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אאאא
א
אאא
١٤٢
א ١٤٢
אאא א
W،،אא،א
אאאאאאאאאא
א א ،א א א א א א
אאאאאא
Wאאאאאא
K אאא
אאאאאאא
א ،א אא
א א א א א א א ،
א،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
א א ،א
Kאא،אא
א ? ? א א א ? א א
Kאאאאאאא?
אאאאאאא
،א،אאאא
Kאאאאא
W א א א א
Kא
אאאא
١٤٢
אאא א
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKא
אא אKאאא
א א K א א א א
א א ،אאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא אא
א ، א א
،א،אאא
א،אאאא
א אא א א א K
،א א א אא א א Kא
אאא،אא
אאאאאKאא
א אא אאאא
Kאאאאאאאא Kאא
אא،אאאאאא
Kאאאאאאאא،א
אא א א א אא א א
אא א Kאא א א א
Kאא
אא א א א א א א
א Kא א ،א א א
אKאאאאאא
אאא،אאאא
Kא
١٤٢
אאא א
א ،א א א אא א
Kאאאאא
א אא א Kא א א אא
אאאא Kאא
אאאKאאאא
א א א K א
K،אא
، א א א א א א
א،אאאא
Kאאאאאא
א،אאאא
א א ،א א א א
א א א א Kא א
Kאאאא
Wאאאאא
Kאאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
Kאאא• א
Kאאאאא• א
Kאאא• א
Kאאאא• א
אאא
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אאאא
א אא
אאא
אאא
١
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
.אאאאאאWאא
WאאWאא
Kאאאא K١
Kאאאאאא K٢
Kאאאאאאאאא K٣
٪٨٥אאWאאא
.٤ Wאא
K Wאא
.אאאאWאא
-١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא
١J ١
אא א א א א
א،אאאא،אאא
אאK אאאא
אא א א (permanent magnet) אא א
(Smarum א (Niodenum Boron Iron) ،(ferrait)
FאאKאאא،cobalt)
א א א ،א Eאא
אא ،א،א
Kא،א א
אKאאאאאאא
א،אאאאאא
Kאאאאא،א
א א א א אא א
Kאאא אאאא
Kאאאאאאאא
אא א٢J ١
א א א EאFא ،א א
KאאKאאא
،אאא Wא א-
א،אא אאא
אKאא
Kאא
-٢-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא :אא -
، א א ،א א א
א א ،א א א א א א
K
אאא :(Permeability) µאא-
אאאא אאא
א،אאאא Kא
אאא אאKאאאא
(Magnetic permeability) א א µ
Kאאא،אאא
א،(Magnetization curve)א
א ،א א א א א א
א א א Kא ،א א א
אאKאא אא
W
µ = µo µr ١ ١
אא (Absolute permeability)אא µo
Wאא
µo=٤πx١٠ ٧ H/m
א (Relative permeability) א א µr
א א א א א א : Ф א א-
א א אא א א ،א
א א א אא Kא אא אא א K
אאאאKאאאאאא
Kאאאאאא
-٣-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאאאא :BאאJ
WEFLא
Φ
B= wb / m 2 ١-٢
A
K :HאאJ
Wאאאאא
B
H= h/m ١-٣
µ
אא :(Magneto-motive-force m.m.f) אאאא-
א N
Kא אא א א א א א
(ampere.turn) Kאא،אאאא
W
m.m.f=N.I AT ١-٤
אא :(Magnetic reluctance) Rmag אא-
אאאאאאא،א
Wא
m.m. f N .I
Rmag = = AT / wb ١-٥
Φ Φ
אאאKאאא
µ א A L א א א ،א
Wא
L
Rmag =
µA
١-٦
K E F א א א א
،אאא
א K א א א אא
١J ١Kאאא،
K٢LBIאL
