KSU

COLLAGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
EE-575
(Mobile Communication)
Take Home Exam Solution
Ryid Al-Kahtani
ID#423121512
Question#1
Find the median path loss under the Hata model assuming
fc = 900 MHz, ht = 20m, hr = 5 m and d = 100m for a large
urban city, a small urban city, a suburb, and a rural area.
Explain qualitatively the path loss differences for these 4
environments.
Solution for Question#1
In this question, we are given the following parameters:
-
c
f = 900 MHz
-
t
h = 20m
-
r
h
= 5 m
- d = 100m
Large urban city :
The standard formula for empirical path loss in urban
areas under the Hata model is (equation#1)
(d). log )) (h log 6.55 - (44.9 ) a(h - ) (h log 13.82 - ) (f log 26.16 69.55 dB (d) P
10 t 10 r t 10 c 10 urban L,
+ +
But ) a(h
r
is a correction factor for the mobile antenna
height based on the size of the coverage area. So, for
large urban city
dB. 4.97 - ))2 (11.75h 3.2(log ) a(h
r 10 r

Substitute ) a(h
r
and the given parameters in equation#1
will give:

(d) P
urban L, = 69.55+234.24-17.9810.01+4.97+89.8-17.4

City Urban arg , e L L

P 353.52
dB
Small urban city :
The use equation#1 But ) a(h
r
is given by
.8)dB, - ) (f log (1.56 - .7)h - ) (f log (1.1 ) a(h
c 10 r c 10 r

Substitute ) a(h
r
and the given parameters in equation#1
will give:
(d) P
urban L, = 69.55+234.24-17.98-45.75+13.17+89.9-17.04

City Urban ,Small L

P 325.99 dB
Suburb :
We use
5.4 - /28)] (f 2[log - (d) P (d) P
2
c 10 city urban small L, suburban L,

We have
-
City Urban ,Small L
P 325.99 dB
-
c
f
= 900 MHz
Then we will get
(d) P
suburban L,
= 325.99-112.71-5.4
(d) P
suburban L,
= 207.88 dB

Rural area :
We use
K, - ) (f log 18.33 )]2 (f 4.78[log - (d) P (d) P
c 10 c 10 City Urban Small L, Rural L,
+
We have
-
City Urban ,Small L
P 325.99 dB
-
c
f
= 900 MHz
- K ranges from 35.94 (countryside) to 40.94 (desert)
In the case of K=35.94 (countryside), we will have
(d) P
ryside area/Count Rural L,
=325.99-383.25+164.13-35.94
(d) P
ryside area/Count Rural L,
=70.93 dB
In the case of K=40.94 (desert), we will have
(d) P
t area/Deser Rural L,
= 325.99-383.25+164.13-40.94
(d) P
t area/Deser Rural L,
= 65.93 dB
Since reflection, diffraction and scattering are the three
basic propagation mechanisms which impact
propagation in a wireless or mobile communication
system, and then path loss is affected by these three
propagation mechanisms. So, from our results shown
above path loss is higher in lager urban city where
many reflectors, diffractors and scatterers are appear
and low in rural area where there are few reflectors,
diffractors and scatterers. Consequently, path loss state
(value) depends on the number of reflectors, diffractors
and scatterers in the area where the path loss to be
measured.
Question#2
Consider a cellular system operating at 900 MHz where
propagation follows free space path loss with variations
from log normal shadowing with = 6 dB. Suppose that
for acceptable voice quality a signal-to-noise power
ratio of 15 dB is required at the mobile. Assume the
base station transmits at 1 W and its antenna has a 3
dB gain. There is no antenna gain at the mobile and the
receiver noise in the bandwidth of interest is -10dBm.
Find the maximum cell size so that a mobile on the cell
boundary will have acceptable voice quality 90% of the
time.
Solution for Question#2
We want to find the maximum cell size that means the
maximum cell area that is equal to ( r
2
).
So,

we want to find r.
We can r from the following equation
)
d
r
( k (dB) P P
t r
0
10
log 10 + (eq#1)
We have given that
- SNR=15 dB, receiver noise=N=-10 dBm
10
15

r r
P
N
P
SNR

dBm P
r
5 10 15

- The base station will transmit dB P
t
3 3 0 +
-
0
10
4
log 20
d
K

(we assume that d

0
=1 km)
m .
f
c
333 0
10 900
10 3
6
8

dB K 54 . 91
) 1000 ( 4
333 . 0
log 20
10

- We want to find

We have the closed form solution for the percentage

coverage at the cell boundary as (as an approximation)
)
b
)Q(
b
( . C
2 2
exp 5 0
2
+
Where
(e)
b 72 . 0
6
3 . 4 log 10
10

