Transaction value 2) Transaction value of identical goods 3) Transaction value of similar goods 4) Deductive value 5) Computed value Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 26 6) Fallback value b. Specific 2. Special duties a. Dumping duties b. Countervailing duties c. Marking duties d. Retaliatory/Discriminatory duties e. Safeguard I.Drawbacks J.Remedies 1. Government a. Administrative/Extrajudicial 1) Search, seizure, forfeiture, arrest b. Judicial 1) Rules on appeal including jurisdiction 2. Taxpayer a. Protest b. Abandonment c. Abatement and refund V. Judicial Remedies; Republic Act 1125 The Act that Created the Court of Tax Appeals (CTA), as amended, and the Revised Rules of the Court of Tax Appeals

A. Jurisdiction of the Court of Tax Appeals 1. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction over civil tax cases a. Cases within the jurisdiction of the Court en banc b. Cases within the jurisdiction of the Court in divisions 2. Criminal cases a. Exclusive original jurisdiction b. Exclusive appellate jurisdiction in criminal cases B. Judicial Procedures 1. Judicial action for collection of taxes a. Internal revenue taxes b. Local taxes 1) Prescriptive period 2. Civil cases a. Who may appeal, mode of appeal, effect of appeal 1) Suspension of collection of tax a) Injunction not available to restrain collection 2) Taking of evidence 3) Motion for reconsideration or New trial b. Appeal to the CTA, en banc, a. Petition for review on certiorari to the Supreme Court 3. Criminal cases a. Institution and prosecution of criminal actions Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 27 1) Institution on civil action in criminal action b. Appeal and period to appeal 1) Solicitor General as counsel for the People and government officials sued in their official capacity c. Petition for review on certiorari to the Supreme Court C. Taxpayers suit impugning the validity of tax measures or acts of taxing authorities a. Taxpayers suit, defined b. Distinguished from citizens suit c. Requisites for challenging the constitutionality of a tax measure or act of taxing authority 1) Concept of locus standi as applied in taxation 2) Doctrine of transcendental importance 3) Ripeness for judicial determination

MERCANTILE LAW A. Letters of Credit 1. Definition/Concept 2. Governing laws 3. Nature of letter of credit 4. Parties to a letter of credit a. Rights and obligations of parties 5. Basic Principles of letter of credit a. Doctrine of independence b. Fraud exception principle c. Doctrine of strict compliance B. Warehouse Receipts Law 1. Nature and Functions of a Warehouse Receipt a. To whom delivered b. Kinds c. Distinction between a Negotiable Instrument and a Negotiable Warehouse Receipt d. Rights of a holder of a negotiable warehouse receipt as against a transferee of a non-negotiable warehouse receipt 2. Duties of a Warehouseman 3. Warehousemans Lien C. Trust Receipts Law 1. Definition/Concept of a Trust Receipt Transaction a. Loan/security feature b. Ownership of the goods, documents and instruments under a trust receipt 2. Rights of the Entruster a. Validity of the security interest as against the creditors of the entrustee/innocent purchasers for value 3. Obligations and Liability of the Entrustee a. Payment/Delivery of proceeds of sale or disposition of goods, documents or instruments Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com b. Return of goods, documents or instruments in case of sale c. Liability for loss of goods, documents or instruments d. Penal sanction if offender is a corporation 4. Remedies available D. Negotiable Instruments Law 1. Forms and Interpretation a. Requisites of Negotiability b. Kinds of negotiable instrument 2. Completion and delivery a. Insertion of date