-٤-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא Fאאאא
Wאאא
F=BLI ١-٧
אא،אאא
אאאKאאאא
Kאאא،אאאא،אא
١J ١
אאאאאא٣J ١
א אאאאאאא
אאאאאאא،א
Kאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKא
אא ،٦J ١ א Eא F א א
אאאאK
א ٢J ١ K א אא א א
K A,Fאא ABCDEFא
Kאא AB, BC, CD, DE, EFאא
ΦEFKINCDא
-٥-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
٦J ١ א א K אא א א א
Wאאאא
LAB LBC LCD LDE
RmagAB = RmagBC = RmagCD = RmagDE =
µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µ CD ACD µ DE ADE
Lgap
Rmag − gap =
µ o Agap
LEF
RmagEF =
µEF AEF
WRmag-tאאא
LAB L L L L L
Rmag−t = + BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µCD ACD µ DE ADE µ EF AEF µo Agap
١ ٨
N.IEFאאאאФאאא
Wאא٥J ١،Rmag-tאאא
N.I
Φ =
LAB L L L L L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µCD ACD µ DE ADE µ EF AEF µo Agap ١ ٩
J ١ Kאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא،אא ٣
א ،א א א אא א ،א
Kאאאאאא Kאאא
Kאאא١J ١
אא٢J ١
-٦-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
٢J ١אאאאאאאאא٣J ١
אאאאאאא١J ١
אאא אאא
m.m.f KK e.m.f KKK
Rmag =
L
אא
ρL
R= אא
µA A
m.m. f E
I = אא
Φ= אא R
Rmag
Φ
I
J = א
B = א A
A
Kא،אאאאאא
אאא،אאJ
Kאאא
אאא،אא J
Kאאא
אאאאאאאאJ
Kאאאא
-٧-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא ٤J ١
אKאאא ٤J ١
Kא אא אא א א
g،א pאאKאא
Kא ac،אא y ،א t،אאא
אאאKאאא
Kאאאא٢J ١،
אאאאאא٢J ١
אאא Φא אא
א Lא Hא Aא Bא
m.m.f
Fg ٢ Lg Hg Ag Bg Φm אאא
א
Ft Ht At Bt Φm
٢ Lt א
Fac Hac Aac Bac Φac=Φm/٢ א
Fp Lac Hp Ap Bp Φm אא
٢ Lp
Fy Hy Ay By
Φy= Φm/٢
Ly
-٨-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא٤J ١
א א א א אא א ١٠J ١ א
W١٠J ١א٢J ١אBאא
2 B g Lg 2 Bt Lt Bac Lac 2B p L p By Ly
Ftotal = + + + + ١ ١١
µo µt µ ac µp µy
١١J ١א٣J ١א
F
total
= 2 H g L g + 2 H t Lt + H ac Lac + 2 H p L p + H y L y ١ ١٢
F = Fg + Ft + Fac + F p + F y ١ ١٣
total
אא א א א אא א ١٣J ١ א
Kאאאאאא
Kאאאאא ٥J ١
Wאאא
אא
אאKאאאאא
Kא אאא
Kאאאאא
-٩-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Kאאאאא١J ٥J ١
Eאאא٥J ١
א٦J ١
-١٠-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Kאאאאאא٢J ٥J ١
،א
Wאאא(Faraday)א
dΦ
E = N( ) ١-١٥
dt
א א א א אא א א
א ،א א א א Kא א א א
א،E٧J ١Fא،א
אאאK(self induced )אאאאאא
א אא א ،א
. E٨J ١F(mutual induced)א
א٧J ١
א٨J ١
،٣٠x٢٠א١J ١
٢٢٥אK٥
،אאWא،٠{٠٠٨אאאאK٢٤
Kאא،אא
-١١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
٩J ١
-١٢-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Φ 4.32 *10 − 4
