RoHS

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Voluntary and Regulatory standards and Directives RoHS ISO 14000 GHG GRI REACH ISO 19011 WEEE ELV IPC 1752 BS 8900 IEEE 1680 EPAs AP-42 IMDS JIG-101 NSF/ANSI STANDARD 140

Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) from different perspectives Generic user What is this standard/directive? Why RoHS restricts the use of these six substances? Why was this standard/directive developed? How to get involved in this standard development process? What are the overlapping standards? What is the life cycle of this standard? What are the related standards? Who will benefit and affected by this standard? Who has the authority to certify this standard? Who developed this standard? Where can I report about non-compliance of this standard? Consumer/buyer Industry/producer Government/regulatory Software solution provider Researcher Standard developer What is this standard/directive? RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) directive originated in the European Union and restricts the use of six hazardous materials found in electrical and electronic products.. The restriction applies to certain levels of Lead (Pb), Mercury (HG), Hexavalent Chromium (CRVI), Cadmium (Cd), and several fire retardant chemicals. RoHS only applies to 10 categories of electrical products sold or produced in Europe, UK and China. RoHS took effect on July 1, 2006 [1] . RoHS is also known as the Lead-Free directive and the 2002/95/EC directive [2-4]. RoHS specifies maximum levels for the following six restricted materials: Lead (Pb): < 1000 ppm Lead is commonly used in the electrical and electronics industry in solder, lead-acid batteries, electronic components, cable sheathing and in the glass of cathode-ray tubes. Mercury (Hg): < 100 ppm Mercury is a widely used metal in the production of electrical and electronic appliances and is concentrated in batteries, switches and thermostats, and fluorescent lamps. Cadmium (Cd): < 100 ppm Cadmium is used in electronic equipment, car batteries, and pigments. Hexavalent Chromium (Cr VI) < 1000 ppm Hexavalent Chromium is an anti-corroding agent found in electronic and electrical appliances. While some forms of chromium are non-toxic, Chromium VI can produce toxic effects. Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB): < 1000 ppm These are flame retardants found in electronic and electrical appliances. They have been found in indoor dust and air through evaporation from plastics. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE): < 1000 ppm These are also flame retardants found in electronic and electrical appliances. Combustion of printed wiring boards releases toxic emissions. Why RoHS restricts the use of these six substances? Lead (Pb) Properties: Pb (Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal, also considered to be one of the heavy metals. Lead has a bluish-white color when freshly cut, but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. It has a shiny chrome-silver luster when

Product, Process, and Service level standards Energy Star LEED Forest Stewardship Council Certified Wood Clean Vehicles Certified Organic Products Labeling Certified Green-e Salmon Friendly Products Cleaner and Greener Certification Nordic Swan Eco Label Green Seal Product Standards

