REMOTE SURVEILLANCE VEHICLE

MINI PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF KERALA

Submitted by Issac Abraham Alummoottil Jaideep John Rodriguez Jishnu P. Jithin P. R. Junais C. P.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Government Engineering College, Barton Hill, Thiruvananthapuram

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE BARTON HILL, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini project tilted Remote Surveillance Vehicle is an authentic record done by, Issac Abraham, Jaideep John Rodriguez, Jishnu P., Jithin P. R. and Junais C. P. of sixth semester under my supervision and guidance during the period December 2011 to March 2012.

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR Prof. A. K. Amby

PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR Ms. Sumi M. S.

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Prof. A. K. Amby

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT On the completion of our mini project, we extend our sincere gratitude to all the people who made our progress easier along the entire course of this work. We hereby express our abundant and sincere gratitude to Mr. A. K. AMBY, our guide and Head of the Department of electronics and communication for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and creative suggestions rendered during the course of this mini project work and for the inspiration and encouragement given to us during the course of the same. We wish to record our gratitude to our friends for their help and support extended to us in carrying out this work successfully.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BLOCK DIAGRAM BLOCK DESCRIPTION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM PCB FABRICATION PCB LAYOUT COST ESTIMATE CONCLUSION APPLICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

In this project the Robot Metal Detector is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call to the phone attached to the robot. In the course of the call, if any button is pressed control corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the end of the call. This is called Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF). The robot receives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the robot. Our project is aimed to control the position of the equipment in a particular direction using a simple device. The received tone is decoded with the help of DTMF decoder (CM8870), which decodes the DTMF tone in to its equivalent binary digit. The binary numbers are then logically simplified using logic gates to give inputs to motor driver(L293D).The motor drivers is meant to drive the motors forward or backward motion or a turn. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile attached to the robot acts as a remote, so this does not require any transmitter or receiver units. DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice frequency band to the call switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone dialing is called touch tone. DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each keys that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is the direct algebraic submission, in real time of the amplitudes of two sine or cosine waves of different frequencies, that is pressing 5 will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the mobile phone. For fine operation it is desired that the operator need to enter the specific key
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ABSTRACT

Conventionally Wireless-controlled Robots use RF circuits, which have limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control. Use of a mobile phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantage of robust control, working range as large as the area of the area of the service provider, no interference with other controllers. Although the appearance and capabilities of robot vary vastly, all robots share feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The control of Robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action. Generally, the preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot, processing is done by the on-board logic gates, and the task is performed using motors or with some other actuators.

INTRODUCTION

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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POWER SUPPLY

IC regulators are versatile and relatively inexpensive and are available with features such as current/voltage boosting, internal short circuit current limiting, thermal shutdown and floating operation for high voltage applications. The regulated circuit is used to maintain constant output level. The integrated circuit regulator, sometimes called the three terminal regulators contains the circuitry for reference source error amplitude control device and overload protection all in a single IC chip. They are connected between output of a filter and input to the load. The 78xx series consist of three terminal +ve voltage regulators. With adequate heat sinking they can deliver output current in excess of 1A. For proper operation, there should be a common ground between the input and output voltage. The capacitor C2 is used to improve the transient response of the filter.

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

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The capacitor C1 is connected to the input of the regulator to eliminate inductive effect due to long distribution leads. The output capacitor Co improves the transient response .

MOBILE PHONE

In this project robot is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call to the phone attached to the robot.

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In the course of the call, if any button is pressed control corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the end of the call. This is called Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF). The robot receives this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked in the robot. The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. So this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter units. DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice frequency band to the call switching centre. The version of DTMF used for telephone tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key so that it can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF encoder is a direct algebraic summation, in real time, of the amplitudes of two sine (cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e., pressing 5 will send a tone made by adding 1336 Hz and 770 Hz to the other end of the line. The tones and assignments in a DTMF system are shown in table.

DTMF Tones:

With DTMF, each key you press on your phone generates two tones of specific frequencies. So a voice can't imitate the tones. One tone is generated from a high-frequency group of tones and the other from a low frequency group.