B= = = 1.44 tesla
A 3 *10 − 4
-١٣-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא
א א א א א א J ١
K
Kאאאאאאאא J ٢
Kאאאאאאאא J ٣
؟אאא J ٤
Kא J ٥
Kאאאא J ٦
Kאאאאא אJ ٧
٦ א א J ٨
אאKL ١٢אא ،
אא א א K ٠{٠٠٠١٥ א K,٥ א
Kאא،אאא
، ٢٠ א J ٩
١٥אK٥x٣
אאאK١٢ ١{٤
א ،א א ، א א Wא ، ٠{٠٠٦ א
Kא
אא٠{٠٠٠٢אא J ١٠
א אא א א K٢٥ א ١٠٠ א
K٥٠٠אאא،אא
-١٤-
אאא
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אאאא
א אא
אאא
אאא
٢
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
א אא א א א א Wאא
Kאאא
WאאWאא
Kאא K١
Kאאאאא אK٢
Kאאאא K٣
Kאאאא K٤
Kאאא K٥
Kאאאאא K٦
٪٨٥אאWאאא
K٦Wאא
KEFWאא
KאאאאאאאאאWאא
-١٥-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
-١٦-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא،אאא
Wאאאאאאא
e=BLv ٢ ١
א אא v(m/sec)، א L(m)،אא B(wb/m٢)
א K(volt) א (e) א אא א Kא
א (cd) א א (ab)
K١J ٢א
EF
EFEF
אא١J ٢
א א ١J ٢ (abcd) א
א o٩٠אאא،E o٩٠אאF
א o٩٠אאKא
،א א ٠٢٧٠ אא א א א
،١J ٢(sinewave)אאאאאאא
-١٧-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
(DC) א א E F א א
א א א Kאא א א
K٢J ٢ A, BE אF
(abcd)אא،٢J ٢Aאאא
،Bאאא٢J ٢ ، ١٨٠
١٨٠א א، ١٨٠ אא ٢J ٢
א אאא ٣٦٠
אאאK١J ٢
אאאKEF
Kאא אאKא
d
b
a
EF E
F
EF
אאא٢J ٢
-١٨-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא٢J ١J ٢
א א א א ، א א
אא،א א אאאא
،אאאאאאאאKאאאא
WאאאאאKאא٣J ٢
אאאא אאW(Yoke)א• א
אאא،א
Kאא٤J ٢K،א
אאאW(Main poles)אא
אא (Pole face or shoe)אאא
W (Field coils)אאאKאאא
א אא ، (series field coil)א (shunt field coil)א
Kא א א א K א
،אאא א
KאE٥J ٢F
-١٩-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
٣J ٢
אאW (Commutating poles)א •
אאא،Eא٢Fאאא
אאאאKאא
Kאא
אא٤J ٢
-٢٠-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
א٥J ٢
WאEאFאאא
אאW(Armature core)א •
Kאא אא ،א א
،אאKאא
K٦J ٢
אאאW(Armature windings)א •
אאאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאW (Commutator )EאFא •
אאאאאKאאאא
אא א KEאF א
Kאאא،א
א א א W(Brushes holder) א א •
א א א א א א א
-٢١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
KאאאEאFא
K
WArmature windingא٣J ١J ٢
אאאאאאאאא
אאאא
EאFאאא٦J ٢
אאאאאKאאא א
J א א א Kא א א
אאאאא J אא
א א ،א א א
א א ، (commutator segments) א א
Wאא
א אא W(Lap winding)אאJ
א،٧J ٢
٣אא ٢ א ٢ אא ١אE ١{٢{٣F
אKאאא
-٢٢-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
EFEF
אאאא٧J ٢
אאאא٨J ٢
-٢٣-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאאאא٢J ٢
א אא
