Gravity Water Supply System Tools Manual

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.
06)
UNHABITAT, Afghanistan
NOTICE
This manual Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools has been prepared to provide a basis for understanding and using spreadsheets and AutoCAD drawings prepared for designing community led gravity water supply systems in Afghanistan. Earlier versions of the spreadsheets have been in used by UN-HABITAT and other design engineers working in water supply projects. It is expected that use of these tools will result in a standard methodology for designing of gravity water supply sub-projects. This manual and any examples contained herein are provided as is and are subject to change without notice. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT) shall not be liable for any errors or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or the examples herein. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITAT). All rights reserved. All rights are reserved to the programs and this manual that are included in the Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools. Reproduction, adaptation or translation of those programs and documents without prior written permission of UNHABITAT is also prohibited. Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06) is a shareware and can also be downloaded from www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org . Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy, or redistribute the Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools so long as it is not sold for profit.
Published by: United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UNHABITT), Afghanistan House # 235, Street #8, Taimani, Kabul, Afghanistan Web: http://fukuoka.unhabitat.org Email: unhabitat@unhabitat-afg.org
Author:
Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar

Engineering Advisor UNHABITAT, Afghanistan
Printed by: Afghan Women Entrepreneurs Printing Services, Opposite Masjeed-e-Qahraman, Karbala, Kabul, Afghanistan Tel: 0093- (0)700-285-709
This Edition: June 2008 First Edition 500 copies
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Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)
PREFACE
The Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06) were prepared by United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Afghanistan as a part of its continuous efforts to develop indigenous capacity of Afghan engineers engaged in rebuilding and upgrading Afghan rural as well as urban areas. It is a complete set of tools consisting of typical Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, AutoCAD drawings and procedural guidelines (this manual) for designing of community led gravity water supply projects. UN-HABITAT engineers working in nine provinces and Kabul have been using most of the presented spreadsheets for about a year. Since these tools have been verified by real engineering sub-projects, I personally found them very useful for the stated works. Irrespective of the sizes and locations, all water supply projects have many common features from conception to implementation and operation. Therefore, these spreadsheets and drawings can also be used for all other similar projects within and outside Afghanistan. I would like to thank all the members of the Engineering Division of UNHABITAT, Kabul for their supports to make this publication happen. My special thanks go to Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, the Engineering Advisor of UNHABTAT, for his devotion on preparing such a set of useful tools. The contribution of all the UNHABITAT engineers working in all the nine provinces for their continuous support on the development of these tools is highly appreciated. I do hope that these Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools would fill the gap that has been felt by all the engineering stakeholders and would be able to contribute to the sector.
Ms. Nouchine Yavari Country Programme Manager UNHABITAT, Afghanistan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks for using the Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (version 2008.06). It is a complete set of shareware tools consisting of twenty typical Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (a workbook), fourteen typical AutoCAD drawings and a users manual (this manual) recommended for use in detailed designing of community led gravity water supply system sub-projects. An electronic version of these tools (an Excel workbook and an AutoCAD drawing) and this manual in Acrobat PDF format are enclosed on the attached CD ROM. Electronic versions of my other engineering tools are also enclosed on the attached CD ROM. The first one was made for designing micro-hydropower projects where as the second one was made for engineering surveying and discharge measurement.
Why I Prepared the Tools I approached this project with one goal in mind. To write a one-step Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools that would appeal to all engineers engaged in implementing community led gravity water supply projects in Afghanistan. That is a fairly ambitious goal. But based on the feedbacks I received, I think I have been successful. Microsoft Excel is the present market leader, by a long shot, and it is truly the best spreadsheet available. Excel lets you do things with formulas and macros (Visual Basic for Application) that are impossible with other spreadsheets. Similarly, Autodesk AutoCAD has been the best and suitable tool for creating digital drawings. Since most of the design engineers and surveyors are familiar with Excel and AutoCAD, I have prepared these tools on these application software platforms. Although the above mentioned software are popular amongst all the engineers, it is a safe bet that less than two percent of users working in Afghanistan really understand how to get the most out of it. With the help of these tools, I have attempted to illustrate the fascinating features of Excel and AutoCAD and nudge you into that elite group. I have noticed that there are fairly adequate number of books prepared for designing community led water supply systems. However, there are a few complete tools that are readily available for engineers to enhance their skills and capacities effectively and efficiently. Moreover, trainings and training materials distributed to design engineers in Afghanistan are not to a standard so that they are able to design the network systems comfortably. These tools are prepared aiming to fill this critical gap. It would not have been possible for me to write this tools without the encouragement from United Nations Human Settlements Programmes (UNHABITAT, Afghanistan) and of course, Mr. Bijay Karmacharya, the Rural Programme Manager, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. I would also like to thank all my colleagues working in the engineering divisions of UNHABITAT, Afghanistan for their tireless assistance and valued suggestions on composition and presentation.
What You Should Know The Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools are prepared for practicing designers who have basic knowledge of discharge measurement and engineering surveying, technical calculation skills on water supply networks design and who are familiar with Excel and AutoCAD. I have attempted to elaborate these tools in such a way that the users will learn to use these tools quite comfortably. The calculations in the spreadsheets are intended to mimic manual calculations as far as possible. Stepwise manual calculations of typical examples are also presented in this manual.
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What You Should Have To make the best use of these tools, you need a copy of Microsoft Excel (XP or later, preferably 2003), Autodesk AutoCAD (2000 or later, preferably 2006) and Adobe Acrobat Reader (5.0 or later). The latest version of a free copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader can be downloaded from www.adobe.com. A downloaded copy of Adobe Acrobat Reader is included in the bundled CDROM. The minimum system requirements for installing and running presented tools are: Operating system CPU RAM Display CD ROM HD : Windows 98/2000/NT/XP/Vista : 486/333MHz : 128MB : 640 x 480 pixels, 256 colours : Double-speed (for installation only) : 10 MB (approximately)
How These Tools Are Organized There are many ways to organize the materials of these tools, but I settled on a scheme that divides them into three main parts. Part I: Field Measurement and Design Spreadsheets This part consists of twenty typical spreadsheets (ten calculations, four tables, five formats and a home page) covering all calculations and field formats related to gravity water supply design methods. These spreadsheets provide users to estimate measured discharges using conductivity meter, calculates heads by Abney / level surveying and to design project elements. Part II: AutoCAD Drawings This part consists of fourteen typical AutoCAD drawings in 2000 and 2006 versions covering drawings made for sources to end use water supply networks system. A single file with dynamic title blocks are used for each layout is used. Part III: Users Manual This manual (also in Adobe Acrobat PDF format) illustrates aspects of using the presented spreadsheets and stepwise calculations covering all illustrated methods for gravity water supply designs. Procedural guidelines for site investigation and engineering surveying are not covered in this manual. It is recommended that the manual on Discharge Measurement and Engineering Surveying should be referred to for these guidelines. Part IV: Digital References and Archives Digital copies of catalogue for pumps and pipes, National Solidarity Programme (NSP) Afghanistan technical manual on water supply and sanitation, etc are also enclosed in the CD-ROM.
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Download and Reach Out Electronic files included on the attached CD can also be downloaded from www.fukuoka.unhabitat.org . Preparation of these tools is a continuous process. I am always interested in getting feedback on them. Therefore, valuable suggestions and feedbacks are expected from all the stakeholders/users so that the overall quality of gravity water supply schemes is enhanced. Any suggestion and feedback can directly be sent to my email pushpa.chitrakar@unhabitat-afg.org or pushpa.chitrakar@gmail.com. Sharing of related information regarding advanced options beyond these tools is also appreciated. Pushpa Chitrakar Engineering Advisor UNHABITAT, Afghanistan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
NOTICE PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE TOOLS SOURCES OF THE TOOLS TOOLS: SPREADSHEETS 1.4.1 Iterative Processes 1.4.2 Macro Security 1.4.3 Worksheet protection 1.4.4 User specific inputs 1.4.5 Errors 1.4.6 Cell notes 1.4.7 Cell Text Conventions 1.4.8 Pull Down menus and command buttons 1.4.9 Tools Menu and Toolbar TOOLS: TYPICAL DRAWINGS INSTALLATION AUTOCAD PLOTTING
I II III VI 1
1 1 1 2 3 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 10
1.5 1.6 1.7
THE SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

2.1 2.2 INTRODUCTION TYPES OF GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 2.2.1 System Type 01: Continuity of flow: Open or closed based on flows 2.2.2 System Type 02: Interconnected ends: Dead-end and other distribution system 2.2.3 System Type 03: Water sources: Ground water or surface water source IMPLEMENTATION PHASES 2.3.1 Conception 2.3.2 Feasibility Study 2.3.3 Implementation 2.3.4 Operation, maintenance and Rehabilitation
13
13 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 17
2.3
FEASIBILITY STUDY
3.1 3.2 3.3 INTRODUCTION DESK STUDY FIELD STUDY: SITE INVESTIGATION
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18
18 18 18
3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4
Technical data collection Non-technical Aspects (Social)
18 19 19
OFFIECE WORK: DETAILED DESIGN
WATER DEMAND
4.1 4.2 INTRODUCTION DEMAND CALCULATIONS 4.2.1 Assumptions used for demand calculations Example 4.1: Demand Calculations
21
21 22 22 22
INTAKE DESIGN
5.1 5.2 5.3 INTRODUCTION DESIGN OF SURFACE INTAKES Example 5.1: Surface Intake Sizing INTAKE DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES
23
23 23 24 26
SEDIMENTATION TANK DESIGN

6.1 6.2 INTRODUCTION Example 6.1: sedimentation Tank Design GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES
27
27 27 28
FILTRATION TANK DESIGN

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 INTRODUCTION DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTER Example 7.1: Design of Slow Sand Filter DESIGN OF RAPID SAND FILTER Example 7.2: Design of Rapid Sand Filter GRAVITY FILTER DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES
30
30 31 32 32 33 33
RESERVOIR TANK DESIGN

8.1 8.2 8.3 INTRODUCTION GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR TANK DESIGN DESIGN PROCEDURES OF GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR TANKS Example 8.1: Gravity Fed Reservoir Tank Design 8.3.1 Gravity Fed Reservoir design Program Briefing & Examples DESIGN OF WELL FED RESERVOIR TANKS Example 8.2: Well Fed Reservoir Tank Design 8.4.1 Well Fed Reservoir Design Program Briefing & Examples
35
35 35 36 36 37 38 39 42
8.4
PIPE NETWORK DESIGN

9.1 9.2 INTRODUCTION Example 9.1: Natural Flow SPECIAL CASES: CRITICAL HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS 9.2.1 Combination Pipes Example 9.2: Combination Pipes
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43
43 46 47 47 47
9.2.2 Negative Pressure Example 9.3: Negative Pressure 9.2.3 Air Locks: Example 9.4: Air Lock 9.3 9.4 9.5 PIPE SELECTION IN AFGHANISTAN A COMPLETE DESIGN Example 9.5: Pipe Network Design PIPE DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES
48 49 50 52 54 55 55 61
DATA SHEETS AND FORMATS

HDPE PIPE SPECIFICATIONS HEAD LOSS FACTOR TABLES WHOS DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 1993 FORMATS
64
64 64 64 64
REFERENCES TYPICAL DRAWINGS
81 83
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Summary of Spreadsheets ..................................................................................................2 Table 1.2: Summary of Drawings .........................................................................................................9 Table 4.1: Summary of Typical Daily Demands ................................................................................21 Table 5.1: Strainer Specifications......................................................................................................24 Table 7.1: Comparison of SSF and RSF ............................................................................................31 Table 8.1: A typical demand regime ..................................................................................................35 Table 8.2: Summary of Reservoir Tank Calculations (all volumes are in m3) .................................37 Table 8.3: Summary of Reservoir Tank Calculations (all volumes are in m3) .................................40 Table 9.1: Recommended Values of C ..............................................................................................45 Table 9.2: % Head loss for HDP Pipe (ISI Standard).........................................................................45 Table 9.3: Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Fittings .................................................................................46 Table 9.4: Flushing Velocities to prevent air locks ..........................................................................51 Table 9.5: Design of Reservoir ..........................................................................................................56
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Iterative process .................................................................................................................3 Figure 1.2: Activation of iteration in Excel 2003 (Tools => Option =>Calculations)..........................3 Figure 1.3: Activation of iteration in Excel 2007 (MS => Excel Option =>Formulas).........................4 Figure 1.4: Setting macros to medium security (Tools=> Macros=>Security) ..................................4 Figure 1.5: Enabling macros .................................................................................................................4 Figure 1.6: Enabling macros in MS Excel 2007 (MS Office=>Excel Options=> Trust Centre=>Trust Center Settings..=>Macro Settings). .............................................................................................5 Figure 1.7: Instruction incorporated in a cell note. .............................................................................6 Figure 1.8: A Formula presented in a cell note....................................................................................6 Figure 1.9: Colour coding of cell texts .................................................................................................6 Figure 1.10: Pull Down Menu ................................................................................................................7 Figure 1.11: Pull Down Menu ................................................................................................................7 Figure 1.12: Spreadsheet Menu and Toolbar.......................................................................................8 Figure 1.13: Computed AutoCAD commands in Excel .....................................................................10 Figure 1.14: Script file (4 sets of commands combined into a single file) and ACAD drawing......11 Figure 1.14: Script file (4 sets of commands combined into a single file) and ACAD drawing......12 Figure 2.1: Components of a typical gravity flow system utilizing surface water ..........................15 Figure 2.2: Components of a typical gravity flow system utilizing underground water .................15 Figure 5.1: Typical Strainer Arrangement ..........................................................................................24 Figure 5.2: Intake sizing spreadsheet IntakeSizing .......................................................................26 Figure 6.1: SedimentationTank spreadsheet .................................................................................29 Figure 7.1: Types of Filtration Methods .............................................................................................30 Figure 7.2: Components of a Gravity Filter System ..........................................................................30 Figure 7.3: Sieve Graph of Typical Sand Sample ..............................................................................31 Figure 7.4: Sedimentation Tank Sizing spreadsheet SedimentationTank ...................................34 Figure 8.1: Gravity Fed Reservoir Sizing spreadsheet ReservoirTank ........................................38 Figure 8.2: Pump Performance Charts for H4K Italian Pumps .........................................................41 Figure 8.3: Well Fed Reservoir Sizing spreadsheet ReservoirTankPump ...................................42 Figure 9.1: Longitudinal section and water profiles of a water supply system...............................44 Figure 9.2: Interpolation for % frictional factor for unlisted flow of 0.225 l/s. .................................45 Figure 9.3: Negative pressure along the pipe line.............................................................................49 Figure 9.4: Formation of a Partial Air Lock ........................................................................................50 Figure 9.5: Formation of a Total Air Lock ..........................................................................................51 Figure 9.6: Prevention of Formation of Air Locks by analyzing pipe profiles .................................52 Figure 9.7: Diagram for Example 9.4 ..................................................................................................52 Figure 9.8: Diagram for Example 8.5 ..................................................................................................55 Figure 9.9: Intake and Sedimentation tank considered in Example 9.8 ...........................................59 Figure 9.10: Pipe network design considered in Example 9.8..........................................................60 Figure 9.11: Pipe Design as per Example 9.5 by Iranian Standard & Hazen Williams Method.......62 Figure 9.12: Pipe Design as per Example 9.5 by Indian Standard & Tabulated Method. ................63
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The presented set of tools is a complete set of Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools recommended for detailed designs of community water supply system projects in Afghanistan. It consists of MS Excel spreadsheets on surveying, data reduction and water supply design components, AutoCAD drawings on water supply networks components and this manual in Adobe Acrobat PDF formant. The tools were prepared to provide a basis for design engineers to undertake field observations, data reduction and design water supply networks systems as per the standard requirements for preparing technical proposal in Afghanistan. Since most of the stakeholders are familiar with Microsoft Excel (XP or later) and AutoCAD (2000 or later) application software, the tools were prepared based on these software to make them simple and user friendly. During the preparation of these tools, special efforts were made so that the skills and knowledge of practicing surveyors and engineers are further enhanced by the use of these tools. The tools consist of a set of twenty typical spreadsheets, fourteen drawings and a users manual. Most of the spreadsheets have been in used for about a year by water supply design engineers working under UN-HABITAT. Most of the drawings are prepared based on the illustrated design examples. Procedural guidelines, detailed step by step calculations and guidelines for using the presented spreadsheets are presented in the users manual. The Excel tools are prepared and distributed in template/read-only formats so that the original copies are always preserved even when users accidentally modify them.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE TOOLS

The main objective of the presented tools is to enhance the quality of water supply system network designs both in rural and in urban Afghanistan. It is expected that the use of these tools helps fulfilling the main objective because: 1. They function as a set of Time Saver Kit for precision and speed (e.g. pipe network designs.). 2. They provide relevant references to design engineers for using and upgrading their skills and knowledge. Useful information is incorporated within the tools and this manual so that external references are minimized. 3. The depth of the study and design reports by different engineers are uniform and consistent and to the required depth. 4. They serve as templates so that there is a sufficient room for further creativity and improvement and tailoring to include specific needs of particular projects. 5. In addition, the tools are handy and user friendly. The user familiar MS Excel and AutoCAD software platforms have been used to develop them.
1.3 SOURCES OF THE TOOLS

The Tools were prepared aiming to enhance the overall quality of flow measurement, engineering surveying data and water supply system designs. Reviews of following sources were carried out during the preparation of the tools:
1
1. Review and assessment of on-going and new technical projects and project proposals under National Solidarity Program (NSP) and Inter-communal Rural Development Project (IRDP) facilitated under UN-HABITAT, Afghanistan. 2. Feedbacks from all HABITAT engineers, NSP engineers and donors. 3. Experience from other similar technical projects within Afghanistan and abroad. 4. Standard textbooks, guidelines and other standards.
1.4 TOOLS: SPREADSHEETS

General as well as special features of Excel have been utilized while developing the presented spreadsheets. There are ten main spreadsheets each covering a tool. The list of the presented spreadsheets and their areas of coverage are presented in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Summary of Spreadsheets
SN 1 2 Spreadsheet Home Abney Area of coverage Home page for selecting spreadsheets and other links Use of Abney level surveying and plotting. Refer Discharge Measurement and Engineering Surveying tools for details. An electronic version of the manual is attached to the CD-ROM. Levelling and plotting. Refer Discharge Measurement and Engineering Surveying tools for details. Computation of stream discharge by salt dilution method. Refer Discharge Measurement and Engineering Surveying tools for details. Chapter 5: Design of stream intake with fittings. Chapter 6: Design of sedimentation tanks. Chapters 4 & 8: Water demand calculations and design of reservoir tanks fed by gravity flows. Chapter 7: Design of slow and rapid sand filters. Chapters 4 & 8: Water demand calculations and design of reservoir tanks fed by pumping of wells. Chapter 8: Design of pipe network systems using tabulated friction factors. Chapter 8: Design of pipe network systems using analytical method by HazenWilliams method. Tabulated friction factors for Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes based on Indian Standards. Tabulated friction factors for HDPE pipes based on Indian Standards. Tabulated friction factors for HDPE pipes based on Hazen-Williams method. HDPE data sheet (diameters, thicknesses, pressure classes, PE types) manufactured by PolyPark (Iran) Surveying and manual calculation format for Abney Level Surveying and manual calculation format for Conductivity Method measurement Surveying and manual calculation format for Leveling. Surveying and manual calculation format for Stadia method of surveying Surveying and manual calculation format for pipe network design.
2
3 4 6 7 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Levelling Conductivity IntakeSizing SedimentationTank ReservoirTank Filter ReservoirTankPump PipeDesign PipeDesignHW GI HDPE HDPEHW HDPEData AbneyCal CondCal LevelCal StadiaBook GWSSCal
flow
To make to the best use of these spreadsheets, minimum knowledge of background information and main features of Microsoft Excel is mandatory. Although excel has many salient features, some of the basic features that were mostly used while preparing and using them are: 1.4.1 Iterative Processes The spreadsheets are designed to save tedious and long iterative/repetitive calculations. Manual repetitive processes are the main source errors and are also time consuming factors. A typical repetitive process is presented in Figure 1.1.
Assume Xo
Y =f(X): X=f`(Y)
Is Yes End e=<|Yn+1 Yn| No X=X+h
Figure 1.1: Iterative process As shown in the figure, the initial assumed value of X0 is amended until an acceptable error limit is reached. By default, this feature is disabled and generates Circular Reference Error. The iterative features in Excel can be activated by selecting Calculations tab (Tools->Options>Calculations>Tick Iteration (cycles & h)) and checking the iteration box. The Excel 2003 iteration dialogue box with this features activated is presented in Figure 1.2. Users of Excel 2007 have to activate iteration opening (MS Office =>Excel Options => Formulas) dialogue boxes and Tick Iteration (cycles & h)) and checking the iteration box (as presented in Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.2: Activation of iteration in Excel 2003 (Tools => Option =>Calculations)
Figure 1.3: Activation of iteration in Excel 2007 (MS => Excel Option =>Formulas) 1.4.2 Macro Security The spreadsheets contain Visual Basic for Application (VBA) functions and procedures. Because of the safety reasons against possible virus threats, MS Excel disables such VBA functions and procedures by default. Setting security level to medium (Tools => Macros => Security => Medium) and enabling the macros during the opening of the tools are required for the proper execution of the tools. Dialogue boxes for setting security level to medium and enabling the macros are presented in Figure 1.4 and 1.5.
Figure 1.4: Setting macros to medium security (Tools=> Macros=>Security) Figure 1.5: Enabling macros
4
Because of the high level of macro related risks, Excel 2007 has been designed to restrict many of the stand alone macros unless and until they are certified. Excel 2007 is rather complicated in terms of saving file formats and signing of macros to make them run properly. Therefore use of these tools shall be limited up to MS Excel 2003. In case these tools have to be used in Excel 2007 environment, procedures for enabling Macros in MS Excel 2007 are presented Figure 1.6.
Figure 1.6: Enabling macros in MS Excel 2007 (MS Office=>Excel Options=> Trust Centre=>Trust Center Settings..=>Macro Settings). 1.4.3 Worksheet protection Most of the presented spreadsheets are protected against unwanted and accidental input which may result in wrong computational output. However, some of these spreadsheets are protected with a null password so that only expert Excel user can amend them based on their requirements. 1.4.4 User specific inputs Some parameters such as the head loss overrated factor of 1.3 in the intake design have their standard optimum values. By default, the standard values are computed or presented. However, users are allowed to enter non-standard specific values under special circumstances. 1.4.5 Errors Mainly three types of errors are known in the presented tools. One of them is the NAME# error which is caused by not executing custom functions and procedures because of the macro security level set to high or very high level. In case such an error occurs, close the workbook, activate the macro security level to medium and enable the macros when opening the workbook again. Calculation of friction factor by Hazen-Williams method (FrictionFactorHW (Q, Pipe PN or GI, Diameter, Thickness)) is a typical NAME# error in the traverse spreadsheets.
Malfunctioning of circular references unexpected results (such as negative When such an error occurs, select the press Enter. Such errors can also be values.
or mathematical errors generates VALUE# error or millions cubic meters of water in the reservoir tanks). error cell a cell note of the spreadsheets, press F2 and automatically corrected by inputting the required input
A REF# error occurs due to the deletion of unnecessary rows or cells, for example in pipe design spreadsheet. In such an instance, copy the second cell from the second computation line of any branch or use original workbook template. 1.4.6 Cell notes Cell notes are comments attached to cells. They are useful for providing information related to computational procedures. Adequate cell notes are provided in the presented spreadsheets so that external references are minimized. For example, a cell note for properly inputting vertical angles in Abney Level spreadsheet is presented in Figure 1.7. Figure 1.7: Instruction incorporated in a cell note. Similarly, presented presents calculating diameter pipes. the cell note in Figure 1.8 a formula for the length of small of the combined
Figure 1.8: A Formula presented in a cell note 1.4.7 Cell Text Conventions Three different colour codes are used to distinguish three different cell categories. A typical example of colour coding of cells is presented in Figure 1.9. The colours and categories of these cells are: Blue cells: These cells represent mandatory input cells. These cells are project dependant cells and project related actual inputs are expected in these cells for correct outputs. The mandatory inputs include the name of project, coordinates, station elevations, measured pipe lengths at site, etc.
Figure 1.9: Colour coding of cell texts