)Q(

( . C
8 . 2 85 . 3
exp 5 0
2
+
We have that C=0.90 since it has mentioned in the
question
4 . 0
8 . 2 85 . 3
exp
2
)

)Q(

(
Solving this equation numerically will give that
2 . 9
Substitute all the above in eq#1 will give
)
d
r
(
0
10
log 92 ) 54 . 91 ( 3 5 +

02 . 1 log
0
10
)
d
r
(

47 . 10 10
02 . 1
0

d
r
r = 10.47 Km
So, the maximum cell size=maximum cell area= r
2
=
344.38 Km
2
.
Question#3
Using the indoor attenuation model, determine the required
transmit power for a desired received power of -110 dBm for a
signal transmitted over 100 m that goes through 3 floors with
attenuation 15 dB, 10 dB, and 6 dB, respectively, as well as 2
double plasterboard walls.
Assume a reference distance d
0
= 1 and constant K = 0 dB.
Solution for Question#3
In this question, we are given the following parameters:
- Indoor attenuation model
-
r
P = -110 dBm
- d = 100 m
- 3 floors
- First floor attenuation=15 dB
- Second floor attenuation=10 dB
- Third floor attenuation=6 dB
- 2 double plasterboard walls
- d
0
= 1
- K = 0 dB =1 Watt
-
t
P =?? (This what we want to find)
We have (eq#2.38)



p f
N
i
i
N
i
i L t r
PAF FAF (d) P dBm P dBm P
1 1

Where
i
FAF
represents the floor attenuation factor
(FAF) for the ith floor traversed by the signal, and
i
PAF

represents the partition attenuation factor (PAF)
associated with the ith partition traversed by the signal.
The number of floors and partitions traversed by the
signal are N
f
and N
p
, respectively.
So, we will have:
- N
f
=3 (since we have three floors)
- N
p
=2 (since we have two partitions)
Then,


+ +
3
1 1
31 ) 6 10 15 (
i
i
N
i
i
dB FAF FAF
f
Since the one double plasterboard wall, the partition
loss is 3.4 dB (Table#2.1), then:


+
2
1 1
8 . 6 ) 4 . 3 4 . 3 (
i
i
N
i
i
dB PAF PAF
p
Now, we want to find P
L
(d):
We have that

1
]
1

d
d
K P P
t r
0
(eq#2.39)
This can be written as

1
]
1

d
d
K
P
P
t
r 0
But we know that

r
t
L
P
P
P
(Eq#2.4)
This means that P
L
(d) can be written as:

1
]
1

d
d
K
P
P
P
r
t
L
0
1
Where

is the path loss exponent and since our

environment is Indoor attenuation model with multiple
floors,

can be range from 2 to 6 (Table#2.2).

For our question, we going to choose

=6 since we
have three floors and two double plasterboard walls.
From all of these we can get the value of P
L
(d) as
follow:
8
6
0
1
10
100
1
) 1 (

1
]
1

1
]
1

d
d
K
P
P
P
r
t
L
P
L
(d) =10
-8
=-80 Db
From all of these:



p f
N
i
i
N
i
i L t r
PAF FAF (d) P dBm P dBm P
1 1
8 . 6 31 ) 80 ( 110 dBm P dBm
t
2 . 152 8 . 6 31 80 110 + +
t
P
So,
dBm P
t
2 . 152
Question#4
The following table lists a set of empirical path loss
measurements.
Distance from
Transmitter (d)
t
r
P
P
5 m -60 dB
25 m -80 dB
65 m -105 dB
110 m -115 dB
400 m -135 dB
1000 m -150 dB
a) Find the parameters of a simplified path loss model
plus log normal shadowing that best fit this data.
b) Find the path loss at 2 Km based on this model.
c) Find the outage probability at a distance d
assuming the received power at d due to path loss
alone is 10 dB above the required power for non-
outage.
Solution for Question#4
a) For simplified model we use (eq#2.40)
d K dB- dB
P
P
t
r
10
log 10
to find the parameters (K,

) that best fit the data.

