3.

7 Trace - Determinant Plane

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G G a b dX Again we consider the system: . = AX , A = dt c d With characteristic equation 2 T + D = 0, T T 2 4D giving eigenvalues = . 2

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The discriminant , T 2 4 D, determines the nature of the eigenvalues for the matrix A.

Consider the equation

2 T T 2 4D = 0 D = . 4

This equation describes a parabola in the Trace - Determinant plane, upon which, the eigenvalues of matrix A are real and equal.

T T , . 2 2
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R3 R4

R2 R1

T
R5 R6

T D Plane regions to analyze

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We consider each of the regions in the T - D plane: Region R 1: In R 1 T 2 4 D > 0 and T > 0, the real eigenvalues are

T T 2 4D = 2 T + T 2 4D T >0 > 0. 2 T T 2 4D What about the second eigenvalue ? 2

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Region R 1: If D > 0 T 2 4 D < T 2 T 2 4 D < T since T > 0. T T 2 4D > 0 ... both eigenvalues are positive so So 2 the origin is a source. If D = 0
T T 2 4D

2 positive eigenvalue and one zero eigenvalue. The positive T axis is an entire line of sources .

= 0, so the matrix has one

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R3 R4

R2

Sources
T
R5 R6

Line of Sources

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Region R 2 : In R 2 T 2 4 D < 0, and the eigenvalues are complex: T i 4D T 2 T 4D T 2 = i = 2 2 2

T Since T > 0 Re( ) = > 0 2

The origin is a spiral source.

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R3 R4

Spiral Sources

Sources T
R5 R6

Line of Sources

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Region R 3: In R 3 T 2 4 D < 0, and again the eigenvalues are complex: T i 4D T 2 T 4D T 2 i = = 2 2 2

T Since T < 0 Re( ) = < 0 2

The origin is a spiral sink .

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Spiral Sinks

Spiral Sources

R4

Sources T
R5 R6

Line of Sources

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Region R 4 : In R 4 T 2 4 D > 0, now T < 0, If D > 0, the eigenvalues T T 2 4D are both negative. = 2 The origin is a sink . If D = 0, there is one negative and one zero eigenvalue. The negative T axis is an entire line of sinks.
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Spiral Sinks

Spiral Sources

Sinks

Sources T
R5 R6

Line of Sinks

Line of Sources

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Regions R 5,6 : In R 5 and R 6 D < 0, Then T 2 4 D > T 2 T 2 4 D > T and so T T 2 4D T + T 2 4D < 0 and >0 2 2 The eigenvalues have opposite signs so the origin is a saddle.
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Spiral Sinks

Spiral Sources

Sinks

Sources T Saddles Saddles

Line of Sinks

Line of Sources

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What about the positive D axis? Along this axis T = 0 and so the eigenvalues are purely imaginary: i 4D T 2 = 2 The origin is a center.

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D Centers

Spiral Sinks

Spiral Sources

Sinks

Sources T Saddles Saddles

Line of Sinks

Line of Sources

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Along the repeated-root parabola

2 T T 2 4D = 0 D = . 4

We have repeated eigenvalues =

T T , . 2 2

If T > 0 both eigenvalues are positive. The origin is a source. If T = 0 both eigenvalues are zero. The origin is "algebraically unstable". If T < 0 both eigenvalues are negative. The origin is a sink .
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D Centers

Spiral Sinks

Spiral Sources

Sinks

Sources T Saddles Saddles

Line of Sinks

Line of Sources

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END

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