6
Red cells: These cells are optional input cells. Standard values are presented in these cells. Values in this type of cells can be amended provided that there are adequate grounds to do so. It is worth noting that care should be taken while changing these values. As presented in the example, the recommended factored length (Pipe L Factor) of 10% is specified. 10% added length is justifiable to cater for neglected turbulent losses. Moreover, the additional lengths are also recommended for purchasing to cater for unaccounted undulated pipe laying and spare pipes required for repair and maintenance. This cell can be changed to 1.05 or 1.0 if these factors are already considered during surveying. Black cells: The black cells represent information and or output of the computations. For the sake of protecting accidental and deliberate amendment or change leading to wrong outputs, most of these cells are protected from editing. It is recommended that care should be taken when amending black cells. 1.4.8 Pull Down menus and command buttons Some input cells are equipped with pull down menus to facilitate the users to input standard values related to input cells. Cells related to pull down menus can have any user specific values than the stated standard values if the data cells are not of mandatory type. In Figure 1.10, the pull down menu for angular measurement type is activated. There are two types of angular measurements, namely, Degrees and Gradians that can be input. This input is a mandatory type and users can not enter any values other than the specified ones. Degrees option is selected as an input. The outcome of the computation will be erroneous if the mandatory input data does not match with the desired predefined values. Therefore, the spreadsheets are designed to reject such invalid values and flag error messages with suggestions. As demonstrated in Figure 1.11, an error is flagged when Radians is entered in stead of Degrees or Gradians.
Figure 1.10: Pull Down Menu 1.4.9 Tools Menu and Toolbar
Figure 1.11: Pull Down Menu
A menu and a toolbar are added to the workbook to facilitate users access to all the tools including accessing online manual and sending feedbacks. They are set to active only when the workbook is active. The toolbar has to be dragged to either on top or side of the screen (as presented in Figure 1.12) for convenience.
Figure 1.12: Spreadsheet Menu and Toolbar
1.5 TOOLS: TYPICAL DRAWINGS

As stated earlier, an AutoCAD drawing file with fourteen layouts for typical elements were prepared and incorporated in the tools. These drawings covering from intake to tap-stands are presented at the end of this manual. Since they are only typical drawings, additions of drawings and the level of details may be changed to fulfil specific needs of a particular project. The level of consistency, compatibility and the extent of information in the drawings are complete and appropriate for community led gravity water supply systems. The main features of the presented drawings are: 1. These drawings are recommended only for community led gravity water supply systems. 2. Minimum required details such as plans and adequate cross sections are provided. 3. Recommended values of elements such as the minimum thickness of a stone masonry wall, longitudinal slope of a sedimentation tank, etc, are presented in the drawings. 4. Standard line types and symbols are used. 5. Basic drawing elements such as a dynamic title box with adequate information and controlling signatories, scales, etc, are presented. 6. All drawings with standard layouts for printing are presented.
8
The dimensions and geometries of the presented drawings should be amended according to the considered projects details. These drawings are listed in Table 1.2. Table 1.2: Summary of Drawings
SN 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Drawing General Layout Headworks General Layout Weir Sedimentation Tank Slow Sand Filter Tank 50m Reservoir Tank 25m Reservoir Tank 25m Reservoir Tank Pipe Networks System Pipe Networks System Miscellaneous Details Break Pressure Tank Spring Intake Stream Intake with in-built Filter
3 3 3
Area of coverage/ Remarks Plan: General layout of a scheme utilizing stream intake. Plan: General layout of a headworks with a weir, a sedimentation tank and a slow sand filter. Plan and Sections: Weir with dimensions and alternative weir types. Plans and Sections: Detailed dimensions and an alternative tank. Plans and Sections: Detailed dimensions and an alternative tank. Plan, Section and Details: Reservoir ground tank. Plan, Sections: Tanks resting on an RC frame. Reinforcement Details Pipe Design: Output diagram of a pipe system design. Profile: A longitudinal profile of a leg of a pipe system design. Manhole, Tap-stand and Pipe Laying With and Without Float Valves Plan and Section Plan and Sections
1.6 INSTALLATION
It is recommended to install the Tools under C:\Design Aids\Gravity Water Supply\ directory for the full functionality of these tools. In case it is installed elsewhere, the external links for online manual will not work. It is also recommended that the working copy of project specific spreadsheet to be saved under the installation directory. As stated earlier, these tools are basically design for MS Excel 2003 although they also run under MS Excel 2000 or 2007. In order to run the spreadsheet properly, some version of MS Excel 2003 may have to be updated by running the supplied patch file Office2003SP2KB887616-FullFile-ENU.exe. In case the macros still are not running properly, uninstall the office completely and delete the related subdirectories. Reinstall the Excel and run the patch file. Set the security level to medium before opening the spreadsheet. Some Excel 2003 used in Afghanistan have problems running macros properly. Follow the installation procedures as 1. Uninstall all Excels. 2. Install MS Excel 2007. 3. Install MS Excel 2003. 4. Run the patch file.
1.7 AUTOCAD PLOTTING

Abney, levelling and pipe design worksheets are equipped with the collection of script file output commands that help plotting surveying features in to Autodesk AutoCAD. A scrip file is a collection of text commands used in AutoCAD environment. A script can execute any command at the Command prompt except a command that displays a dialogue box. A scrip file is a text file and has a collection of these commands. These commands should be copied and pasted on a Notepad and saved as text file with .scr extension. These script files can be run in AutoCAD environment by inputting script files by inputing SCR or SCRIPT on command line. Inputting the specific file plots AutoCAD objects. An example of computed AutoCAD commands for plotting longitudinal profile of pipe is presented in Figure 1.13. The corresponding script file ready for plotting corresponding pline, points and station names with residual heads is presented in Figure 1.14. Finally, the plotted ACAD drawing is presented in Figure 1.15. It is worth noting that care should be taken to provide accurate number of spaces while running all these command sets in a single file.
AutoCad Ground pline 0.001,2666.775 TEXTSIZE 1.5 PDSIZE .5 PDMODE 2 HGL pline 0.001,2666.775 point 0.001,2666.775 Stations text 0.001,2666.775 1 45 SRC1-RH: 0.001
179.817,2650.493179.817,2665.26 179.817,2650.493 text 179.817,2650.493 1 45 Combination 1-RH: 7.384 2199.614,2576.943199.614,2611.706199.614,2576.943 text 2199.614,2576.943 1 45 RVT1-RH: 9.998 2 2 2526.693,2415.773526.693,2515.332526.693,2415.773 text 2526.693,2415.773 1 45 JCT1-RH: 32.398 2 2 2718.058,2261.923718.058,2409.007718.058,2261.923 text 2718.058,2261.923 1 45 JCT2-RH: 23.763 2 2 2962.238,2101.893962.238,2293.625962.238,2101.893 text 2962.238,2101.893 1 45 JCT3-RH: 22.324 2 2 3059.008,1937.023059.008,2175.867059.008,1937.023 text 3059.008,1937.023 1 45 JCT4-RH: 23.556 3 3 3451.706,1774.813451.706,2052.453451.706,1774.813 text 3451.706,1774.813 1 45 JCT5-RH: 19.398 3 3 3765.192,1606.663765.192,1922.649765.192,1606.663 text 3765.192,1606.663 1 45 JCT6-RH: 19.173 3 3 3982.834,1463.483982.834,1789.195982.834,1463.483 text 3982.834,1463.483 1 45 Combination 2-RH: 4.863 3 3 4738.592,1233.613738.592,1590.014738.592,1233.613 text 4738.592,1233.613 1 45 TAP07-RH: 15.345 4 4
Figure 1.13: Computed AutoCAD commands in Excel
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Figure 1.14: Script file (4 sets of commands combined into a single file)
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SR C 1R H :0 .0 01
C om bi na tio n
1R H :7 .3 84
R VT 1R H :9 .9 98
V V
JC T1 -R H JC :3 T2 2. 39 -R 8 H :2 JC 3. 76 T3 JC 3 -R T4 H :2 -R 2. H :2 32 4 3. 55 6
V V
Figure 1.15: ACAD drawing produced by the script file (line colour and font size amended)
TA P0 7R H :1 5. 34 5
JC T5 -R H :1 9. 39 JC 8 T6 -R H :1 C om 9. 17 bi 3 na tio n 2R H :4 .8 63
V V
V V
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2 THE SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

2.1 INTRODUCTION
A Gravity Water Supply System (GWSS) consists of a system of pipe networks and other elements conveying safe and assured quantity of water from a source to users points by the action of gravity. The system mostly consists of: Intakes (springs, stream, Kharezes and wells) Tanks (collection, sedimentation, break pressure, distribution and reservoir tanks) Outlet (taps, sediment outlets, pressure release outlets) HDPE or GI pipe networks connecting above structures.
A typical system of a gravity water supply system consists of four technical components / functions as: 1. Production: This component consists of collecting water from the continuous source. Depending on the source of water it can be further sub-divided into following categories: a. Underground intake: Underground intakes such as production wells and Kharezes are used as water sources in a system where ground water is utilized as the sources of water. Most of the water supply systems in Afghanistan utilize production wells as the sources of water. The quality of such ground water is less contaminated, has less suspended particles and is constant in supply. Costs of production wells are usually high. b. Spring intake: A spring occurs when an underground aquifer penetrate the ground surface by means of gravity or hydrostatic pressure. The quality of water from springs is usually better than underground and surface sources. Fewer structures are required for spring intakes making their initial as well as operational costs lesser than the other types of production components. However, continuity of such a spring should be confirmed before deciding other design parameters. c. Surface intake: It consists of collecting water from surface water bodies such as rivers, streams, etc. Quality of water from such intakes is generally highly contaminated with relatively higher rate of suspended sediments. These intakes have large fluctuation of water quantity and are susceptible to large floods. 2. Transmission: A transmission component of a water supply system conveys water from production unit to a storage reservoir. A pump drives water to a reservoir tank in case of production well system. On the other hand gravity force is utilized in case of gravity water system consisting of surface water intakes. Provision of purification of water (bacteria, sediment, etc) is generally made before transmitting water to a reservoir. 3. Storage: Water demand over a period of time is not constant but fluctuates considerably. Provision of storage tanks helps storing water when the demand is less and supplying the stored water when the demand is high. These tanks are generally designed to balance incoming and outgoing flows for a period of 24 hours. 4. Distribution: It conveys water from storage tank to distribution outlets (service connections) where beneficiaries consume water.
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Pipe networks in transmission and distribution systems may have some additional components such as chlorination tanks, sedimentation tanks, pressure tanks, distribution tanks, air release valves, sediment flushing outlets, etc.
2.2 TYPES OF GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

2.2.1 System Type 01: Continuity of flow: Open or closed based on flows In case a continuous water yield (supply) is adequate to meet the continuous demand at any time, an open system is implemented for supplying water to the distribution points without providing any storage provision. A continuous water flow with or without faucets (taps) are used in this kind of system. This system is optimum where the distance between source and supply is relatively short. In reality, the distance between surface intakes and the distribution points is mostly long and the yield is less than the maximum continuous demand. In such an instance, a closed system with reservoirs is optimum and hence is used. 2.2.2 System Type 02: Interconnected ends: Dead-end and other distribution system Based on distribution networks systems, water supply systems can be defined as: 1. Dead-end /Tree System: In this system a number of sub-main pipes are laid perpendicular to a main distribution pipe. Each of these sub-mains is sub-divided into several branches and laterals. Service connections are given from these laterals. This system is mostly used in Afghanistan. The presented pipe networks design tools are based on this system. A typical diagram of this type of system is presented in Figure 9.8. 2. Other systems: Other advanced systems such as Grid-iron system, Ring system and Radial systems are used in modern planned cities. Sub main pipes are interconnected in these systems. 2.2.3 System Type 03: Water sources: Ground water or surface water source Based on the utilized sources of water, gravity water supply systems can be defined as: 1. Gravity water supply system utilizing underground water source: This system utilizes water stored in underground aquifers. Water is pumped up to an elevated reservoir and distributed through main, sub-main and laterals. This system is used in most of Afghanistan water supply systems. 2. Gravity water supply system utilizing surface water: In case adequate amount of potable surface water is available at adequate height, gravity water supply system utilizing gravitational force is used for conveying water from one location to the other. This system is mostly used in mountainous regions of Afghanistan like Bamyan and Badakshan. The basic differences between these systems are the source of water and use of reservoir tank at different heights. In pumped system, elevated tanks are generally used at heights where the head of water can drive water to distribution systems by gravitational force. Reservoir tanks are generally used on the ground in the second type of systems. Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools are capable of designing both the systems.
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Stream
Intake
Sedimentation tank
Break pressure tank Reservoir tank
Tap Tap Tap
Tap
Tap
Tap
Tap
Figure 2.1: Components of a typical gravity flow system utilizing surface water
Elevated Reservoir Tank
Pump House with valve boxes
Tap Tap
Tap Distribution line
Well with Submersible pump
Tap
Tap Tap
Figure 2.2: Components of a typical gravity flow system utilizing underground water
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2.3 IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

A water supply system has to pass through different phases from conception to operation. A brief description of each phase is presented in the subsequent sections. 2.3.1 Conception Need of a water supply projects, conceptual project layouts and financing are determined during the conception phase. In Afghan rural areas, social mobilization is carried out in order to determine water supply projects as priority projects. If water supply project is chosen as a priority project, it will be recommended for further actions such as feasibility study and implementation. 2.3.2 Feasibility Study In general a pre-feasibility study is carried out prior to conducting a full fledged feasibility study. Because of the limited resources, both the pre and feasibility studies are combined in Afghan community water supply system designs. A feasibility study is conducted to check technical robustness and financial feasibility of the project. Following activities are conducted during the feasibility study of a gravity water supply system: 1. Desk Study: a. Request from implementing authorities (CDCs, NSP, etc) b. Fund allocation and preliminary reviews c. Community consultation: overview, resources and water right issues, community willingness, demand, household, population, local contribution, etc. 2. Field Study: Activities such as briefing and community consultation, verification of collected data during the desk study, discharge measurement, engineering surveying, issues related to water rights and tentative layout are conducted during the field study. 3. Office Work: Activities such as data reduction, fixing layout, detailed design, quantity and cost estimates, feasibility statement and implementation schedule should be carried out during office works. A project report should be prepared at the end of the feasibility study. 2.3.3 Implementation Following activities should be carried out during implementation phase of a gravity water supply system: 1. Securing of fund and implementation modality. 2. Disbursement schedule. 3. Formation of implementation committees (technical, procurement, monitoring and evaluation) and implementation. 4. Contract preparation and awarding. 5. Training of operators (on-the-job and separate). 6. Operation manual (including repair, maintenance) and business plan preparation/update.
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2.3.4
Operation, maintenance and Rehabilitation Following activities should be carried out during operational phase of a gravity water supply system: 1. Implementation of business plan. 2. Tariff update from time to time (usually annually) 3. Maintenance and 4. Future extension and expansion plan.
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3 FEASIBILITY STUDY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of a feasibility study of a community led gravity water supply project is to prepare a feasibility study report. It should clearly mention whether the project is feasible. The study report should be of adequate depth so that prospectus contractor can understand the project and can quote costs required for the project implementation. As mentioned in the preceding chapter, a feasibility study consists of following three steps: 1. Desk Study 2. Site Investigation 3. Office Works
3.2 DESK STUDY

The main purpose of a desk study is to prepare and plan for the upcoming site investigation and office works. The desk study consists of: 1. Confirm CDCs finalization of the selection of GWSS project as their priority project. 2. Fund allocation and preliminary review of tentative costs. 3. Community communication regarding: o o o o o o o Overview of the project including security condition. Local resources inventory (materials and manpower) Households and population of targeted beneficiaries Total demand Local contribution (in kind and in cash) Possible sources and location of water Project layout and routes.
4. Planning for feasibility study activities at site 5. Prepare a check list of items required (including cash requirement).
3.3 FIELD STUDY: SITE INVESTIGATION

Site investigation consists of collecting technical as well as social data and verification of data collected during the desk study. Adequate social mobilization should be carried out before and after technical data collection. The activities under the site investigation are outlined as: 3.3.1 Technical data collection 1. Population study: o o o Number of beneficiary households. Present population and growth including inflow due to internally displaced people and migration. Demand assessment.
2. Hydrological study
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o o
Locations of potential sources. Yield: flow measurement in dry/lean season (bucket, conductivity method or visual if the source is abundant) for surface water source. Local well yield near the proposed location in case of underground source usage. Quality of water at the potential sources by visual inspection and testing if clean. Water with calcium (white scaling/deposition when boiled) is widespread in Afghanistan. As far as possible, such water should be avoided to prevent scaling of the system making the system technically less efficient and hazardous health-wise. General visibility from source to the villages to be noted. Reconnaissance and GPS surveying before commencing the final topographical surveying. Preparation of general layout locating main project structures and benchmarks. Location of supply points (households, social institutions like schools, hospitals, offices, mosques, etc). According to NSP guidelines for rural water supply system, one tap should be provided for maximum of 25 households. Means of transportation. Distances to road heads / airports. Availability of materials Availability of local skilled and unskilled manpower. Unit rates of local human resources and materials. Visual inspection of type of soil along the pipe routes and at major structure locations. Possible geological problems and solutions. Location of crossings. Locations of landslides.
3. Topographical study: o o o
4. Logistical study o o o o o o o o o 3.3.2
5. Geological study
Non-technical Aspects (Social) 1. Water source utilization and potential disputes 2. Land rights of project locations 3. Possible political/ethnic divisions. 4. Economic conditions of village 5. Priority that the villagers place on water. 6. Expectation of the community 7. Abilities of community leaders and decision makers. 8. Condition of prior development projects 9. Communitys current sanitation practices.
3.4 OFFIECE WORK: DETAILED DESIGN

1. Data reduction: The technical data collected from site should be reduced. Plotting of plans and profiles showing the potential project location should be carried out. Measured discharges should also be calculated. A tentative project layout should be prepared.
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2. Detailed Design: Detailed design of project components, quantity and cost estimates should be carried out to check if the project is financially affordable and technically sound. 3. Report Preparation: Preparation of final drawings and report with feasibility statement, findings and recommendations. 4. Report submission: Submission of report to concerned authorities and follow up.
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4 WATER DEMAND
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Water demand calculation is a process of assessing required volume of water of a targeted future population of a community. It includes registration of present population data (families, households and locations), assessing personal and institutional daily water needs, assessing typical population growth and estimating future (typically 10-20 years of time) demands. Water demands for regular village/city residents, students (day-scholar and boarding), mosques, hospitals and health posts, government offices and institutions, public utilities (public bath, street washing, etc) should be calculation using existing or standard demands. A summary of typical demand patterns is presented in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Summary of Typical Daily Demands Consumer Standard Range Remarks (l/c/d) (l/c/d) Villagers Students (day-scholar). Students (boarding) Mosques 45 10 65 25 to 45 5 to 10 35-65 3.6 (Assuming 60% go to mosques two times a day using 3 litres of water per visit). 1000 litres for a mosque with 300 villagers. 500-1000 liters/bed 1000 - Rural health clinics 2500 500 to Rural offices up to 20 staff. 1000
Hospitals & health posts with beds Health clinic without beds Government offices and other institutions
Water use pattern of a specific location is usually different than the others. Factors affecting water use patterns are: Local climate and seasons (more water in hot season) Culture/Religion (Afghan people get up relatively earlier than others) Degree of civilization (villagers get up earlier but utilize less water than urban dwellers) Industrialization (more water for industrialized communities) Economic status and affordability (more water for rich people) Education on conservation (waste of water due to lack of conservation awareness)
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4.2 DEMAND CALCULATIONS

4.2.1 Assumptions used for demand calculations 1. Population growth rate (i) = 3% (prudent rate for Afghanistan) 2. Design Span (n) = 10 to 20 years (standard is 20 years) 3. Population at the end of nth year (Pn) = Po (1+i)n. Where Po is the present population. 4. Total daily demand for regular residents (D) = d * Pn. Where d is total daily demand per capita in l/s. 5. Total demand = total individual demand + other demands such as schools, mosques, etc. Example 4.1: Demand Calculations Calculate total water demand for a village called Khawal in Bamyan with: Number of families (HH) = 220 Average persons per family (ph)= 6 Design span (n) = 20 years Population growth rate (i) = 3%
There is a day-scholar school with 400 students and a mosque. Assume that the demands for these institutions are additional although the students and mosque goers are from the same village. Use standard demand for regular villagers and use 50% of standard demands for mosques and schools. Present population = number of households x average persons per HH Or, Po = HH x ph = 220 x 6 = 1320 persons Population at the end of 20th year = present population (1+growth rate) design span Or, Pn = Po (1+i) n = 1320(1+3/100)20 = 2384 persons Assume standard daily per capita demands 45 litres for villagers, 10 litres for students and 3.6 litres for mosque goers. Total daily demand = number of users x daily rates (for villagers, schools and mosque) = 45 x 2384 + 50%x10x400(1+3/100)20 + 50% x 3.6x2384 = 115,183 litres per day = 115.183 m3 per day
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5 INTAKE DESIGN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Depending on the type of water sources, following types of intakes are used for supplying potable water to the systems: 1. Production well: Shallow as well as deep production wells are used for collecting water in Afghanistan. Deep wells are widely used as water intakes in most of the Afghanistan community managed piped water supply systems. Since there is a complete lack of underground hydrological data in most of these areas, most of wells in these projects are designed based on limited existing data of nearby wells. The operation patterns of these wells are amended based on the actual yields. Design of wells is beyond the scope of this document and therefore not elaborated here. 2. Surface Intake: Stream and spring intakes are the two most popular surface intakes for withdrawing required quantity of water. An ideal surface intake should fulfil following criteria: a. Withdrawal of desired flow (quantity and quality) b. Sediment bypass of diversion structure c. Debris bypass d. Hazard flow bypass e. Sediment control at the intake f. Settling basin control (settling of sediment, flushing, etc)
g. Safe Structure (safe against sliding, overturning and sinking)
5.2 DESIGN OF SURFACE INTAKES