When we use the word best fit the data, we have to
make numerical analysis. The best numerical analysis
method that can be work with the data of this
question is The Least-Squares Line Method.
The least-squares line method uses a straight line
to approximate the given set of data, , , ...,
where .
such that the sum of squares of the distances to this
straight line, y = a + b
x
, from the given set of point is
a minimum.
Where we have that:
2
1 1
2
1 1 1
2
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
x x n
x y x x y
a
2
1 1
2
1 1 1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i i
x x n
y x x y n
b
So, equating our equation (eq#2.40) which is written
above with the straight line equation, we will have
that
- y=
t
r
P
P
- x=
d
10
log 10
- a =K
- b =-

- n = 6
We need to have a table as follow:
d x y xy x
2
5 7 -60 -420 49
25 14 -80 -1120 196
65 18.1 -105 -1900.5 327.61
110 20.4 -115 -2346 416.16
400 26 -135 -3510 676
1000 30 -150 -4500 900

6
1 i
i
x =115.5

6
1 i
i
y =-
645

6
1 i
i i
x y =-
13796.5

6
1
2
i
i
x =2564
.8
Now, we want to find a & b which will give us the
two parameters (K,

) that best fit the given data.

So,
2
6
1
6
1
2
6
1
6
1
6
1
2
6
1
6
,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
i
i
x x
x y x x y
a
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
5 . 115 8 . 2564 6
5 . 13796 5 . 115 8 . 2564 645

a
dB .
.
.
. .
.
a 68 29
55 2048
25 60800
25 13340 8 15388
75 1593495 1654296

Then, K = -29.68 dB
2
6
1
6
1
2
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
6

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
x x
y x x y
b
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2
5 . 115 8 . 2564 6
645 5 . 115 5 . 13796 6

b
4
55 . 2048
5 . 8281
25 . 13340 8 . 15388
5 . 74497 82779

+
b
But,

= - b
So,
4
b) The path loss at 2 Km according to this model will
be as follow:
d K dB- dB d P
L 10
log 10 ) (
2000 log ) 4 ( 10 68 . 29 ) 2000 (
10
dB- dB m P
L

dB dB m P
L
72 . 161 ) 2000 (
C) We have P
r
(d) =10 dB, which is above the required
power for non-outage that is P
min
. So,
The outage probability for this case is equal to
)
10
( ) 10 ( ) ) ( (
min min
dB
Q P p P d P p
r

> >

dB

can be found as follow:

[ ]
2
6
1
model measured
2
) ( ) (
6
1

i
i i
d M d M
dB

) (
measured i
d M
is the path loss measurement given in
the table in this question.
We have found that
K = -29.68 dB
4
Then,
d d K d M
i 10 10 model
log 40 68 . 29 log 10 ) (
So,
2
6
1
10
2
log 40 68 . 29
6
1

1
1
]
1

+ +

,
_

i
i
i
t
r
d
P
P
dB

) 1 . 0 49 . 1 39 . 13 84 . 7 36 . 31 57 . 5 (
6
1
2
+ + + + +
dB

96 . 9
6
75 . 59
2

dB

16 . 3
dB

4 -
min
10 5 . 6 ) 16 . 3 ( )
16 . 3
10
( )
10
( ) ) ( ( > Q Q Q P d P p
dB
r

Finally, the outage probability at a distance d

(assuming the received power at d due to path loss
alone is 10 dB above the required power for non-
outage) is equal to 6.5x10
-4
.
References
1- A. J. Goldsmith, Wireless Communication,
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
2- T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications -
Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall,
2001.
3- J.-E. Berg, R. Bownds, and F. Lotse, Path loss
and fading models for microcells at 900 MHz,
Vehic.Technol. Conf. Rec., pp. 666671, May 1992.
4- G. Durgin, T.S. Rappaport, and H. Xu,
Partition-based path loss analysis for in-home and
residential areas at 5.85 GHz, Proceedings: IEEE
Globecom Conference, pp. 904909, Nov. 1998.
5- A. F. Toledo and A.M.D. Turkmani,
Propagation into and within buildings at 900,
1800, and 2300 MHz, Proc. IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conference, pp. 633-636, May 1992.
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