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DTMF DECODER

The Basic function of a decoder is to detect the presence of a specified combination of bits on its inputs and to indicate that presence by a specified output level. In its general form, a decoder has n input lines to handle n bits and form one to output lines to indicate the presence of one or more n-bit combinations.
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The DTMF decoder consists of an 18 pin IC CM8870. The CM-8870 is a complete DTMF received designed to detect standard DTMF signals. It generates a combination of high and low frequency according to the keypad status. It includes a differential input amplifier; filter section and decoder section and storing logic circuits. The differential input amplifier allows adjustment of gain and choice of input configuration. The filter section provides a dial tone filter for dial tone rejection and separates the dial tone signal in to low group and high group tones. The decoder divides all 16 DTMF tone pairs in to a four-bit code. CM8870 series use digital counting techniques to detect and decode all the 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code output. The built-in dial tone rejection circuit eliminates the need for pre-filtering. When the input signal given at pin 2 (IN-) is single-ended input configuration is recognized to be effective, the correct 4-bit decode signal of the DTMF tone is transferred to Q1 (pin 11) through Q4 (pin 14) outputs. DTMF is a popular project especially in DSP(digital signal processing) subject.DSP software algorithm can be implement to generate as well as to decode DTMF tone.

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Features:

Full DTMF receiver in 18-pin plastic packages Single 5v power supply Internal gain setting amplifier Adjustable guard time Built-in dial tone filter Uses inexpensive 3.5795 MHZ Crystal CMOS for low power consumption Tri state outputs Early steering output

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LOGIC CIRCUIT

The circuit basically used here is a 7404 not gate which is used to channel the output of the decoder to drive the motor IC.

The output from the decoder IC is a 4-bit digital output. These bits are passed through the logic circuit and are given to the driver IC. Let the output from the decoder is Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4

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MOTOR DRIVER

We are using L293D motor driver IC for driving the dc motor. The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each 10 pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 centre pins connected together and used for heat sinking. The features of the motor driver can be seen below: 600mA output current capability per channel 1.2a peak output current (non repetitive) per channel enable facility over temperature protection logical 0 input voltage up to1.5 v (high noise immunity) internal clamp diodes

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DC GEARED MOTOR

Here we have used high quality low cost DC geared motor. It contains Brass gears and steel pinions to ensure longer life and better wear and tear properties. The gears are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror finish. These spindles rotate between bronze plates which ensures silent running. The output shaft rotates in a sintered bushing. The whole assembly is covered with a plastic ring. All the bearings are permanently lubricated and therefore require no maintenance. The motor is screwed to the gear box from inside. Specifications Total length: 46mm Motor diameter: 36mm Motor length: 25mm DC supply: 4 to 12V RPM: 100 Brush type: Precious metal Gear head diameter: 37mm
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Gear head length: 21mm Output shaft: Centered Shaft diameter: 6mm Shaft length: 22mm Gear assembly: Spur Torque: 0.25 to 7Kg/cm

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DTMF decoder, Logic circuit & power supply

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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PCB DESIGN:

PCB design of the circuit was implemented using ISIS(PROTEUS). Initially the schematic of the circuit was drawn. The necessary PCB footprints were given, thereby specifying the component size and spacing. After giving the footprints a new list was created. Rooting procedure was done using the ARES (PROTEUS) PCB LAYOUT software. The netlist was loaded and components spacing done accordingly. Using the Auto rooting option, rooting was done. The possible connections were made using Auto rooting and the remaining connections were done manually using jumpers.

PCB FABRICATION

PCB FABRICATION:

After the PCB design phase, PCB fabrication was done. The path was drawn on a circuit board using a carbon paper and the mirror image obtained was painted. The board was etched by dipping it in a highly concentrated Ferric Chloride and after etching, the remaining paint was removed. The continuity of all paths was checked and then the components were placed and soldered. After providing the necessary jumpers also the circuit was tested.