Design of surface intakes consists of calculating driving head which conveys designed flow from the proposed intake to a downstream sedimentation or collection tank. The driving head is the cumulative summation of frictional and turbulent head losses from intake to the considered free downstream surface. It is recommended that the calculated total head loss should be overrated by at least 30% as: Head loss HL = over rated factor of 1.3*(frictional head loss + turbulent head loss) HL = 1.3*(HLf + HLt) Generally, pipe friction losses for community led water supply system are calculated using Hazen-Williams as: Q = 0.2785*C*D2.63*S0.54 Where, Q = discharge (m3/s) C = Hazen-Williams friction coefficient (typically, 140 for HDPE and 100 for GI), the recommended values of C are given in Table 9.1. D = internal diameter of pipe (m)
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S = Hydraulic gradient (energy slope) = 1: N = HL/L L = total length of the pipe (m) The frictional loss per 100m of pipe length (% frictional loss, %HLf) can be calculated as: %HLf = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 Turbulent head losses are the summation of head losses at entrance, bends and exits and at every change of velocity along the pipe and can be expressed as: HLt = K * v2/2g Where, K = turbulent coefficient (inlet = 0.5,outlet = 1.0, etc) v = pipe velocity (m/s) = Q/Area of pipe = 4*Q/(*D2) Pipe head losses due to friction and turbulent are further described in detailed in Chapter 9. In order to trap unwanted sediment and debris at intake, strainers are used upstream end of the intake pipe. A strainer used in water supply project is a perforated pipe (HDPE or GI) with Perforated HDPE Strainer standard holes usually at 10mm c/c for collecting water. Adequate HDPE Reducer number of holes arranged in rows Perforated end cap and columns around the periphery of pipes have to be used for assured quantity of water withdrawal. Typical HDPE strainer Flow specifications (diameter of holes and number of holes) for the stated pipes and flows are given in Table 5.1. Figure 5.1: Typical Strainer Arrangement Table 5.1: Strainer Specifications Outlet pipe diameter 16 20 (mm) => Flow (l/s) 0.2 0.45 HDP Reducer 32/20 40/25 3.5mm dia, holes 48 100 4mm dia, holes 40 80 5mm dia, holes 21 54 6mm dia, holes 21 32 7mm dia, holes 12 24
25 0.8 50/32 168 132 88 60 50
32 1.25 63/40 255 195 140 91 72
40 1.8 63/50 375 285 196 130 96
50 3 20 90/63 651 504 323 234 170
63 5 90/75 1008 777 494 342 255
A factor of safety of 2 is recommended for calculating the number of perforated holes. Example 5.1: Surface Intake Sizing Calculate the driving head of a water supply surface intake for considering inputs: Design flow (l/s) = 0.6
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Outlet pipe, D (mm) = 25.4 Outlet pipe type = GI Pipe length d/s open surface, L (m) = 5.00 Strainer hole size, d (mm) = 3.50 c/c distance of strainer holes (mm) = 10 Over rated factor for head loss (safety) = 1.3 Take the summation of K for an inlet, an outlet and a 45 degree bend as 2.0
Strainer Calculation: As per Table 5.1, the number of holes for 25mm diameter pipe with 3.5mm holes is 168 (holes for 0.8 l/s flow is selected). The diameter of perforated pipe (Dp) is 50mm. With a safety factor of 2, the total number of perforated holes is Nd = 2 * 168 = 336. The number of rows along the pipe for 10mm c/c distance holes, Nrow = INT (*D/10) Nrow = INT (*D/10) = INT(*50/10) = 15 The number of columns Ncol= Nd/Nrow = 336/15 = 22.4 say 25 Minimum length of the strainer Ls= Ncol * c/c distance = 25*10 = 250mm Driving Head Calculations: Headloss factor for 25.4mm diameter GI pipe with C = 100 is %HLf = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = ((0.6/1000)/(0.2785*100*(25.4/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 13.3986736m per 100m Frictional headloss for 5m long pipe HLf = %HLf * 5/100 = 13.3986736* 5/100 = 0.6699m Turbulent headloss HLt = K * v2/2g, where v = 4*Q/(*D2) = 4*0.6/1000/(*(25.4/1000)2) = 1.184 m/s Therefore, HLt = 2 * 1.184^2/(2*9.81) = 0.1435m
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Total driving headloss HL = 1.3(HLf + HLt) = 1.3*(0.6699 + 0.1435) = 1.057m
5.3 INTAKE DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES

The manual calculations considered in Example 5.1 are taken as inputs for a typical example for calculating the same parameters in the presented spreadsheet called IntakeSizing. The final outcome of the spreadsheet is the calculation of the driving heads based on the frictional and turbulent head losses.
Intake sizing (Pipe Design by Hazen-Williams) United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
2006.05 Date 22-May-2008 Revision Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Project Location CDC/CCDC Design flow (l/s) Outlet pipe,D (mm) Outlet pipe type Pipe length d/s open surface, L (m) Strainer hole size (d) c/c distance of stainer holes (mm) Hazen William coefficient (C) Wall thickness, t (mm) Over rated factor for headloss (safety) Turbulent Coeff. K Khawal CWSS Bamyan Centre Khawal CDC 0.600 25.4 GI 5.00 3.50 10 100 1.3 2.00 Surveyed by: Checked by:
c/c distance of strainer holes (mm) Diameter of HDP Strainer pipe (mm) Nr of strainer holes Nr of rows Nr of holes per row Strainer pipe length (mm) Skin friction factor % Velocity, v (m/s): Ok Driving head, dh (m)
10 50 336 15 25 250 13.399 1.18 1.057
Figure 5.2: Intake sizing spreadsheet IntakeSizing
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6 SEDIMENTATION TANK DESIGN

6.1 INTRODUCTION
In a water supply system, a sedimentation tank is used for settling and trapping of suspended sediment. This is achieved by reducing flow velocity and turbulence the passing flow. The velocity is reduced by providing relatively a bigger section where as the turbulent is reduced by providing smooth and less turbulent straight and transitional sections. Following criteria are recommended while designing a sedimentation tank: 1. Settling of suspended sediment by reducing the flow velocity. 2. Desired water depth of the basin (D) = 750-1000mm 3. Minimum aspect ratio (L/W) = 4 (length over width ratio) 4. Detention time t = 900-1200 sec with storage reservoir = 3600 sec without storage reservoir Dimensions of a sediment tank are calculated by using following expressions: Velocity v, (m/s) = Flow/Cross sectional area (Q/A) Tank Capacity C, (m3) = t * Q Length of tank = C/A Example 6.1: sedimentation Tank Design Calculate the size of a reservoir tank considering following inputs: Design flow, Q = 1.5 (l/s)= 0.0015 (m3/s) Water Depth, D (m) = 1.00 Water Width, W (m) = 0.75 No reservoir (detention time t = 3600 seconds)
Safe yield: To avoid turbulence, velocity should not be more than 0.05m/s. v = Q/(W*D) = 0.0015 /(1.00 * 0.75) = 0.002 m/s, which is less than 0.05 m/s, hence okay Tank capacity (C) = t*Q = 3600 *0.0015 = 5.4 m3
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Length of tank L = C/(W*D) = 5.4 /(1.00 * 0.75) = 7.20m Aspect Ratio, L/B = 7.2/1.0 = 7.2 > 4, hence Ok. A typical sedimentation tank suitable for smaller schemes is presented in Figure 6.1. A single control box is adequate for controlling inlet and outlet. In case space along the length is not a problem, a 7.2m long sedimentation tank without any bend should be provided. Separate controls boxes for inlet and outlet should be provided in such a case.
6.2 GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES

The manual calculations presented in Example 6.1 are taken as a typical example for calculating the same parameters of sedimentation tank design presented in a spreadsheet called SedimentationTank. A sketch is also included in the design.
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Sedimentation Tank Sizing United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
2006.05 Date 16-Jun-2008 Revision Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Project Location CDC/CCDC Design flow (l/s) Water Depth (m) Water Width (m) Detention time, t (sec) Sayed Baba MHP Saighan, Bamyan Sayed Baba MHP 1.5 0.75 1.00 3600 Surveyed by: Checked by:
Velocity, v (m/s): Ok Tank capacity, V (m3) Length, L (m) Aspect Ratio, L/B, (m): Ok
0.00200 5.400 7.200 7.200
325
100
Figure 6.1: SedimentationTank spreadsheet
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100
7 FILTRATION TANK DESIGN

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Water may be contaminated with suspended particles, bacteria and other soluble materials and may pose threats to human health. Sedimentation tank are used to trap relatively bigger sediments. On the other hand a filter is used for removing finer particles, bacteria, colour and odour of water so that the water is potable as well as palatable. In filtration, water is passed through a set of layers of granular materials like sand and gravels. As presented in Figure 7.1, the filtration method can be categorised as gravity and pressure filtration methods. The gravity filter can further be divided into slow sand filter (SSF) and rapid sand filter (RSF). Filtrations methods using filtration tanks, mainly SSF, are used in only a small fraction of community water supply network systems. Figure 7.1: Types of Filtration Methods Both the gravity filters work on the same principle of allowing water to enter the filter media with the help of the gravitational force. The outputs and efficiencies differ mainly because of different media geometries and dimensions and driving head. As presented in Figure 7.2, both the systems contain housing, water layer, filter bed, drainage system and flow control components. A comparative table of SSF and RSF is presented in Table 7.1.
Raw water input Overflow
Housing
Water layer
Collection tank
Sand layer Backflow ofwater for cleaning Gravel layer Treated Water Under Drainage
Figure 7.2: Components of a Gravity Filter System
Control Valve
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Table 7.1: Comparison of SSF and RSF Particulars Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Rate of filtration 100-200 litres per hour per square metre of filter area Efficiency High for bacteria but low for turbidity and colour removal Head loss 0.15 to 0.75m Filter material (sand) 600-900mm thick, 0.2 to 0.3mm diameter and 2-3 uniformity coeff. Base material (gravel) 300-750mm thick 3 to 65 mm diameter gravel
Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) 3000-6000 litres per hour per square metre of filter area High for turbidity and colour but low for bacteria removel 3 to 3.5m 450-600mm thick, 0.35 to 0.6mm diameter and 1.2-1.7 uniformity 600-900mm thick of 3 to 40 mm diameter gravel
7.2 DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTER

A slow sand filter consists basically of the following components: Housing: a tank with controlling accessories in order to house water and filter materials and subsequently control filtration process. Water layer: 0.5 to 1.5m of water above the filter bed (sand) Filter layer: 0.6 to 0.9m thick, 0.15 to 0.35mm effective diameter sand layer with a uniformity coefficient of 2 to 3. The uniformity coefficient (UC) of sand is defined as d60/d10. d10 and d60 are defined as the sieve sizes in mm that permit passages of 10% and 60% by weight of the sample sand respectively. For example, UC of sand sample presented in Figure 7.3 with d60 =1.25mm and d10 = 0.32mm is 3.9.
Sieve Analyses of SSF Sand
100% 90% 80% % passing by weight 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0.1 1.0 10.0
0.32mm
Grain size (mm)
1.25mm
Figure 7.3: Sieve Graph of Typical Sand Sample Drainage system: 0.3 to 0.75m thick graded gravel in four equal layers with effective diameters as: o o Top layer: 3-6mm Intermediate layer 1: 6-20mm
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o o
Intermediate layer 2: 20-40mm Bottom layer: 40-65mm
Example 7.1: Design of Slow Sand Filter Find the plan area of a slow sand filter required for supplying a village with 220 households. The filter tank is located immediately downstream of the proposed intake with an off-take capacity of 1.5 l/s of continuous flow from a nearby stream called Dokhani. The d60 and d10 of the sand available in the village are 0.3mm and 0.15mm respectively. Uniformity Coefficient (UC) of the given sand is UC = d60/d10 = 0.3/0.15 = 2 which is within the limit of 2 to 3, hence ok. The standard rate of flow of a slow sand filter is 100-200 litres/hour/square meter of filter area. Total hourly inflow V = 1.5 l/s *(60*60s)/hour = 5,400 litres/hour Assuming a rate of filtration as 150 litres/hour/m2, the required area of filter is A =5,400/150 = 36m2 Using an aspect ratio (L/B) of 4, breadth of the filtration tank (B) is given by: L*B =A
Or, 4*B*B = A Or, B = (A/4) = (36/4) = 3m The length of the tank L = 4 * 3 = 12 m. Depth of the tank is the summation of 0.3m free board, 1m water, 0.6m sand and 0.6m gravel (totalling 2.5m). Three parallel perforated HDPE pipes are used for collecting water to the system. Alternatively, the under-drainage can also be provided with a main central drainage connected by six parallel lateral drainages. The outcomes of this calculation are presented in Drawing no 2882-0033-05.
7.3 DESIGN OF RAPID SAND FILTER

A rapid sand filter consists basically of the following components: Housing: a tank with controlling accessories in order to house water and filter materials.
32
Water layer: 0.5 to 1.5m of water above the filter bed (sand) Filter layer: 0.6 to 0.9m thick, 0.35 to 0.60mm effective diameter sand layer with a uniformity coefficient of 1.2 to 1.7 (coarser than SSF). Drainage system: 0.45 to 0.60m of graded gravel in four equal layers as: o o o o Top layer: 3-6mm Intermediate layer: 6-20mm Intermediate layer: 20-40mm Bottom layer: 40-65mm
Example 7.2: Design of Rapid Sand Filter Find the area of a rapid sand filter required for supplying a village with 1200 households. The filter tank is located immediately downstream of the proposed intake with an off-take capacity of 10 l/s of continuous flow. Total hourly flow V = 10 l/s *(60*60s)/hour = 36,000 litres/hour Assuming a rate of filtration as 4000 litres/hour/m2, the required area of filter is A = 36,000/4000 = 9 m2 Using an aspect ratio (L/B) of 4, breadth of the filtration tank (B) is given by: B = (A/4) = (9/4) = 1.5m The length of the tank L = 4 * 1.5 = 6 m. Depth of the tank is the summation of 0.3m free board, 1.5m water, 0.6m sand and 0,6m (totalling 3.0m). The under-drainage is provided by providing a main central drainage connected by three parallel lateral drainages.
7.4 GRAVITY FILTER DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES

Example 7.1 is taken as a typical example for calculating the same parameters of filter tank design presented in a spreadsheet called Filter. As presented in Figure 7.4, two drawings/sketches of the design with dynamic dimensions are also presented.
33
Slow Sand Filter Tank Sizing United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
2006.05 Date 17-Jun-2008 Revision Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Project Location CDC/CCDC Design flow, qi (l/s) Filtration Type Rate of filtration, q (l/hr/m2) Aspect Ratio, Ar Depth of water (m) Sayed Baba MHP Saighan, Bamyan Sayed Baba MHP 1.5 Slow 150 ok 4 1.0 Sand (m) Designed by: Checked by:
Hourly inflow, Qh (l/hr) Filter area, A (m2) Width of tank, W (m) Length, L (m) 0.6 Gravel (m)
12
5400.000 36.000 3.000 12.000 0.6
Inlet chamber
Outlet chamber
3
Central Drain Raw water inlet
Clear water outlet
lateral Drains
Outlet chamber
filtering Head
1 (m)
Water
Adjustable Telescopeic Tube
0.6 (m)
Sand
0.6 (m)
Gravel
Outlet for filtered water
channel floor
Figure 7.4: Sedimentation Tank Sizing spreadsheet SedimentationTank

34
8 RESERVOIR TANK DESIGN

8.1 INTRODUCTION
A reservoir tank is used for storing water when the quantity of supplied water is higher than the demand at the considered time point and for supplying the stored water when the demand is higher than the supply. Factors affecting the size and type of a reservoir tank are: Water source (ground or surface water): Storing of water utilizing surface water is a continuous process (continuous supply flow). On the other hand, underground water is collected in wells and pumped intermittently to elevated tanks in water supply projects that utilize underground water. Demand patterns of users as described in chapter 4. Allocated cost. Topography of tank location (i.e., elevated tanks in flatter topography)
8.2 GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR TANK DESIGN

As stated above, gravity fed reservoir tanks get continuous supply of water from intakes. In this kind of system, the intake is generally far from the supply point. A transmission pipe in this system is generally smaller than that provided for well fed reservoir tanks. Procedures for assessing need of reservoir of a gravity fed reservoir are: Calculate demands Calculate potential sources Define system: A continuous supply system is provided if the total daily supply equal to or more than the total daily demand. Otherwise, an intermittent supply system is provided to suppress the total demand within the total supplied quantity of water. Define demand regime: Defining regimes consists of dividing the total daily demand into time slots along with percentage daily demands. A typical example of demand regime recommended by NSP, Afghanistan for rural areas is presented in Table 8.1: Table 8.1: A typical demand regime
Time (from - to) 19.00 5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 19.00 Duration 10 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2 hrs % Demand 0% 25% 35% 20% 20%
Assess the need of a reservoir: A reservoir tank is not necessary if the supply at any point of time is equal to or more than the corresponding demand. A reservoir tank is provided to store water if this criterion does not match. The total demand at any point is calculated as the product of the total number of taps by 0.225 l/s. 0.225 l/s is the average tap discharge. Provision of reservoir tanks are generally economical if the distance from the proposed intake to the supply point is relatively long (usually more than 500m).
35
8.3 DESIGN PROCEDURES OF GRAVITY FED RESERVOIR TANKS

Reservoir tank fed by gravitational force consists of calculating safe yield (l/s) by balancing the total daily demand with the total daily supply. The design procedures are as: Equate the total daily demand (Dd) to the total daily supply (Sd). Calculate safe yield in litre per second that is needed to be fed into the system continuously. Calculate hourly supply and demand in m3. Calculate total supplies (duration * hourly supply) and demands (percentage usage * daily demand) for the given demand regime. Calculate the size of the tank so that the total supply is equal to the total demand meaning there is no spilling at any time. Filling of the tank occurs when the supply is more than the demand. Stored water is withdrawn when the supply is less than the corresponding demand.
Example 8.1: Gravity Fed Reservoir Tank Design Calculate the size of a reservoir tank of a gravity fed water supply system considering following inputs: The source is not near the proposed reservoir tank location and continuous supply should be limited to 2 l/s maximum. Total Daily Demand (m3/s) = 115.183 Demand regime as
Time (from - to) 19.00 5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 Duration 10 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2 hrs % Demand 0% 25% 35% 20% 20%
5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 19.00
Safe yield: Assume the size of reservoir tank to be roughly one third of the total demand i.e., 40 m3. Safe yield (q) = total daily supply in litres per second. q (l/s) = Total Daily Supply in m3/s*1000/86400 = Total Daily Demand (m3/s) *1000/86400 = 115.183 *1000/ 86400 = 1.333 l/s = 1.500 l/s (say) Supplies and Demands: First Regime (19: to 5:00) i.e., 10 hours.
36
Hourly supply = 1.500/1000 * 60*60 = 5.4 m3 / hour Total water supply during this period = 10 hrs * 5.4 m3 / hour = 54 m3 Total demand = 0 Difference = supply demand = 54 -0 = 54 m3 Water in the tank = water in the tank (from previous) + difference = 0 + 54 Since the tank can only store 40m3, any additional supplied water will be spilled. Second regime (5:00 to 7:00) i.e. two hours: Total water supply during this period = 2 hrs * 5.4 m3 / hour = 10.8 m3 Total demand = 25% of 115.183 =28.796 m3 Difference = supply demand = 10.8 - 28.796 = -17.996 m3 (water is withdrawn) Water in the tank = water in the tank (from previous) + difference = 40 + (-17.996) = 22.004 The summary of the calculations for other regimes are presented in Table 8.2. It should be noted that the water in the tank should not be negative. If it is negative at any regime, increase the size of the tank and repeat all the process until water in the tank is positive. Alternatively, the safe yield can also be increased to make the water in the tank to be positive. The choice between these options depends up on the distance between the source and the proposed tank and availability of safe yield. Table 8.2: Summary of Reservoir Tank Calculations (all volumes are in m3)
Time period (from - to) 19.00 5.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 12.00 12.00 17.00 17.00 19.00 Total Duration 10 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2 hrs 24 hrs % Demand 25% 35% 20% 20% 100% Demand 28.797 40.315 23.037 23.037 115.183 Supply 54.000 10.800 27.000 27.000 10.800 129.600 Diff 54.000 -17.997 -13.315 3.963 -12.237 Water in tank 40.000 22.003 8.688 12.651 0.413
8.3.1
Gravity Fed Reservoir design Program Briefing & Examples The manual calculations presented in Examples 4.1 and 8.1 are taken as inputs for calculating the same parameters in the presented spreadsheet called ReservoirTank. The first part of the spreadsheet calculates total demands for different categories of consumptions for a given time span (usually 10 to 20 years of time). The second part of the spreadsheet calculates total
37
supplies up to three spring or stream sources. Based on the demand-supply relations and taps numbers, the spreadsheet recommends the need of a reservoir. The final part of the spreadsheet calculates the size of the proposed reservoir tank. It is worth noting that the calculations are based on the daily (24 hours) demand-supply relationships. The tank size calculations use in-built iterative process of MS Excel and can generate errors (such as the size of the tank is millions of cubic meters or very high negative numbers). In such a case select the last cell of the Water in the Tank data, press F2 and press Enter.
Demand and Gravity Reservoir Size Calculations United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Revision Project Calculated by: Khawal CWSS Location Bamyan Centre Checked by: CDC/CCDC Khawal CDC Population Growth rate (i) Number of taps Tn Demand Table Particular Nr of Family Students (day-scholar). Students (boarding) Mosques Hospitals & health posts with beds Health clinic without beds Others (Government offices, etc) Total demand (m /day)
3
25-Apr-2008 2006.05
3% 7
Design life Flow/tap (l/s)
20 Years 0.225 Supply Table
Users per Individual Total demand Units unit Demands (l/day) (l/d) 220 6 45 59400 1 400 5 2000 1 1320 1.8 2376
Source Name Source #1 Dokhani river Source #2 Source #3 Total yield (m /day)
3
Safe Yield (l/s) 1.500
129.6
Demand and Supply Summary At the end of Present year 20 63.776 Demand Supply 63.776 129.600 115.187 129.600
Comment:Supply > Demand, hence ok Need of reservoir Flow/tap for open system
3
0.2188 Reservoir is needed
Population Present At the end of year 20

