CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction of the Report
ADSL technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSPs central office. This asymmetry, companied with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video- on demand, and remote LAN access. Uses of this application typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as640Kbps more in both directions. Such rate expands existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling.

ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century. ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets for delivery information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services will depend on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video cataloes, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs and the internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will makes these markets viable and profitable for telephone company and application suppliers. ADSL- (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) -- A method for moving data over regular phone lines. An ADSL circuit is much faster than a regular phone connection, and the wires coming into the subscriber's premises are the same (copper) wires used for regular phone service. An ADSL circuit must be configured to connect two specific locations, similar to a leased line.

A commonly discussed configuration of ADSL would allow a subscriber to receive data (download) at speeds of up to 1.544 Megabits per second, and to send (upload) data at speeds of 128 kilobits per second. Thus the Asymmetric part of the
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acronym. Another commonly discussed configuration would be symmetrical: 384 kilobits per second in both directions. In theory ADSL allows download speeds of up to 9 megabits per second and upload speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second. ADSL is often discussed as an alternative to ISDN, allowing higher speeds is the past decade has seen extensive growth of the telecommunications Industry, with the increased popularity of the Internet and other data communication services. While offering the world many more services than were previously available, they are limited by the fact that they are being used on technology that was not designed for that purpose.

The majority of Internet users access their service via modems connects to the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS). In the early stages of the technology, modems were extremely slow by today's standards, but this was not a major issue. A POTS connection provided an adequate medium for the small amounts of data that required transmission, and so was the existing system was the logical choice over special cabling. Technological advances have seen these rates increase up to a point where the average Internet user can now download at rates approaching 50Kbps, and send at 33.6Kps. However, POTS was designed for voice transmission, at frequencies below 3 kHz, and this severely limits the obtainable data rates of the system. To increase performance of new online services, such as steaming audio and video, and improve general access speed, the bandwidth hungry public must therefore consider other alternatives.

Technologies, such as ISDN or cable connections, have been in development for sometime but require special cabling. This makes them expensive to set up, and there for have not been a viable alternative for most people.

1.2 Motivation
As ADSL is such a new technology it is not surprising that most of the research was done on the World Wide Web. Search Engines were queried and Forums were visited. There is a lot of information readily available on the internet and the whole team were busy gathering information and filtering the good from the bad. When the information was all downloaded it was time to sort it out into useable and not useable. The library was searched for a good technical book on ADSL, with this in hand it was easy to
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differentiate between factual information from the 'net and "eradications" made by ISP's eager to sell their product. Also on one occasion a video lecture on ADSL was borrowed from the library. The internet was indeed though the most beneficial source, and we would highly recommend it in future use of any sort of technological research. It was essential, however, that the information integrity remained intact and this was achieved with the old fashioned technical manual from the library. During the course of research, old sources and methods were mixed with new ones to produce a thorough and well rounded result ADSL differs from the less common symmetric digital subscriber line (SDSL). Bandwidth (and bit rate) is greater toward the customer premises (known as downstream) than the reverse (known as upstream). This is why it is called asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to provide. Internet access in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the download from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction. There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost leased line services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communication markets between business and home users.

1.3 BENIFIT- HOME

Always on, always available ADSL broadband splits your existing phone line so you can make and take calls as normal - no more engaged tones for your friends and family. When youre switched on, youre always online, with virtually instant access to any information or service.

High speed access, high speed downloads End the world wide wait - with downloads at up to 40 times the speed of a standard phone and modem, surfing the net actually becomes fun. Download music faster than you can play it. Discovering and downloading animations, graphics, video, movie, news and sports clips are quick and easy. Remember to check with your service provider if there is a cap on how much information you can download.

Controllable costs, fixed monthly charges Fixed monthly charges are usual so there is no extra to pay no matter how often you use it; your service provider may offer other options, including pay-as-you-go. You dont need a second line to make and take phone calls as normal even when you are online. Simple installation Quick, easy and straightforward self-install connections come as standard so you dont waste time hanging around waiting for an engineers visit.

Working from home Fast, direct access to your corporate networks and files. You can be online and on the phone at the same time, and you can use videoconferencing to play a full part in projects and meetings.

Business But some are still using traditional dial-up services that tie up the telephone line. Businesses which have taken the plunge for broadband services report increased sales, greater cost savings, better productivity, improved employee satisfaction and a healthier bottom line overall as a result. Businesses share the same benefits that broadband users at home enjoy but theres even more to be gained:
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Going global - with your own interactive website and multiple email addresses, improve your image and the way you deal with your existing customers. Market and sell your goods and services more effectively to a global audience.

More efficient web services - search for and check out potential customers and suppliers. Download or send all kinds of information, graphics, materials and guidance more quickly and easily.

Controllable costs - fixed monthly charges are usual for broadband so there is no extra to pay no matter how often you use it. Your service provider may offer other options including pay-as-you-go. Check with your service provider if there is any cap on downloading.

Benefits for large corporations

You will be surprised at the difference broadband makes whether youre at work, rest and play.BT offers higher speed and symmetric broadband services to meet the needs of major companies, corporations and other large organisations in the public and private sectors. With broadband, large organisation's can:

Take full advantage of broad bands always on, high speed capabilities Take their goods and services online and into a global marketplace Offer online ordering, account and payment services to customers, employees and suppliers

Extend networks and email systems to include remote offices and teleworkers Manage the bandwidth to suit the needs of the job Get better performance and value from systems and software Predict and manage costs effectively

1.4 AIM With the help of ADSL, large unused bandwidth of the copper wired network can be utilized for high speed data transfer. With help of ADSL, one can talk on the telephone and simultaneously access the Internet. Following are other types of Asymmetric DSL.

