Chapter 2: Cell Structure and Cell Organisation

Basic Biological Drawing Skills

To make an accurate representation of the features.

Guidelines: Use sharp pencil, soft lead Draw only parts that can be seen by microscope Begin drawing at the centre paper Labels your drawing

Must NOT: Use coloured pencil or pen to draw or label Include additional details Shade (make details difficult to see) Cross label lines (leads to confusion and untidy)

The Basics of Microscopy

Light microscope Compound microscope Electron microscope

Calculation of Magnifying Power Linear magnification (Enlarge drawing) Length of Drawing Length of Specimen Magnifying power of a microscope (Magnifying power of Eyepiece Lens) * (Magnifying power of Objective Lens) History Background Jansen invented the first light microscope in 1590 Then Robert Hooke became the first man loot at cork cell in 1665 Robert Hooke give the term cell Purkinje named the fluid-like of the cell protoplasm Then electron microscope were invented and discovered that cell has many components called organelles

Components of plant cell and animal cell

Plasma membrane Cell membrane Selective permeable or semipermeable Made up of two lipid layers

Function: Separate cell from its external environment Holds the contents together Controls exchange of molecules through active transport, positive transport and simple diffusion

Cell Wall Rigid cellulose layer

Function: Support and protection of cell Prevent cell from bursting in dilute solution

Cytoplasm Continuous aqueous solution containing organelles (except Nucleus), salts, dissolved gases, nutrients, enzymes and other organic molecules

Function: Give shape Support and protects organelles Provides a medium for all cellular metabolic reactions to occur Provides a medium to produce energy (in mitochondrion) to manufacture materials (in ER) and store materials

Nucleus Contains a nucleolus, chromosomes, and nucleoplasm

Function: Control all the cell activities Separate genetic material (chromatin) from the cytoplasm Has many pores in the nuclear membrane

Nucleolus Spherical structure in the nucleus Consist deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins Is visible when the cell is not dividing

Function: Makes RNA (need to make ribosomes)

Chromosomes Thread like structures containing DNA Appear as chromatin (made up of DNA attached to protein) Spread throughout the nucleus in form of tiny granules Chromatin condense to chromosomes during cell division

Function: Carry genetic information of the cell in its DNA

Nucleoplasm Is the fluid contains within the nucleus Highly vicious liquid

Function: Made up of the chromatin and nucleolus

Nuclear membrane Double membrane (space between 2 membrane) 2 layers, has pores

Function: Selective permeable to control movement of materials in or out Contains nuclear contents

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Is a network of membrane in the cytoplasm Is connected to the nuclear membrane

Function: Forms an extensive transport system in the cell Produces and packages proteins Synthesis lipids and steroids Collects, stores and distribute these materials

Rough ER Flat sealed sac that is continuous with the nuclear membrane With ribosomes embedded on its surfaces

Function: Synthesis and transport proteins made by ribosomes Present in large amount in cell that make proteins (Gut cell that manufacture digestive enzymes)

Smooth ER Tubular Does not have ribosomes May extend separately from the outer nuclear membrane or from the rough ER

Function: Synthesis and transport lipids Present in large amount in cell that make lipids and steroid (Liver and testes)

Golgi apparatus A.K.A Golgi body Consists of a stack membrane-bound sacs with small vesicles budding off the edges

Function: Receives proteins from the rough ER, then modifies and combines protein with carbohydrate to form glycol-proteins Transport and store lipids Forms lysosomes Produces digestive enzymes Secretes waste product from cell Secretes carbohydrate to form cell wall of plant

Mitochondrion Rod shape 2 membrane Outer membrane limits the organelle Inner membrane folded inwards to form cristae

Function: Cells power house Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) {Energy Source}

Lysosomes Sac-lie organelles bounded by a membrane Contain digestive enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes)

Function: Breaking down food and foreign materials Digest protein, lipids, carbohydrate Transport undigested materials to cell membrane for removal

Ribosomes Small dot-like organelles Attached to ER or occur freely

Function: Protein factories for protein synthesis

Chloroplast Lens shape organelles Have inner and outer membrane Contain chlorophyll in grana to trap sunlight

Function: Carry photosynthesis in the chlorophyll of the grana

Centrioles Paired cylindrical organelles outside the nucleus Lie at right angles to each other Each centriole consist of nine tubes with three tubules Only found in animal cell

Function: Involved in cell division (mitosis and meiosis) Migrate to opposite poles of the cell (during cell division), produce spindle to assists the movement of chromosomes

Vacuole Small cavity Single membrane Consist water, food, or metabolic waste

Function: Generally for storage, digestion, and waste removal Central vacuole in plant cell for storage and cell expansion Food vacuoles in amoeba for phagocytosis Contractile vacuoles in paramecium expel water