3
1320 2384
Capacity of Reservoir Tank (m ) 3 Demand and Supplies are in m /day Schedule I Time period (from - to) 19.00 5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00
Optimum/Provided (m /s)
40 Water in the Peak demand tank factor 40.000 22.003 3.00 8.688 1.68 12.651 0.96 0.413 2.40
5.00 7.00 12.00 17.00 19.00
Duration 10 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2 hrs
% Demand 25% 35% 20% 20%
Demand 28.797 40.315 23.037 23.037
Supply 54.000 10.800 27.000 27.000 10.800
Diff 54.000 -17.997 -13.315 3.963 -12.237
tank size Ok
40
Figure 8.1: Gravity Fed Reservoir Sizing spreadsheet ReservoirTank
8.4 DESIGN OF WELL FED RESERVOIR TANKS

Reservoir tank fed by ground water sources consists of calculating safe yield (l/s) by balancing the total daily demand with the pumped total daily supply. The design procedures are as: 1. Calculate total daily demand (Dd) as in gravity fed reservoir tank design. 2. Calculate well yield based on hydro-geological data and well testing. Most of these data are not known in Afghanistan. Therefore, assume the well yields based on the well data of nearby existing wells. Calculate potential total daily supply (Ds).
38
3. Check whether the yield is adequate for meeting the daily demand. In case the yield is not adequate, alternative wells should be proposed. 4. Calculate hourly supply and demand in m3 for 24 hours. 5. Calculate total supplies (duration * hourly supply) and demands (percentage usage * daily demand) for the given demand regime. The demand regime in this system should also be divided into to hours. 6. Select well dimensions and pump specifications. The pump should be selected based on performance data (stage-discharge relationship). 7. Select the size of the reservoir tank (generally 25 m3 in community water supply systems having up to 300 households). Select switch On of the pump switch data until water in the tank is not negative. 8. Repeat step 7 until satisfactory result is obtained in other cells of water in the tank (no negative water in the tank). It should be noted that the step 7 is a hit and trail method and need some practical experience. Example 8.2: Well Fed Reservoir Tank Design Calculate the size of a reservoir tank considering following inputs: Water is supplied by a 0.45m diameter well that can house 100mm pump. The water surface level of the proposed elevated tank is 12m above the ground. The designed total working head of pumping water is 70m. Total Daily Demand (m3/s) = 115.183 Designed well yield is 3 l/s. Demand regime as
Time period (from - to) 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 Total 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 4.00 Duration 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 7 hrs 24 hrs % Demand 0.00% 12.50% 12.50% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100%
39
Safe yield: Daily yield of well = safe yield (l/second) * 86400 second in litres = safe yield (l/second) * 86400 second /1000 m3 = 3 * 86400/1000 = 259.2 m3 Since the daily well yield is higher than the daily demand of 115.187 m3, the yield is adequate and selected for further design consideration. Supplies and Demands: A 50Hz 4 Italian pump manufactured by Hydro Pompe Group is selected. From the pump performance diagram presented in Figure 8.2, a 5.5kW H4K26 is selected with a lifting capacity of 250 litres per minute at 70m head. Lets choose a 25m3 elevated reservoir tank. A summary of calculations are presented in Table 8.3. First Regime (5:00: to 6:00) Hourly supply = 250/1000 * 60 = 15 m3 / hour Total demand = 12.5% of 115.183 =14.398 m3 Difference = supply demand = 15 - 14.398 = 0.602 m3 (water is stored) Water in the tank = water in the tank (from previous) + difference = 13.481 + 0.602 = 14.083 As presented in Table 8.3, 13.481 m3 of water is already accumulated in the tank from the previous day. As stated earlier, this is an iterative process and this value is taken from a spreadsheet called ReservoirTankPump. Table 8.3: Summary of Reservoir Tank Calculations (all volumes are in m3)
Time period (from - to)
4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 Total 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 4.00
Duration
1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 1 hrs 7 hrs 24 hrs
% Demand
0.00% 12.50% 12.50% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 7.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 10.00% 10.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 100%
Demand/hr
14.398 14.398 8.063 8.063 8.063 8.063 8.063 4.607 4.607 4.607 4.607 4.607 11.519 11.519
Pump on/off
Off On On On On Off Off On On Off Off Off On On Off Off Off Off
Supply
15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000
Difference
0.602 0.602 6.937 6.937 -8.063 -8.063
Water in the tank

13.481 14.083 14.685 21.622 25.000 16.937 8.874 15.811 25.000 20.393 15.785 11.178 21.570 25.000 13.481 13.481 13.481 13.481
Spilling / Drawdown
storing of 0 storing of 0.602 storing of 0.602 storing of 6.937 spilling of 3.559 drawdown of 8.063 drawdown of 8.063 storing of 6.937 spilling of 1.203 drawdown of 4.607 drawdown of 4.607 drawdown of 4.607 storing of 10.393 spilling of 0.051 drawdown of 11.519 storing of 0 storing of 0 storing of 0
15.000 15.000
6.937 10.393 -4.607 -4.607 -4.607
15.000 15.000
10.393 3.481 -11.519
115.187
120.000
40
26
Figure 8.2: Pump Performance Charts for H4K Italian Pumps
41
8.4.1
Well Fed Reservoir Design Program Briefing & Examples The manual calculations presented in Examples 4.1 and 8.2 are taken as inputs for a typical example for calculating the same parameters in the presented spreadsheet called ReservoirTankPump. The first part of the spreadsheet calculates total demands for different categories of consumptions for a given time span (usually 10 to 20 years of time). The second part of the spreadsheet calculates potential yield from the proposed well. The spreadsheet with these calculations is presented in Figure 8.3. The final part of the spreadsheet calculates the size of the proposed reservoir tank. The tank size calculations use in-built iterative process of MS Excel and can generate errors (such as the size of the tank is millions of cubic meters). In such a case select the last cell of the Water in the Tank, press F2 and press Enter.
Demand and Pumped Reservoir Size Calculations United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Revision Project Calculated by: Khawal CWSS Location Bamyan Centre Checked by: CDC/CCDC Khawal CDC Population Growth rate (i) Number of taps Tn Demand Table 3% 7 Design life 20 Years Flow/tap (l/s) 0.225 Individual Total Demands demand (l/day) (l/d) 45 59400 5 2000 1.8 2376 Demand and Supply Summary Present At the end of year 20 Total demand (m /day) Population Present At the end of year 20 1320 2384
3 3
22-May-2008 2006.05
Pump Specifications Capacity (kW) Capacity (l/min)
5.50 250.00
Particular Nr of Family Students (day-scholar). Students (boarding) Mosques Hospitals & health posts with beds Health clinic without beds Others (Government offices, etc)
Users per unit Units 220 6 1 400 1 1320
Well Diameter (m) Yield (l/s) Maximum Yield (m /d)

3
0.450 3.000 259.200
63.776
Demand 63.776 115.187 Supply 120.000 120.000 Comment:Supply > Demand, hence ok
Schedule: Demand and Supplies are in m /day Time period (from - to) 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 Duration % Demand 1 hrs 1 hrs 12.50% 1 hrs 12.50% 1 hrs 7.00% 1 hrs 7.00% 1 hrs 7.00% 1 hrs 7.00% 1 hrs 7.00% 1 hrs 4.00% 1 hrs 4.00% 1 hrs 4.00% 1 hrs 4.00% 1 hrs 4.00% 1 hrs 10.00% 1 hrs 10.00% 1 hrs 1 hrs 7 hrs 24 hrs 100% Demand / Pump Differenc Water in the hr on/off Supply e tank Spilling / Drawdown Off 13.481 storing of 0 14.398 On 15.000 0.602 14.083 storing of 0.602 14.398 On 15.000 0.602 14.685 storing of 0.602 8.063 On 15.000 6.937 21.622 storing of 6.937 8.063 On 15.000 6.937 25.000 spilling of 3.559 8.063 Off -8.063 16.937 drawdown of 8.063 8.063 Off -8.063 8.874 drawdown of 8.063 8.063 On 15.000 6.937 15.811 storing of 6.937 4.607 On 15.000 10.393 25.000 spilling of 1.203 4.607 Off -4.607 20.393 drawdown of 4.607 4.607 Off -4.607 15.785 drawdown of 4.607 4.607 Off -4.607 11.178 drawdown of 4.607 4.607 On 15.000 10.393 21.570 storing of 10.393 11.519 On 15.000 3.481 25.000 spilling of 0.051 11.519 Off -11.519 13.481 drawdown of 11.519 Off 13.481 storing of 0 Off 13.481 storing of 0 Off 13.481 storing of 0 115.187 120.000 Decreasable tank size
5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 4.00 Total
25
Figure 8.3: Well Fed Reservoir Sizing spreadsheet ReservoirTankPump
42
9 PIPE NETWORK DESIGN

9.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the design processes of transmission (source to reservoir) and distribution (reservoir to tap stands) pipe networks where water is conveyed by gravitational energy of moving water. The gravitational energy due to gravity at site is equal to the elevation difference between points such as between the intake and the reservoir tank sites. This elevation difference is termed as the head in metres. One metre of head produces 0.981 atmosphere of pressure. This gravitational energy is utilized for conveying the desired flow through a series of selected pipes. Design or selection of pipes includes: Measuring of driving heads (elevation drops) Measuring of pipe lengths Choosing required flows Choosing required residual heads (the end-of-pipe pressures) Choosing pipe diameter that matches with the desired head losses (driving head residual head). Losses of heads occur due to friction and turbulent along the flow path. It is worth noting that different pipe sizes and pipe materials have different flow capacities for a given elevation drop. A flow is called a natural flow when the residual head is zero.
Since some basic knowledge of hydraulic theories is essential for designing pipe networks, a brief and simplified overview of hydraulic theories useful in understanding gravity water flow in pipes are presented in the following sections: Continuity of Flow: For constant water flow in a pipe, flow at one part of a pipe is equal to flow at any other part of the pipe, as shown by: Point A Flow (QA) = Point A Velocity x Point A Area = Point B Velocity x Point B Area = Constant Changing of pipe cross sectional area (a larger or smaller pipe) will cause a change in velocity. This phenomenon can be utilized when selecting a pipe size at normal or pipe combination or negative pressure cases. Water at Rest: When no water is flowing in a gravity-pressured pipe (as when all taps are closed), it is in static equilibrium. Water levels are at static levels and pressures in the pipe are termed as static heads. As no water is flowing there is not energy loss to friction and turbulent and the pressures in the pipe at their highest at all points, highest pressure being at the lowest point. Water in Motion: When water is flowing in a pipe, friction loss occurs that reduces pressure energies at all point along the pipe. With a constant flow (water in motion), a system is said to be in dynamic equilibrium and pressures are termed as dynamic heads. Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL): A line connecting free water surface points along the flow path. The line at water at rest condition (static equilibrium) is termed as static HGL where as it is termed as dynamic HGL when water is in motion (dynamic equilibrium). Static HGL is horizontal
43
whereas dynamic HGL is sloped downwards from the water inlet to the outlet. In general, the dynamic HGL is called the HGL.
Figure 9.1: Longitudinal section and water profiles of a water supply system Friction: When water is flowing along the pipe, a certain amount of energy is lost by the friction of water against the pipe wall (skin friction) and fittings, entries and exits of the pipe and change of pipe cross sections (turbulence losses) and is determined by: The pipe wall roughness The velocity of the water Change of velocity direction creating turbulence due to fittings, etc.
Friction losses (skin friction) for water supply pipes are calculated using Hazen-Williams as: Q = 0.2785*C*D2,63*S0.54 Where, Q = discharge (m3/s) C = Hazen-Williams friction coefficient (typically, 140 for HDPE and 100 for GI), the recommended values of C are given in Table 5.01. D = internal diameter of pipe (m) S = Hydraulic gradient (energy slope) = 1:N = HLf/L The frictional loss per 100m of pipe length (% frictional loss, %HLf) can be calculated as: %HLf = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 In practice, percentage frictional losses are tabulated for quick manual calculations. A Sample of such a table is presented in Table 9.2. The tabulated percentage frictional losses may be quite different than those calculated analytically. It is also recommended that the tabulated
44
percentage frictional losses should be used for GI pipes. Cells with VLOW flags indicate that the pipe for the stated flows have lower velocities than recommended. VHIGH in the table stands for higher velocity. Table 9.1: Recommended Values of C
Pipe material Cast iron Galvanized steel Steel Concrete Asbestos cement Plastic pipes (PVC, HDPE, etc) Glass reinforce plastic pipes (GRP)
Thickness (mm)
Minimum C 100 55 100 100 120 120 140
Maximum C 120 120 140 140 140 140 145
Table 9.2: % Head loss for HDP Pipe (ISI Standard)

2.2 2.55 3.05 3.95 2.55 4.85 3.15 6 3.9 ID (mm) 11.60 14.90 18.90 24.10 26.90 30.30 33.70 38.00 42.20 OD (mm) 16 20 25 32 32 40 40 50 50 Pressure 10kg/cm2 10kg/cm2 10kg/cm2 10kg/cm2 6kg/cm2 10kg/cm2 6kg/cm2 10kg/cm2 6kg/cm2 Flow (l/s) 16IV 20IV 25IV 32IV 32III 40IV 40III 50IV 50III 0.050 V LOW V LOW V LOW VLOW V LOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW 0.100 12.60 3.70 1.20 0.40 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.110 14.93 4.35 1.50 0.50 0.30 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.120 17.44 5.07 1.70 0.50 0.30 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.130 20.12 5.84 2.00 0.60 0.40 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.140 22.97 6.66 2.20 0.70 0.40 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.150 26.00 7.53 2.50 0.80 0.50 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.160 29.19 8.45 2.80 0.90 0.50 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW
For example, the friction factor for 20IV (pressure bar of 10) for a flow of 0.15 l/s is 7.53m per 100m of pipe. In case a flow is not listed in the flow column, the friction factor should be calculated by linear interpolation. As presented in Figure 9.2, the friction factor for a flow of 0.225 l/s for the same pipe is calculated as 5.455 m per 100m of pipe using the straight line interpolation method.
Head loss chart for HDP Pipe(ISI Standard) ID (mm) 14.90 OD (mm) 20 pressure 10kg/cm2 FLOW 25IV Q F 0.220 5.07 0.225 5.455 0.230 5.84 25IV F = F1+(F2-F1)/(Q2-Q1)*(Q-Q1) F = 5.07+(5.84-5.07)/(0.230-0.220)*(0.225-0.220) F = 5.455
5.90 5.80 5.70 5.60 5.50 5.40 5.30 5.20 5.10 5.00
Interpolation of Friction Factors

5.84
Friction Factor (%)
5.07 0.220 0.225 Flow (l/s) 0.230 0.235
0.215
Figure 9.2: Interpolation for % frictional factor for unlisted flow of 0.225 l/s. Turbulent head losses are the summation of head losses at entrance, bends, and exits and at every change of velocity a long the pipe and can be expressed as: HLt = K * v2/2g Where, K = turbulent coefficient (inlet = 0.5,outlet = 1.0, etc)
45
v = pipe velocity (m/s) = Q/Area of pipe = 4*Q/(*D2). The velocity should preferably be limited in a range of 0.4 to 3 m/s. Head losses at bends and velocity change points are generally not considered in designing community based water supply systems. In order to compensate these losses, equivalent pipe lengths of fittings (multiple of pipe diameter) are considered and added to the total length of the pipe. A summary of L/D ratio for different fittings is presented in Table 9.3. Alternatively, an additional 5% to 10% of total head loss is considered to be adequate for compensating additional head losses due to turbulent losses. Table 9.3: Equivalent Pipe Lengths of Fittings
Fittings Tee (run - side) Tee (run - run) Elbow (90 , short radius) Union Gate Valve (fully open) Free entrance Screened entrance
o
L/D Ratio 68 27 33 7 7 29 150
Example 9.1: Natural Flow Design a HDPE pipe for a system presented in Figure 9.1 for the following input parameters: The system is in natural flow condition. Length of the pipe is 350m (an additional equivalent length of 5% is already included for turbulence losses). There is a gross driving head of 23m.
The energy slope (S = 1/N) is = desired head loss /pipe length = 23/350 = 0.065714286 Consider using 25mm diameter HDPE pipe with C = 140 and PN = 10, thickness = 3.05mm. Flow capacity of the pipe as per Hazen-Williams equation Q = 0.2785*C*D2.63*S0.54 = 0.2785*140*((25-2*3.05)/1000)2.63*0.0657142860.54 = 0.000262775 m3/s = 0.262775 l/s = 15.767 l/min Checking of velocity whether it is within 0.4 to 3 m/s V = 4*Q/(*D2) = 4*0.000262775/(*((25-2*3.05)/1000)2) = 0.936635372 m/s, hence within the limit.
46
9.2 SPECIAL CASES: CRITICAL HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS

9.2.1 Combination Pipes When a single pipe size does not give the desired friction head loss, a combination of two pipes is recommended and the smaller pipe length is calculated as: Smaller Pipe Length (Lsmall) (m) = 100 x H - (Flarge x L) --------------------------(Fsmall Flarge)
Where: H = the total head available for friction loss (m) = desired head loss (m) L = total pipe length (m) Flarge = % friction loss in the larger pipe (metre per 100 metres) Fsmall = % friction loss in the smaller pipe (metre per 100 metres) The length of the larger pipe Llarge(m) = L - Lsmall It is worth noting that the small pipe should be placed downstream of the large pipe. This phenomenon is presented in Example 9.2. Example 9.2: Combination Pipes Design a water supply system using the same conditions as in Example 9.1 for the following input parameters: Desired residual head of 10m Design flow of 0.263 l/s Ignore turbulent head losses because additional equivalent lengths are already included in calculating the total length of the pipe.
Consider using 32mm diameter HDPE pipe with C = 140 and PN = 10, thickness = 3.95mm. Frictional head loss factor by Hazen-Williams is %HLf = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = (0.000262775 /(0.2785*140*((32-2*3.95)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 2.012 m per 100m Total head loss HL = L* %HLf = 350 * 2.012/100 = 7.042m Residual head = total head head loss = 23 7.042
47
= 15.958 m Since the residual head is more than 10m, a combination pipes of 32mm and 25mm is considered for further calculations. Frictional head loss factor for 25 mm HDPE pipe: %HLf = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = (0.000262775 /(0.2785*140*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 6.571 m per 100m Desired head loss (H) = total head residual head = 23-10 = 13m Length of Smaller Pipe (25mm) Length (Lsmall) (m) = (100 x H - (Flarge x L)) /(Fsmall Flarge) L25 = (100*13-(2.012*350))/(7.042-2.012) = 118.449 m Head loss due to smaller pipe, HL25 = L25 * %HLf25/100 = 118.449 * 6.571/100 = 7.783 m Llarge = L 32 = L L25 = 350 118.339 = 261.331m Head loss due to larger pipe, HL32 = L32 * %HLf32/100 = 261.331 * 2.012/100 = 5.258 m Checking of total head loss HL = HL25 + HL32 = 7.783 + 5.258 = 13.041 m hence ok (0.041 m of error is due to rounding of numbers). The results of pipe combination are presented in Figure 9.1. 9.2.2 Negative Pressure Negative pressure (pressure less than atmospheric) often occurs where the pipe leaving the water source is on a flat grade until it goes down a steep hill. This may result in the system
48
failure due to critical siphoning, drawing of air and collapsing of the pipes. Therefore, the HGL should always be above the pipeline (i.e., there should always be a positive pressure in the pipe). The preferable solution is to resize the pipe section (bigger pipe, pipe combination or lesser flow). Alternatively, a second parallel pipe can be installed in an existing system. A typical example of negative pressure development is shown in Figure 9.3.
Figure 9.3: Negative pressure along the pipe line Example 9.3: Negative Pressure Using the same conditions as in Example 9.1 (23m elevation head, using 350m of 25mm diameter HDPE pipe flowing into a trough), but with uneven grade: 3.5 m fall in 150m then 19.5m fall in the last 200m, as shown in Figure 9.3. What pipe size (s) is needed to prevent a negative pressure in the pipe? Headloss factor for 25mm diameter HDPE pipe with C = 140 and PN = 10, thickness = 3.05mm is 6.571 m per 100m. Head loss in the first leg of 150m = 6.571 *150/ 100 m = 9.857 m. Negative pressure of 9.857-3.5 = 6.357 m develops since the available fall is only 3.5m. To correct this, different pipe sizes must be selected (larger pipe upstream of smaller pipe). Headloss factor for 32mm diameter HDPE pipe with C = 140 and PN = 10, thickness = 3.95mm of 2.012 m per 100m (as calculated in Example 9.2) gives a total head loss along the first stretch as HL 32 = 150*2.012 /100 = 3.018 m, hence ok and the dynamic HGL is 0.482m above the ground.
49
Provide 25mm diameter pipe for the rest of the pipe. Head available = 23 3.018 = 19.982 m Head loss along 200m of pipe = 200*6.571/100 = 13.142 m Residual head = 19.982 13.142 = 6.840 m The dynamic HGL are plotted in Figure 9.3. 9.2.3 Air Locks: Gravity pressured flow is prone to partial or total blockage by trapped air pockets. Air may enter the system either from already trapped air, from inlets, from loose fitting, from dissolved air, etc. Air locks can form either during static conditions or dynamic conditions. Any air that is trapped must be carried downstream to an outlet to ensure continued water flow. A total air lock can form in a pipe which will completely block the flow of water. A partial air lock partially blocks flow reducing the area available for water flow. The total and partial air locks are presented in Figures 9.4 and 9.5 respectively.
Figure 9.4: Formation of a Partial Air Lock A total air lock forms if the trough height (HT in Figure 9.5) is higher than the summation of all the heights of air columns. Following conditions should be satisfied in order to prevent a total air lock formation: HT H Where, H = driving head = Hs (H1+H2+..) Hs = static head (H1+H2+..) = air lock columns
50
Figure 9.5: Formation of a Total Air Lock Formation of air locks can be prevented by laying pipe networks that has higher driving heads (lower HT) or providing air release valves at the peaks along the pipe or providing a break pressure tank. The first case is illustrated in Figure 9.6. Proper velocity of flow also helps flushing entrapped air. A summary of flushing velocities to prevent air locks is presented in Table 9.4. Table 9.4: Flushing Velocities to prevent air locks
Nominal pipe size (mm) 16 20 25 32 40 50 Flushing velocity (m/s) 0.40 0.49 0.55 0.91 0.70 0.79
51
10m
Figure 9.6: Prevention of Formation of Air Locks by analyzing pipe profiles Example 9.4: Air Lock Check the formation of air lock for a system presented in Figure 9.7. The system consists of 32mm diameter PN10 pipe of 350m lone flowing freely into a trough. The route has a rise over a hill of 15m and then up a second slope to the trough that must be at 9m. The design discharge of the system is 7.5 l/min. Recommend alternative options in case an air lock forms.
Figure 9.7: Diagram for Example 9.4 Calculate Available Head Head available at the high point = 23-15 = 8m above high point to the water source. In case an air lock occur at the high point, there would be only this 8m head for water flow to the trough including friction and lift to the trough. Calculate the friction loss: Flow in m3/s Q = 7.5 / 60/1000 = 0.000125 m3/s Total head loss = L * % HLf
52
= L*(Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100% = L*(Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54) = 350* (0.000125 /(0.2785*140*((32-2*3.95)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54) = 1.779m In no air lock condition: the residual head of (14-1.779 = 12.221m) is available. The elevation of the trough in air lock condition = 8-1.779 = 6.221 m. Therefore, the trough should be located at 6.221m or else water will not reach the trough under water lock conditions. Alternative recommendations: 1. Increase the flow so that the velocity of the flow is up to the recommended flushing velocity of 0.91m/s (as stated in Table 9.4). Flow through 32mm HDPE PN10 pipe for a driving head of 14m is: Q = 0.2785*C*D2.63*S0.54 = 0.2785*140*((32-2*3.95)/1000)2.63*(14/350)0.54 = 0.000381 m3/s = 0.380864 l/s Flow velocity (V) = 4*Q/(*D^2) = 4*0.000381/(*((32-2*3.95)/1000)^2) = 0.85322 m/s, not okay since it is less than 0.91m/s 2. Use smaller pipe so that the flow velocity is higher. Flow through 25mm diameter HDPE PN 10 pipe is: = 0.2785*140*((25-2*3.05)/1000)2.63*(14/350)0.54 = 0.000200983 m3/s = 0.200983 l/s = 12.059 l/min Flow velocity (V) = 4*Q/(*D^2) = 4*0.000200983/(*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2) = 0.7163 m/s, okay since it is more than 0.55 m/s as stated in Table 9.4. 3. Install a valve on the outlet to restrict flow to 7.5 l/s and 25mm diameter HDPE PN 10 pipe. Head loss through the pipe is: HLf = L * %HLf = L*(Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100/100 = 350*((7.5/60/1000) /(0.2785*140*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100/100
53
= 5.81009576 m, hence okay since it is less than the available head of 14m. Flow velocity (V) = 4*Q/(*D^2) = 4*(7.5/60/1000)/(*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2) = 0.44555 m/s, not okay since it is less than 0.55 m/s as stated in Table 9.4. Consider limiting the flow velocity of 0.55 m/s, flow capacity and other parameters are: Flow (Q) = V*A = V*(/4*D^2) = 0.55*((/4*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2) = 0.000154304 m3/s = 9.2582 l/min, hence okay. Head loss for this discharge is HLf = L * %HLf = L*(Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100/100 = 350*(0.000154304/(0.2785*140*((25-2*3.05)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100/100 = 8.582 m, hence okay since it is less than the available head of 14m. 4. Install an air release valve at the high point to ensure release of any accumulated air. Either of the considered pipes can be used with the air release valve. Additionally, a valve on the outlet to restrict flow to 7.5 l/min is recommended.
9.3 PIPE SELECTION IN AFGHANISTAN

