Tratamente termice F4

TERMS USED IN HEAT TREATMENTS

Age Hardening Aging Annealing Hardening produced by an aging process, usually after solubilization or cold working. Change in the properties with time, generally slow at ambient temperature and faster with temperature rise. Generic term that indicates a heat treatment consisting in controlled heating up to a given temperature, maintenance at such temperature during a certain period and cooling controlled in accordance with the purpose intended. Used for cast or forged parts requiring lower hardness than that obtained upon or forging. Planned aging which occurs above ambient temperature. Isothermal treatment that consists in heating up to the austenitizing temperature and keeping such temperature until full equalization; then quickly cooling down to the range where bainite is formed, keeping such temperature until full transformation. Used for parts requiring high toughness (spring-effect). Transformation of the existing as forged structure into an austenistic structure through heating. It can be either partial (heating within the transformation range) or complete (heating above the transformation range). Annealing accomplished under conditions that allow the formation of an even, adherent bluish oxide layer on the metal surface. Thermochemical treatment whereby surface enrichment with boron is accomplished. Used for parts requiring high abrasion resistance Annealing accomplished under conditions that prevent oxidation of the metal surface. Hardening where brine is the cooling agent (quenching medium). Restoration of the surface carbon content lost during a previous process. Thermochemical treatment whereby surface enrichment is accomplished with carbon and nitrogen simultaneously. Used for parts requiring high superficial hardness, high resistance to chafing fatigue, and which are subject to moderate superficial loads.

Artificial Aging Austempering

Austenitizing

Blue Annealing

Boronizing

Bright Annealing Brine Quenching Carbon Restoration Carbonitriding

Carburizing

Thermochemical treatment through which superficial carbon enrichment is accomplished. Used for parts requiring high superficial hardness, high resistance to chafing fatigue, and which are subject to high superficial loads. Annealing characterized by maintenance at a temperature significantly higher than the critical zone, then slow cooling down to a temperature below point A1 and subsequent arbitrary cooling down to ambient temperature, aiming at achieving the formation of grains. Used for parts requiring machining with swarf removal and which, after machined, must undergo a final heat treatment with minimal and ever repetitive dimensional distortions for large series of production . Hardening of the core material of the carburized part. Used for carburized parts whose core must have " medium" hardnesses. Carbonitriding accomplished in a fluid medium containing cyanides. Reduction of carbon content either throughout the material or in part of it. Heat Treatment where only a portion of the part follows the cycle of hardening temperatures. Also called selective hardening. Used for parts where some portions must be hard and others must be soft.

Coalescing annealing See Spheroidizing Annealing. Coarse Grain Annealing

Core Quenching

Cyaniding Decarburization Differential hardening

Direct Quenching Hardening of carburized parts directly from the from the Carburizing carburizing temperature with no intermediate cooling. Temperature Double Quenching Hardening of a carburized part accomplished in two steps. First, from the hardening temperature of the core material; second, from the hardening temperature of the carburized layer material. Used for parts with deep carburizing layers with the purpose of increasing the core toughness Annealing applied to cast iron with the purpose of obtaining a ferritic matrix. Also called ferritization. Used for cast iron parts requiring lower hardness than that obtained upon casting. Hardening where heating is accomplished through flames. Used for parts needing hardness only on the contour areas, following their geometry. Annealing characterized by a slow cooling through the critical zone, from the austenitizing temperature (in general above Ac1 for hypoeutectoid steels and between Ac31 and Accm for hypereutectoid steels). Used for cast iron parts which need lower hardness than that obtained upon casting.

Ferritic Annealing

Flame Hardening

Full Annealing

Full Decarburization Elimination of carbon throughout the material used for products requiring low magnetic permeability. Hardening Heat treatment characterized by cooling at speeds higher than the hardening critical coaling speed, from a temperature above the critical zone for hypoeutectoid steels and usually within the critical zone for hypereutectoid steels, which results in turning austenite into martensite. Used for parts needing high rigidity. If the process is not complemented with the necessary tempering, the hardened parts will often be fragile. FOTO Hardening restricted to the peripheral layer of the carburized part. Used for carburized parts whose nucleus must show low hardness. Operation or set of operations carried out in the solid state, which include heating, maintenance at given temperatures, and cooling, intended to give the material certain characteristics. Maintenance of an alloy at a high temperature in order to eliminate or reduce, through diffusion, the chemical segregations. Annealing characterized by heating up to a temperature significantly higher than point AC3, maintaining such temperature for a long period and then accomplishing the adequate cooling for the purpose intended, aiming at the elimination of local variations in the material composition. Hardening where heating is produced by immersion of the part in metal or molten salt baths or any other adequate fluid medium.