b. Completion of blanks c. Incomplete and undelivered instruments d. Complete but undelivered instruments 3. Rules of interpretation 4. Signature a. Signing in trade name b. Signature of agent c. Indorsement by minor or corporation d. Forgery 5. Consideration 6. Accomodation party 7. Negotiation a. Distinguished from assignment b. Modes of negotiation 8. Rights of the Holder a. Holder in Due Course b. Defenses against the Holder 9. Liabilities of Parties a. Maker b. Drawer c. Acceptor d. Indorser e. Warranties 10. Presentment for Payment a. Necessity of presentment for payment b. Parties to whom presentment for payment should be made Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com c. Dispensation with presentment for payment d. Dishonor by non-payment 11. Notice of Dishonor a. Parties to be notified b. Parties who may give notice of dishonor c. Effect of notice d. Form of notice e. Waiver f. Dispensation with notice g. Effect of failure to give notice 12. Discharge of Negotiable Instrument a. Discharge of negotiable instrument b. Discharge of parties secondarily liable c. Right of party who discharged instrument d. Renunciation by holder 13. Material alteration a. Concept b. Effect of material alteration 14. Acceptance a. Definition b. Manner c. Time for acceptance d. Rules governing acceptance 15. Presentment for Acceptance a. Time/place/manner of presentment b. Effect of failure to make presentment c. Dishonor by non-acceptance 16. Promissory Notes 17. Checks a. Definition b. Kinds c. Presentment for payment (1) time (2) effect of delay E. Insurance Code 1. Concept of Insurance 2. Elements of an Insurance Contract Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Characteristics/Nature of Insurance Contracts 4. Classes a. Marine b. Fire c. Casualty d. Suretyship e. Life f. Compulsory Motor Vehicle Liability Insurance 5. Insurable Interest a. In Life/Health b. In Property c. Double Insurance and Over Insurance d. Multiple or Several Interests on Same Property 6. Perfection of the Contract of Insurance a. Offer and Acceptance/Consensuality (1) Delay in acceptance (2) Delivery of Policy b. Premium Payment

c. Non-Default Options in Life Insurance d. Reinstatement of a Lapsed Policy of Life Insurance e. Refund of Premiums 7. Rescission of Insurance Contracts a. Concealment b. Misrepresentation/Omissions c. Breach of Warranties 8. Claims Settlement and Subrogation a. Notice and Proof of Loss b. Guidelines on Claims Settlement (1) Unfair Claims Settlement; Sanctions (2) Prescription of Action (3) Subrogation F. Transportation Law 1. Common Carriers a. Diligence Required of Common Carriers b. Liabilities of Common Carriers 2. Vigilance over goods a. Exempting Causes Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (1) Requirement of Absence of Negligence (2) Absence of Delay (3) Due diligence to prevent or lessen the loss b. Contributory negligence c. Duration of liability (1) Delivery of goods to common carrier (2) Actual or constructive delivery (3) Temporary unloading or storage d. Stipulation for limitation of liability (1) Void stipulations (2) Limitation of liability to fixed amount (3) Limitation of liability in absence of declaration of greater value e. Liability for baggage of passengers (1) Checked-in baggage (2) Baggage in possession of passengers 3. Safety of Passengers a. Void stipulations b. Duration of liability (1) Waiting for carrier or Boarding of carrier (2) Arrival at destination c. Liability for acts of others (1) Employees (2) Other passengers and strangers d. Extent of liability for damages 4. Bill of Lading a. Three-fold character b. Delivery of goods (1) Period for delivery (2) Delivery without surrender of bill of lading (3) Refusal of consignee to take delivery d. Period for filing claims e. Period for filing actions 5. Maritime Commerce a. Charter Parties (1) Bareboat/Demise Charter Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (2) Time Charter (3) Voyage/Trip Charter b. Liability of Shipowners and Shipping Agents (1) Liability for acts of captain (2) Exceptions to limited liability c. Accidents and Damages in Maritime Commerce (1) General Average (2) Collisions d. Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (1) Application (2) Notice of Loss or Damage (3) Period of Prescription (4) Limitation of liability 6. Public Service Act a. Definition of Public Utility b. Necessity for certificate of public convenience (1) Requisites (a) Citizenship (b) Promotion of public interests (c) Financial capability (2) Prior operator rule (a) Meaning (b) Exceptions (c) Ruinous competition