SOLDERING:

Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal room temperatures and become liquid at between 180 and 200C. Solder bonds well to various metals, and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill you need to learn to successfully build electronics circuits. It is the primary way
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how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes directly to other components. To solder you need a soldering iron. A modern basic electrical soldering iron consists of a heating element, a soldering bit (often called the tip), a handle and a power cord. The heating element can be either a resistance wire wound around a ceramic tube, or a thick film resistance element printed onto a ceramic base. The element is then insulated and placed into a metal tube for strength and protection. This is then thermally insulated from the handle. The heating element of soldering iron usually reaches temperatures of around 370 to 400C (higher than needed to melt the solder). The soldering bit is a specially shaped piece of copper plated with iron and then usually plated with chrome or iron. The tip planting makes it very resistant to aggressive solders and fluxes. The strength or power of a soldering iron is usually expressed in Watts. Irons generally used in electronics are typically in the range 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered iron will not run hotter, but it will have more power available to quickly replace heat drained from the iron during soldering. Most irons are available in a variety of voltages, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most laboratories and repair shops use soldering irons, which operate at 24V (powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering iron or by a separate low voltage outlet). You should always use this low voltage where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced soldering work (like very tiny very sensitive electronics components), you will need a soldering iron with a temperature control. In this type of soldering irons the temperature may be usually set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-controlled soldering irons designed for electronics have a power rating of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give enough power for operation, but are mechanically small (because the temperature controller stops them from overheating when they are not used).
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You will occasionally see gas-powered soldering irons which use butane rather than the mains electrical supply to operate. They have a catalytic element which, once warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gaspowered soldering irons are designed for occasional "on the spot" use for quick repairs, rather than for mainstream construction or assembly work. You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic components are fragile, and heat sensitive. Usually our biggest concern is heat. Low enough soldering temperature and short enough soldering time keeps components in good shape. Electronics components are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some time without damage (to withstand the soldering). Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when inside of the component can cause damage to it. Currently, the best commonly available, workable, and safe solder alloy is 63/37. That is, 63% lead, 37% tin. It is also known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable characteristic is that its solids ("pasty") state and its liquid state occur at the same temperature -- 361 degrees F. The combination of 63% lead and 37% tin melts at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is tendency to move to use lead free solders, but it will takes years until they will catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are generally more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in then, The metals involved are not the only things to consider in a solder. Flux is vital to a good solder joint. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and impurities from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point(s) of connection must take place for the metals to fuse. RMA-type flux (Rosin Mildly Active) is the least corrosive of the readily available materials, and provides an adequate oxide removal. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed core solder is used. This consists of 60% Lead and 40% Tin, with flux cores added through the length of the solder.
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There are certain safety measures which you should keep in mind when soldering. The tin material used in soldering contains dangerous substances like lead (40-60% of typical soldering tins are lead and lead is poisonous). Also the various from the soldering flux can be dangerous. While it is true that lead does not vaporize at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate matter is just as dangerous as fumes would be in terms of poisoning and there is particulate lead present to some extent in the fumes from your flux. When soldering keep the room well ventilated and use a small fan or fume trap. A proper fume trap or a fan will keep the most pollution away from your face. Professional electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers (needed for working safety reasons). Those fume extraction devices have a special filter, which filters out the dangerous fumes. If you can connect a duct to the output from the trap to the outside, that would be great. Always wash hands prior to smoking, eating, drinking or going to the bathroom. When you handle soldering tin, your hands will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your body. Do not eat, drink or smoke whilst working with soldering iron. Do not place cups, glasses or a plate of food near your working area. Wash also the table sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a bit of spitting and sputtering. If you look you'll see tiny balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering table .The soldering iron will last longer with proper care. Before and during use wipe the bit on a damp sponge. Most bench stands incorporate a sponge for this purpose. When using a new bit, apply solder to it as it heats up. Always keep a hot iron in a bench stand, or suspended by the hook, when not in use. Turn of the iron when you do not use it. Periodically remove the bit and clear away any oxide build up. Regularly check the mains lead for burns or other damage (change mains lead if necessary).