K א א
אv (m/sec)א B (tesla) L (m)
e (volt)אאאE٩J ٢Fא
Wא
e=BLv volt ٢ ٢
Wאאr meterא
v = ωr = 2πn r ٢ ٣
60
EאFאאא (rad/sec) ω،Lאא(rpm) n
אאאאא
φ φ
B= = ٢ ٤
A 2πrl / 2 p
٢J ٢ א ٤J ٢א ٣J ٢ ،א א A
Wאאאאא
e = φ 2 p l 2πn r ٢ ٥
2πrl 60
٥J ٢א
e = φ 2 pn ٢ ٦
60
אאאאא ٢aאאא Za אאא
Wאאא
2p n
Ea = φZ a ٢ ٧
2a 60
-٢٤-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
،٢٥٠אא٦١J ٢
א אא א ، ٤ א א KL ١٢٠٠
Kא
٢p=٦ ٢a=٢[wave winding] Za=٢٥٠ n=١٢٠٠ rpm Φ=٤ megalines/pole א
Φ=٤*١٠٦ *١٠ ٨=٠{٠٤ wb/pole
2p n
Ea = φZ a
2a 60
6 1200
E a = * 0.04 * 250 * = 600 volt
2 60
א، ٩٦٠אא ٨ ٢J ٢
א ، ٢٢٠ א א אא א א KL ٦٠٠
Kא
٢p=٨ ٢a=٢p[lap winding] Za=٩٦٠ n=٦٠٠ rpm Ea=٢٢٠ V א
2p n
Ea = φZ a
2a 60
8 600
220 = * φ * 960 *
8 60
Φ=٢٢٠*٦٠/(٦٠٠*٩٦٠)=٠٫٠٢٣ wb/pole
אאא٩J ٢
-٢٥-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
-٢٦-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
،אא،אא
θ א (M.M.Ft) א א אא א K ١٠J ٢
(M.N.A) א א ، (M.M.Ff)א א
א ١٠J ٢K(G.M.A)אאאא
אאאK١٠J ٢א
אאאאא ١٠J ٢K (ab)א
א אא (bc)א،אא
אK١٠J ٢אא
אאKאאאאא
،אאאאא
א،א ،אא
،אאEאFאאאאאא
אאאא א
(Demagnetizing effect)אאאא
אאא
Wאאא
،אאאאJ
Kאאא
KאאאאאאJ
אאאאאאאאאJ
Kאא
-٢٧-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
EFEFEF
אאא١٠J ٢
אKא אאא
א א
אKאא
،אאאאאאאאא
א١٢J ٢،אאא ١١J ٢
אK (Fa) א (Fc)אאאאאאא
Kאאאא
אאאא אאא
،אא،אEאF
١٣J ٢אאאא
Kאאאאא
-٢٨-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא١١J ٢
אאאאאאאא١٢J ٢
-٢٩-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
א١٣J ٢
(Methods of Excitation)אאEאFא٤J ٢
אא א א EF א א א
אKאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאאא
KWאא
א (Separately excited) EFאא J
KEאF
، א א (Self excited) א א א J
Kאאאאאא
(Separately excited generators)אאאאא١J ٤J ٢
א ،א א א אא ١٤J ٢
אאKאאאאא
א،אאא אא
אא،אאא
K
-٣٠-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא١٤J ٢
Wאא
Wאאאא(Kirechhoff’s Law)
Ea = VL + I a Ra ٢ ٨
אאאאאאEa،EאFאאאVL
Wאא
2p
Ea = φZ a N / 60 ٢ ٩
2a
KאאIL،אRa،אIa
Ia = IL ٢ ١٠
-٣١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
L ١٢٠٠ ،א ٣J ٢
١٠٠٠ אאאאאK ١٢٥ ٢٠٠א
K٠{٠٤אKא،L
n١=١٢٠٠ rpm IL١=٢٠٠ A VL١=١٢٥ V n٢=١٠٠٠ rpm Ra=٠{٠٤ Ω א
Ea α n as If is constant
Ea١=VL١+IL١Ra
= ١٢٥H٢٠٠*٠{٠٤=١٣٣ V
Ea1 n1
=
E a 2 n2
133 1200
=
Ea 2 1000
1000 *133
Ea 2 = = 110.8 V
1200
Ea٢=VL٢+IL٢Ra=IL٢RL+ IL٢Ra
V 125
RL = L = = 0.625Ω
I L 200
١١٠{٨=IL٢[٠{٦٢٥H٠{٠٤]=IL٢[٠{٦٦٥]
110.8
I L2 = = 166.62 Amp.