Hardening of the Carburized Layer Heat treatment

Homogenization

Homogenization Annealing

Immersion Quenching

Induction Hardening Hardening where heating is produced by electric induction. Used for parts needing hardness only on the contour areas, following their geometry. FOTO Intermediate Annealing Interrupted Aging Isothermal Annealing Annealing accomplished by maintaining the temperature within the critical zone. Used for parts requiring machining with swarf removal under specific conditions. Aging accomplished at two or more temperatures, with cooling to ambient temperature after each stage. Annealing characterized by austenitizing followed by the isothermal transformation of austenite in the region where perlite is formed. Used for parts requiring machining with swarf removal and which, after machined, must undergo a final heat treatment with minimal and ever repetitive dimensional distortions for large series of production. Treatment that includes an isothermal transformation. Heat treatment applied to white iron, whereby the carbon element is either turned into round graphite or eliminated. Both phenomena can occur simultaneously. Carbon can also be present at a phase or phases originated from the transformation of austenite (such as the perlite).

Isothermal treatment Malleableization

Martempering

Isothermal treatment consisting of austenitizing followed by a sudden cooling down to a temperature slightly higher than the range where martensite is formed, with the purpose of equalizing the material temperature and obtaining an adequate cooling down to ambient temperature. Used for parts which are liable to warping and which require the same properties that are achievable through heat treating. Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solution which occurs at ambient temperature. Thermochemical treatment whereby superficial nitrogen enrichment is accomplished. Used for parts requiring high resistance to chafing fatigue, high resistance to adhesive chafing, and which are subject to low superficial loads. Heat treatment characterized by heating above the critical zone and by equalization at such temperature, followed by uniform air cooling, without restricting or accelerating the process, down to ambient temperature. Used for parts requiring machining with swarf removal so as to avoid "caking" of the machining tools. Hardening where oil is the cooling agent (quenching medium). Either partial or full reduction of carbon content limited to the peripheral layers of the material. Heat treatment for wires and strips, employed in high and medium carbon steels, and characterized by heating above the critical zone and then cooling in air or in salt or lead bathes, Heat treatment for turning austenite into perlite. This term is widely used in the heat treatment of cast iron. Used for cast iron parts requiring greater hardness than that obtained upon casting. Hardening produced by an aging process, usually after solubilization or cold working. Prior heating accomplished up to a temperature lower than the temperature of the treatment intended. Aging accomplished through variation of temperature, either by steps or continuously. Nucleation and formation of new grains, generally equiaxial and stress-free, from a plastically forged material. Used for plastically cold-forged parts, aiming at reducing their creep and resistance limits. Annealing where the part is kept at a temperature within the recrystallization range after being forged below such range. Used for plastically cold-forged parts, with the purpose of reducing their flow and resistance limits. TIncrease in hardness which occurs during the tempering cycle. Time during which a part is kept at a given temperature

Natural Aging Nitriding

Normalizing

Oil Quenching Partial Decarburization Patent Annealing

Perlitic Annealing

Precipitation hardening Preheating Progressive Aging Recrystallization

Recrystallization Annealing

Secondary Hardening Soaking

after equalization throughout the part. Solubilization Annealing Annealing that results in one or more constituents being solved. Generally characterized by a quick cooling intended to keep such solution at ambient temperature. Also called solubilization. Used for parts which during the various production stages show segregation of the basic alloy elements. Annealing process with the purpose of obtaining spheroidized carbides. Usually characterized by maintaining the material at a temperature slightly above or below point A1 or varying around point A1, and slow cooling. Also known as coalescing annealing. Used for products requiring a very low hardness so as to allow deep drawing operations. Subcritical annealing with the purpose of eliminating internal stresses with no essential modification of existing properties; accomplished after cold forging, heat treatment, welding, machining, etc. Treatment performed below 0C. In particular, the cooling of steel at a temperature below 0C in order to turn the retained austenite into martensite. This treatment is usually performed in parts whose dimensional variations, while in operation, must be exclusively restricted to that determined by the steel coefficient of thermal expansion, i.e, with no overlapping of dimensional distortions caused by crystallografic transformations of austenite into martensite. Hardening limited to the peripheral layers of the part. Used for parts needing hardness only on the contour areas, following their geometry. - See flame or induction hardening. Heat treatment of a hardened or normalized part, characterized by reheating below the critical zone followed by an adequate cooling, with the purpose of adjusting the mechanical properties. Used for newly hardened parts, with the purpose of reducing stresses produced during the hardening process. A set of operations carried out in the solid state which include modification in the chemical composition of the part surface under adequate temperature and medium conditions. THardening where water is the cooling agent (quenching medium).

Spheroidizing Annealing

Strain Relief Annealing

Subzero treatment

Surface hardening

Tempering

Thermochemical treatment

Water Quenching

QT SERIES
AGITATED AND HEATED HEAVY DUTY PRODUCTION QUENCH TANKS
The QT Series quench tanks are used for the uniform quenching of hot steels. They may be used with water, light weight polymer, or oil. They are not designed for use with brine. Water or polymer must have rust inhibitors (or else tank must be stainless steel.) Special versions are available for very viscous polymer. They feature proper agitation which insures uniform quench temperatures and disperses the bubbles of vaporized quenchant that form on the surface of the hot parts being quenched. These bubbles, if not dispersed, . can cause uneven quenching times which would result in a poorly quenched part. The agitation also prevents localized overheating which, in the case of oil quench media, could cause a fire. The QT Series quench tanks also feature integrated controlled heaters and large inlet and outlet taps for optional cooling systems. An optional hinged lid provides a means to extinguish any potential quench oil fires and to keep quench media clean.

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