c. Fixing of rate (1) Rate of return (2) Exclusion of income tax as expense d. Unlawful arrangements (1) Boundary system (2) Kabit system e. Approval of sale, encumbrance or lease of property 7. The Warsaw Convention a. Applicability b. Limitation of liability (1) Liability to passengers (2) Liability for checked baggage Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (3) Liability for hand-carried baggage c. Willful Misconduct G. Corporation Law 1. The Corporation Code a. Corporation, defined b. Classification of corporations c. Nationality of corporations (1) Control test (2) Grandfather rule d. Corporate juridical personality (1) Doctrine of separate juridical personality (a) Liability for tort and crimes (b) Recovery of damages (2) Doctrine of piercing the corporate veil (a) Grounds for application of doctrine (b) Test in determining applicability e. Capital structure (1) Number and qualifications of incorporators (2) Minimum capital stock and subscription requirements (3) Corporate term (4) Classification of shares f. Incorporation and organization (1) Promoter (a) Liability of promoter (b) Liability of corporation for promoters contracts (2) Subscription contract (3) Pre-incorporation subscription agreements (4) Consideration for stocks (5) Articles of Incorporation (a) Contents (b) Non-amendable items (6) Corporate name -- limitations on use of corporate name (7) Registration and issuance of Certificate of Incorporation Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (8) Election of directors or trustees (9) Adoption of By-Laws (a) Requisites of valid by-laws (b) Binding effects (c) Amendments g. Corporate powers (1) General powers, theory of general capacity (2) Specific powers, theory of specific capacity (a) Power to extend or shorten corporate term (b) Power to increase or decrease capital stock or incur, create, increase bonded indebtedness (c) Power to deny pre-emptive rights (d) Power to sell or dispose of corporate assets (e) Power to acquire own shares (f) Power to invest corporate funds in another corporation or business (g) Power to declare dividends (h) Power to enter into management contract (i) Ultra vires acts i. Applicability of ultra vires doctrine ii. Consequences of ultra vires acts (j) Doctrine of individuality of subscription (k) Doctrine of equality of shares (l) Trust fund doctrine (3) How exercised (a) By the shareholders (b) By the Board of Directors (c) By the Officers h. Stockholders and members (1) Fundamental rights of a stockholder (2) Participation in management (a) Proxy (b) Voting trust (c) Cases when stockholders action is required

i. By a majority vote ii. By a two-thirds vote iii. By cumulative voting (3) Proprietary rights (a) Right to dividends (b) Right of appraisal (c) Right to inspect Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (d) Preemptive right (e) Right to vote (f) Right to dividends (4) Remedial rights (a) Individual suit (b) Representative suit (c) Derivative suit (5) Obligation of a stockholder (6) Meetings (a) Regular or special i. When and where ii. Notice (b) Who calls the meetings (c) Quorum (d) Minutes of meetings i. Board of directors and trustees (1) Repository of corporate powers (2) Tenure, qualifications and disqualifications of directors (3) Elections (a) Cumulative voting (b) Quorum (4) Removal (5) Filling of vacancies (6) Compensation (7) Disloyalty (8) Business judgment rule (9) Solidary liabilities for damages (10) Liability for watered stocks (11) Personal liabilities (12) Responsibility for crimes (13) Special fact doctrine (14) Inside information (15) Contracts (a) By self-dealing directors with the corporation (b) Between corporations with interlocking directors (16) Executive committee (a) Creation (b) Limitations on its powers Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (17) Meetings (a) Regular or special i. When and where ii. Notice (b) Who presides (c) Quorum (d) Rule on abstention j. Capital affairs (1) Certificate of stock (a) Nature of the certificate (b) Uncertificated shares (c) Negotiability i. Requirements for valid transfer of stocks (d) Issuance i. Full payment ii. Payment pro-rata (e) Stock and transfer book i. Contents ii. Who may make valid entries (f) Lost or destroyed certificates (g) Situs of the shares of stock (2) Watered stocks (a) Definition (b) Liability of directors for watered stocks (c) Trust fund doctrine for liability for watered stocks (3) Payment of balance of subscription (a) Call by board of directors (b) Notice requirement (4) Sale of delinquent shares (a) Effect of delinquency (b) Call by resolution of the board of directors (c) Notice of sale (d) Auction sale (5) Alienation of shares