RADSL: The speed of data transfer is adjusted automatically depending on the quality of telephone line and distance from the service provider. The downstream speed is adjusted higher than the upstream speed. RADSL provides a faster speed. VDSL: It provides a high speed of data transfer for short distance, by connecting to ONU (Optical Network Unit), which is a combination of fibre optic and copper wire networks. At present in the lines copper wired cables are being used so meet the growing traffic there need to be a transformation to fibre optic cables. By using digital subscriber lines we can transmit high data rates even on ordinary phone lines. In this paper we will be discussing about discrete multitone technique by which we can transmit data at higher speeds 1.5 The Challenges Telecom is a pacing industry, as an interne provider. Internet has become an important part of our life. Be it on professional front or on personal, we feel so helpless without the technology. Given the large number of utilities that internet offers to us, everybody is bound to have a connection for maintaining a hassle free life style. According to a recently released data about Italian usage of internet by Italian New Economy Indicators, the countrys most available broadband connection is ADSL. Earlier there was only one Fibre optic cable connection provider (Fast web) but now, that too have been converted in to Fast web ADSL.Various factors contribute in the popularity of the wireless broadband connections in the country. Definitely, working of satellite Internet broadband network are currently being used by the several users because these services connects the isolated places and give internet access to users in remotest areas like towns in Piedmont, Italy. Moreover these services are reliable and provide high frequency digital signals. This is why Emergency service units in Italy are also connected to the Internet through this model. The ADSL companies utilize the potential applications of satellite connection to offer high quality digital network for quick speed and smooth operations on internet. This allows travellers and visitors to connect to the Internet anywhere they go, restaurants, highways and also in a business aircraft or charter yachts. These services are too flexible and clients prefer them over limited optical internet services. This has reduced
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the coverage area of the fibre-optic connections to 5.9 M families only in the country. The declining numbers of users are forcing many companies like fast web business to switch places with broadband satellite providers. The question to be considered is will fast web ADSL services be able to match broad user profile that broadband networking will bring along? Will they be able to compete with other broadband internet providers in the Italian market? Broadband internet has been proved reliable in transmitting highvolume data with higher audio and video signals. It also provides backup Internet connections therefore a broadband connection protects companies from costly losses. The high quality digital signals eliminate all disruptions cable broadband services. A broadband service thus has a responsibility to deliver support to all the features needed to supplement global working. This technology is yet at its revolutionary stage; therefore, it poses greater challenges to the new up-coming internet providers. The popularity of this internet connection, no wonder are provoking several telecom companies and encouraging them to take the risk. As more companies join the line of broadband internet providers, the experts predict that "the wide adoption of broadband services by providers will gradually bring down the cost of satellite broadband connections to competitive prices that would attract household users". 1.6 Summary of Report

Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) uses existing twisted pair telephone lines to create access paths for high-speed data communications and transmits at speeds up to 8.1 Mbps to a subscriber. This exciting technology is in the process of overcoming the technology limits of the public telephone network by enabling the delivery of high-speed Internet access to the vast majority of subscribers homes at a very affordable cost. This JDSU white paper provides an overview of ADSL technology and a description of testing procedures used to qualify lines for DSL and verify service. Delivery of ADSL services requires a single copper pair configuration of a standard voice circuit within ADSL modem at each end of the line, creating three information channels a high speed downstream channel, a medium speed upstream channel, and a plain old telephone service (POTS) channel for voice.

Data rates depend on several factors including the length of the copper wire, the wire gauge, presence of bridged taps, and cross-coupled interference. The line performance increases as the line length is reduced, wire gauge increases, bridge taps are eliminated and cross-coupled interference is reduced. The modem located at the subscribers premises is called an ADSL transceiver unit-remote (ATU-R), and the modem at the central office is called an ADSL transceiver unit-central office (ATUC). The ATU-Cs take the form of circuit cards mounted in the digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM). A residential or business subscriber connects their PC and modem to a RJ-11 telephone outlet on the wall.

CHAPTER 2
ARCHITECTURE OF ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE

2.1 INTRODUCTION Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), a modem technology, Converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for Multimedia and high-speed data communications. ADSL can transmit up to6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 832 kbps or more in both directions. Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL is literally transforming the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text and low resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to everyone's home this century. ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years as telephone companies, and other service providers, enter new markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats.

New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. But success of these new services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video cataloes, remotes-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for telephone companies and application suppliers alike. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central office to the customer site than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as640 kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure-1). Such rates expand existing access

capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, tex and lowtext, resolution.

Fig: 2.1 An ADSL Network 2.2 A Brief History of ADSL ADSL was started up as the Phone Company's way to compete with cable TV by delivering both TV and phone service on the plain old copper phone line. Of course now ADSL is also a good candidate for high speed Internet access. ADSL was originally designed so that it could still be used as a regular phone line if the power happened to go out. The "A" stands for "Asymmetric", meaning the Phone Company can send lots of data to the customer, but the customer can't send much to them at all. At the beginning only a tiny uplink of 16 or 64kbps was supported now ADSL can support up to ten times that much. The idea for ADSL was spawned by Joe Leechlike in 1987, he was a Bell core researcher and the first idea for it was analogue to digital conversion at the subscriber end of an advanced transmission technology over a twisted pair copper line. ADSL
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was designed to provide megabit access for interactive video (video on demand, video games, delayed TV segments, etc.) and high speed data communications (Internet access, remote LAN access, other network access) but it is also perfect for surfing the web. In the 1990s, vendors developing video-on-demand products started using ADSL technology, with different speeds for sending and receiving channels. Although the video idea didn't pan out, the Internet did and ADSL emerged as a hot product for residential Web surfing. The only thing missing was the telephone line, so frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) was added to ADSL to reserve a separate 4-kHz POTS (plain old telephone system) channel below the higher frequency data band. ADSL uses a single wire pair. Speeds on the receiving channel can climb to 6 Mbit/s, but actual performance depends on the condition of the line being used. There was a DSL Forum formed towards the end of 1994, and this was set up to help telephone companies and their suppliers realize the great market potential of ADSL. This forum has two forms of assistance which are technical and marketing. The Forum's marketing programs attempt to uncomplicated the technical complexity of it and to spread the news concerning ADSL. The output of the forum to the public mixes the tutorial with the promotion of this device. 2.3 ADSL Capabilities An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted-pair telephone line, creating three information channels: a high speed downstream channel, a medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic telephone service channel. The basic telephone service channel is split off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic telephone service, even if ADSL fails. The highspeed channel ranges from1.5 to 9 Mbps, and duplex rates range from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel can be sub multiplexed to form multiple lower-rate channels.

ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544 Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16-kbps duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps for duplex. Products with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and duplex
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rates up to 640 kbps are available today. ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.

ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies (see Figure 21-2), and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16-kbpsduplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps for duplex. Products with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640kbps are available today. ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols. Downstream data rates depend on a number of factors, including the length of the copper line, its wire gauge, the presence of bridged taps, and cross coupled interference. Line attenuation increases with line length and Frequency, and decreases as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps, Data Rate Wire Gauge Distance Wire Size Distance 1.5 Or 2 Mbps 24 AWG 18,000 ft 0.5 Mm 5.5 km 1.5 Or 2 Mbps 26 AWG 15,000 ft 0.4 Mm 4.6 km 6.1 Mbps 24 AWG 12,000 ft 0.5 Mm 3.7 km

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6.1 Mbps 26 AWG 9,000 ft 0.4 Mm 2.7 km

2.4 WHAT MAKES DSL POPULAR Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology provides high-speed Internet Access using regular telephone lines. It has the ability to move data over the phone lines typically at speeds from 256K to 1.5Mb - up to 25 times quicker than the fastest analogue modems available today (56,000 bits per second).

2.5 DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF DSL HDSL is the pioneering high speed format, but is not a commercially viable Option due to its need for two twisted pairs and does not have support for Normal telephone services.

SDSL is symmetric DSL, and operates over a single twisted pair with support for standard voice transmission. The problem with this system is that it is limited to relatively short distances and suffers NEXT limitation due to the use of the same frequencies for transmitting and receiving.

IDSL stands for ISDN DSL, and is in many ways similar to ISDN Technology. Its disadvantages are the lack of support for analogue voice, and that its 128kbps rate is not much greater than that offered by standard 56kbps V90 modems.

VDSL provides very high bit rate DSL, up to 52Mbps, but requires shorter Connections lengths than are generally practical. It has been used in Conjunction with an experimental project, FTTC (Fibres to the Curb), but Development in this area has slowed due to commercial viability issues.

ADSL is the most promising DSL technology, proving suitable for personal

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Broadband requirements and allowing for the same channel to still act as a Traditional POTS service. Rate Adaptive DSL, RADSL, is a further advancement which is able to automatically optimize the ADSL data rate to suit the conditions of the line being used.

2.6 THE COMPONENTS OF AN ADSL NETWORK ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets for delivering informational video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services depends on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalos, remote CD-ROMs, corpora lans, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

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CHAPTER 3 OPERATIONS OASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBE LINE

3.1 ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL) Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), a modem technology, converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for multimedia and high-speed data communications. ADSL can transmit up to6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 832 kbps or more in both directions. Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL is literally transforming the existing public information\network from one limited to voice, text and low resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to everyone's home this century.

ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years as telephone companies, and other service providers, enter new markets for delivering information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. But success of these new services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video cataloes, remote CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is Asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central office to the customer site than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as640 kbps more in both
15

directions

Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more

without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full-motion video, to every home this century.

3.2 ADSL TECHNOLOGY ADSL depends upon advanced digital signal processing and creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analog filters, and A/D converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at one megahertz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90dB, forcing analogue sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simple -- transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines.

On the inside, where all the transistors work, there is a miracle of modern technology. Creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analogue filters, and analogue/digital (A/D) converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analogue sections of ADS modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks simpletransparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a miracle of modern technology. Figure 2 displays the ADSL transceiver network end. This Diagram Provides an Overview of the devices that make Up the ADSL

3.3 ADSL TRANSCEIVER - NETWORK To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available bandwidth of a telephone line in one of two ways: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation, FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for downstream data. The downstream path is then divided by time-division multiplexing

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into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low speed Channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding low-speed channels. Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap the downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation, technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique, ADSL splits off a 4-kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of the band. ADSL Uses FDM and Echo Cancellation to Divide the Available Bandwidth for Service. An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by multiplexing downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance channels together into blocks, and it attaches an error correction code to each block. The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission, up to the limits implied by the code and the block length. At the user's option, the unit also can create superblocks by interleaving data within sub blocks; this allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within a specific span of bits. This, in turn, allows for effective transmission of both data and video signals. In analogue data communication along the PSTN, a voice-band modem converts data from a piece of terminal equipment into electronic signals in the 200 Hz to 3.4 kHz frequency band. This allows the existing public network to transmit electronic data in the same way it traditionally would a human voice.

In the early decades of data communication, this was not so much of a problem. However, as modems have evolved to transmit and receive data at everhigher speeds, and as software has evolved to carry ever more complex forms of information, data communication presses up against the physical limitations of the copper medium. The bandwidth of 200-3400 Hz is simply too narrow to fit this data comfortably. The result is a communications bottleneck. Downloading a web page becomes an increasingly cumbersome process the more detailed its graphics are. Try to connect to a web page that features animation - or worse yet, video footage - and your computer will slow to a crawl.

DSL frees the end-user from the limitations of voice bandwidth, providing bandwidth measured in the hundreds of kilohertz and enabling communications at least 100 times faster than that available over pure POTS, while still allowing you to

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make phone calls while youre PC or fax is transmitting or receiving. Let us examine a typical DSL modem to see how it accomplishes this. The DSL chip set includes both analogue and digital components. Among the analogue components are analogue transmit and receive filters, the Digital to Analogue Converter (DAC), the Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC), and the automatic gain device (to adjust the received signal level to that which is suitable to the input of the ADC).The modulation/demodulation function of the DSL transceiver, the modem proper, is digital. Modulation defines the process of converting each successive data symbol vector - in this case, a DSL input bit - into a continuous time analogue signal that represents the message corresponding to each successive group of bits.

At the far end of the transmission, the receiving DSL unit converts these analogue signals back into bit form, hence "demodulation." Subsumed within the modulation/demodulation function are such aspects of digital signal processing as echo cancellation, adaptive channel equalizing, symbol/bit conversion, timing recovery, constellation mapping. In the cases of Carrier less AM/PM (CAP) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) line codes, the modem also provides the digital shaping filter.