There is a complete lack of standardization of HDPE pipe in Afghanistan. HDPE pipes manufactured in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan are commonly used in water supply systems. Although the brochures of the available pipes state that those pipes are manufactured using DIN8074, DIN8075, EN1555, EN12201, etc, their geometrical parameters differs from one manufacturer to another. Qualities of these pipes are not yet possible to be certified locally. Although there are many manufacturers, pipes and fittings manufactured by the following manufacturers are commonly used in the water supply schemes: 1. Polypark Pipes (Iranian) 2. Herat Polyethylene Company (Afghani) 3. Royal PVC (Pvt) Limited (Pakistani) 4. Samnan Pipes (Iranian) Pipe specifications by these manufacturers are annexed in Data Sheets and Formats. It is recommended that the actual geometry should be verified with the tabulated data.
54
9.4 A COMPLETE DESIGN

Example 9.5: Pipe Network Design A pipe network system proposed for one of the Bamyan CDC is presented in Figure 9.5. The project data are also presented in the figure. Design the pipe network systems incorporating a reservoir at joint Jn 00.
Jn 00 (good place for locating RVT) E.2630.0 Intake (Dokhani Stream) E.2668.26 2000m
Project Data Present Population = 220 households Population growth rate = 3% 6 people in each family
300m
design horizon = 10 years Yield of intake is abundant. Number of taps = 7 Flow per tap = 0.225 l/s Use PE 80 HDPE pipes
E.2586.19 174m
Jn01
Tp01
Use 10m service pipe for taps Per capita daily water demand = 45 l/p/d
95m
E.2586.19
Tp02 E.2588.82 10m Jn02 222m E.2589.85
E.2586.76 E.2584.34 Jn03 Jn04 88m Tp04 Tp03
E.2585.67 Jn05 357m Tp05 285m
E.2582.70 Jn06 887 Tp06
E.2551.84 Tp07
Figure 9.8: Diagram for Example 8.5 Demand Calculations: Present population (Po) = Nr of families * persons per family = 220*6 = 1320 persons Population at the end the tenth year (Pn) with respect to the present population Pn = Po (1+i/100)n P10= 1320 (1+3/100)10 = 1774 persons Demand (D) = daily water demand * Pn = 45 l/d/p * 1774 p = 79,830 l/d = 79.83 m3/d System Design (Open or closed) Continuous supply = daily demand/86400
55
= 79,830/86400 = 0.924 l/s (say 0.925 l/s) = 3.330 m3/hr It is assumed that the flow is abundant. Since the distance between the source to the proposed reservoir tank location is 2000m, it will be an optimum solution to use reservoir tank with smaller diameter of pipe from the intake to the reservoir tank. Maximum continuous demand = Nr of taps * tap flow = 7*0.225 = 1.575 l/s Which is greater than the continuous supply of 0.924 l/s, therefore a reservoir tank is needed. Reservoir tank design: Recommended schedule with tank storage during off peak period is considered. A summary of demands and supplies for the recommended schedule is presented in Table 9.5: Table 9.5: Design of Reservoir
Time period (from - to) 19.00 5.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 12.00 12.00 17.00 17.00 19.00 Duration 10 hrs 2 hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2 hrs % Demand 25% 35% 20% 20% Demand 19.957 27.940 15.966 15.966 Supply 33.300 6.660 16.650 16.650 6.660 Diff 33.300 -13.297 -11.290 0.684 -9.306 Water in the tank 34.000 20.703 9.413 10.097 0.791 Peak demand factor 3.00 1.68 0.96 2.40
The tank size of 34 m3 was selected by hit and trail method. The basis of fixing the size of the water tank is to have positive water balance in the water tank. Lets select 35m3. Intake Design: Bamyan is a cold place and the stream water is very clean. The upstream has very little settlements. Therefore, provision of filtration is regarded as unnecessary. Chlorination of water during summer is recommended. In absence of chlorination tank, the proposed reservoir tank is recommended to be used. Lets choose: 1. A dry stone screening 2. A collection tank with HDPE strainer and a GI inverted air vent 3. A 5m long GI pipe from intake to sedimentation tank (31.8mm) 4. A sedimentation tank. Gross length of GI pipe: actual lengths + equivalent of pipe lengths for fittings (strainer, air-vent and a glove valve). L = 5m + (105+27+7)*31.8/1000 = 10.8512m
56
Strainer: A strainer of 63mm diameter HDPE is used (refer to Table 5.1) for the stated flow with the following parameters. hole diameter = 3.5 mm at 10mm c/c Total holes = 2 * 255 = 510 Nr of rows = INT(*dia of strainer/10) =INT( *63/10) = 19 rows Nr of columns = 510/19 = 26.84 columns (say 30 columns) Min strainer length = 30 * c/c distance = 300mm Use 400mm long 63mm diameter HDPE strainer. Headloss calculation Friction factor (HLf) for Q=0.925 l/s and 31.8 dia GI is 9.893% (From GI Pipe Table) Exit loss factor K = 1.0 Velocity v = Q/A = (0.925/1000)/((31.8/1000)2/4)) = 1.16 m/s Total head loss with a factor of safety of 1.3 is = 1.3*(L*HLf+K*v2/2g) = 1.3*(10.8512* 9.893% +1*1.162/2/9.81) = 1.485m Water level at sedimentation tank = 2668.26 1.485 = 2666.775m Design of sedimentation tank: Choose D=0.7m, B=0.7m, Sediment storage depth = 0.25m Velocity v = Q/A = (0.924/1000)/(0.7*0.7) = 0.00189 m/s < 0.05 m/s hence okay Tank capacity (C) = t*Q, where a detention time of 1800 sec is considered. = 1800 *0.925/1000 = 1.665 m3 Length of tank L = C/(B*D) = 1.665 /(0.7 * 0.7)
57
= 3.398m, use 3.5m Aspect Ratio, L/B = 3.5/0.7 = 5 >4, hence Ok. The designed intake and sedimentation tank are presented in Figure 9.9. The fittings and other accessories are also presented in the figure. Pipe design (sedimentation tank to reservoir at Jn 00) Pipes with PE 80 HDPE and safety factors of 2.0 Polypark (Iranian pipes) are used in all cases. The measured lengths are factored by 1.1 (i.e., 10% more). This will also be considered in head loss calculations. An addition of 5% of gross length is considered enough if the length is measured precisely. Length (L) = 2000*1.1 = 2200 m Flow (Q) = 0.925 l/s HGL of at sedimentation tank, RL1 = 2666.775 m RL of the second station (RVT) RL2 = 2630m Available head (H) = 2668.26 1.485-2630 = 36.775m Desired residual head (DRH) = 10m Desired headloss dH= 36.775-10 = 26.775 Desired headloss factor (DHF) = 26.775 /2200*100 = 1.217% Referring to HDPEHW table of PolyPark pipes, try 50mm PN 6, 3.7mm thick, %HLf50 = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = ((0.925/1000) /(0.2785*140*((50-2*3.70)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 1.290676 m/100m Total head loss = HLf50=L*%HL = 2200*1.290676/100 = 28.39487m> 26.775 m of available head. Hence not okay. Try 63mm PN 6, 4.7mm thick, %HLf63 = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = ((0.925/1000) /(0.2785*140*((63-2*4.70)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 0.42167 m/100m Total head loss = HLf63=L*%HL = 2200*0.42167/100 = 9.27674m< 26.775 m, which is ok but not economical. Use combination of these pipes: Length of 50mm pipe = (Lsmall) (m) = (100 x H - (Flarge x L)) /(Fsmall Flarge) = (100*26.775-(0.42167*2200))/(1.290676-0.42167) = 2013.595 m
58
Length of 63mm pipe = 2200-2013.595 = 186.405 m. Note that 50 diameter pipe may also be used if residual head of less than 10m is acceptable Pipe design (reservoir to JCT01) The pipe downstream of the reservoir is relatively longer and optimizing at this point may have less or even negative residual heads downstream. The, higher residual head at this point is quite helpful. Length (L) = 300*1.1 = 330 m Flow (Q) = 7 taps * 0.225 l/tap = 1.575 l/s HGL of water at RVT, RL1 = 2630 m RL of Joint 01 (JCT01) RL2 = 2586.19m Available head (H) = 2630 - 2586.19= 43.81m Desired residual head (DRH) = 30m Desired headloss dH= 43.81-30 = 13.81m Try 50, PN 6, 3.7mm thick %HLf50 = (Q/(0.2785*C*D^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = ((1.575/1000) /(0.2785*140*((50-2*3.7)/1000)^2.63))^(1/0.54)*100 = 3.458 m/100m Total head loss = HLf50=L*%HL = 330*3.458/100 = 11.411m < 13.81 m of available head. Hence okay. Pipes for the other legs are designed in similar manner. The final tabulated calculations and the corresponding drawing are presented in Figures 9.10 and 9.11.
600 800 600 600
Coarse screening Dry stone masonry / Gabion
3800
600
3500
600
585
50
1200
63mm dia HDPE,strainer with 3.5mm holes Stone masonry collection chamber
4700
sediment washout Gate valve 63 dia PN 6 HDPE outlet
Figure 9.9: Intake and Sedimentation tank considered in Example 9.8
59
720
31.8mm dia GI
50
1:50
700
2000
250
2557 3390
850
1485
stream
0.5'' dia GI air vent
2070
50
NWL
Jn 00 (good place for locating RVT) E.2630.0 Intake (Dokhani Stream) E.2668.26 2000m 63,PN6, 255m 50,PN6, 1745m 50,PN6, 330m
Summary of PE 80 Pipes SN Pipe Dia (mm) Thickness (mm) PN (bar) Length (m) 1 HDPE 16 1.80 10 44 2 HDPE 20 2.30 10 125.5 3 HDPE 25 2.80 10 613.8 4 HDPE 32 2.40 6 361.9 5 HDPE 40 3.00 6 313.5 6 HDPE 50 3.70 6 3074.4 7 HDPE 63 4.70 6 180.3
50,PN6, 101.4m
E.2586.19 174m
300m 20,PN10, 104.5m Jn01 Tp01
95m
E.2586.19
50,PN6, 96.8m Tp02 E.2586.76 E.2584.34 E.2588.82 50,PN6, 244.2m Jn03 Jn04 222m 88m 10m Jn02 E.2589.85 Tp04 Tp03 16,PN10, 11m 16,PN10, 11m 16,PN10, 11m
50,PN6, 357m 357m
E.2585.67 Jn05 40,PN6, 313.5 285m Tp05 20,PN10, 11m
E.2582.70 Jn06 887
E.2551.84 Tp07
Tp06 32,PN6, 218m 25,PN10, 757m 20,PN10, 11m
Figure 9.10: Pipe network design considered in Example 9.8

60
9.5 PIPE DESIGN PROGRAM BRIEFING & EXAMPLES

Two spreadsheets are presented for designing pipes networks. The first spreadsheet PipeDesignHW uses analytical method for calculating percentage frictional coefficients by Hazen-Williams method. The second spreadsheet PipeDesign uses tabulated data of percentage frictional coefficients. It is worth noting that the tabulated GI friction factors for different pipe diameters with the same coefficient C do not match with the analytically calculated friction factor. Therefore, in case of GI pipes, the second spreadsheet should be used. The names of the Station 1 of pipe reaches with free water surfaces have to be started with three specific letters corresponding to the types of the structures as: SRC for source (such as SRC at Dokhani stream) RVT for reservoir tank (such as RVT at Khawal) BPT for break pressure tank (such as BPT01) SED for sediment tank (such as SED additional) A provision for calculating pipe lengths for pipe combination is also presented in the spreadsheets. The elevation and length of the pipe junction are the final outcome of these calculations that should be input as input variable for the new arbitrary junctions in the main calculation table. Every new leg of pipe networks has to be started after leaving a blank row. The first two calculation rows of the main spreadsheet have to be copied to all the new legs. The second row of the pasted cells has to be copied to the remaining rows of the considered legs. HGL of the first station of the branching station has to be copied in HGL station 1 of the blank row. A friction factor table for HDPE pipes based on PolyPark (Iranian Standards) is presented to speedup the selection process. Four sets of AutoCAD script commands are also calculated for plotting ground profile, HGL and naming of the joints. Since different vertical and horizontal scales are presentable in most of the water supply profiles, a provision for vertical to horizontal scale ratio is presented. It is worth noting that each profile should be plotted separately. A typical longitudinal profile of the first leg with a horizontal to vertical scale of 1:5 is presented in drawings number 2882-0033-10. Friction factor tables for HDPE and GI pipes based on ISI (Indian Standards) and DIN are also presented for used by tabulated method that utilized these tables for calculating pipe head losses in PipeDesign Spreadsheet. The outputs by using both the analytical and tabulated methods are presented in Figures 9.11 and 9.12. Pipes from PolyPark were used in analytical method whereas pipes based on Indian Standards were used in tabulated method. Since the internal diameters of pipes in these two standards are different, the outputs are also slightly different.
61
Gravity Water Supply Pipe Network Design by Hazen-Williams Method

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Date Revision Checked by: F large pipe (FS) 34.68 HGL at the first station 6 Total pipe length L (m) 10 Designed Discharge (l/s) HGL(m) station 1 station 2 0.837 2601.520 975 0.225 01-May-2008
2007.08
F small pipe (FL) Small dia pipe length (X) Bigger dia pipe length (Y) HGL at the joint Residual head @ Stn 2 (m) 4.341
Project Location CDC/CCDC Material HDPE GI

station 1
Sayed Baba MHP Surveyed by: Saighan, Bamyan Instrument used: Sayed Baba MHP Pipe L factor C-Value PE 140 80 1.10 100
Elevation (m) Station 1 Station 2 Pipe length (m) ground design station 2
Pipe Combination (Xm) Calculation

S Desired head loss Large pipe Small pipe 32 25 2.4 2.8
757 218 2595.185
Reach Name
Pipe Specifications Design Thickness flow l/s diameter of HDPE PN / GI
Frictional head loss factor (F) (%) total (m)
Velocity (m/s)
Remarks
SRC1 Combination 1 RVT1 JCT1 JCT2 JCT3 JCT4 JCT5 JCT6 Combination 2
Combination 1 RVT1 JCT1 JCT2 JCT3 JCT4 JCT5 JCT6 Combination 2 TAP07
2666.775 2658.634 2630.000 2586.190 2589.850 2586.760 2584.340 2585.670 2582.700 2595.185
2658.634 2630.000 2586.190 2589.850 2586.760 2584.340 2585.670 2582.700 2595.185 2551.840
163.64 1836.36 300.00 174.00 222.00 88.00 357.00 285.00 198.18 688.18
180.0 2020.0 330.0 191.4 244.2 96.8 392.7 313.5 218.0 757.0
0.924 0.924 1.575 1.350 1.125 0.900 0.675 0.450 0.225 0.225
63 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 32 25
4.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.70 3 2.4 2.8
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10
2666.775 2666.018 2630.000 2618.588 2613.613 2609.084 2607.896 2605.068 2601.873 2600.048 2618.588
2666.018 2639.998 2618.588 2613.613 2609.084 2607.896 2605.068 2601.873 2600.048 2567.185
0.421 1.288 3.458 2.599 1.855 1.227 0.720 1.019 0.837 4.341
0.76 26.02 11.41 4.98 4.53 1.19 2.83 3.20 1.82 32.86
7.38 10.00 32.40 23.76 22.32 23.56 19.40 19.17 4.86 15.34
0.41 abc 0.65 abd 1.11 0.95 0.79 0.63 0.47 0.50 0.39 0.76
JCT1
TAP1
2586.190
2586.190
95.000
104.5
0.225
20
2.3
10
2618.588 2613.613
2604.620
13.367
13.97
18.43
1.21
JCT2
TAP2
2589.850
2588.820
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
1.8
10
2613.613 2609.084
2609.389
38.399
4.22
20.57
1.86
JCT3
TAP3
2586.760
2586.760
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
1.8
10
2609.084 2607.896
2604.860
38.399
4.22
18.10
1.86
JCT4
TAP4
2584.340
2584.340
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
1.8
10
2607.896 2605.068
2603.672
38.399
4.22
19.33
1.86
JCT5
TAP5
2585.670
2585.670
10.000
11.0
0.225
20
2.3
10
2605.068 2601.873
2603.598
13.367
1.47
17.93
1.21
JCT6
TAP6
2582.700
2582.700
10.000
11.0
0.225
20
2.3
10
2601.873
2600.403
13.367
1.47
17.70
1.21
Figure 9.11: Pipe Design as per Example 9.5 by Iranian Standard & Hazen Williams Method.
62
Gravity Water Supply Pipe Network Design by Tabulated Method

United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), Afghanistan
Spreadsheet Developed by: Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar, Engineering Advisor, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan. Date Revision F large pipe (FS) 34.68 HGL at the first station III Total pipe length L (m) IV Designed Discharge (l/s) HGL(m) station 1 station 2 0.930 2601.520 975 0.225 22-Jun-2008
2007.08
F small pipe (FL) Small dia pipe length (X) Big dia pipe length (Y) HGL at the joint 5.100
Project Location CDC/CCDC
Sayed Baba MHP Saighan, Bamyan Sayed Baba MHP
Surveyed by: Checked by: Instrument used: Pipe L factor

Pipe length ground
Pipe Combination (Xm)

S Desired head loss Large pipe Small pipe 32 25
1.10
614 361 2595.808
Reach Name station 1 station 2
Elevation (m) Station 1 Station 2
design
Pipe dia & class/type Design flow l/s diameter class/type
Frictional head loss factor (F) (%) total (m)
Residual head @ Stn 2 (m)
Remarks
SRC1 Combination 1 RVT1 JCT1 JCT2 JCT3 JCT4 JCT5 JCT6 Combination 2
Combination 1 2666.775 2658.634 RVT1 JCT1 JCT2 JCT3 JCT4 JCT5 JCT6 2658.634 2630.000 2630.000 2586.190 2586.190 2589.850 2589.850 2586.760 2586.760 2584.340 2584.340 2585.670 2585.670 2582.700
255.00 1745.00 300.00 174.00 222.00 88.00 357.00 285.00 329.00 558.00
280.5 1919.5 330.0 191.4 244.2 96.8 392.7 313.5 361.9 613.8
0.924 0.924 1.575 1.350 1.125 0.900 0.675 0.450 0.225 0.225
63 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 32 25
III 2666.775 2665.586 III 2665.586 2640.010 III 2630.000 2618.698 III 2618.698 2613.702 III 2613.702 2609.087 III 2609.087 2607.857 III 2607.857 2604.814 III 2604.814 2601.522 III 2601.522 2598.156 IV 2598.156 2566.853
2618.698
0.424 1.332 3.425 2.610 1.890 1.270 0.775 1.050 0.930 5.100
1.19 25.58 11.30 5.00 4.62 1.23 3.04 3.29 3.37 31.30
6.95 abc 10.01 abd 32.51 23.85 22.33 23.52 19.14 18.82 2.35 15.01
Combination 2 2582.700 2595.808 TAP07 2595.808 2551.840
JCT1
TAP1
2586.190 2586.190
95.000
104.5
0.225
20
IV 2618.698 2602.479
2613.702
15.520
16.22
16.29
JCT2
TAP2
2589.850 2588.820
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
IV 2613.702 2607.769
2609.087
53.940
5.93
18.95
JCT3
TAP3
2586.760 2586.760
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
IV 2609.087 2603.153
2607.857
53.940
5.93
16.39
JCT4
TAP4
2584.340 2584.340
10.000
11.0
0.225
16
IV 2607.857 2601.924
2604.814
53.940
5.93
17.58
JCT5
TAP5
2585.670 2585.670
10.000
11.0
0.225
20
IV 2604.814 2603.107
2601.522
15.520
1.71
17.44
JCT6
TAP6
2582.700 2582.700
10.000
11.0
0.225
20
IV 2601.522 2599.815
15.520
1.71
17.11
Figure 9.12: Pipe Design as per Example 9.5 by Indian Standard & Tabulated Method.
63
DATA SHEETS AND FORMATS