(a) Allowable restrictions on the sale of shares (b) Sale of partially paid shares (c) Sale of a portion of shares not fully paid Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (d) Sale of all of shares not fully paid (e) Sale of fully paid shares (f) Requisites of a valid transfer (g) Involuntary dealings k. Dissolution and liquidation (1) Modes of dissolution (a) Voluntary i. Where no creditors are affected ii. Where creditors are affected iii. By shortening of corporate term (b) Involuntary i. By expiration of corporate term ii. Failure to organize and commence business within 2 years from incorporation iii. Legislative dissolution iv. Dissolution by the SEC on grounds under existing laws (2) Methods of liquidation (a) By the corporation itself (b) Conveyance to a trustee within a 3-year period (c) By management committee or rehabilitation receiver (d) Liquidation after three years l. Other corporations (1) Close corporations (a) Characteristics of a close corporation (b) Validity of restrictions on transfer of shares (c) Issuance or transfer of stock in breach of qualifying conditions (d) When board meeting is unnecessary or improperly held (e) Preemptive right (f) Amendment of articles of incorporation (g) Deadlocks (2) Non-stock corporations (a) Definition (b) Purposes (c) Treatment of profits (d) Distribution of assets upon dissolution Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (3) Religious corporations (a) Corporation sole i. Nationality ii. Religious societies (4) Foreign corporations (a) Bases of authority over foreign corporations i. Consent ii. Doctrine of doing business (relate to definition under the Foreign Investments Act, RA 7042) (b) Necessity of a license to do business i. Requisites for issuance of a license ii. Resident agent (c) Personality to sue (d) Suability of foreign corporations (e) Instances when unlicensed foreign corporations may be allowed to sue - Isolated transactions (f) Grounds for revocation of license m. Merger and consolidation (1) Definition and concept (2) Constituent v. consolidated corporation (3) Plan of merger or consolidation (4) Articles of merger or consolidation (5) Procedure (6) Effectivity (7) Limitations (8) Effects H. Securities Regulation Code (RA 8799) 1. State policy (purpose) 2. Powers and functions of the SEC a. Regulatory b. Adjudicative 3. Securities required to be registered a. Exempt securities b. Exempt transactions 4. Procedure for registration of securities Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 5. Prohibitions on fraud, manipulation and insider trading

a. Manipulation of security prices b. Short sales c. Fraudulent transactions d. Insider trading 6. Protection of investors a. Tender offer rule b. Rules on proxy solicitation c. Disclosure rule 7. Civil liability I. Banking Laws 1. The New Central Bank Act (RA 7653) a. State policies b. Creation of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) c. Responsibility and primary objective d. Monetary Board - Powers and functions e. How the BSP handles banks in distress (1) Conservatorship (2) Closure (3) Receivership (4) Liquidation f. How the BSP handles exchange crisis (1) Legal tender power (2) Rate of exchange 2. Law on Secrecy of Bank Deposits (RA 1405, as amended) a. Purpose b. Prohibited acts c. Deposits covered d. Exceptions e. Garnishment of deposits, including foreign deposits f. Penalties for violation 3. General Banking Act (RA 8791) a. Definition and classification of banks b. Distinction of banks from quasi-banks and trust entities c. Bank powers and liabilities (1) Corporate powers (2) Banking and incidental powers Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com d. Diligence required of banks - relevant jurisprudence e. Nature of bank funds and bank deposits f. Stipulation on interests g. Grant of loans and security requirements (1) Ratio of net worth to total risk assets (2) Single borrowers limit (3) Restrictions on bank exposure to DOSRI (directors, officers, stockholders and their related interests) h. Penalties for violations (1) Fine, imprisonment (2) Suspension or removal of director or officer (3) Dissolution of bank 4. Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation Act a. Basic policy b. Concept of insured deposits c. Liability to depositors (1) Deposit liabilities required to be insured with PDIC (2) Commencement of liability (3) Deposit accounts not entitled to payment (4) Extent of liability (5) Determination of insured deposits (6) Calculation of liability (a) Per depositor, per capacity rule (b) Joint accounts (c) Mode of payment (d) Effect of payment of insured deposit (e) Payments of insured deposits as preferred credit under Art. 2244, Civil Code (f) Failure to settle claim of insured depositor (g) Failure of depositor to claim insured deposits i. Examination of banks and deposit accounts ii. Prohibition against splitting of deposits iii.Prohibition against issuances of TROs, etc. J. Intellectual Property Law (excluding Implementing Rules and Regulations) 1. Intellectual Property Rights in general a. Intellectual property rights b. Differences between copyrights, trademarks and patent c. Technology transfer arrangements Chan Robles Virtual Law Library