While in the case of Discrete Multitone (DMT) line code, the modem includes Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).This brings us to the other major digital function of the DSL chip set, coding/decoding performed by a part of the transceiver prosaically-known as the encoder. The task of the encoder is to map data bits from a digital bit stream prior to modulation and transmission. The importance of coding varies depending on the flavour of xDSL in use. Earlier DSLs, such as IDSL and HDSL, require no coding at all. Later DSLs, ADSL for example, can use Reed-Solomon codes, trellis codes or both.

In the most recent generation of DSL systems, HDSL2 being the prime example, coding forms a critical part of the DSL transceiver. The relationship of the encoder to the modulator in transmission appears.

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Fig 3.1 A typical ADSL Transcei ver block diagram iagram

3.4 ADSL EQUIPMENT ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one on the customer end and one at the Internet service provider, Telephone Company or other provider of DSL services. At the customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which may also provide other services. The DSL service provider has a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections. Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSLmodem." The engineers at the Telephone Company or ISP call it an ATU-R.

Regardless of what it's called, it's the point where data from the users computer or network is connected to the DSL line. The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several ways, though most residential installation uses USB , or 10 base-T Ethernet connections. While most of the ADSL transceivers sold by ISPs connections. and telephone companies are simply transceivers, the devices used by businesses may mpanies combine network routers, network switches or other networking equipment in the same platform.

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3.5 DSLAM
The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really allows DSL to happen. A DSLAM takes connections from many customers and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection to the Internet. DSLAMs are generally capacity flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in single central office, and different varieties of protocol and modulation --both CAP and DMT, for example -- in ties both the same type of DSL. In addition, the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamical address assignment for the customers. The DSLAM provides one of the main differences between user service through ADSL and through cable modems. Because cable-modem users generally share a network loop that runs through a modem neighbourhood, adding users means lowering performance in many instances. A ADSL provides a dedicated connection from each user back to the DSLAM, meaning that users won't see a performance decrease as new users are added -- until the total number of users begins to saturate the single, high speed connection to the Internet. high-speed At that point, an upgrade by the service provider can provide additional performance t for all the users connected to the DSLAM. 3.6 How ADSL Work

Fig3.2 Frequency plan for ADSL

Frequency plan for ADSL. The red area is the frequency range used by normal voice telephony (PSTN), the green (upstream) and blue (downstream) areas a used for are
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ADSL.Currently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo cancelling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced through put on another wise functional ADSL connection. Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same bundle. There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. 3.7 ADSL MODULATION METHODS The service makes use of your existing telephone line and splits the signal into ANSI standard describes a basic ADSL system which uses DMT (Discrete Multitone) modulation. There is also at least one other ADSL system available. This System facilitates Carrier less AM/PM (CAP). In this chapter the DMT modulation method is described. Discrete Multitone (DMT) ADSL DMT Modulation Pilot Nyquist frequency Modulation by the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT)
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Synchronization symbol Cyclic prefix ATU-R

ADSL DMT MODULATION In ADSL DMT-systems the downstream channels are divided into 256 4-kHz-wides tones. The upstream channels are divided into 32 sub channels. See also the frequency Spectrum of the ADSL-channels in figure. Discrete Multitone (DMT) The basic idea of DMT is to split the available bandwidth into a large number of Sub channels. DMT is able to allocate data so that the throughput of every single Sub channel is maximized. If some sub channel cannot carry any data, it can be turned off and the use of available bandwidth is optimized. The example in figure gives an idea about of the functionality of DMT. First an equal number per tone is transmitted to measure the characteristics of the line. The processing of the signal takes place in ATU-R, and the optimized distribution information will be delivered for ATU-C by using the same phone-line at a secure low speed. The first example describes a segment of 24-gauge twisted pair phone-line. Low frequencies are eliminated by the transformer coupling.

The attenuation at the higher frequencies depends on the length of the phoneline. The second example includes the notch in spectrum that is illustrative of bridge taps and also the interference of an AM radio station.

A third example shows that DMT is also an interesting possibility for other transmission channels, such as coaxial cable-TV networks, as well. DMT like QAM is all about fitting information onto a line. DMT divides the entire bandwidth range on the formerly analogue pass band limited loop into a large number of equally spaced sub channels called subcarriers.

This bandwidth is normally 1.1 MHz and is divided into 256 subcarriers, starting at 0Hz. Each subcarrier occupies 4.13125 kHz; this gives a total bandwidth of 1.104 MHz on the loop. Most DMT systems only use 249 or 250 of these subcarrier
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for information. Generally the lower subcarriers #1 through #6 are reserved for the 4 kHz pass band for analogue voice, giving ADSL the distinctive ability to transmit data and carry a voice conversation on the same line. 6 times 4.3125 kHz is 25.875 kHz so it is common that ADSL services start at 25 kHz, this also means that a wide "guard band" exists between analogue voice and DMT transmissions.

Generally the upper subcarriers exhibit signal loss so those above #250 are not used. There are 32 upstream carriers, starting at #7 and 250 downstream channels, giving putting the "Asymmetric" in ADSL. If the upstream and downstream channels overlap echo cancellation techniques are used to prevent errors from transmitted signals being mistaken for received ones. Some channels are also reserved for special purposes like pilot signals. At activation ADSL devices measures each of these sub channels for signal attenuation and noise, in a complex "handshake" procedure. DMT can also monitor the channels for changing quality allowing a DMT granularity (possible speed drop) of only 32 kbps against CAP's granularity of 340 kbps. Each subcarrier operates a coding technique based on QAM (ironic considering the CAP/DMT debate).

The total throughput of is the sum of all the QAM bits sent on all of the active channels at a given time. The throughput is maintained on a DMT connection by turning off subcarriers that experience outside interference rather than retransmitting the entire signal. DMT devices can be said to be Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) as each subcarrier may transmit at a different rate than the others, depending on the quality of the signal in each.

For the moment DMT seems to have won the debate, not least because of this RADSL capability, it is also future proof, in that although CAP/QAM has not yet run its course, DMT still has a long way to go towards realising its full potential.