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RoHS tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. It has a shiny chrome-silver luster when melted into a liquid. Applications: Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shot, weights, and is part of solder, pewter, fusible alloys and radiation shields. Lead has the highest atomic number of all stable elements. Effects: Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young children) and cause blood and brain disorders. Like mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a potent neurotoxin that accumulates in soft tissues and bone over time. Mercury (Hg) Properties: Mercury, also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a chemical element with the symbol Hg (Latinized Greek: hydrargyrum, from "hydr-" meaning watery or runny and "argyros" meaning silver) and atomic number 80. Applications: Mercury is used in thermometers, barometers, manometers, sphygmomanometers, float valves, and other scientific apparatus, though concerns about the element's toxicity have led to mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers being largely phased out in clinical environments in favor of alcohol-filled, digital, or thermistor-based instruments. It remains in use in a number of other ways in scientific and scientific research applications, and in amalgam material for dental restoration. It is used in lighting: electricity passed through mercury vapor in a phosphor tube produces short-wave ultraviolet light which then causes the phosphor to fluoresce, making visible light. Effects: Mercury occurs in deposits throughout the world mostly as cinnabar (mercuric sulfide), which is the source of the red pigment vermilion, and is mostly obtained by reduction from cinnabar. Cinnabar is highly toxic by ingestion or inhalation of the dust. Mercury poisoning can also result from exposure to soluble forms of mercury (such as mercuric chloride or methylmercury) , inhalation of mercury vapor, or eating fish contaminated with mercury. Cadmium (Cd) Properties: Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. The soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and therefore is a byproduct of zinc production. Applications: Cadmium was used for a long time as a pigment and for corrosion resistant plating on steel. Cadmium compounds were used to stabilize plastic. With the exception of its use in nickel-cadmium batteries and cadmium telluride solar panels, the use of cadmium is generally decreasing in its other applications. These declines have been due to competing technologies, cadmiums toxicity in certain forms and concentration and resulting regulations. Effects:The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds. Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in metal fume fever but may progress to chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and death. Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of fossil fuel combustion, phosphate fertilizers, natural sources, iron and steel production, cement production and related activities, nonferrous metals production, and municipal solid waste incineration. Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from passive smoking. Hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) Properties: Hexavalent chromium refers to chemical compounds that contain the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state. Virtually all chromium ore is processed via conversion to sodium dichromate. Applications: Hexavalent chromium is used for the production of stainless steel, textile dyes, wood preservation, leather tanning, and as anti-corrosion and conversion coatings as well as a variety of niche uses. Effects: Hexavalent chromium is recognized as a human carcinogen via inhalation. Workers in many different occupations are exposed to hexavalent chromium. Problematic exposure is known to occur among workers who handle chromate-containing products as well as those who arc weld stainless steel. In the U.S., the OSHA PEL for airborne exposures to hexavalent chromium is 5 g/ m3 (0.005 mg/m3). Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) Properties: Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), also called brominated biphenyls or polybromobiphenyls, are a group of manufactured chemicals, of the polyhalogenated compounds. Their chlorine analogs are the PCB's. PBBs usually exist as colorless to off-white solids. PBBs soften at 72 degrees Celsius and decompose above 300 degrees Celsius. They have low vapor pressure, are very soluble in benzene and toluene, and insoluble in water. They are degraded by UV http://www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SSP/standard_landscape/RoHS_analysis.html

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RoHS pressure, are very soluble in benzene and toluene, and insoluble in water. They are degraded by UV light. Applications: PBBs are used as flame retardants of the brominated flame retardant group. They are added to plastics used in products such as home electrical appliances, textiles, plastic foams, laptop cabinets, etc. to make them difficult to burn. Effects: Exposure to the PBB in genetically susceptible mice is known to cause immunotoxicity and disorders related to the central nervous system, and even at doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg, excess neonatal fatalities are observed (LD50 is from 5-10mg/kg). There is evidence that pre- and postnatal exposure to PBB in girls leads to menarche at an earlier age. Based on animal tests, the United States Department of Health and Human Services has determined that PBBs may reasonably be anticipated to be carcinogens. The International Agency for Research on Cancer also suggests that PBBs are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) Properties: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDE, are organobromine compounds that are used as flame retardants. They are structurally akin to the PCBs and other polyhalogenated compounds, consisting of two halogenated aromatic rings. PBDEs are classified according to the average number of bromine atoms in the molecule. Applications: Like other brominated flame retardants, PBDEs have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. Effects: The health hazards of these chemicals have attracted increasing scrutiny, and they have been shown to reduce fertility in humans at levels found in households. Their chlorine analogs are polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE's).

