CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Indonesia rice consumption world number one. Each year, the per capita consumption of rice by the people of Indonesia reached 139 kilograms per capita. This amount is very much when compared to other Asian countries such as Japan and Malaysia were only 60 kg and 80 kg per capita per year. The high consumption of rice resulted in demand for rice in the high country and sometimes not balanced with availability. To meet the rice consumption in Indonesia, the government had to import rice from abroad. This leads to food security in Indonesia can not be realized, because the food needs still depend on other countries. To overcome this, the government implemented the policy of diversification that can gradually leave the rice consumption habits to other staple foods such as maize and cassava. Utilization of local food to support the diversification of food policy needs to be developed so that food security can be realized in Indonesia. Diversification selected as a key step in addition to the time required is shorter when compared to other programs, such as extensification and intensification also it is also to encourage people (farmers) are more creative in utilizing the existing land by planting crops that can be staples other than rice , such as maize, yams, and other tubers.

1.2 Objectives The purpose of writing this paper is to analyze and criticize the diversification policy implemented by the government. In addition, this paper also to provide solutions to problems in the implementation of diversification policy.

CHAPTER II PROBLEMS

2.1 Critical Issue Lack of Diversification Food In Indonesia During this happens to our food security system is the low level of diversification, where the majority of our people still rely on rice as a primary food source. In fact, the concept of food security, diversification is one of the requirements to achieve food security is tough. And this time, diversifying food is the right step and urgent, given the production and distribution of rice often faltered. In addition, through the arrangement of consumption patterns that do not depend on one source of food, allowing people to define their own food choices, raise the prestige of local food to replace or at least co-exist with rice being the main menu, food security and raise their families, who continue to increase national food security. In addition to the diverse consumption patterns of production will also participate vary. Thus, if a problem occurs when one of the staple food (rice) we will not be hassles, hassles such imports can lead to political and economic exploitation by exporting countries. Furthermore, in terms of the local resource potential region, our natural resources have the potential availability of a wide variety of food, good food for a source of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. We can observe this, where every region in Indonesia has its own local food source such as Madura and Nusa Tenggara with corn, sago Maluku and Papua, Sumatra with sweet, Java and Bali and South Sulawesi with rice. So the ironic thing if we do not take advantage of the wealth that is very diverse. 2.2 Potential Diversification has the potential to be implemented in Indonesia. Since Indonesia has a local food resource diversity. Indonesia's biodiversity has many variants such as the consumption of staple cassava, taro, corn, sago and others. This can be exploited by the government to support the diversification policy in Indonesia. Utilization of food other than rice to feed the people was needed. With so many food locally owned various regions in Indonesia terlaksannya potential for diversification in Indonesia, which can achieve food security for the people of Indonesia. However, this policy is still difficult to implement if the public mindset has not changed.

2.3 Problems Food habits of the people who are still relatively strong bound with the local socio-cultural system causing difficulties in carrying out the implementation of diversification. It is

described on the 2009 level of rice consumption of 102.2 kg / capita / year. With the increase of population, demand for rice for consumption will be growing, and if this situation continues and no food diversification efforts, it will be a burden on society and the state and threaten the national food security. Not optimal diversification efforts, caused partly underdeveloped local food-based food processing technology, food consumption patterns of society and yet optimal support from other sectors in the accelerated program diversification. The problem faced now is how the efforts can be held in these areas so that the concept of diversifying food consumption can be accomplished. Judging from the social aspect of their culture, it is very difficult to change the notion that "if you have not yet eaten consume rice (rice)".