Pilot Carrier 64 (f = 276 kHz) is reserved for a pilot. The data modulated onto the pilot Subcarrier shall be constant 0, 0. Use of this pilot allows resolution of sample timing.

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Nyquist frequency The carrier at the Nyquist frequency (256) may not be used for data. The frequency Of the carrier must be greater than twice the maximum modulating frequency.

Fig3.3 DMT Block Diagram Modulation by the inverse discrete Fourier transforms (IDFT)

The modulating transform defines the relationship between 512 real values and the for k = 0 to 511.The encoder and scalar see figure, generate only 255 complex values of (plus zero at dc, and one real value if the Nyquist frequency is used). In order to generate real values of these values shall be augmented so that the vector has Hermitical symmetry.

Synchronization symbol The synchronization symbol permits recovery of the frame boundary after micro interruptions that might otherwise force retraining . Cyclic prefix

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The last 32 samples of the output of the IDFT (for k = 480 to 511) are pretended to the block of 512 samples and read out to the D/A converter in sequence. The cyclic Prefix is used for data and synchronization symbols.

ATU-R For ATU-R the maximum number of subcarriers is 31 and carrier 16 is reserved For a pilot. The modulating transform defines the relationship between 64 real values And the for k = 0 to 63.voice communications and high speed data connection. ADSL makes use of a frequency

3.8 DISTANCE LIMITATIONS

Precisely how much benefit you see will greatly depend on how far you are from the central office of the company providing the ADSL service. ADSL is a distancesensitive technology: As the connection's length increases, the signal quality decreases and the connection speed goes down. The limit for ADSL service is 18,000 feet (5,460 meters), though for speed and quality of service reasons many ADSL providers place a lower limit on the distances for the service.

At the extremes of the distance limits, ADS customers may see speeds far below the promised maximums; while customers nearer the central office have faster connections and may see extremely high speeds in the future. ADSL technology can provide maximum downstream (Internet to customer) speeds of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) at a distance of about 6,000 feet (1,820 meters), and upstream speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second (Kbps). In practice, the best speeds widely offered today are 1.5 Mbps downstream, with upstream speeds varying between 64 and 640 Kbps. You might wonder, if distance is a limitation for DSL, why it's not also a limitation for voice telephone calls.

The answer lies in small voice signals. Unfortunately, these loading coils are incompatible with ADSL signals, so a voice coil in the loop between your telephone and the telephone company's central office will disqualify you from receiving ADSL. Other factors that might disqualify you from receiving ADSL include: Bridge taps These are extensions, between you and the central office, that extend service to other
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customers. While you wouldn't notice these bridge taps in normal phone service, they may take the total length of the circuit beyond the distance limits of the service provider. Fibre-optic cables - ADSL signals can't pass through the conversion from analogue to digital and back to analogue that occurs if a portion of your telephone circuit comes through fibre-optic cables. Distance - Even if you know where your central office is (don't be surprised if you don't -- the telephone companies don't advertise their locations), looking at a map is no indication of the distance a signal must travel between your house and the office.

3.9. ADSL Channel Configurations ADSL over a 1 MHz spectrum. Diagram 3 illustrates the general allocation of the frequency spectrum above the voice band. The downstream (high capacity) data rate is largely dependent on the length of the subscriber line from the central office and the gauge of the twisted pair cable. Richard Karpinski outlines the length and gauge requirements in Table

Fig3.4: FDM for ADSL

Besides the 0-3.4 MHz band of voice communications, ADSL provides for a low speed upstream channel (from subscriber to central office) and a high speed downstream channel (from central office to subscriber). The baseband occupied by POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) is split from the data channels which guarantees
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POTS services in the case of ADSL system failure (e.g. passive filters).Depending on the loop length and cable gauge, an upstream channel of 9.6 to 384 kb/s provides for the subscriber's need to transmit data, while a downstream channel of 1.544 to 7.000 Mb/s delivers TV, video on demand and computer network connectivity. ADSL can provide VCR-type functionality, like fast forward, rewind, freeze frame, pause, etc. on demand. There are two main methods of handling the FDM connection, CAP and DMT. CAP vs. DMT There is a raging debate over the implementation of ADSL at the moment, this debate centres around the two methods for line coding. One of these methods is Carrier less Phase/Amplitude Modulation (CAP) the other is Discrete Multitone Technology (DMT). DMT is so far winning the debate becoming ADSL line coding standard in ANSI T1.413-1995. Line coding basically means how the 1's and 0's are transmitted down the line. Carrier less Phase/Amplitude Modulation (CAP) CAP is a close relative of a coding technique known as Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). These techniques are almost mathematically identical except that CAP does not transmit a carrier and instead reconstructs it electronically at the destination. For this reason CAP is also known as carrier-suppressed QAM. To understand CAP it is best to gain an understanding of QAM. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) QAM is a way of fitting information onto a limited frequency line, in the case of ADSL it is copper wire. QAM can split a single signal into 16 by using both phase and amplitude modulation. QAM uses a combination of sine and cosine waves at different phases to each other to produce these signals (sine and cosine are function always 900 out of phase, i.e. in quadrature). QAM uses four different amplitudes for each of the waves. In this way 16 different signal types are generated using all possible pair. e.g.

A1sin(Ft)+A1cos(Ft),A1sin(Ft)+A2cos(Ft),A1sin(Ft)+A3cos(Ft),... This creates what

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is known as the QAM "constellation" a collection of 16 signals all representing 4-bit nibbles. This constellation is differential meaning it is 15 degrees out of phase with the previous 4 bits, it is not referenced to a fixed signal. CAP/QAM is a single carrier technique.

3.10 Transmission Impairments

Every network suffers from impairments; there are three types of transmission impairments Attenuation, Delay Distortion and Noise.

Attenuation
It is the strength of signal off with distance over any transmission medium. For guided media, this reduction in strength, or attenuation, is generally logarithmic and thus is typically expressed as a constant number of decibels per unit distances. For unguided media, Attenuation is a more complex function of distance and the makeup of the atmosphere.