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Why measure?
Why RoHS is important? All applicable products in the EU market after July 1, 2006 must pass RoHS compliance. RoHS impacts the entire electronics industry. Any business that sells applicable electrical or electronic products, sub-assemblies or components directly to RoHS countries, or sells to resellers, distributors or integrators that in turn sell products to these countries, is impacted if they utilize any of the restricted materials [2]. The reason the law was passed was to reduce the amount of chemical pollutants that leaked out of certain products in the land fills in Europe and China [1]. RoHS only applies to ten categories of electrical products, and there are also exemptions, and this list of exemptions is likely to grow [1]. Why is RoHS necessary? The RoHS Directive[1] is intended to restrict the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. This increases the protection of human health and aids the environmentally-sound recovery and disposal of waste electrical and electronic equipment. The ban of four heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium) and two categories of brominated flame retardants (PBBs and PBDEs) entered into force in July 2006, although certain applications of these substances have been temporarily exempted until their substitution becomes scientifically and technically feasible. Innovation cycles for many electrical and electronic products are short, and such products often contain a great variety of materials and components, some of which are hazardous. RoHS is a legal instrument designed for and adapted to these specific risks. It ensures that restrictions on the use of substances in such products are implemented in a harmonized way throughout the EU, facilitating the free movement of these products in the internal market. Which companies are affected by the RoHS Directive? Any business that sells applicable electronic products, sub-assemblies or components directly to EU countries, or sells to resellers, distributors or integrators that in turn sell products to EU countries, is impacted if they utilize any of the restricted materials [2].

What to measure?
What products does it cover? RoHS covers a vast spectrum of products that use electricity, including small and large household appliances, IT and telecommunications equipment and consumer goods such as radios, TV sets, video cameras and hi-fi systems. RoHS Product Compliance Categories http://www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SSP/standard_landscape/RoHS_analysis.html 9/7/2012 8:45:12 PM

RoHS RoHS Product Compliance Categories The RoHS Directive currently applies to products in Categories 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 10 as per Schedule 1 of the WEEE Directive. Categories 8 and 9 of the RoHS Directive are currently exempted from compliance. The following product categories are impacted under the RoHS Directive: Cat 1. Large household appliances: refrigerators, washers, stoves, air conditioners Cat 2. Small household appliances: vacuum cleaners, hair dryers, coffee makers, irons Cat 3. Computing & communications equipment: computers, printers, copiers, phones Cat 4. Consumer electronics: TVs, DVD players, stereos, video cameras Cat 5. Lighting: lamps, lighting fixtures, light bulbs Cat 6. Power tools: drills, saws, nail guns, sprayers, lathes, trimmers, blowers Cat 7. Toys and sports equipment: videogames, electric trains, treadmills Cat 10. Automatic dispensers: vending machines, ATM machines The following products are currently exempted from RoHS compliance: Category 8. Medical devices and equipment Category 9. Control and monitoring equipment National security use and military equipment Large stationary industrial tools Certain light bulbs and some batteries Spare parts for electronic equipment in the market before July 1, 2006.

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How to report?
How declaration is made? Manufactures of products are not required to prove that their products meet the new RoHS law, but they are required to make self-declarations that their product does meet or exceed RoHS legislation [1]. Each country will determine how they will monitor and test products. If a violation does occur, the manufacturer is required to show that they exercised due diligence in making their product compliant to RoHS, and show how they will comply in the future [1].

How to measure? / How to verify/validate?

How are products tested for RoHS compliance? The most common measuring method comes in the form of portable RoHS analyzers, also known as X-ray fluorescence or XRF metal analyzers, and are used for screening and verification of RoHS compliance [2]. The most common tool used for RoHS compliance testing is the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analyzer. They come in stand-alone, bench-top and handheld formats. XRF analyzers can be bought or rented as the need arises. The following is a list of some XRF manufacturers: Bruker AXS, Innov-X Systems, Niton, Oxford Instruments, PANalytical, Rigaku Americas, RMD Instruments, Shimadzu, SII Nanotechnology, Skyray XRF, Spectro Analytical

Background
What are the benefits of RoHS and its revision for the environment? Environmental improvements will result from the inclusion of new product categories. In the medium to long term this will eliminate the presence of banned substances in included products and in the waste derived from them. Moreover, clear conformity assessment procedures and effective market surveillance mechanisms at the national level will substantially reduce the number of noncompliant products in the market and boost the environmental benefits of the directive. What will be immediate benefits for manufacturers and other economic operators? The introduction of harmonised requirements for scope, definitions, assessment of product conformity and market surveillance which are in line with other product-related EU legal requirements and the harmonisation of requirements for the contents of the exemption application and clarifying the period of validity of exemptions will increase legal certainty and thus reduce the administrative burden. The Commission services estimate that overall net benefits will ensue, although these may be modest. The recommended options will have an important cumulative effect in clarifying the http://www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SSP/standard_landscape/RoHS_analysis.html 9/7/2012 8:45:12 PM