HDPE PIPE SPECIFICATIONS 1. PolyPark HDPE, Iran 2. Herat Polyethylene Company Pipe Specifications, Afghanistan 3. Royal PVC (Pvt) Limited, Pakistan 4. Samnan Pipes, Iran HEAD LOSS FACTOR TABLES 1. Frictional Headloss Factors for GI (Indian Standards) 2. Friction Factors for HDPE pipes (Indian Standards) 3. Friction Factors for Polypark HDPE pipes (Iranian Standards) WHOS DRINKING WATER STANDARDS 1993 FORMATS 1. Abney Level Observation Book 2. Discharge Measurement Using conductivity Meter 3. Level Observation Book 4. Stadia Observation Book 5. Pipe Design Format
64
PolyPark HDPE Pipes according to international standards Iranian National Standards and National Iranian Gas Co.
Series SDR PE-63
SF1.25 SF1.6 SF2.0 PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR PN/BR
EN 1555 - EN 12201 DIN8074 - DIN8075

F 10 21 5 3.9 3.1 6.3 5 4 8 6.2 5
t 1.90 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.30 5.30 6.00 6.70 7.70 8.60 9.60 10.8 11.9 13.4 15.0 16.9 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.7 kg/m 0.239 0.374 0.580 0.828 1.18 1.77 2.27 2.83 3.72 4.67 5.78 7.30 8.93 11.30 14.20 18.00 22.90 28.90 35.70 44.70 t 1.80 2.30 2.90 3.60 4.30 5.10 6.30 7.10 8.00 9.10 10.20 11.40 12.80 14.20 15.90 17.90 20.10 22.70 25.50 28.40 31.70
( ISIRA) ( IGS)
I 6.3 13.6 8 6.2 5 10 7.9 6.3 12.5 9.9 7.9
t 1.80 1.90 2.40 3.00 3.70 4.70 5.60 6.70 8.10 9.20 10.30 11.80 13.30 14.70 16.60 18.40 20.60 23.20 26.10 29.40 33.10 36.80 41.20 kg/m 0.107 0.144 0.232 0.356 0.549 0.873 1.24 1.77 2.62 3.37 4.22 5.50 6.98 8.56 10.90 13.40 16.80 21.20 26.90 34.10 43.20 53.30 66.90 t 1.9* 2.3* 2.9* 3.70 4.60 5.80 6.80 8.20 10.00 11.40 12.70 14.60 16.40 18.20 20.50 22.70 25.40 28.60 32.20 36.30 40.90 45.40 50.80 0.137 0.187 0.295 0.453 0.721 1.02 1.46 2.17 2.76 3.46 4.52 5.71 7.05 8.93 11.00 13.70 17.40 22.10 28.00 35.40 43.80 54.80
A 25 51 2 1.6 1.2 2.5 2 1.6 3.2 2.5 2

t (mm) kg/m 1.80 1.80 2.20 2.50 2.80 3.20 3.60 3.90 4.40 4.90 5.50 6.20 7.00 7.90 8.80 9.80 11.00 0.436 0.525 0.785 1.00 1.25 1.36 2.05 4.46 3.12 3.83 4.83 6.12 7.73 9.82 12.30 15.20 19.10 t -
B 20 41 2.5 2 1.6 3.2 2.5 2 4 3.1 2.5

kg/m 0.364 0.475 0.643 0.943 1.23 1.54 2.00 2.49 3.05 3.86 4.83 5.98 7.52 9.55 12.10 15.30 19.00 23.60 t -
C 16 33 3.2 2.4 2 4 3.1 2.5 5 3.9 3.1

kg/m 0.287 0.399 0.551 0.791 1.17 1.51 1.88 2.42 3.07 3.84 4.77 5.92 7.40 9.37 11.80 15.10 19.00 23.40 29.40 t -
D 12.5 26 4 3.1 2.5 5 4 3.2 6.3 5 4

kg/m 0.227 0.314 0.494 0.675 0.978 1.43 1.84 2.32 3.04 3.79 4.69 5.89 7.30 9.10 11.60 14.60 18.60 23.50 28.90 36.20 t -
E 10.5 22 4.8 3.7 3 6 4.7 3.8 7.5 5.9 4.7

kg/m 0.238 0.361 0.563 0.807 1.14 1.67 2.16 2.72 3.54 4.47 5.51 7.00 8.59 10.80 13.60 17.30 21.90 27.70 34.20 42.80
G 8.3 17.6 6 4.7 3.7 7.5 6 4.8 9.6 7.5 6

kg/m 0.179 0.285 0.44 0.688 0.976 1.39 2.08 2.66 3.34 4.35 5.48 6.79 8.55 10.60 13.20 16.70 21.20 26.90 34.00 42.00 52.50 t -
H 8 17 6.3 4.9 3.9 8 6.2 5 10 7.8 6.1

kg/m
5 11 10 7.8 6.3 12.5 10 8 16 12.5 10

kg/m 0.1121 0.1712 0.2723 0.43 0.666 1.05 1.47 2.12 3.14 4.08 5.08 6.67 8.42 10.4 13.1 16.2 20.3 25.6 32.5 41.3 52.3 64.5 80.8 t 1.80 2.30 2.80 3.60 4.50 5.60 7.10 8.40 10.10 12.30 14.00 15.70 17.90 20.10 22.40 25.20 27.20 31.10 35.20 39.40 44.70 50.30 55.80 62.50
4 9 12.4 9.8 7.8 16 12.5 10 20 15.6 12.5

kg/m 0.084 0.133 0.20 0.327 0.509 0.788 1.26 1.76 2.54 3.78 4.87 6.11 7.96 10.10 12.40 15.80 19.40 24.30 30.80 39.10 49.60 62.70 77.30 97.00 t
3.2 7.4 15.9 12.1 10 20 15.3 12.3 25 19.2 15.3

kg/m 0.099 0.154 0.24 0.386 0.60 0.936 1.47 2.09 3.00 4.49 5.77 7.25 9.44 11.9 14.8 18.6 23.0 28.9 36.5 46.3 58.8 74.4 91.8 t 2.20 2.80 3.50 4.40 5.50 6.90 8.60 10.30 12.30 15.10 17.10 19.20 21.90 24.60 27.40 30.80 34.20 38.30 43.10 48.50 54.70 61.50 68.30 -
2.5 6 19.9 15.7 12.5 25 20 16 32 25 20

kg/m 0.115 0.180 0.278 0.454 0.701 1.09 1.73 2.44 3.51 5.24 6.75 8.47 11.00 14.00 17.20 21.80 27.00 33.80 42.70 54.30 68.90 t 3.30 4.10 5.10 6.50 8.10 10.10 12.70 15.10 18.10 22.10 25.10 28.10 32.10 36.10 40.10 45.10 50.10 56.20 63.20 2.70 3.40 4.20 5.40 6.70 8.30 10.50 12.50 15.00 18.30 20.80 23.30 26.60 29.90 33.20 37.40 41.60 46.50 52.30 59.00 66.50 -
2 5 24.9 19.6 15.7 32 25 20 40 31.2 25

kg/m 0.133 0.207 0.32 0.52 0.809 1.26 1.99 2.82 4.05 6.04 7.79 9.76 12.70 16.10 19.90 25.20 31.10 39.00 49.30 -
PE-80
SF1.25 SF1.6 SF2.0
PE-100
SF1.25 SF1.6 SF2.0
OD(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 90 110 125 140 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560
1.80 1.90 2.40 3.00 3.80 4.50 5.40 6.60 7.40 8.30 9.50 10.70 11.90 13.40 14.80 16.60 18.70 21.10 23.70 26.70 29.70 33.20
1.8 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.6 10.7 12.1 13.6 15.3 17.2 19.1 21.4
1.90 2.30 2.90 3.50 4.10 5.00 5.70 6.40 7.30 8.20 9.10 10.30 11.40 12.80 14.40 16.20 18.20 20.50 22.80 25.50
1.80 2.00 2.30 2.80 3.40 3.90 4.30 4.90 5.50 6.20 6.90 7.70 8.60 9.70 10.90 12.30 13.80 15.30 17.20
1.80 1.90 2.20 2.70 3.10 3.50 4.00 4.40 4.90 5.50 6.20 6.90 7.70 8.70 9.80 11.00 12.30 13.70
3MM/EN1555: 1-0.16 (Kg/m) 2- 0.210 (Kg/m)
3-0.275 (Kg/m)
SDR: (Standard Dimention Ratio)=d/s SF:(Safty Factor)
PN:(Pressure Nominal)
Series=1/2(d/s-1)
65
Herat Polyethylene Company Pipe Specifications (Afghanistan)

PN 3.2 PN 2.5 PN 25 51 Dia (mm) t (mm) kg/m t 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 75 1.8 0.436 90 1.8 0.525 110 2.2 0.706 125 2.5 1.000 140 2.8 1.250 160 3.2 1.530 180 3.6 2.500 200 3.9 2.460 225 4.4 3.120 250 4.9 3.830 280 5.5 4.830 315 6.2 6.120 355 7.0 7.730 400 7.9 9.820 450 8.8 12.300 500 9.8 15.200 560 11.0 19.100 630 12.3 24.000 PE 100 PE80 PE63 PN 4 PN 5 PN 6.4 PN 7.8 PN 8 PN 9.6 PN 10 PN 12.7 PN 16 PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 5 PN 6 PN 6.4 PN 7.7 PN 8 PN 10 PN 12.5 PN 2.5 PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 4.8 PN 5 PN 6 PN 6.3 PN 8 PN 10 20 16 12.5 10.5 10 8.3 8 6.3 5 41 33 26 22 21 17.6 17 13.6 11 (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 PN 40 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25.8 PN 32 PN 12.6 PN 16 PN 20 N 4 3.2 2.5 2 9 7.4 6 5 t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m 1.8 0.048 2.0 0.052 1.8 0.060 2.0 0.064 2.4 0.074 1.8 0.084 2.2 0.099 2.7 0.115 3.3 0.133 2.3 0.133 2.8 0.154 3.4 0.180 4.1 0.270 2.8 0.200 3.5 0.240 4.2 0.278 5.1 0.320 3.2 0.327 4.4 0.386 5.4 0.454 6.5 0.520 4.5 0.509 5.5 0.600 6.7 0.701 8.1 0.809 5.6 0.788 6.9 0.936 8.3 1.090 10.1 1.260 7.1 1.260 8.6 1.470 10.5 1.730 12.7 1.990 8.4 1.760 10.3 2.090 12.5 2.440 15.1 2.820 10.1 2.540 12.3 3.000 15.0 3.510 18.1 4.050 12.3 3.780 15.1 4.490 18.3 5.240 22.1 6.040 14.0 4.870 17.1 5.770 20.8 6.750 25.1 7.790 15.7 6.110 19.2 7.250 20.3 8.470 28.1 9.750 17.9 7.960 21.9 9.440 20.6 11.000 32.1 12.700 20.1 10.100 24.6 11.900 29.9 14.000 36.1 16.100 22.4 12.400 27.1 14.800 33.2 17.200 40.1 15.900 25.2 15.800 30.8 18.600 37.4 21.800 45.1 25.200 27.9 15.400 34.2 23.000 41.6 27.000 50.1 31.100 31.3 24.300 38.3 28.900 46.5 33.300 56.2 39.000 35.2 30.800 43.1 36.500 52.3 42.700 63.2 49.300 39.7 39.100 48.5 46.500 59.0 54.800 44.7 49.600 54.7 58.800 66.5 68.900 50.3 62.700 61.5 74.400 55.8 77.300 88.3 91.800 62.5 97.000
1.8 1.9 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.7 9.8 11.0 13.3 13.7 15.4
0.364 0.457 0.643 0.943 1.230 1.540 2.000 2.400 3.500 3.860 4.830 5.980 7.520 9.550 12.100 15.300 19.000 23.600 29.900
1.8 2.0 2.3 2.8 3.4 3.9 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.7 10.9 12.3 13.8 15.3 17.2 19.3
0.287 0.399 0.551 0.791 1.170 1.510 1.880 2.420 3.070 3.840 4.770 5.920 7.400 9.370 11.800 15.100 19.000 23.400 29.400 37.100
1.8 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.5 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.6 10.7 12.1 13.6 15.3 17.2 19.1 21.4 24.1
0.227 0.314 0.494 0.675 0.978 1.430 1.840 2.320 3.040 3.790 4.690 5.890 7.300 9.100 11.600 14.600 18.600 23.500 28.900 36.200 45.900
1.9 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 5.7 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.1 10.3 11.4 12.8 14.4 16.2 18.2 20.5 22.8 25.5 28.7
0.238 0.361 0.563 0.807 1.140 1.670 2.160 2.720 3.540 4.470 5.510 7.000 8.590 10.800 13.600 17.300 21.900 27.700 34.200 42.800 54.100
1.9 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.3 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.7 8.6 9.6 10.8 11.9 13.4 15.0 16.9 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.7 30.0
0.239 0.374 0.580 0.828 1.180 1.770 2.270 2.830 3.720 4.670 5.780 7.300 8.930 11.300 14.200 18.000 22.900 28.900 35.700 44.700 56.400
1.8 2.0 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.1 6.3 7.1 8.0 9.1 10.2 11.4 12.8 14.2 15.9 17.9 20.1 22.7 25.5 28.8 31.7 35.7
0.179 0.285 0.440 0.688 0.976 1.390 2.080 2.660 3.340 4.350 5.480 6.790 8.550 10.700 13.200 16.700 21.200 26.900 34.000 42.000 52.500 66.700
1.8 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.4 6.6 7.4 8.3 9.5 10.7 11.9 13.4 14.8 16.6 18.7 21.1 23.7 26.7 29.7 33.2 37.4
0.137 0.187 0.295 0.453 0.721 1.020 1.460 2.170 2.760 3.460 4.520 5.710 7.050 8.930 11.000 13.700 17.400 22.100 28.000 35.400 43.800 54.800 69.000
1.8 1.9 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.7 5.6 6.7 8.1 9.2 10.3 11.8 13.3 14.7 16.6 18.4 20.6 23.2 26.1 29.4 33.1 36.8 41.2 46.3
0.107 0.144 0.232 0.356 0.549 0.873 1.240 1.770 2.620 3.370 4.220 5.500 6.980 8.560 10.900 13.400 16.800 21.200 26.900 34.100 43.200 53.300 66.900 84.600
1.9 2.3 2.9 3.7 4.6 5.8 6.8 8.2 10.0 11.4 12.7 14.6 16.4 17.2 20.5 22.7 25.4 28.6 30.2 36.3 40.9 45.4 50.8 57.2
0.112 0.171 0.272 0.430 0.666 1.050 1.470 2.120 3.140 4.080 5.080 6.670 8.420 10.400 13.100 16.200 20.300 25.600 32.500 41.300 52.300 64.500 80.800 102.000
66
Royal PVC (Pvt) Limited (Pakistan)

Specifications for PE 100 Pipes PN SDR STANDARD DIN 8074 4 6 10 16 26 17.6 11 7.25 Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) Thickness (mm) Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Dia (mm) Min 20 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.3 2.2 3.3 25 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.1 32 1.8 2.2 1.9 2.3 3 3.6 4.5 5.2 40 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.7 4.4 5.6 6.4 50 2 2.5 2.9 3.4 4.6 5.3 6.9 7.8 63 2.5 3 3.6 4.1 5.8 6.6 8.7 9.8 75 2.9 3.4 4.3 5 6.9 7.8 10.4 11.7 90 3.5 4.2 5.1 5.9 8.2 9.3 12.5 14 110 4.3 5 6.3 7.2 10 11.3 15.2 17 125 4.9 5.6 7.1 8.1 11.4 12.8 17.3 19.3 140 5.4 6.2 8 9.1 12.8 14.3 19.4 21.6 160 6.2 7.1 9.1 9.3 14.6 16.3 22.1 24.5 180 7 8 10.2 11.5 16.4 18.3 24.9 27.6 200 7.5 8.7 11.4 12.8 18.2 20.3 27.6 30.6
67
Samnan Polyethylene Pipes (Iran)

PE 63 PN 2.5 PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 6 PN 10 Dia (mm) t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m 20 2 0.117 25 2 0.15 2.3 0.171 32 2 0.196 3 0.279 40 2 0.248 2.3 0.285 3.7 0.43 50 1.8 0.299 2 0.314 2.9 0.44 4.6 0.666 63 1.8 0.380 2 0.399 2.5 0.494 3.6 0.688 5.8 1.050 75 2 0.478 2.4 0.572 2.9 0.675 4.3 0.976 6.9 1.48 90 2.2 0.639 2.8 0.791 3.5 0.978 5.1 1.39 8.2 2.12 110 2.7 0.941 3.5 1.2 4.3 1.46 6.3 2.08 10 3.14 125 3.1 1.23 3.9 1.51 4.9 1.88 7.1 2.66 11.4 4.08 140 3.5 1.54 4.4 1.92 5.4 2.32 8 3.34 12.8 5.11 160 3.9 1.95 5 2.47 6.2 3.04 9.1 4.35 14.6 6.67 180 4.4 2.48 5.6 3.12 7 3.84 10.2 5.48 16.4 8.42 200 4.9 3.05 6.2 3.84 7.7 4.69 11.4 6.79 18.2 10.4 225 5.5 3.06 7 4.84 8.7 5.96 12.8 8.55 20.5 13.1 250 6.1 4.76 7.8 5.99 9.7 7.37 14.2 10.6 22.8 16.2 280 6.9 5.98 8.7 7.47 10.8 9.18 15.9 13.2 25.5 20.3 315 7.7 7.51 9.8 9.45 12.2 11.7 17.9 16.7 28.7 25.7 355 8.7 9.54 11.1 12.1 13.7 14.7 20.1 21.2 32.3 32.6 400 9.8 12.1 12.4 15.2 15.4 18.7 22.7 26.9 36.4 41.4 450 11 15.2 14 19.2 17.4 23.7 25.5 34 41 52.4
68
Samnan Polyethelene Pipes (Iran)

PE 80 PN 2.5 PN 3.2 PN 4 PN 6 PN 10 PN 16 Dia (mm) t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m 10 12 16 1.8 0.084 20 1.8 0.107 2.3 0.133 25 1.9 0.144 2.8 0.200 32 2.4 0.232 3.6 0.327 40 1.9 0.238 3.0 0.356 4.5 0.509 50 1.8 0.287 2.3 0.361 3.7 0.549 5.6 0.788 63 1.8 0.364 2.0 0.399 2.9 0.563 4.7 0.873 7.1 1.260 75 1.8 0.436 1.9 0.457 2.3 0.551 3.5 0.807 5.6 1.240 8.4 1.760 90 1.8 0.525 2.2 0.643 2.8 0.791 4.1 1.140 6.7 1.770 10.1 2.540 110 2.2 0.786 2.7 0.943 3.4 1.170 5.0 1.670 8.1 2.620 12.3 3.780 125 2.5 1.000 3.1 1.230 3.9 1.510 5.7 2.160 9.2 3.370 14.0 4.870 140 2.8 1.250 3.5 1.540 4.3 1.880 6.4 2.720 10.3 4.220 15.7 6.110 160 3.2 1.630 4.0 2.000 4.9 2.420 7.3 3.540 11.8 5.500 17.9 7.960 180 3.6 2.050 4.4 2.490 5.5 3.070 8.2 4.470 13.3 6.980 20.1 10.100 200 3.9 2.460 4.9 3.050 6.2 3.840 9.1 5.510 14.7 8.560 22.4 12.400 225 4.4 3.120 5.5 3.860 6.9 4.770 10.3 7.000 16.6 10.900 25.2 15.800 250 4.9 3.830 6.2 4.830 7.7 5.920 11.4 8.590 18.4 13.400 27.9 19.400 280 5.5 4.830 6.9 5.980 8.6 7.400 12.8 10.800 20.6 16.800 31.3 24.300 315 6.2 6.120 7.7 7.520 9.7 9.370 14.4 13.600 23.2 21.200 35.2 30.800 355 7.0 7.730 8.7 9.500 10.9 11.800 16.2 17.300 26.1 26.900 39.7 39.100 400 7.9 9.820 9.8 12.100 12.3 15.100 18.2 21.900 29.4 34.100 44.7 49.600 450 8.8 12.300 11.0 15.300 13.8 19.000 20.5 27.700 33.1 43.200 50.3 62.700 500 9.8 15.200 12.3 19.000 15.3 23.400 22.8 34.200 36.8 53.300 55.8 77.300 560 11.0 19.100 13.7 23.600 17.2 29.400 23.5 42.800 41.2 66.900 62.5 97.000 630 12.3 24.000 15.4 29.900 19.3 37.100 28.7 54.100 46.3 84.600 710 13.9 30.500 17.4 38.000 21.8 47.200 32.3 68.700 52.2 107.000 800 15.7 38.800 19.6 48.100 24.5 59.700 36.4 87.200 58.8 136.000 900 17.6 48.900 22.0 60.900 27.6 75.600 41.0 110.000 66.1 172.000 1000 19.6 60.500 24.5 75.200 30.6 93.100 45.5 136.000
69
Samnan Polyethelene Pipes (Iran)