Delay Distortion
It is a phenomenon peculiar to guided transmission media. The distortion is caused by the fact that the velocity of propagation of a signal through a guided medium varies with frequency. Delay Distortion is particularly critical for digital data.

Noise
It is that for any data transmission event, the received signal will consist of the transmitted signal, modified by the various distortions imposed by the transmission system, plus additional unwanted signals that are inserted somewhere between transmission and reception. Impulse Noise Thermal noise Crosstalk Intermodulation noise

Thermal noise
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Results from thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor. Evenly distributed over the entire radio frequency spectrum: white noise. It is present in all electronic devices and transmission media and is a function of temperature In the FM broadcast band where there is no station, the hiss in the background is the thermal noise. Thermal noise cannot be eliminated.

Intermodulation noise
Results when signals of different frequencies share the same transmission medium. It produces signals at a frequency that is the sum or difference of the two original frequencies or multiples of those frequencies.

Impulse noise
It is noncontiguous consisting of irregular pulses or noise spikes of short duration and of relatively high amplitude. It is generated from lightning and faults and flaws in the communications system. Impulse noise is the primary source of error in digital data communication

Crosstalk
It is the most important of the capacity limiting noise. It is caused by electromagnetic radiation of other phone lines in close proximity or may be from within the same cable. The crosstalk will decrease as the bandwidth increases. The closer the different wires get to each other the stronger the coupling increases. The crosstalk is typically worse between two pairs in the same binder than in the adjacent binders. The crosstalk transfer function will be different in each pair corresponding to the geometric differences of a binder group. Crosstalk may be minimized by using the twisted pair before twisting the pairs into binder.

3.11 ADSL STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), working group T1E1.4 approved the first ADSL in 1995. It supported data rates up to 6.1 Mbpsresults (ANSI Standard T1.413). The European Technical Standards Institute (ETSI) contributed an Annex to T1.413 to reflect European requirements. T1.413 (Issue I) was limited to a single terminal interface at the premise end. Issue II (T1.413i2), approved in 2001, expanded
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the standard to include a multiplexed interface at the premise end protocols for end, configuration and network management, and other improvements. Work towards an Issue III was ultimately submitted to the international ards standards body, the ITU T, to develop the international standards for ADSL. Those ITU-T, standards for ADSL are most commonly referred to as G.lite (G.992.2) andG.dmt (G.992.1)both of which are approved in June of 1999. Having an international both approved standard has aided in moving towards vendor interoperability and service provider acceptance, further increasing deployment, and ultimately availability to the consumer. The ATM Forum has recognized ADSL as a physical layer transmission physical protocol for unshielded twisted pair media. The DSL Forum was formed in December of 1994 to promote the DSLconcept and facilitate development of DSL system architectures, protocols, and interfaces for major DSL applications. The DSL Forum has expanded its efforts to address marketing issues surrounding awareness, and enabling high applications via DSL. The DSL Forum has approximately 340 members representing service providers, equipment

manufacturers, and content de developers from throughout the world.

Fig 3.5 Frequency plan for common ADSL standards and annexes

Version Standard name

ANSI T1.43-1998 1998

Common name ADSL

Downstream rate 8.0 Mbit/s 12.0 Mbit/s

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Upstream rate 1.0 Mbit/s 1.3 Mbit/s

Approved in 1998 1999-07

ADSL
ISSUE 2

ADSL

ITU G.992.1

ADSL

Version Standard name

Common name (G.DMT)

Downstream rate

Upstream rate

Approved in

ADSL

ITU

G.992.1 ADSL POTS

over

Annex A ITU

12.0 Mbit/s

1.3 Mbit/s

2001

ADSL

G.992.1 ADSL ISDN ADSL (G.LITE) ADSL2 ADSL2

over

Annex B ITU G.99.2

12.0 Mbit/s

1.8 Mbit/s

2005

ADSL

Lite

1.5 Mbit/s 12.0 Mbit/s 12.0 Mbit/s

0.5 Mbit/s 1.3 Mbit/s 3.5 Mbit/s

1999-07 2002-07

ADSL2 ITU G.992.3 ADSL2 ITU Annex J ITU G.992.3 G.992.3

ADSL2

Annex L

RE-ADSL2 splitter ADSL2 ADSL2+ less

5.0 Mbit/s

0.8 Mbit/s

ADSL2 ITU G.992.4 ADSL2+ ITU G.992.5

1.5 Mbit/s 24.0 Mbit/s

0.5 Mbit/s 1.1 Mbit/s

2002-07 2003-05

3.12 ADSL MARKET STATUS ADSL is available in various speeds and pricing throughout the United Caribbean and throughout Latin America. North America has just hit its 1 (M) millionth customer. Worldwide the number is rapidly approaching 3 million in third quarter 2000 There has been extensive work on interoperability, and the DSL Forum demonstrated anyto-any interoperability with 42 vendors at SUPERCOMM 2000.Deployment is broadening rapidly due to emerging solutions to reaching customers behind Digital Loop Carrier (DLC).

3.13 ADSL TRANSPORT CAPACITY

The different ADSL transport classes for n 2.048 Mbps bearers are 2M-1, 2M-2 And 2M-3. In which 2M-1 corresponds the highest rate and shortest range. At 6.144 Mbps it is possible to achieve the range of about 3 kilometres. The lower the transmission
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rate is the longer the range will be. Upper limit is according to tests about 9kilometers. It is possible to achieve higher data rates of 52 Mbps and 155 Mbps, corresponding range of one mile and a quarter mile, if the used transmission media is fibre. By using DMT ADSL it is also possible to use other data rates, the exact rate depends only on interface circuits. So the system is flexible enough to support, eg., T1.The downstream bit rates are summarized in table. Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines Table: Downstream bit rates ADSL upstream transport capacity is 0 -- 640 Kbit/s depending on transport class. The aggregate Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines.