CHAPTER III LITERATURE REVIEW 3.1 Definition of the Food Diversification There are various notions of diversification. According to the National Action Plan for Food and Nutrition 2011-2015, diversification of food or food diversification is an effort to increase the consumption of a variety of food with balanced nutrition principles. Pakpahan and Suhartini (1989) argues in the context of Indonesia diversification / diversity of food consumption is often interpreted as a reduction in rice consumption is compensated by the addition of non-rice food consumption. According Suhardjo and Martianto (1992) more variety of food consumption, the quality of food consumed, the better. Therefore the dimension of diversification is not just limited to the diversification of the consumption of staple foods, but also foods. Suhardjo (1998) mentions that diversification basically involves three interrelated scope definition, namely (1) diversification of food consumption, (2) diversification of food availability, and (3) diversification of food production. Meanwhile, Soetrisno (1998) defines a narrower diversification (in the context of food consumption) is an effort to diversify the type of food consumed, including food sources of energy and nutrients, thus meeting the need for food and nutritional adequacy in accordance with the terms of both quantity and quality . According to Palm (1996), the concept of diversification can be divided into two yaltu: 1) Control of rice consumption by commodity producers mensubtitusinya with other carbohydrates. 2) Improving the nutritional quality of the foods they ate menganekaragarnkan. The first concept failed because the views and cross elasticity of rice is low and is still very limited alternative food equivalent to rice. While the latter concept is hampered by the low level of income of the people, especially the bottom so can not afford to buy food diversity. 3.2 Definition of Food Security According to Law No. 18 of food, food security is a condition for the fulfillment of food to individuals, which is reflected in the availability of sufficient food, both quantity and quality, safe, diverse, nutritious, equitable, and affordable and does not conflict with religion, beliefs, and culture, to be able to live healthy, active, and productive in a sustainable manner. The definition of food security are pointed out by the FAO world food conference of 1996, the following: "food security [new] occurs when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet dietary needs and taste in order a healthy and active life. "it contains the notion that a country can not be said to have a stable food security if there are people starving or malnourished.

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION

4.1 Food Diversification Policy In the discussions of the Working Group of Experts held on Food Security Council revealed that diversification efforts have conducted since the early 1960's. At the time the government worried that the growth of rice production is not balanced by population growth, began waged nutrition counseling, including the knowledge that the rice can be replaced with other foods with the same nutritional value. Government campaign "instead of just rice" which is accompanied by the introduction of cassava rice, soybeans, corn. At the end of the decade of the 60's started a family nutrition improvement program initiated, in collaboration with foreign institutions, such as food and agriculture organization (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO), World Health Organization (Wolrd Health Organization, WHO), and organization for the welfare of the child (United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF). The program included nutritional awareness and utilization of the yard to produce food of livestock, fish, vegetables and fruit. Until now, programs to improve nutrition awareness and popularization diet with balanced nutrition is still being continued, with varying shape and intensity over time. In addition it also launched the development of food products, especially carbohydrates typical of the area, so the more accepted as an alternative food choices. However, after the diversification program runs more than forty years, the variety of food that we want has not yet been reached. Though government has accelerated the implementation of this policy through the Minister of Agriculture No.: 43 / Permentan / OT.140 / 10/2009 of the Movement of Food Consumption-Based Acceleration of Local Resources that contain: 1. that based on Presidential Decree No. 22 of 2009 established the policy of Food Consumption-Based Acceleration of Local Resources; 2. that in order to promote the establishment of the provision of a variety of food and increased food consumption based on local resource potential and also follow Article 3 of Presidential Decree No. 22 of 2009, it is necessary to establish the Movement of Food Consumption-Based Acceleration of Local Resources. Diversification of food staples should be developed by utilizing alternative foodstuffs such as maize, cassava, and sweet potatoes. These three commodities are recommended to be developed considering the material has been widely known to the public, is highly nutritious and have high productivity. Volume production of three commodities are likely to be improved because it has a high adaptability to marginal lands that are less suitable for rice. So far, people still feel reluctant to consume food alternatives because of difficulties in storage techniques, processing and considered less attractive and prestigious. Efforts to

improve these products into processed food staples that are practical and attractive effortlessly by utilizing modern food technology. The Center for Consumption and Food Safety, National Food Security Agency, Gayatri K. Rana, said that the process of diversification is still hampered public mindset. So far the government has not implemented this policy to the maximum. Konsisitensi lack of government policy-making is more difficult to implement. 4.2 Excess Food Diversification This policy has several advantages, namely: 1. Adding the nutritional value 2. Fixing the economy 3. Reduce rice imports 4. Making farmers more prosperous