RoHS The Commission services estimate that overall net benefits will ensue, although these may be modest. The recommended options will have an important cumulative effect in clarifying the directive and harmonising its implementation and enforcement with a positive contribution to better regulation. How has it functioned until now? RoHS has prevented many thousands of tons of banned substances from being disposed of and potentially released into the environment, and has brought about important changes in the design of electrical and electronic products by increasing producers' awareness of product composition and toxicity. Other countries, including the EU's major trading partners, have followed the EU example and brought in similar legislation. Manufacturers complying with the RoHS requirements are now better prepared to face this global challenge. National authorities have intensified cooperation for spotting and removing from the market noncompliant products, basing their approach on products that due to their nature, volume of trade and marketing structures are more liable to create environmental problems. How are RoHS and WEE related? WEEE is the acronym for Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment. WEEE, also known as Directive 2002/96/EC, mandates the treatment, recovery and recycling of electric and electronic equipment. All applicable products in the EU market after August 13, 2006 must pass WEEE compliance and carry the "Wheelie Bin" sticker. For the complete directive, see Directive 2002/96/ EC of the European Parliament [2]. WEEE compliance aims to encourage the design of electronic products with environmentally-safe recycling and recovery in mind. RoHS compliance dovetails into WEEE by reducing the amount of hazardous chemicals used in electronic manufacture [2]. Put another way, RoHS regulates the hazardous substances used in electrical and electronic equipment, while WEEE regulates the disposal of this same equipment [2].

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RoHS2
What is RoHS2? The proposed changes to the original RoHS Directive in RoHS2 are minor. No additional substances have been added to the six currently restricted. Inclusion of RoHS categories 8 (medical devices) and 9 (control and monitoring instruments) products in RoHS is now proposed, with the proposed dates for inclusion being 2012 or later [2]. Why did it need to be modified? In the case of medical devices and control and monitoring instruments, higher costs were expected for a few complex products that are produced in low numbers and have critical applications. However, the proposed staged introduction of these products and the proposed exemptions has allowed the conversion to take place in the framework of existing resources and product development cycles. The Commission plans to recast RoHS are part of its overall commitment for a better regulatory environment. The reforms cover improvements in implementation, enforcement and coherence. The current RoHS Directive also requires a review, especially with regard to the inclusion of medical devices and monitoring and control instruments in its scope and to the adaptation of the list of restricted substances. Experience with the first years of implementation and two extensive stakeholder consultations in the run-up to the recast revealed implementation-related problems, such as difficulties in deciding whether certain products fall within the scope, too many non-compliant products and differences between Member States' methods for assessing product compliance and carrying out market surveillance. There was also a potential for confusion over the relation between RoHS and newer policies and legislation covering for example chemicals, which increased the risk of inadequate or inefficient implementation of the directive. Which are the main proposed modifications? Changes in the legal text to clarify scope and definitions, in particular by creating a binding list of products defining the scope of the RoHS Directive; Introduction of all relevant provisions already used in the EU "Marketing of products package of legislation concerning, in particular national market surveillance activities and mechanisms for assessing the conformity of the product; Adaptation of the procedure for exemptions, for instance by introducing additional socioeconomic criteria for granting exemptions and a requirement for applicants to evaluate http://www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SSP/standard_landscape/RoHS_analysis.html 9/7/2012 8:45:12 PM

RoHS Adaptation of the procedure for exemptions, for instance by introducing additional socioeconomic criteria for granting exemptions and a requirement for applicants to evaluate substitutes before submitting a request; Inclusion in a staged manner medical devices and control and monitoring instruments within the scope of RoHS of; Establishing a clear mechanism for identifying and if necessary restricting the use of additional hazardous substances, exploiting all possible synergies with EU chemicals legislation and a list of hazardous substances to be examined as a matter of urgency via this mechanism.