3.14 Installation Problem

ADSL deployment on an existing Plane Old Telephone Service (POTS) telephone line presents some problems because the DSL is within a frequency band that might interact unfavourably with existing equipment connected to the line. Therefore, it is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises to avoid interference between the DSL, voice services, and any other connections to the line, for example in support of intruder alarms "red care" being an example in the UK. This is desirable for the voice service and essential for a reliable ADSL connection. In the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter or micro filter was installed near the demarcation point from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated as close as possible to the central office and is not attenuated inside the customer's premises. However, this procedure was costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. So, many DSL providers started offering a "self-install" option, in which the provider provided equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the DSL signal is filtered at each telephone outlet by use of a low-pass filter for voice and a high-pass filter for data, usually enclosed in what is known as a micro filter. This micro filter can be plugged by an end user into any 'phone jack: it does not require any rewiring at the customer's premises. Commonly, micro filters are only low-pass filters, so beyond them only low frequencies (voice signals) can pass. In the data section, a micro filter is not used

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because digital devices that are intended to extract data from the DSL signal will, themselves, filter out low frequencies. Voice telephone devices will pick up the entire spectrum so high frequencies, including the ADSL signal, will be "heard" as noise in telephone terminals, and will affect and often degrade the service in fax, data phones and modems. From the point of view of DSL devices, any acceptance of their signal by POTS devices mean that there is a degradation of the DSL signal to the devices, and this is the central reason why these filters are required. A side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voice band (that is, POTS telephone-like) devices are connected to the line. Once a line has had DSL enabled, the DSL signal is present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer, and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.DSL signals may be degraded by older telephone lines, surge protectors, poorlydesigned micro filters, repetitive electrical impulse noise, and by long telephone extension cords. Telephone extension cords are typically made with small-gauge, multi-strand copper conductors which do not maintain a noise-reducing pair twist. Such cable is more susceptible to electromagnetic interference and has more attenuation than solid twisted-pair copper wires typically wired to telephone jacks. These effects are especially significant where the customer's phone line is more than 4 km from the DSLAM in the telephone exchange, which causes the signal levels to be lower relative to any local noise and attenuation. This will have the effect of reducing speeds or causing connection failures 3.15 Advantages

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Any new technology is not perfect, and there are constraints that preclude its optimal use; this has to be addressed by ongoing research and development. The following are some of the advantages of ADSL.

It does not require the use of a second phone line. It can be installed on demand, unlike fibre cabling, which requires substantial underground work as well as significant installation work at the subscribers location.

It provides affordable broadband access at speeds significantly greater than that obtainable using a dial-up modem.

Since there is a dedicated link between the subscribers location and the telephone exchange, there is greater security of the data as compared to other alternatives such as cable modem.

No dial up is needed as the connection is always on.

3.16 Disadvantages.

The subscribers location needs to be within about 5 km from the telephone exchange; the greater the distance away from the exchange, the less is the speed of data transfer.

As ADSL relies on copper wires, a good proportion of which was laid underground and overland many years ago, the line is susceptible to noise due to, for example, moisture, corrosion, and cross talk, all of which can affect its performance (Cook, Kirkby, Booth, Foster, Clarke & Young, 1999). On the balance, the advantages of ADSL far outweigh its disadvantages, and this has led to its deployment in many countries for broadband access, for example, in Singapore (Tan & Subramanian, 2000, 2001).

3.17 Application
Currently, ADSL is used mainly for broadband access, that is, for high-speed Internet access as well as for rapid downloading of large files. Other applications include accessing video catalogues, image libraries (Stone, 1999), and digital video libraries
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(Smith, 1999); playing interactive games that guzzle bandwidth; accessing remote CD-ROMs; videoconferencing; distance learning; network computing whereby software and files can be stored in a central server and then retrieved at fast speeds (Chen, 1999); and telemedicine, in which patients can access specialist expertise in remote locations for real-time diagnostic advice, which may include the examination of high-quality X-ray films and other biomedical images. Future applications could include television, Internet telephony, and other interactive applications, all of which can lead to increase in revenue for Telco. There is a possibility that video-on-demand can take off.

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CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Future Scope of Technology The maturation of ADSL is being fuelled by technological advances. The number of subscribers for ADSL has seen an upward trend in many countries (Kolkata, Gundepudi, Wareham, Rae, & Weike, 2002). New developments in DMT are likely to lead to more efficient transmission of data streams. The distance-dependent nature of its transmission is likely to be overcome either by the building of more telephone exchanges so that more subscriber locations can be within an effective radius for the deployment of ADSL, or by advances in the enabling technologies. The technology is likely to become more pervasive than its competitor, cable modem, in the years to come since the installation of new cabling will take years to reach more households and also entails further investments. The higher variants of ADSL such as ADSL2 and ADSL2+ are likely to fuel penetration rates further (Thanes, 2003). For example, compared to first-generation ADSL, ADSL2 can enhance data rates by 50 Kbps and reach by 600 ft (Figure 3), the latter translating to an increase in area coverage by about 5%, thus raising the prospects of bringing more subscribers on board. Some of the features available with the new variants of ADSL, such as automatic monitoring of line quality and signal-to-noise ratio, offer the potential to customize enhanced service-delivery packages at higher tariffs for customers who want a higher quality of service. ADSL was born of the need for speed coupled with the desire for low cost dedicated remote network access. There is no doubt that ADSL will revolutionize the way we see the World Wide Web, and quite possibly witness the demise of home entertainment as we know it. As the phoenix from the flames we will see ADSL emerge heralding the coming of a new age of remote multimedia. There is little doubt that ADSL will be around for a long time to come, albeit under another name. If we are to truly realise the potential of the cyberspace concept we will need to access it with as much convenience as turning on the television. With the internet
36

influencing our lives more and more each day, it will be high speed ADSL connections that power the revolution. In the future people will view ADSL like they view cable TV. That such a small object as an ADSL card may wield such an influence over our lives may seem a little unbalanced, or is that asymmetric.