0.665
-٣٢-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא١٥J ٢
:אא
Ea = VL + I a (Ra + R f ) ٢ ١١
Ia = IL = I f ٢ ١٢
١٢٥א ١٥אא ٤، א ٤J ٢
אאK,٢٤א,١٥אKL١١٥٠א
K ١٢٥אL ١٢٠٠אא
K٪٣٠אאא
א
Pout=١٥Kw VL١=١٢٥ V n١=١١٥٠ rpm Rf=٠{١٥Ω Ra=٠{٢٤Ω n٢=١٢٠٠rpm IL٢=١٢٥ A
Φ٢= ١٫٣Φ١
Pout 15 * 103
I L1 = = = 120 Amp.
V L1 125
Ea١=VL١+IL١Rf+IaRa=VL١+IL١[Rf+Ra] as IL=Ia
Ea١=١٢٥+١٢٠[٠٫١٥+٠٫٢٤]=١٧١٫٨ V
Ea1 φ1 n1
=
E a 2 φ 2 n2
φnE 1.3φ1 * 1200 * 171.8
E a 2 = 2 2 a1 = = 233.05 V
φ1n1 φ1 * 1150
Ea٢=VL٢+IL٢Rf+IaRa=VL٢+IL٢[Rf+Ra]
VL٢=Ea٢-IL٢[Rf+Ra]=٢٣٣٫٠٥-١٢٥[٠٫١٥+٠٫٢٤]=١٨٤٫٣ volt
-٣٣-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא١٦J ٢
א ، ٢٤٠ א ٣٥٠ א ٥J ٢
KאאאאאK ٥٥ ٠ ,٠٢אאא
IL=٣٥٠ A VL=٢٤٠ V Ra=٠{٠٢Ω Rf=٥٥Ω א
Vf VL 240
If = = = = 4.36 Amp
Rf Rf 55
Ia=IL+If=٣٥٠H٤{٣٦=٣٥٤{٣٦ Amp
-٣٤-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Ea=VL+IaRa=٢٤٠H٣٥٤{٣٦*٠{٠٢=٢٤٧{١ V
، ٥٠٠ א א אא ٦J ٢
א ٦٠ ٢٠٠،٩٥א ٠{٠١א
K٠, ٠٢אאאאאK١٢٠
א
٢p=٢a [lap winding] Za=٥٠٠ Ra=٠{٠١Ω Rf=٩٥Ω Pout=٢٠٠*٦٠=١٢٠٠٠W VL=١٢٠
V Φ=٠{٠٢ wb/pole
Pout=VL*IL
P 200 * 60
I L = out = = 100 A
VL 120
V 120
If = f = = 1.26 A
Rf 95
Ia=IL+If=١٠٠H١{٢٦=١٠١{٢٦ A
Ea=VL+IaRa=١٢٠H١٠١{٢٦*٠{٠١=١٢١{٠١ V
2p
Ea = φZ a n / 60
2a
2p
121.01 = * 0.02 * 500 * n / 60
2p
n=١٢١{٠١*٦٠/(٠{٠٢*٥٠٠)=٧٢٦ rpm
(Compound excited generators)אאא٣J ٢J ٤J ٢
אא ،אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא א
(cumulative compound )אאאא،אא
א،אאא
K(differential compound)אא
א א א אא ،א א
אFאאאאאא،(short-shunt)אאא
א א ،(long-shunt) א אא א Eאא
-٣٥-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Wאאא
Ea = VL + I a Ra + I L Rse ٢ ١٦
I a = I L + I sh ٢ ١٧
I se = I L ٢ ١٨
:אאא
Ea = VL + I a ( Ra + Rse ) ٢ ١٩
I a = I L + I sh ٢ ٢٠
I se = I a ٢ ٢١
EFEF
EFEF אא١٧J ٢
אא Kא א א א א אא
،אאאאאאא
(demagnetize the machine)אאא
Kאא
א א K ٢٣٠ ٦٠ ٧J ٢
٠{٠١אא، ٠{٠٤אא،אאאא
K١٢٥אא
VL=٢٣٠ V IL=٦٠ A Ra=٠{٠٤ Ω Rse=٠{٠١Ω Rsh=١٢٥Ω א