www.chanrobles.com 2. Patents a. Patentable inventions b. Non-patentable inventions c. Ownership of a patent (1) Right to a patent (2) First-to-file rule (3) Inventions created pursuant to a Commission (4) Right of priority d. Grounds for cancellation of a patent e. Remedy of the true and actual inventor f. Rights conferred by a patent g. Limitations of patent rights (1) Prior user (2) Use by the government h. Patent infringement (1) Tests in patent infringement (a) Literal infringement (b) Doctrine of equivalents (2) Civil and criminal action (3) Prescriptive period (4) Defenses in action for infringement i. Licensing (1) Voluntary (2) Compulsory j. Assignment and transmission of rights 3. Trademarks a. Definitions of marks, collective marks, trade names b. Acquisition of ownership of mark c. Acquisition of ownership of trade name d. Non-registrable marks e. Prior use of mark as a requirement f. Tests to determine confusing similarity between marks (1) Dominancy test (2) Holistic test g. Well-known marks h. Rights conferred by registration i. Use by third parties of names, etc. similar to registered mark Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com j. Infringement and remedies (1) Trademark infringement (2) Damages (3) Requirement of Notice k. Unfair competition l. Trade names or business names m. Collective marks n. Criminal penalties for infringement, unfair competition, false designation of origin, and false description or misrepresentation 4. Copyrights a. Basic principles, Secs. 172.2, 175, and 181 b. Copyrightable works (1) Original works (2) Derivative works c. Non-copyrightable works d. Rights of copyright owner e. Rules on ownership of copyright f. Limitations on copyright (1) Doctrine of fair use (2) Copyright infringement (a) Remedies (b) Criminal penalties K. Special Laws 1. The Chattel Mortgage Law (Act 1508 in rel. to Arts. 1484, 1485, 2140 and 2141 of the Civil Code) a. Essential requisites b. Formal requisites c. Registration, when and where d. After-acquired property e. After-incurred obligation f. Right of junior mortgagee g. Foreclosure procedure h. Redemption i. Claim for deficiency (1) General rule (2) Exception (3) Article 1484 2. Real Estate Mortgage Law (Act 3135, as amended by RA 4118) Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com a. Coverage b. Remedies available to mortgagee upon default of the mortgagor

c. Need for special power of attorney d. Authority to foreclose extrajudicially e. Procedure (1) Where to file (2) Where to sell (3) Posting requirement (4) Publication requirement (a) Sufficiency of newspaper publication (b) Need for republication in case of postponement (c) Personal notice to the mortgagor when and when not needed f. Possession by purchaser of foreclosed property g. Remedy of debtor if foreclosure is not proper h. Redemption (1) Who may redeem (2) Amount of Redemption price (3) Period for redemption (4) Effect of pendency of action for annulment of sale i. Writ of possession (1) Ministerial duty of the court (2) Enforcement against third parties (3) Pendency of action for annulment of sale j. Annulment of sale 3. Truth in Lending Act (RA 3765) a. Purpose b. Obligation of creditors to person to whom credit is extended c. Covered and excluded transactions d. Consequences of non-compliance with obligation 4. Anti-Money Laundering Law (RA 9160, as amended by RA 9194) a. Policy of the law b. Covered institutions c. Obligations of covered institutions d. Covered transactions e. Suspicious transactions f. When is money laundering committed g. Unlawful activities or predicate crimes Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com h. Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) i. Functions j. Freezing of monetary instrument or property k. Authority to inquire into bank deposits 5. Foreign Investments Act (RA 7042) a. Policy of the law b. Definition of terms (1) Foreign investment (2) Doing business in the Philippines (3) Export enterprise (4) Domestic market enterprise c. Registration of investments of non-Philippine nationals d. Foreign investments in export enterprises e. Foreign investments in domestic market enterprises f. Foreign Investment Negative List