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CHAPTER 5 Conclusion
Twisted pairs of copper wires forming the POTS constitute the most widely deployed access network for telecommunications. Since ADSL leverages on the ubiquity of this network, it allows tacos to extract further mileage without much additional investments whilst competing with providers of alternative platforms. It is thus likely to be a key broadband technology for Internet access in many countries in the years to come. A slew of applications that leverage on ADSL are also likely to act as drivers for its widespread deployment. ADSL was born of the need for speed coupled with the desire for low cost dedicated remote network access. There is no doubt that ADSL will revolutionize the way we see the World Wide Web, and quite possibly witness the demise of home entertainment as we know it. As the phoenix from the flames we will see ADSL emerge heralding the coming of a new age of remote multimedia. There is little doubt that ADSL will be around for a long time to come, albeit under another name. If we are to truly realise the potential of the cyberspace concept we will need to access it with as much convenience as turning on the television. With the internet influencing our lives more and more each day, it will be high speed ADSL connections that power the revolution. In the future people will view ADSL like they view cable TV.

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CHAPTER 6 REFERENCES
[1] Dynamic Spectrum Management Technical Report (2007), ATIS Committee NIPP Pre-published document ATIS-PP-0600007.

[2] ITU-T Recommendation G. 997.1, Physical Layer Management for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Transceivers, Geneva, Oct. 1998. [3] T. Boston, P. Boets, M. Zekri, L. Van Bison, T. Pollet, and D. Robins (2002) Estimation of the transfer function of a subscriber loop by means of a one-port scattering parameter measurement at the central office, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 936948. [4] P. Boets, T. Boston, L. Van Bison, and T. Polled (2006) Pre-processing of Signals for Single-Ended Subscriber Line Testing. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1509 - 1518. [5] R. Cendrillon, G. Gins, E. Van Den Bogaert, M. Moonee (2006) A Near-Optimal Linear Crosstalk Canceller for Upstream VDSL. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.54, no.8, pp. 3136-3146. [6] R. Cendrillon, G. Ginis, E. VMoonen (2007) A Near-Optimal Linear Crosstalk Precede for Downstream VDSL. an den Bogaert, M. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 860-863. [7] R. Cendrillon, W. Yu, M. Moonee, J. Verlinden, T. Boston (2006) Optimal multiuser spectrum balancing for digital subscriber lines. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 922-933. [8] R. Cendrillon, J. Huang, M. Chiang, M. Moonee (2007) Autonomous Spectrum Balancing for Digital Subscriber Lines. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 4241-4257.

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[9] J. M. Coffin, W. Rhee, M. Mosheim, and M. H. Brady (2004) Band Preference in Dynamic Spectrum Management. Eurasia Conference on Signal Processing. [10] J. M. Coffin, S. Jagannathan, M. Mosheim, G. Gins (2007) Capon: the Copper alternative to PON 100 Gab/s DSL networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 132-139. [11] S. Galli and K. J. Kerpez (2006) Single-ended loop make-up identification Part I: A method of analyzing TDR measurements. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 528537. [12] S. Galli, C. Valenti, and K. Crpes (2001) A Frequency-Domain Approach to Crosstalk Identification in DSL Systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol.19, no.8. [13] S. Galli and D. L. Wiring (2002) Loop makeup identification via single ended testing: Beyond mere loop qualification. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Common. vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 923935. [14]G. Genies and J. Coifs (2002) Vectored Transmission for Digital Subscriber Line Systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1085-1104. [15] S. Jagannathan and J. M. Cioffi (2008) Distributed Adaptive Bit-loading for Spectrum Optimization in Multi-user Multicarrier Systems. Elsevier Physical Communication, vol. 1/1, pp. 40-59, doi:10.1016/j.phycom.2008.01.005. [16] S. Jagannathan, V. Pourahmad, K. Seong, J. M. Coif, M. Ouzzif, and R. Tarafi (Accepted 2008) Common-mode Data Transmission using the Binder Sheath in Digital Subscriber Lines. IEEE Transactions on Communications. [17] K. Kerpez, D. Waring, S. Galli, J. Dixon, and P. Madon (2003) Advanced DSL management. IEEE Communication Magazine, vol. 41, pp. 116-123.

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[18] B. Lee, J. M. Cioffi, S. Jagannathan, K. Seong, Y. Kim, M. Mohseni, and M. H. Brady (2007) Binder MIMO channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1617-1628. [19] B. Lee, J. M. Cioffi, S. Jagannathan, M. Mohseni (2007) Gigabit DSL. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 1689-1692. [20] W. Lee, Y. Kim, M. Brady, and J. M. Cioffi (Submitted 2007) Distributed BandPreference Dynamic Spectrum Management for Digital Subscriber Lines. [21] N. Papandreou and T. Antonakopoulos (2005) Far-end crosstalk identification method based on channel training sequences IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2204-2212. [22] J. Papandriopoulos, J. S. Evans (2006) Low-Complexity Distributed Algorithms for Spectrum Balancing in Multi-User DSL Networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications. [23] A. A. Salvekar, J. Louveaux, C. Aldana, J. L. Fang, E. de Carvalho, and J. M. Cioffi (2002) Profile detection in multiuser digital subscriber line systems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1116-1125. [24] Y. Shi, F. Ding, and T. Chen (2006) MultiMate Crosstalk Identification in xDSL Systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 1878-1886. [25] F. Sjoberg, M. Isaksson, R. Nilsson, P. Odling, S. K. Wilson, P. O. Borjesson (1999) Zipper: A duplex Method for VDSL Based on DMT. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1245-1252. [26] F. Sjoberg, R. Nilsson, M. Isaksson, P. Odling, and P. O. Borjesson (1999) Asynchronous Zipper. IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 1, pp. 231-235. [27] K. B. Song, S. T. Chung, G. Ginis, and J. M. Cioffi (2002) Dynamic spectrum management for next-generation DSL systems. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 10, pp. 101-109.
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[28] D. Statovci, T. Nordstrm, and R. Nilsson (2006) the normalized-rate iterative algorithm: A practical dynamic spectrum management method for DSL. EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process. vol. 2006, pp. 117. [29] W. Yu, G. Gins, and John Coffin (2002) Distributed Multiuser Power Control for Digital Subscriber Lines. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1105-1115. [30] W. Yu and R. Luis (2006) Dual Methods for No convex Spectrum Optimization of Multicarrier Systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1310-1322.

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