4.3 Diversification of Food Shortage Diversification of food consumption has been there all along, but on his way to face many obstacles both in concept and implementation. Some of the weaknesses of past diversification of food consumption are (1) Distortion concepts to applications, diversification of food consumption in the production aspect bias supply, (2) Refinement sense, diversification of food consumption bias in basic food commodities and energy policy for rice is dominant, (3) coordination less optimum, no institutions that deal specifically and sustainable, (4) the policy of the department to other departments of counter-productive to the realization of diversification of food consumption, (5) a centralized and uniform policy, ignoring the cultural aspects and potential of local food; (6) Research diversification of food consumption is still weak, biased on rice, concentrated in Java-Bali, focus on on-farm only funds from the central government (7) lack gauge the success of the program, partial program is not sustainable and does not have quantitative targets agreed; (8) Lack of partnerships with the private sector / industry, and NGOs; (9) imbalance ratio between development costs and product price alternative to rice, (Ariani and Ashari, 2003; Martianto, 2005, Krisnamurthi, 2003). 4.4 Solution Diversification Policy food consumption ahead of the first and the principal is a mutual agreement to create a blue print that addresses all aspects associated with the development of diversified food consumption. In the blue print plan must include short, medium and long term, including strategies, programs, and funding source, who does what, and others to achieve the diversification of food consumption in total. Then from the framework elaborated and implemented gradually, and sustainable. Illustration of food consumption diversification development roadmap developed by Hariyadi et al. (2004) as follows: (1) diversification of

staple food consumption, animal protein, vegetable protein, vitamins, minerals and fiber into a wide variety of food consumption patterns with the ultimate goal of diverse, sustainable, equitable, according to the characteristics of the area, (2) From the dominance rice as a staple food towards diversification of staple food consumption and the ultimate goal is a wide variety of staple food, sustainable, equitable, in accordance with regional characteristics. In the PP number 68 of article 9 (BBKP, 2003) explicitly stated in paragraph 1, which promote food intended to improve food security by taking into account resource, institutional and local culture. In verse 2 that promote food made with increasing food diversity, develop processing technologies and food products as well as increase public awareness to consume a variety of foods with the principle of balance. In paragraph 3, the diversification of food consumption determined by the Minister or the head of the non-departmental government institution in charge of agriculture, food, marine and fisheries, forestry, industry and commerce, cooperatives, and research and technology in accordance with the duties and authority of each 130. Thus the blue print is made should also refer to the conditions set. Elaboration of the above aspects, a few things need to be considered to support the achievement of diversification of food consumption include (1) increase in staple food production and recording other than rice. It's time to do statistical records and continuously to local food such tales, arrowroot, and the like so that the presence of food will be wellmonitored. Taking each area has specific local food it needs to develop non-rice food supply, (2) development of diversified products processed by involving industry / private sector. Noting the case of the noodles and rice, the development of local food products processed primarily for low-income target groups, the government should give full support to the industry / private sector in the form of funding and other facilities. Since the development of local food are sometimes not able to compete with the already establis food such as rice, (3) increase incomes through the creation of productive employment and sustainable and increasing public awareness of the importance of nutritious food, diverse, berimbangi through Information and Communication Model Education (KIE).

CHAPTER V CLOSING

5.1 Conclusions Food consumption patterns of Indonesian society is still not perfect for diversified food consumption as a whole as well as for staple foods. Food consumption is still bias in the grain which in this case means the bias on rice because rice is the main staple food and is the first. Diversification of food consumption in essence not only as an effort to reduce dependence on rice but also as a public nutrition improvement efforts to obtain qualified and capable human competitiveness in the constellation of globalization and also improve national food security. Therefore, diversification of food consumption should be done by learning from the experience of failure over the years. Make a blue print or roadmap is an essential element that must be done, then the consistency of each party (central and local government, food industry, NGOs, communities) to implement sustainable with better coordination.

5.2 Suggestions Diversification policy requires cooperation from all levels of society and government in order to run properly.