CRIMINAL LAW I. Revised Penal Code / Special Laws, Presidential Decrees, and Executive Orders A. Book 1 (Articles 1-99, RPC, excluding provisions on civil liability), including related Special Laws 1. Fundamental Principles a. Definition of Criminal Law Difference between Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita b. Scope of Application and Characteristics of the Philippine Criminal Law (1) Generality (2) Territoriality (3) Prospectivity c. Constitutional limitations on the power of Congress to enact penal laws in the Bill of Rights (1) equal protection (2) due process (3) non-imposition of cruel and unusual punishment or excessive fines -Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines (R.A. 9346) (4) bill of attainder (5) ex post facto law 2. Felonies a. Classifications of Felonies b. Elements of Criminal Liability c. Impossible Crime d. Stages of Execution e. Conspiracy and Proposal

f. Multiple Offenders (differences, rules, effects) (1) Recidivism (2) Habituality (Reiteracion) (3) Quasi-Recidivism (4) Habitual Deliquency g. Complex Crimes vis Special Complex Crimes 3. Circumstances which Affect Criminal Liability a. Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal / Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition, of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives (P.D. 1866, as amended by R.A. 8294) as an aggravating circumstance b. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (R.A. 9165 (1) As a qualifying aggravating circumstance (2) Immunity from prosecution and punishment, coverage (3) Minor offenders (4) Application / Non application of RPC provisions (Sec. 98, R.A. 9165) cf. Art. 10, RPC c. Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 (R.A. 9344); also refer to Child and Youth Welfare Code (P.D. 603, as amended) (1) Definition of child in conflict with the law (2) Minimum age of criminal responsibility (3) Determination of age (4) Exemption from criminal liability d. Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (R.A. 9262) -Battered woman syndrome 4. Persons Criminally Liable a. Decree Penalizing Obstruction of Apprehension and Prosecution of Criminal Offenders (P.D. 1829) (1) Punishable acts (2) Compare with Article 20, RPC (accessories exempt from criminal liability) 5. Penalties a. General Principles -Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines (R.A. 9346) b. Purposes c. Classification d. Duration and Effect e. Application (1) Indeterminate Sentence Law (R.A. 4103, as amended) (a) Application on the imposed sentence (b) Coverage (c) Conditions of parole f. Execution and Service (1) Probation Law (P.D. 968, as amended) Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (a) Definition of terms (b) Purpose (c) Grant of probation, manner and conditions (d) Criteria of placing an offender on probation (e) Disqualified offenders (f) Period of probation (g) Arrest of probationer (h) Termination of probation; exception -The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (R.A. 9165) (2) Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 (R.A. 9344); also refer to Child and Youth Welfare Code (P.D. 603, as amended) (a) Definition of child in conflict with the law (b) Exemption from criminal liability (c) Juvenile justice and welfare system 6. Modification and Extinction of Criminal Liability a. Prescription of crimes b. Prescription of penalties B. Book II (Articles 114-365), including related Special Laws 1. Crimes Against National Security (114-123); in addition: a. Anti-Piracy and Anti- Highway Robbery (P.D.532) (1) Definition of terms (2) Punishable acts b. Anti-Hijacking Law (PD 6235) (1) Punishable acts c. Human Security Act of 2007(R.A. 9372) (1) Punishable acts of terrorism (2) Who are liable 2. Crimes Against the Fundamental Laws of the State (124-133); in addition: a. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Period of detention b. Anti-Torture Act (R.A. 9745) (1) Punishable acts (2) Who are liable Chan Robles Virtual Law Library