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BOTTOM SIDE MIRRORED LAYOUT DESIGNED FOR PCB FABRICATION

PCB LAYOUT

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Components Used CM8870 L293D 7404 7805

COST ESTIMATE
Price 25 Quantity 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 9 1 1 4 1 1 73 7 6.70 200 55 20 35 5 1.50 1.1 0.5 0.5 220 6 2 2 12

Cost 25 73 7 6.70 400 55 20 70 5 3 1.1 3.5 4.5 220 6 8 2 12

Geared DC Motor 200 rpm Vehicle Base PVC Castor Wheel 2 inch ht 75 mm Wheel Crystel-3.58 MHz LED Diode Resistors Capacitors PCB Printing ON-OFF Switch Connector Headset Connector Battery 9V

TOTAL

941.80/-

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Here we introduce a simple and inexpensive system for motion movement of different equipment using DC geared motor. The hardware unit was a motor driver and a NOT gate circuitry; both are commonly used in communication systems through simple DTMF Decoder circuit. The equipment is controllable from any part of the world with the DTMF logic control.

CONCLUSION

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The project is not only limited to simple functioning of the robot that is to move forward, backward, right and left, but, if we are using 3G supported mobile phones, we can watch what is going out in particular location of the floor & conversation going on in a room. This definitely requires a difficult circuitry which can be further developed from our design which is simple and designed to simplicize the idea. 1) SCIENTIFIC: Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in deep oceans, and space exploration. The majority of the probes to the other planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles, although some of the more recent ones were partially autonomous. The sophistication of these devices has fueled greater debate on the need for manned spaceflight and exploration. 2) MILITARY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT: Military usage of remotely controlled military vehicles dates back to the first half of 20th century. Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled Tele-tanks during 1930 in the Winter War and early stage of World War II.

APPLICATION

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3) SEARCH AND RESCUE: Mobile controlled robots can be used in search & rescue operations where human cannot directly enter (E.g. this was demonstrated by the successful use of mobile controlled robots during the 2008 hurricanes that struck Louisiana and Texas.) 4) COMMUNICATION FIELD:

IVRS is an important development in the field of interactive communication which makes use of the most modern technology available today. IVRS provides a friendly and faster self service alternative to speaking with customer service agents. It finds a large scale use in enquiry systems of railways, banks, universities, tourism, industry etc. It is the easiest and most flexible mode of interactive communication because pressing a few numbers on the telephone set provides the user with a wide range of information on the topic desired. IVRS reduces the cost of servicing customers.

It is used in IVRS(INTERACTIVE VOICE RESPONSE SYSTEM) .

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FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS & FUTURE SCOPE

1) IR SENSORS: IR sensors can be used to automatically detect & avoid obstacles if the robot goes beyond line of sight. This avoids damage to the vehicle if we are maneuvering it from a distant place. 2) PASSWORD PROTECTION: Project can be modified in order to password protect the robot so that it can be operated only if correct password is entered. This can be done by password protecting the cell phone. This introduces conditioned access and increases security to great extent. 3) ALARM PHONE DIALER: By replacing DTMF Decoder IC MT8870 by a DTMF Transceiver IC CM8880, DTMF tones can be generated from the robot. So, a project called Alarm Phone Dialer can be built which will generate necessary alarms for something that is desired to be monitored (usually by triggering a relay). For example, a high water alarm, low temperature alarm, opening of back window, garage door, etc. When the system is activated it will call a number of programmed numbers to let the user know the alarm has been activated. This would be great to get alerts of alarm conditions from home when user is at work.

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4) REPLACING THE MOBILE PHONE WITH A 3G MOBILE PHONE HAVING A CAMERA: In the current project, if we use a 3G mobile phone with a camera, robot can be driven beyond line of sight. This is done by placing mobile phone above the robot, camera facing front.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
REFERENCES:

Electronic communication Systems: Wayne Tomasi- Pearson Edn. Electronic devices and circuits :Boylsted & Neshelsky, Pearson Edn. Electronics for You- journal

WEBSITES:

www.google.com www.electronicsforu.com www.wikipedia.com www.embedautomation.com www.datasheetarchive.com www.edaboard.com

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APPENDIX

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