PE 100 DIN 8074 WITH SF = 1.6 PN 15.6 PN 19.2 (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m
PN 2.5 PN 3.1 PN 3.9 PN 5 PN 5.9 PN 6.2 PN 7.5 PN 7.8 PN 9.9 PN 12.5 Dia (mm) t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t (mm) kg/m t 10 12 16 20 1.8 0.107 1.9 0.112 25 1.8 0.137 1.9 0.144 2.3 0.17 32 1.8 0.179 1.9 0.187 2.4 0.232 2.9 0.272 40 1.8 0.227 1.9 0.238 1.9 0.239 2.3 0.285 2.4 0.295 3 0.355 3.7 0.43 50 1.8 0.287 2 0.314 2.3 0.361 2.4 0.374 2.9 0.44 3 0.483 3.7 0.549 4.6 0.666 63 1.8 0.364 2 0.399 2.5 0.494 2.9 0.563 3 0.58 3.6 0.688 3.8 0.71 4.7 0.873 5.8 1.05 75 1.8 0.436 1.9 0.457 2.3 0.551 2.9 0.675 3.5 0.807 3.6 0.828 4.3 0.976 4.5 1.02 5.6 1.24 6.8 1.47 90 1.8 0.525 2.2 0.43 2.5 0.791 3.5 0.978 4.1 1.14 4.3 1.18 5.1 1.39 5.4 1.46 6.7 1.77 8.2 2.12 110 2.2 0.785 2.7 0.943 3.4 1.17 4.2 1.43 5 1.67 5.3 1.77 6.3 2.08 6.6 2.17 8.1 2.62 10 3.14 125 2.5 1 3.1 1.23 3.9 1.51 4.8 1.84 5.7 2.16 6 2.27 7.1 2.66 7.4 2.76 9.2 3.37 11.4 4.08 140 2.8 1.25 3.8 1.54 4.3 1.88 5.4 2.32 6.4 2.72 6.7 2.84 8 3.34 8.3 3.46 10.3 4.22 12.7 5.08 160 3.2 1.63 4 2 4.9 2.42 6.2 3.04 7.3 3.54 7.7 3.72 9.1 4.35 9.5 4.52 11.8 5.5 14.6 6.67 180 3.6 2.03 4.4 2.49 5.5 3.07 6.9 3.79 8.2 4.47 8.6 4.67 10.2 5.45 10.7 5.71 13.3 6.98 16.4 8.42 200 3.9 2.46 4.9 3.05 6.2 3.84 7.7 4.69 9.1 6.51 9.6 5.76 11.4 6.79 11.9 7.05 14.7 8.56 18.2 10.4 225 4.4 3.12 5.5 3.86 6.9 4.77 8.6 6.89 10.3 7 10.8 7.3 12.8 8.55 13.4 8.93 16.6 10.9 20.5 13.1 250 4.9 3.83 6.2 4.83 7.7 5.92 9.6 7.3 11.4 8.59 11.9 8.93 14.2 10.6 14.8 11 18.4 13.4 22.7 16.3 280 5.5 4.83 6.9 5.98 8.6 7.4 10.7 9.1 12.8 10.5 13.4 11.3 15.9 13.2 16.6 13.7 20.6 16.8 25.4 20.3 315 6.2 6.12 7.7 7.52 9.7 9.37 12.1 11.6 14.4 13.5 15 14.2 17.9 16.7 18.7 17.4 23.2 21.2 28.6 25.6 355 7 7.73 8.7 9.53 10.9 11.8 13.6 14.6 16.2 17.3 16.9 15 20.1 21.2 21.1 22.1 26.1 26.9 32.2 32.5 400 7.9 9.82 9.8 12.1 12.3 15.1 15.3 18.6 18.2 21.9 19..1 22.9 22.7 26.9 23.7 28 29.4 34.1 36.3 41.3 450 8.8 12.3 11 15.3 13.8 19 17.2 23.5 20.5 27.7 21.5 28.9 25.5 34 26.7 35.4 33.1 43.2 40.9 52.3 500 9.4 15.2 12.3 19 16.3 23.4 19.1 28.9 22.5 34.2 23.9 35.7 28.4 43 29.7 43.8 36.8 53.3 45.4 64.5 560 11 19.1 13.7 23.6 17.2 29.4 21.4 30.2 25.5 42.8 26.7 44.7 31.7 52.5 32.2 54.8 41.2 66.9 50.8 80.5 630 12.3 24 15.4 29.9 19.3 37.1 24.1 45.9 28.7 52.1 30 56.4 35.7 66.5 37.4 69.4 46.3 84.6 57.2 102 710 13.9 30.5 17.4 38 21.8 47.2 27.2 58.4 32.3 68.7 33.9 71.5 40.2 84.4 42.1 88.1 52.2 107 64.8 130 800 15.7 38.8 19.4 48.1 24.8 59.7 30.6 73.9 36.4 57.2 38.1 91.1 45.3 107 47.4 112 58.8 136
1.8 2.3 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.6 7.1 8.4 10.1 12.3 14 15.7 17.9 20.1 23.4 25.2 27.9 31.3 35.2 39.7 44.7 50.3 55.8 62.5
0.084 0.133 0.2 0.327 0.509 0.788 1.26 1.76 2.54 3.78 4.87 6.11 7.96 10.1 12.4 16.8 19.4 24.3 30.8 39.1 49.6 62.7 77.3 97
2.2 2.8 3.5 4.4 5.5 6.9 8.6 10.3 12.3 15.1 17.1 19.2 21.9 24.6 27.4 30.8 34.2 38.3 43.1 48.5 54.7 61.3 68.3
0.099 0.154 0.24 0.386 0.6 0.936 1.47 2.09 3 4.49 6.77 7.25 9.44 11.9 14.8 18.6 23 28.9 36.5 46.3 58.8 74.4 91.8
70
GI frictional headloss factors

Dia => 1/2"GI 3/4"GI 1"GI 1 1/4"GI 1 1/2"GI 2"GI 2 1/2"GI 3"GI 4"GI Flow (l/s) 12.7 mm 19.1 mm 25.4 mm 31.8 mm 38.1 mm 50.8 mm 63.5 mm 76.2 mm 101.6 mm 0.100 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.120 8.980 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.140 12.180 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.160 15.860 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.180 20.040 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.200 24.700 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.220 29.850 6.660 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.240 35.480 7.910 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.260 41.600 9.270 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.280 48.210 10.730 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.300 55.310 12.310 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.320 62.890 13.990 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.340 70.960 15.770 4.930 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.360 79.510 17.670 5.520 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.380 88.550 19.670 6.140 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.400 98.080 21.780 6.800 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.420 V HIGH 24.000 7.490 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.440 V HIGH 26.330 8.210 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.460 V HIGH 28.760 8.970 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.480 V HIGH 31.300 9.760 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.500 V HIGH 33.950 10.580 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.550 V HIGH 41.040 12.790 3.530 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.600 V HIGH 48.800 15.200 4.190 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.650 V HIGH 57.240 17.820 4.910 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.700 V HIGH 66.340 20.650 5.690 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.750 V HIGH 76.120 23.680 6.520 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.800 V HIGH 86.570 26.930 7.420 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.850 V HIGH 97.690 30.380 8.360 2.610 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.900 V HIGH V HIGH 34.040 9.370 2.930 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.000 V HIGH V HIGH 41.990 11.550 3.610 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.100 V HIGH V HIGH 50.770 13.960 4.350 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.200 V HIGH V HIGH 60.380 16.590 5.170 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.300 V HIGH V HIGH 70.820 19.460 6.060 V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.400 V HIGH V HIGH 82.100 22.550 7.030 2.190 V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.500 V HIGH V HIGH 94.210 25.870 8.060 2.520 V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 29.420 9.160 2.860 V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.700 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 33.190 10.330 3.220 V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 37.200 11.580 3.610 V LOW V LOW V LOW 1.900 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 41.430 12.890 4.020 V LOW V LOW V LOW 2.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 45.890 14.270 4.450 V LOW V LOW V LOW 2.100 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 50.690 15.760 4.915 V LOW V LOW V LOW 2.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 55.490 17.250 5.380 V LOW V LOW V LOW 2.300 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 60.745 18.885 5.885 1.500 V LOW V LOW 2.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 66.000 20.520 6.390 1.630 V LOW V LOW 2.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 71.710 22.290 6.940 1.760 V LOW V LOW 2.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 24.060 7.490 1.910 V LOW V LOW 2.700 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 25.975 8.085 2.050 V LOW V LOW 2.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 27.890 8.680 2.210 V LOW V LOW 2.900 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 29.945 9.320 2.370 V LOW V LOW 3.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 32.000 9.960 2.530 V LOW V LOW 3.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 36.400 11.320 2.890 0.980 V LOW 3.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 41.070 12.770 3.250 1.100 V LOW 3.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 43.550 13.540 3.430 1.160 V LOW 3.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 46.030 14.310 3.640 1.232 V LOW 3.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 15.940 4.060 1.376 V LOW 4.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 17.650 4.480 1.520 V LOW 4.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 22.320 5.660 1.910 V LOW 5.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 27.540 6.980 2.360 V LOW 5.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 33.300 8.505 2.875 0.900 6.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 39.610 10.030 3.390 1.060 6.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 11.830 3.995 1.250 7.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 13.630 4.600 1.440 7.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 15.710 5.300 1.655 8.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 17.790 6.000 1.870 9.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 22.500 7.590 2.360 10.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 27.750 9.360 2.910 12.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 13.460 4.190 14.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 18.300 5.690 22.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 14.000
Note: velocity range (0.3 to 3m/s)

71
Friction Factors for HDPE pipes (Indian Standards)

2.2 2.55 3.05 3.95 ID (mm) 11.60 14.90 18.90 24.10 OD (mm) 16 20 25 32 2 2 2 2 Pressure 10kg/cm 10kg/cm 10kg/cm 10kg/cm Flow (l/s) 16IV 20IV 25IV 32IV 0.050 V LOW V LOW V LOW VLOW 0.100 12.60 3.70 1.20 0.40 0.110 14.93 4.35 1.50 0.50 0.120 17.44 5.07 1.70 0.50 0.130 20.12 5.84 2.00 0.60 0.140 22.97 6.66 2.20 0.70 0.150 26.00 7.53 2.50 0.80 0.160 29.19 8.45 2.80 0.90 0.170 32.54 9.41 3.10 1.00 0.180 36.07 10.42 3.43 1.10 0.190 39.75 11.47 3.78 1.20 0.200 43.60 12.57 4.14 1.30 0.210 47.62 13.72 4.51 1.45 0.220 51.79 14.91 4.90 1.60 0.225 53.94 15.52 5.10 1.65 0.230 56.13 16.14 5.30 1.70 0.240 60.63 17.42 5.72 1.80 0.250 65.28 18.74 6.15 1.95 0.260 70.10 20.11 6.60 2.10 0.280 80.20 22.97 7.53 2.40 0.300 90.94 26.00 8.51 2.70 0.320 102.30 29.21 9.55 3.03 0.340 V HIGH 32.58 10.64 3.37 0.360 V HIGH 36.12 11.79 3.73 0.380 V HIGH 39.83 12.99 4.11 0.400 V HIGH 43.71 14.24 4.50 0.420 V HIGH 47.75 15.54 4.91 0.440 V HIGH 51.95 16.89 5.33 0.460 V HIGH 56.33 18.30 5.77 0.480 V HIGH 60.86 19.75 6.23 0.500 V HIGH 65.56 21.26 6.70 0.520 V HIGH 70.42 22.82 7.20 0.540 V HIGH 72.80 24.42 7.69 0.550 V HIGH 74.85 25.24 7.94 0.560 V HIGH 76.90 26.08 8.21 0.580 V HIGH 81.00 27.79 8.74 0.600 V HIGH 85.00 29.54 9.28 0.620 V HIGH 89.10 31.35 9.85 0.640 V HIGH V HIGH 33.21 10.42 0.650 V HIGH V HIGH 34.16 10.71 0.660 V HIGH V HIGH 35.11 11.01 0.680 V HIGH V HIGH 37.06 11.62 0.700 V HIGH V HIGH 39.07 12.23 0.720 V HIGH V HIGH 41.12 12.88 0.740 V HIGH V HIGH 43.22 13.53 0.750 V HIGH V HIGH 44.30 13.85 0.760 V HIGH V HIGH 45.37 14.19 0.780 V HIGH V HIGH 47.56 14.87 0.800 V HIGH V HIGH 49.81 15.55 0.850 V HIGH V HIGH 55.96 17.35 0.900 V HIGH V HIGH 62.10 19.23 0.950 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 21.21 1.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 23.27 1.050 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 25.42 1.100 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 27.66 1.150 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 29.98 1.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 32.39 1.250 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 34.89 1.300 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 37.48 1.350 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 40.15 1.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 41.80 1.450 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.550 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.650 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.700 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.750 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.850 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.900 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 1.950 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.100 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.300 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.700 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.900 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.200 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.400 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.600 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.800 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 5.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 5.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 6.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 6.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 7.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 7.500 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 8.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 9.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 10.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 11.000 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 2.55 4.85 26.90 30.30 32 40 2 2 6kg/cm 10kg/cm 32III 40IV V LOW VLOW V LOW V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.60 V LOW 0.60 V LOW 0.60 V LOW 0.80 V LOW 0.85 V LOW 0.90 0.50 0.93 0.53 0.95 0.55 1.00 0.60 1.10 0.65 1.20 0.70 1.40 0.80 1.60 0.90 1.80 1.00 1.92 1.10 2.12 1.20 2.33 1.30 2.56 1.50 2.79 1.60 3.03 1.70 3.28 1.90 3.53 2.00 3.80 2.18 4.08 2.34 4.36 2.51 4.50 2.59 4.65 2.68 4.96 2.85 5.26 3.02 5.58 3.20 5.90 3.39 6.06 3.48 6.23 3.58 6.58 3.77 6.92 3.97 7.28 4.18 7.65 4.39 7.83 4.49 8.02 4.60 8.41 4.82 8.79 5.04 9.80 5.62 10.86 6.22 11.97 6.85 13.13 7.51 14.33 8.20 15.59 8.91 16.89 9.65 18.24 10.42 19.64 11.21 21.08 12.03 22.57 12.88 24.11 13.75 25.70 14.65 27.33 15.58 29.01 16.53 30.74 17.51 32.51 18.51 34.33 19.54 V HIGH 20.59 V HIGH 21.68 V HIGH 22.78 V HIGH 23.91 V HIGH 25.07 V HIGH 26.25 V HIGH 28.70 V HIGH 31.24 V HIGH 34.40 V HIGH 37.20 V HIGH 40.10 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.15 6 33.70 38.00 40 50 2 2 6kg/cm 10kg/cm 40III 50IV VLOW VLOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.33 V LOW 0.35 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.60 0.30 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.80 0.50 0.90 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.60 1.10 0.60 1.20 0.70 1.30 0.70 1.40 0.80 1.50 0.80 1.55 0.85 1.60 0.90 1.71 1.00 1.81 1.00 1.92 1.10 2.03 1.20 2.09 1.20 2.15 1.20 2.26 1.30 2.38 1.30 2.50 1.40 2.63 1.50 2.69 1.50 2.76 1.50 2.89 1.60 3.02 1.70 3.36 1.91 3.73 2.11 4.10 2.32 4.50 2.52 4.90 2.76 5.33 3.01 5.77 3.25 6.22 3.49 6.70 3.77 7.19 4.04 7.69 4.32 8.21 4.59 8.74 4.90 9.29 5.22 9.86 5.53 10.44 5.84 11.03 6.18 11.64 6.53 12.27 6.87 12.91 7.21 13.57 7.59 14.24 7.96 14.92 8.34 15.62 8.71 17.06 9.53 18.57 10.35 20.13 11.23 21.75 12.11 23.43 13.05 25.16 13.99 26.96 15.00 V HIGH 16.01 V HIGH 17.08 V HIGH 18.15 V HIGH 20.41 V HIGH 22.79 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.9 7.6 42.20 47.80 50 63 2 2 6kg/cm 10kg/cm 50III 63IV VLOW VLOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.60 V LOW 0.60 0.30 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.70 0.40 0.80 0.40 0.80 0.50 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.02 0.60 1.15 0.65 1.27 0.70 1.40 0.75 1.52 0.80 1.67 0.90 1.82 1.00 1.96 1.08 2.11 1.16 2.28 1.25 2.44 1.34 2.61 1.43 2.77 1.52 2.96 1.62 3.15 1.73 3.33 1.83 3.52 1.93 3.73 2.04 3.93 2.16 4.14 2.27 4.34 2.38 4.57 2.50 4.79 2.63 5.02 2.75 5.24 2.87 5.73 3.14 6.22 3.41 13.50 3.70 7.28 3.98 7.84 4.29 8.40 4.59 9.01 4.92 9.61 5.25 10.25 5.60 10.88 5.94 12.23 6.67 13.65 7.44 15.15 8.25 16.71 9.10 18.35 9.98 20.06 10.91 V HIGH 11.87 V HIGH 12.86 V HIGH 13.90 V HIGH 14.97 V HIGH 17.82 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 4.85 53.30 63 2 6kg/cm 63III VLOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.96 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.21 1.28 1.34 1.41 1.48 1.56 1.63 1.70 1.86 2.02 2.19 2.35 2.54 2.72 2.91 3.10 3.31 3.51 3.94 4.39 4.86 5.36 5.88 6.42 6.98 7.57 8.17 8.80 10.46 12.25 14.17 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 3.25 56.50 63 2 4kg/cm 63II VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW VLOW 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.80 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.90 V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH V HIGH 6.85 3.7 76.30 102.60 90 110 2 2 6kg/cm 2.5kg/cm 90III 110I VLOW VLOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.30 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.40 V LOW 0.50 V LOW 0.53 V LOW 0.55 V LOW 0.57 V LOW 0.60 V LOW 0.62 V LOW 0.70 V LOW 0.79 V LOW 0.87 V LOW 0.96 V LOW 1.04 V LOW 1.14 V LOW 1.24 V LOW 1.35 V LOW 1.45 V LOW 1.55 0.37 1.85 0.45 2.14 0.52 2.49 0.60 2.83 0.68 3.21 0.77 3.59 0.86 4.44 1.06 5.37 1.28 6.39 1.52 5.4 99.20 110 2 4kg/cm 110II VLOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW V LOW 0.44 0.53 0.61 0.71 0.80 0.91 1.01 1.25 1.51 1.79
or HDP Pipe(ISI Standard)
72
Friction Factors for Polypark HDPE pipes (Iranian Standards)