www.chanrobles.com 3. Crimes Against Public Order (134-159); in addition: a. -Decree Codifying the Laws on Illegal / Unlawful Possession, Manufacture, Dealing in, Acquisition or Disposition, of Firearms, Ammunition or Explosives (P.D. 1866, as amended by R.A. 8294) as an element of the crimes of rebellion, insurrection, sedition, or attempted coup detat b. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Punishable acts of terrorism (2) Who are liable (3) Absorption principle in relation to complex crimes 4. Crimes Against Public Interest (161-187); in addition: a. The New Public Bidding Law (R.A. 9184) (1) Prohibited acts b. Anti-Alias Law (C.A. 142) (1) Punishable acts (2) Exception 5. Crimes Relative to Opium and other Prohibited Drugs a. The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (R.A. 9165) (1) Punishable acts (2) Attempt or conspiracy, effect on liability 6. Crimes Against Public Morals (200-202) 7. Crimes Committed by Public Officers (203-245); in addition: a. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act (R.A. 3019,as amended) (1) Coverage (2) Punishable acts (3) Exceptions b. Anti-Plunder Act (R.A. 7080, as amended) (1) Definition of terms (2) Ill-gotten wealth (3) Plunder (4) Series / Combination (5) Pattern c. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Failure to deliver suspect to proper judicial authority (2) Infidelity in the custody of detained persons (3) False prosecution 8. Crimes Against Persons (246-266); in addition: Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com a. Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (R.A. 9262) (1) Punishable acts b. Anti-Child Pornography Law (R.A. 9775) (1) Definition of terms (2) Unlawful or punishable acts c. Anti-Hazing Law (R.A. 8049) (1) Hazing (a) Definition (b) Allowed initiation rites (2) Who are liable (3) Punishable acts d. Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act (R.A. 7610, as amended) (1) Coverage (2) Child prostitution, punishable acts (3) Child trafficking, punishable acts e. Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 (R.A. 9344); also refer to Child and Youth Welfare Code (P.D. 603, as amended) (1) Punishable acts f. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Punishable acts of terrorism (2) Who are liable 9. Crimes Against Personal Liberty and Security (267-292); in addition: a. Anti-Wire Tapping Act (R.A. 4200) (1) Punishable acts (2) Exceptions b. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Surveillance of suspects and interception and recording of communications (2) Restriction on travel (3) Examination of bank deposits and documents (a) Judicial Authorization (b) Application (4) Unauthorized revelation of classified materials c. Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (R.A. 9208) Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (1) Punishable acts 10. Crimes Against Property (293-332); in addition: a. Anti-Fencing Law (P.D. No. 1612) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (1) Fencing

(a) Definition (b) Presumption of fencing (2) Exception (a) With clearance or permit to sell b. Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. Blg. 22) plus Administrative Circular No. 12-2000 Re: Penalty for Violation of B.P. 22 and Administrative Circular No. 13-2001 Re: Clarification of Admin Circular No. 12-2000 (1) Punishable acts (2) Evidence of knowledge of insufficient funds (3) Preference of imposition of fine c. Anti-Carnapping Act of 1972 (R.A. 6539) (1) Definition of terms (2) Registration (3) Who are liable (a) Duty of collector of customs (b) Duty of importers, distributors and sellers (c) Clearance and permit (4) Punishable acts d. Human Security Act of 2007 (R.A. 9372) (1) Punishable acts of terrorism e. Anti-Arson Law (P.D.1613) (1) Punishable acts 11. Crimes Against Chastity (333-334, 336-346); in addition: a. Anti-Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of 2009 (R.A. 9995) (1) Punishable acts b. Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act (R.A. 7610, as amended) (1) Child prostitution and other acts of abuse (a) Punishable acts (b) Compare prosecution for Acts of Lasciviousness under Art. 366, RPC and RA 7610, as amended Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com (2) Obscene Publications and indecent shows (a) Punishable acts c. Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (R.A. 9208) (1) Punishable acts d. Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (R.A. 9262) (1) Punishable acts e. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (R.A. 7877) (1) Punishable acts 12. Crimes Against Civil Status (347-352) 13. Crimes Against Honor (353-364); in addition: a. Administrative Circular 08-2008 Re: Guidelines in the Observance of a Rule of Preference in the Imposition of Penalties in Libel Cases (1) Preference of imposition of fine 14. Criminal Negligence (365) II. Jurisprudence Pertinent Supreme Court decisions promulgated up to June 30, 2010 III. Excluded Topics 1. All Special Penal Laws and Supreme Court Decisions not pertinent to the above outlined topics are excluded. 2. Penalties of Specific Crimes.