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Other RoHS Initiatives

What are the other RoHS Green Initiatives? California RoHS (SB20) Compliance [2] California RoHS took effect on January 1, 2007. California SB 20 and SB 50 contain both RoHS and WEEE-like provisions. SB20 applies only to CRT, LCD and plasma screens larger than four inches measured diagonally. SB50 extended coverage to products refurbished by the manufacturer for retail sale. China RoHS Compliance On February 28, 2006, China published a law titled "Administration on the Control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products" (ACPEIP). The actual China RoHS Directive took effect from 1 March 2007. China RoHS has product marking requirements for the six EU RoHS restricted substances for all applicable products. Disclosure can be at the component or ar the sub assembly level, but it has to be in a prescribed format as detailed in "Marking for the control of Pollution Caused by Electronic Information Products". China RoHS has also been referred to as RPCEP (Regulation for Pollution Control of Electronic Products). Japan RoHS Compliance Whereas EU RoHS has a defined focus on restricting certain hazardous substances for one specific industry (electrical and electronic equipment), Japan RoHS is more comprehensive. The "Law for the Promotion of Effective Utilization of Resources" seeks to establish a sustainable society based on reduction, reuse, and recycling. Construction companies and electric utilities are targeted as well as a wide range of manufacturers. The law was passed in June 2000, with enforcement beginning April 2001. It amended the Resource Recycling Promotion Law of 1991, which relied upon voluntary initiatives. Japan RoHS has also been referred to as JGPSSI (Japan Green Procurement Survey Standardization Initiative) Korea RoHS Compliance On April 2, 2007, the Act for Resource Recycling of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles was adopted into law by the National Assembly of Korea. Korea's equivalent of the RoHS and WEEE directives adopts an Eastern approach by including "design for the environment" in its requirements. Implementation is geared toward improvement in product design and recycling technology as they become technically and economically feasible. Norway RoHS Compliance (PoHS) Norway intends to prohibit 18 substances from consumer goods under new legislation which is much wider than EU RoHS rules. Of the 18 substances, only lead and cadmium are in common with EU RoHS. Called the "Prohibition on Certain Hazardous Substances in Consumer Products," this is referred to as PoHS. Turkey RoHS Compliance Turkey announced the implementation of their Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) legislation effective June 2009. The legislation was created by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Forestry and includes manufacturers and sellers of electronic goods as well as products that are supplied by others under their own brand names. Manufacturers must keep documentation showing that products they introduce to the market meet the criteria for legislation for 5 years starting from the date the product is released to the market. Manufacturers must also submit a Conformity Declaration Form to the Turkish government every year [2].

References http://www.mel.nist.gov/msid/SSP/standard_landscape/RoHS_analysis.html 9/7/2012 8:45:12 PM

RoHS References [1] Catskillsupply, 2010, Overview of Rohs Legislation in Europe and China, http:// www.catskillsupply.com/pdf/RoHS.pdf [2] Rohsguide, 2010, Rohs & Weee -- Information Guide to Rohs Compliance, http:// www.rohsguide.com/ [3] Parlament, E., 2003, Rohs Directive, http://www.rohs.gov.uk/Docs/Links/RoHS% 20directive.pdf [4] Gov, R., 2010, Uk Rohs, http://www.rohs.gov.uk/content.aspx?id=9 [5] Zachman, 2010, Zachman Framework, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachman_Framework [6] Healthcare, Z. A. T., 2010, Zachman Framework for Healthcare Informatics Standards, http:// apps.adcom.uci.edu/EnterpriseArch/Zachman/Resources/ExampleHealthCareZachman.pdf [7] Security, Z. A. T., 2010, " Http://Apps.Adcom.Uci.Edu/Enterprisearch/Zachman/Resources/ Appliedtosecurity.Pdf "

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Technical analysis
Analysis using Zachman framework: If you are interested in implementing this standard/directive in your organization or developing software support for this standard please refer to our extensive analysis using Zachman framework..

Go to RoHS main page Other references http://www.rohs.eu/english/index.html http://www.rohs.gov.uk/ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri= OJ:L:2003:037:0019:0023: EN:PDF

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