Head loss chart for HDP Pipe(ISI Standard) 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.6 2.4 4.5 3 5.6 3.7 7.1 4.7 3 6.7 3.4 5.3 ID (mm) 12.40 15.40 19.40 24.80 27.20 31.00 34.00 38.80 42.60 48.80 53.60 57.00 76.60 103.20 99.40 OD (mm) 16 20 25 32 32 40 40 50 50 63 63 63 90 110 110 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10kg/cm 6kg/cm 10kg/cm 6kg/cm 10kg/cm 6kg/cm 4kg/cm 6kg/cm 2.5kg/cm 4kg/cm Pressure 10kg/cm 10kg/cm 10kg/cm 10kg/cm 6kg/cm Flow (l/s) 16PN10 20PN10 25PN10 32PN10 32PN6 40PN10 40PN6 50PN10 50PN6 63PN10 63PN6 63PN4 90PN6 110PN2.5 110PN4 0.050 2.37 0.82 0.27 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.100 8.55 2.98 0.97 0.29 0.19 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.110 10.20 3.55 1.15 0.35 0.22 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.120 11.99 4.17 1.36 0.41 0.26 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.130 13.90 4.84 1.57 0.48 0.30 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.140 15.95 5.55 1.80 0.55 0.35 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.150 18.12 6.31 2.05 0.62 0.40 0.21 0.13 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.160 20.42 7.11 2.31 0.70 0.45 0.24 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.170 22.85 7.95 2.58 0.78 0.50 0.26 0.17 0.09 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.180 25.40 8.84 2.87 0.87 0.55 0.29 0.19 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.190 28.08 9.77 3.17 0.96 0.61 0.32 0.21 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.200 30.87 10.75 3.49 1.06 0.67 0.36 0.23 0.12 0.08 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.210 33.79 11.76 3.82 1.16 0.74 0.39 0.25 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.220 36.83 12.82 4.16 1.26 0.80 0.42 0.27 0.14 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.225 38.40 13.37 4.34 1.31 0.84 0.44 0.28 0.15 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.230 39.99 13.92 4.52 1.37 0.87 0.46 0.29 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.240 43.27 15.06 4.89 1.48 0.94 0.50 0.32 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.250 46.67 16.25 5.28 1.60 1.02 0.54 0.34 0.18 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.260 50.19 17.47 5.67 1.72 1.09 0.58 0.37 0.19 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.280 57.57 20.04 6.51 1.97 1.26 0.66 0.42 0.22 0.14 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.300 65.42 22.77 7.40 2.24 1.43 0.75 0.48 0.25 0.16 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.320 73.72 25.66 8.33 2.52 1.61 0.85 0.54 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.340 82.48 28.71 9.32 2.82 1.80 0.95 0.61 0.32 0.20 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.360 91.69 31.92 10.37 3.13 2.00 1.06 0.67 0.35 0.22 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.380 NA 35.28 11.46 3.46 2.21 1.17 0.75 0.39 0.25 0.13 0.08 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.400 NA 38.79 12.60 3.81 2.43 1.29 0.82 0.43 0.27 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.420 NA 42.46 13.79 4.17 2.66 1.41 0.90 0.47 0.30 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.440 NA 46.28 15.03 4.55 2.90 1.53 0.98 0.51 0.33 0.17 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.460 NA 50.25 16.32 4.94 3.15 1.66 1.06 0.56 0.35 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.480 NA 54.37 17.66 5.34 3.41 1.80 1.15 0.60 0.38 0.20 0.13 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.500 NA 58.64 19.05 5.76 3.67 1.94 1.24 0.65 0.41 0.21 0.13 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.520 NA 63.06 20.48 6.19 3.95 2.09 1.33 0.70 0.44 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.540 NA 67.63 21.96 6.64 4.24 2.24 1.43 0.75 0.48 0.25 0.16 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.550 NA 69.96 22.72 6.87 4.38 2.32 1.48 0.78 0.49 0.25 0.16 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.560 NA 72.34 23.49 7.10 4.53 2.40 1.53 0.80 0.51 0.26 0.17 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.580 NA 77.19 25.07 7.58 4.83 2.56 1.63 0.86 0.54 0.28 0.18 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.600 NA 82.20 26.70 8.07 5.15 2.72 1.74 0.91 0.58 0.30 0.19 0.14 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.620 NA 87.34 28.37 8.58 5.47 2.89 1.85 0.97 0.62 0.32 0.20 0.15 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.640 NA 92.63 30.08 9.10 5.80 3.07 1.96 1.03 0.65 0.34 0.21 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.650 NA 95.33 30.96 9.36 5.97 3.16 2.01 1.06 0.67 0.35 0.22 0.16 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.660 NA 98.06 31.85 9.63 6.14 3.25 2.07 1.09 0.69 0.36 0.23 0.17 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.680 NA NA 33.66 10.18 6.49 3.43 2.19 1.15 0.73 0.38 0.24 0.18 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.700 NA NA 35.52 10.74 6.85 3.62 2.31 1.21 0.77 0.40 0.25 0.19 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.720 NA NA 37.42 11.31 7.22 3.82 2.43 1.28 0.81 0.42 0.27 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.740 NA NA 39.37 11.90 7.59 4.02 2.56 1.35 0.85 0.44 0.28 0.21 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.750 NA NA 40.36 12.20 7.78 4.12 2.62 1.38 0.88 0.45 0.29 0.21 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.760 NA NA 41.36 12.51 7.98 4.22 2.69 1.41 0.90 0.46 0.29 0.22 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.780 NA NA 43.40 13.12 8.37 4.43 2.82 1.48 0.94 0.49 0.31 0.23 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.800 NA NA 45.48 13.75 8.77 4.64 2.96 1.55 0.99 0.51 0.32 0.24 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.850 NA NA 50.88 15.39 9.81 5.19 3.31 1.74 1.10 0.57 0.36 0.27 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.900 NA NA 56.56 17.10 10.91 5.77 3.68 1.93 1.23 0.63 0.40 0.30 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.950 NA NA 62.52 18.91 12.06 6.38 4.07 2.14 1.36 0.70 0.44 0.33 0.08 0.02 0.02 1.000 NA NA 68.75 20.79 13.26 7.01 4.47 2.35 1.49 0.77 0.49 0.36 0.09 0.02 0.02 1.050 NA NA 75.25 22.76 14.51 7.68 4.89 2.57 1.63 0.84 0.53 0.40 0.09 0.02 0.03 1.100 NA NA 82.02 24.80 15.82 8.37 5.33 2.80 1.78 0.92 0.58 0.43 0.10 0.02 0.03 1.150 NA NA 89.06 26.93 17.17 9.08 5.79 3.04 1.93 1.00 0.63 0.47 0.11 0.03 0.03 1.200 NA NA 96.36 29.14 18.58 9.83 6.27 3.29 2.09 1.08 0.68 0.51 0.12 0.03 0.03 1.250 NA NA NA 31.43 20.04 10.60 6.76 3.55 2.25 1.16 0.74 0.55 0.13 0.03 0.04 1.300 NA NA NA 33.80 21.55 11.40 7.27 3.82 2.42 1.25 0.79 0.59 0.14 0.03 0.04 1.350 NA NA NA 36.24 23.11 12.22 7.80 4.10 2.60 1.34 0.85 0.63 0.15 0.03 0.04 1.400 NA NA NA 38.77 24.72 13.08 8.34 4.38 2.78 1.43 0.91 0.67 0.16 0.04 0.04 1.450 NA NA NA 41.37 26.38 13.95 8.90 4.68 2.97 1.53 0.97 0.72 0.17 0.04 0.05 1.500 NA NA NA 44.05 28.09 14.86 9.47 4.98 3.16 1.63 1.03 0.77 0.18 0.04 0.05 1.550 NA NA NA 46.81 29.85 15.79 10.07 5.29 3.36 1.73 1.10 0.81 0.19 0.05 0.05 1.600 NA NA NA 49.64 31.66 16.74 10.68 5.61 3.56 1.84 1.16 0.86 0.20 0.05 0.06 1.650 NA NA NA 52.55 33.51 17.73 11.30 5.94 3.77 1.94 1.23 0.91 0.22 0.05 0.06 1.700 NA NA NA 55.54 35.42 18.73 11.95 6.28 3.98 2.06 1.30 0.96 0.23 0.05 0.06 1.750 NA NA NA 58.60 37.37 19.77 12.61 6.63 4.20 2.17 1.37 1.02 0.24 0.06 0.07 1.800 NA NA NA 61.74 39.37 20.83 13.28 6.98 4.43 2.28 1.45 1.07 0.25 0.06 0.07 1.850 NA NA NA 64.95 41.42 21.91 13.97 7.34 4.66 2.40 1.52 1.13 0.27 0.06 0.08 1.900 NA NA NA 68.24 43.52 23.02 14.68 7.72 4.89 2.53 1.60 1.19 0.28 0.07 0.08 1.950 NA NA NA 71.61 45.66 24.15 15.40 8.10 5.14 2.65 1.68 1.24 0.29 0.07 0.08 2.000 NA NA NA 75.04 47.85 25.31 16.14 8.48 5.38 2.78 1.76 1.30 0.31 0.07 0.09 2.100 NA NA NA 82.14 52.38 27.71 17.67 9.29 5.89 3.04 1.92 1.43 0.34 0.08 0.10 2.200 NA NA NA 89.53 57.09 30.20 19.26 10.12 6.42 3.31 2.10 1.55 0.37 0.09 0.10 2.300 NA NA NA 97.21 61.99 32.79 20.91 10.99 6.97 3.60 2.28 1.69 0.40 0.09 0.11 2.400 NA NA NA NA 67.07 35.48 22.62 11.89 7.54 3.89 2.46 1.83 0.43 0.10 0.12 2.500 NA NA NA NA 72.34 38.26 24.40 12.83 8.14 4.20 2.66 1.97 0.47 0.11 0.13 2.600 NA NA NA NA 77.79 41.15 26.24 13.79 8.75 4.51 2.86 2.12 0.50 0.12 0.14 2.700 NA NA NA NA 83.42 44.12 28.14 14.79 9.38 4.84 3.07 2.27 0.54 0.13 0.15 2.800 NA NA NA NA 89.23 47.20 30.10 15.82 10.04 5.18 3.28 2.43 0.58 0.13 0.16 2.900 NA NA NA NA 95.23 50.37 32.12 16.88 10.71 5.53 3.50 2.59 0.61 0.14 0.17 3.000 NA NA NA NA NA 53.63 34.20 17.98 11.40 5.88 3.73 2.76 0.65 0.15 0.18 3.200 NA NA NA NA NA 60.44 38.54 20.26 12.85 6.63 4.20 3.11 0.74 0.17 0.21 3.400 NA NA NA NA NA 67.62 43.12 22.67 14.38 7.42 4.70 3.48 0.83 0.19 0.23 3.600 NA NA NA NA NA 75.17 47.94 25.20 15.98 8.25 5.22 3.87 0.92 0.21 0.26 3.800 NA NA NA NA NA 83.09 52.98 27.85 17.67 9.12 5.77 4.28 1.01 0.24 0.29 4.000 NA NA NA NA NA 91.37 58.26 30.62 19.43 10.02 6.35 4.70 1.12 0.26 0.31 4.200 NA NA NA NA NA NA 63.77 33.52 21.27 10.97 6.95 5.15 1.22 0.29 0.34 4.400 NA NA NA NA NA NA 69.51 36.54 23.18 11.96 7.57 5.61 1.33 0.31 0.37 4.600 NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.48 39.67 25.17 12.99 8.22 6.09 1.44 0.34 0.41 4.800 NA NA NA NA NA NA 81.66 42.92 27.23 14.05 8.90 6.59 1.56 0.37 0.44 5.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA 88.08 46.30 29.37 15.15 9.60 7.11 1.69 0.39 0.47 5.500 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 55.23 35.04 18.08 11.45 8.48 2.01 0.47 0.57 6.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 64.89 41.17 21.24 13.45 9.97 2.36 0.55 0.66 6.500 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 75.26 47.74 24.63 15.60 11.56 2.74 0.64 0.77 7.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 86.33 54.77 28.26 17.89 13.26 3.14 0.74 0.88 7.500 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 98.09 62.23 32.11 20.33 15.07 3.57 0.84 1.00 8.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 70.13 36.18 22.91 16.98 4.03 0.94 1.13 9.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 87.22 45.00 28.50 21.12 5.01 1.17 1.41 10.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 54.70 34.64 25.67 6.09 1.43 1.71 11.000 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 65.26 41.32 30.63 7.26 1.70 2.04
73
WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, set up in Geneva, 1993, are the international reference point for standard setting and drinking-water safety.
Element/ substance Aluminium Ammonia Antimony Arsenic Asbestos Barium Berillium Boron Cadmium Chloride Chromium Colour Copper Cyanide Dissolved oxygen Fluoride Hardness Hydrogen sulfide Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrate and nitrite Turbidity pH Selenium Silver Sodium Sulfate Inorganic tin TDS Uranium Zinc Symbol/ formula Al NH4 Sb As Ba Be B Cd Cl Cr+3, Cr+6 Cu CNO2 F mg/l CaCO3 H2S Fe Pb Mn Hg Mb Ni NO3, NO2 Normally found in fresh Health based guideline water/surface water/ground by the WHO water 0,2 mg/l < 0,2 mg/l (up to 0,3 mg/l in No guideline anaerobic waters) < 4 g/l 0.005 mg/l 0,01 mg/l No guideline 0,3 mg/l < 1 g/l No guideline < 1 mg/l 0,3 mg/l < 1 g/l 0,003 mg/l 250 mg/l < 2 g/l 0,05 mg/l Not mentioned 2 mg/l 0,07 mg/l No guideline < 1,5 mg/l (up to 10) 1,5 mg/l No guideline No guideline 0,5 - 50 mg/l No guideline 0,01 mg/l 0,5 mg/l < 0,5 g/l 0,001 mg/l < 0,01 mg/l 0,07 mg/l < 0,02 mg/l 0,02 mg/l 50 mg/l total nitrogen Not mentioned No guideline < < 0,01 mg/l 0,01 mg/l 5 50 g/l No guideline < 20 mg/l 200 mg/l 500 mg/l No guideline No guideline 1,4 mg/l 3 mg/l
Se Ag Na SO4 Sn U Zn
74
Disinfectants and disinfectant by-products Group Substance Formula Health based guideline by the WHO 3 mg/l
NHnCl(3-n), where n = 0, 1 or 2 Chlorine Cl2 5 mg/l Chlorine dioxide ClO2 No guideline Iodine I2 No guideline Disinfectant by- Bromate Br O3 25 g/l products Chlorate Cl O3 No guideline Chlorite Cl O2200 g/l Chlorophenols 2-Chlorophenol (2-CP) C6 H5 Cl O No guideline 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) C6 H4 Cl2 O No guideline 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) C6 H3 Cl3 O 200 g/l Formaldehyde HCHO 900 g/l MX (3-Chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)- C5 H3 Cl3 O3 No guideline furanone) Trihalomethanes Bromoform C H Br3 100 g/l Dibromochloromethane CH Br2 Cl 100 g/l Bromodichloromethane CH Br Cl2 60 g/l Chloroform CH Cl3 200 g/l Chlorinated acetic Monochloroacetic acid C2 H3 Cl O2 No guideline acids Dichloroacetic acid C2 H2 Cl2 O2 50 g/l Trichloroacetic acid C2 H Cl3 O2 100 g/l Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde) C Cl3 CH(OH)2 10 g/l Chloroacetones C3 H5 O Cl No guideline Halogenated Dichloroacetonitrile C2 H Cl2 N 90 g/l acetonitriles Dibromoacetonitrile C2 H Br2 N 100 g/l Bromochloroacetonitrile CH Cl2 CN No guideline Trichloroacetonitrile C2 Cl3 N 1 g/l Cyanogen chloride Cl CN 70 g/l Chloropicrin C Cl3 NO2 No guideline Disinfectants Chloramines
75
ABNEY LEVEL OBSERVATION BOOK (GWSS)

Project:___________________ Families/member: District/Province: ___________________________________ Yield: ___________________ Tap Stands: Date :_____________________ Others demands: Sloped Distance Vertical Angle Vertical Distance Station (m) (d) (m) S SD Page No._________________ Instrument:______________ Observed By:_____________ Recorded By:_____________ Reduced Level (m) Remarks
76
Discharge Measurement Using Conductivity Meter

River Date Time Weather Salt Used (M) Time(sec) 30 Salt Constant k mS/(mg/ml) Water temp C Base level mS
o
10
15
20
25
35
40
45
50
55
60 Sum
Water Conductivity in mS
77
Total
LEVEL OBSERVATION BOOK

Project:___________________ Date :_____________________ Time:______________________ Weather:___________________ Staff Distance/ Staff Reading Stn Chainage Back Inter Fore Height of Inst Rise Fall Page No._________________ Instrument:______________ Observed By:_____________ Recorded By:_____________ Reduced Remarks Level
78
STADIA OBSERVATION BOOK

Project:________________ Page:___________ Time:___________________ Date:_________________________ Weather:________________ Instrument:___________________ Instrument Height:______ Observed By:__________________ Location:______________________________ ecorded By:__________________ R Inst Height Face Horiz. Vert. Stadia Readings Remarks Stn of Inst Angle Angle Top Middle Bottom
79
PIPE
Project Name : District name : Source Name :
Reach Elevation Static HGL Design
DESIGN
FORMAT
Designed by : Checked by : Approved by : Date: Date: Date:
Frictional head loss HGL Residual No of fittings
Pipe lenght
head
Desired residual head (m) K
station 1 (name) A
station 2 (name) B
Station 1 (m) C
Station 2 (m) D
pressure head station 1 (m) (m) E F
flow ( l.p.s.) G
ground (m) H
design available (m) (m) I J [Hx 1.1] [F - D]
Desired frictional head loss head loss factor (m) (%) L M [L/I x [J - K] 100%]
Pipe class & dia. N
factor (%) O
partial (m) P [(O x I) /100]
head station 2 station 2 (m) (m) Q R [F - P] [Q - D]
80
REFERENCES
1. Amar Nekhu & Edward A. Hillmann, Rural Gravity Flow Water System (Design Techniques and Standard Structures), UNICEF & Govt. of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal (1996). 2. Gravity Water Supply Design Notes and Formats, CARE International in Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. 3. Gravity Water Supply Design Notes and Formats, Rural Area Development Program (RADP/CIDA), Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. 4. Gravity Water Supply Design Notes and Formats, United Mission to Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. 5. Lane Brown, Understanding Gravity-Flow Pipelines, Water Flow, Air Locks and Siphons, Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, British Columbia, Canada, 2006. 6. National Solidarity Program (NSP) Afghanistan, Technical Manuals on WatSan (2007). 7. Oasis Design, Slow Sand Filtration at www.oasisdesign.net, 2006. 8. P.N. Khanna (1996), Indian Practical Civil Engineer's Handbook, 15th Edition, Engineer's Publishers, Post Box 725, New Delhi - 110001. 9. Provision of Drinking Water and System of Water Supply Scheme, National Solidarity Programme, Kabul, Afghanistan (2007). 10. Pushpa Chitrakar (2007), Discharge Measurement and Engineering Surveying Tools, UNHABITAT, Afghanistan, ISBN 978-969-9212-00-0. 11. Pushpa Chitrakar, Design of Sixteen Gravity Water Flow Systems, Jhimruk Hydro-electric and Rural Electrification Project (JHEREP), Pyuthan, Nepal (1991). 12. Pushpa Chitrakar, Gravity Water Supply Pipe Network Design Spreadsheet, Rural Area Development Program (RADP/CIDA), Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. 13. Pushpa Chitrakar, Micro-hydropower Design Aids, Mini-Grid Support Programme, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal (2003). 14. Pushpa Chitrakar, Mini-hydropower Design Aids, Small Hydropower Promotion Project/German Technical Cooperation (SHPP/GTZ), Kathmandu, Nepal (2006). Download: www.entec.com.np. 15. Pushpa Chitrakar, Notes on Closed Traverse Surveying and Data Reduction (1991), Butwal Power Company Limited, Nepal, 1991. 16. S K Garg, Water Supply Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Delhi, India (2007).
81
17. S. C. Rangwala, Fundamentals of Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering, Charotar Publishing House, Mumbai, India (2001) 18. Standardization for Rural Water Supply System, Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning, Department of Water Supply and Sewerage, Western Regional Directorate, Nepal. 19. Thomas D. Jordan, Jr., Handbook of Gravity Water System, UNICEF, Kathmandu, Nepal (1980). 20. Water Supply Technical Manual, Rural Assistance Program, CARE International in Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan (2006).
82
TYPICAL DRAWINGS
1. General Layout: Plan 2. Headworks General Layout: Plan 3. Weir: Plan and Sections 4. Sedimentation Tank: Plans and Sections 5. Slow Sand Filter Tank: Plans and Sections 6. 50m3 Reservoir Tank: Plan, Section and Details 7. 25m3 Reservoir Tank: Plan, Sections 8. 25m3 Reservoir Tank: Reinforcement Details 9. Pipe Networks System: Pipe Design 10. Pipe Networks System: Profile 11. Miscellaneous Details: Manhole, Tap-stand and Pipe Laying 12. Break Pressure Tank: With and Without Float Valves 13. Spring Intake: Plan and Section 14. Stream Intake with in-built Filter: Plan and Sections
83
4.10
1m min
4.10
d2
1m min h
d2
.
0.30
0.75
1.00
0.20
0.30
1.00 500 min Varies
0.20 0.30 0.20 W= 0.30 Varies
0.30
0.58
2.80
3.00
0.50
0.60
1.95
0.75 0.60 0.30 2.80
4.20 0.30 0.30
3.00
2.80
0.90
1.00
2.80
0.30
0.40
3.50
0.30 0.40
0.15
1.80
1.15 0.40 0.75
0.20 0.95 2.15
0.20
0.81 4.90 0.15
0.40
1.28
0.10
9.35 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.40 2.50 0.45 3.05
1.50
2.70
2.60
0.66
0.30
0.10
1.00
12.55
3.00
0.35 1.50 4.50
0.10 0.20
1.70
0.10 0.30
0.10
0.82
0.68
0.40
0.30
0.55
0.55
0.70
20,PN10, 11m
20,PN10, 11m
16,PN10, 11m
16,PN10, 11m
50,PN6, 101.4m 174m
50,PN6, 330m
300m
Elevation (m)
0.924 0.924 180.00
63 PN6 50 PN6
2666.775 2666.775 2666.018 2658.63
Intake at Dokhani Combination
1.575
2020.00 50 PN6
2630.00
2630.00
Reservoir tank at Jn00
1.350 1.125 0.900 0.675
330.00 191.40 244.20 96.80
50 PN6 50 PN6 50 PN6 50 PN6
2618.588 2586.19 2613.613 2589.85 2609.084 2586.76 2607.896 2584.34
Jn 01 Jn 02 Jn 03 Jn 04
0.450
392.70
40 PN6
2605.068 2585.67
Jn 05
0.225 0.225
313.50 218.00
32 PN6
2601.873 2582.70
Jn 06 Combination
25 PN10 2600.048 2582.70
757.00
2567.185 2551.84
Tap 07
1.30
1.45
1.00 0.15
0.15
0.15 0.10
0.98 0.10 0.12
0.85
0.40
0.50
0.70
0.05
0.20
0.20
0.80 min
1.30
1.45
0.30 1.10
1.00 0.15
0.15
0.15 0.10
1.10 0.10
1.30
1.45
1.00 0.15
0.15
0.15 0.10
1.10 0.10
Varies 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.35 0.05
0.20
0.15 0.35 L 0.35
0.80
0.40 0.10
A
12.00 6.00 6.00
1.00
0.60
1.00
0.60
2.00
1.45
2.00
0.05 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50
United Nations Human (UNHABITAT), Afghanistan
Settlements
Programme
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, UN-HABITAT, established in 1978, is the lead agency within the UN system for coordinating activities in the field of human settlement development. The headquarter of UN-HABITAT is located in Nairobi, Kenya and it has its three regional offices as: a. b. c. Regional Office for Asia and Pacific (ROAP) in Fukuoka, Japan Regional Office for Latin and the Caribbean (ROLAC) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States (ROAAS) in Nairobi, Kenya.
UN-HABITAT, Afghanistan operates under the ROAP. It has more than 15 years of history of operation in Afghanistan. Through conflicts and wars, it has been serving the people of Afghanistan without any interruption. Through its programmes and projects, it has been serving and assisting more than seven million rural and urban populations. It has implemented reconstruction, infrastructure development, education and community empowerment projects and programmes with a total cost of about US$ 60 million. At present, UN-HABITAT, Afghanistan is staffed with about one thousand national staff and six international staff in 48 districts of nine provinces and the main office in Kabul. Within the national development frameworks and national priority programmes, UN-HABITAT is assisting the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in translating its development efforts into tangible outputs, improving the quality of livelihood of Afghan citizens. Its current activities include: 1. Strengthening of Policy Framework: UN-HABITAT provides inputs to the formulation of national development policies, acts and regulations. 2. Project implementation: UN-HABITAT is engaged in implementing rural and urban community-based infrastructure as well as human security sub-projects. To date, it has implemented more than 6000 such sub-projects in Afghanistan. 3. Capacity building of stakeholders: UN-HABITAT is involved in developing indigenous capacity of Afghan human resources towards sustainability. On-the-job training while implementing sub-projects, seminars, workshops and forums for professionals and stakeholders of development perspective are some of the methods used during capacity building. 4. Facilitating Grants: UN-HABITAT is successful in attracting major donors on implementing their development grants efficiently and effectively. National Solidarity Program (NSP), Literacy and Community Empowerment Programme (LCEP), Inter Communal Rural Development Project (IRDP), Reintegration of Returnees and internally displaced people in Informal Settlements in Kabul (EC5), Human Security Trust Fund (HSTF) and Youth Empowerment Programme (YEP) are the major programmes and projects being facilitated by UN-HABITAT.
Contact Address:
UN-HABITAT, Afghanistan House # 235, Street # 8, Taimani, Kabul, Afghanistan e-mail: unhabitat@unhabitat-afg.org

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Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.

Mr. Pushpa Chitrakar

This Edition: June 2008 First Edition 500 copies

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Ms. Nouchine Yavari Country Programme Manager UNHABITAT, Afghanistan

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

NOTICE PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION

1.5 1.6 1.7

THE SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4

Technical data collection Non-technical Aspects (Social)

OFFIECE WORK: DETAILED DESIGN

SEDIMENTATION TANK DESIGN

FILTRATION TANK DESIGN

RESERVOIR TANK DESIGN

PIPE NETWORK DESIGN

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

DATA SHEETS AND FORMATS

REFERENCES TYPICAL DRAWINGS

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE TOOLS

1.3 SOURCES OF THE TOOLS

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

1.4 TOOLS: SPREADSHEETS

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Is Yes End e=<|Yn+1 Yn| No X=X+h

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Figure 1.9: Colour coding of cell texts

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Figure 1.11: Pull Down Menu

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Figure 1.12: Spreadsheet Menu and Toolbar

1.5 TOOLS: TYPICAL DRAWINGS

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

1.7 AUTOCAD PLOTTING

Figure 1.13: Computed AutoCAD commands in Excel

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

2 THE SYSTEM AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

2.2 TYPES OF GRAVITY WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Break pressure tank Reservoir tank

Tap Tap Tap

Pump House with valve boxes

Tap Distribution line

Well with Submersible pump

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

2.3 IMPLEMENTATION PHASES

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)

3.2 DESK STUDY

3.3 FIELD STUDY: SITE INVESTIGATION

Gravity Water Supply System Design Tools (v 2008.06)