LEGAL AND JUDICIAL ETHICS A. LEGAL ETHICS 1. Practice of Law a. Concept (1) Privilege (2) Profession, Not Business b. Qualifications c. Appearance of Non-Lawyers (1) Law Student Practice (2) Non-Lawyers in Courts (3) Non-Lawyers in Administrative Tribunals (4) Proceedings Where Lawyers Prohibited from Appearing d. Sanctions for Practice or Appearance Without Authority (1) Lawyers Without Authority (2) Persons Not Lawyers e. Public Officials And Practice of Law (1) Prohibition or Disqualification of Former Government Attorneys f. Lawyers Authorized to Represent the Government g. Lawyers Oath 2. Duties and Responsibilities of a Lawyer a. Society (1) Respect for Law and Legal Processes (2) Efficient and Convenient Legal Services

(3) True, Honest Fair, Dignified and Objective Information on Legal Services (4) Participation in the Improvement and Reforms in Legal System (5) Participation in Legal Education Program b. The Legal Profession (1) Integrated Bar of the Philippines (a) Membership and Dues (2) Upholding the Dignity and Integrity of the Profession (3) Courtesy, Fairness and Candor Towards Professional Colleagues (4) No Assistance in Unauthorized Practice of Law Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com c. The Courts (1) Candor, Fairness and Good Faith Towards the Courts (2) Respect for Courts and Judicial Officers (3) Assistance in the Speedy and Efficient Administration of Justice (4) Reliance on Merits of Case, Not From Improper Influence Upon the Courts d. The Clients (1) Availability of Service Without Discrimination (a) Services Regardless of Persons Status (b) Services as Counsel De Officio (c) Valid Grounds for Refusal (2) Candor, Fairness and Loyalty to Clients (a) Confidentiality Rule (b) Privileged Communications (c) Conflict of Interest (d) Candid and Honest Advice to Clients (3) Clients Moneys and Properties (a) Fiduciary Relationship (b) Co-Mingling of Funds (c) Delivery of Funds (d) Borrowing or Lending (4) Fidelity to Clients Cause (5) Competence and Diligence (a) Negligence (b) Collaborating Counsel (c) Duty to Apprise Client (6) Representation with Seal Within Legal Bounds (7) Attorneys Fees (a) Acceptance Fees (b) Contingency Fee Arrangements (c) Attorneys Liens (d) Fees and Controversies with Clients (e) Concepts of Attorneys Fees (i) Ordinary Concept (ii) Extra-Ordinary Concept (8) Preservation of Clients Confidences (a) When Allowed (9) Withdrawal of Services Chan Robles Virtual Law Library www.chanrobles.com 3. Suspension, Disbarment and Discipline of Lawyers a. Nature and Characteristics of Disciplinary Actions Against Lawyers (1) Sui Generis (2) Prescription b. Grounds c. Proceedings d. Discipline of Filipino Lawyers Practice in Foreign Jurisdictions 4. Readmission to the Bar a. Lawyers Who Have Been Suspended b. Lawyers Who Have Been Disbarred c. Lawyers Who Have Been Repatriated 5. Mandatory Continuing Legal Education a. Purpose b. Requirements c. Compliance d. Exemptions e. Sanctions 6. Notarial Practice a. Qualifications of Notary Public b. Term of Office of Notary Public c. Powers and Limitations d. Notarial Register e. Jurisdiction of Notary Public and Place of Notarization f. Revocation of Commission g. Competent Evidence of Identity h. Sanctions B. JUDICIAL ETHICS 1. Sources a. New Code of Judicial Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary (Bangalore Draft) b. Code of Judicial Conduct 2. Qualities a. Independence Chan Robles Virtual Law Library

www.chanrobles.com b. Integrity c. Impartiality d. Propriety e. Equality f. Competence and Diligence 3. Discipline of Members of the Judiciary a. Members of the Supreme Court (1) Impeachment b. Lower Court Judges and Justices c. Grounds d. Impeachment e. Sanctions Imposed by the Supreme Court On Erring Member