-٣٦-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Vsh VL 230
I sh = = = = 1.84 A
Rsh Rsh 125
Ia=IL+Ish=٦٠H١{٨٤=٦١{٨٤ A
Ea=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)=٢٣٠H٦١{٨٤*(٠{٠٤H٠{٠١)=٢٣٣{٠٩٢ Volt
-٣٧-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Kאא(IL)א(VL)אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
Kאאא
אאאאאאאא
Kאאאאא
-٣٨-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאאאא١J ٥J ٢
No-load characteristicאא J
،אאאאא
WאאאEaאאאא
Ea = kφ
(If) אאא،א
Ea = k ′I f
אאאאאאאא
אאא،אאEoא
אא א א ،١٨J ٢
אאאאאאא،
אא א א ،א
א،If א EoאאאאאאKא
،א א א (b) א ،(a) א ١٨J ٢
Kאאאא
EFEF
אאEFאEFאא١٨J ٢
-٣٩-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Load characteristicאאJ
א א א אא א א
א،(armature reaction)א (Eo)א
א א א א (Ea) א אא א (VL) א
א א EאF א א ،(IaRa)
אFVL، VLאא(RL)א
א א א ،א E אF א E
J ٢،אאא١٩J ٢Kאא
Iאא III،١٩J ٢א Kא١٩
א، IIIא(IaRa)AB אא،אאא
א CBא،אאאאאאא II
א(VL)אאא،אא
אא (CD)אא (Eo)א
Kא
EFEF
אאEFאEFאא١٩J ٢
(External characteristic)אאאJ
אאא ،אאא ٢٠J ٢
،אאאEa(II)אאאאאא
-٤٠-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאא٢٠J ٢
אאאאא٢J ٥J ٢
אאאא ،אאאא
אאKאאאאאא
אא،אאאא ،EאFא
אWאאאאא
-٤١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
،א א א K ؟אא
،אאאKאאא
אאא ،א א
א (Magnetization curve) א ٢١J ٢ א ،א
א(Eo)אאאאאא،(If)אא
אKאאאא
(Er)אאאא ،א
אKאאאאא
،(Rf)א (Lf)אאאא
Kאא אאאאאאא
אאא אאאאא
K(Residual magnetism) Erאאאאא
אאאא٢١J ٢
אאאאא١J ٢J ٥J ٢
Kאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא א א א אא ٢٢J ٢
אאאK(RL)אאאKא
אא،(Ia)אאא
-٤٢-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אK(VL)אאאאאאאא
،אאאאIא،אאאא ٢٢J ٢
I א א א א א אא III
،אאא אאאאאKA.Cא
אאא،א
אאא א OPK ILאא
K٢٢J ٢
EIIIFאאא IaRaאאא
אא Eaאאא אEIIFאאאא
א IIאאאא،Iאאאא،Eא אF
Kאא
EFEF
אאJ אאאJ אאא٢٢J ٢
-٤٣-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאאאא٢J ٢J ٥J ٢
א אא אא ٢٣J ٢ I א
אKאאא IIIא،אאאא IIא
אאא،אאא
KEoאאאאא IV אKאא
Wאאא
E − AA
%ε = o ∗100 ٢ ٢٣
AA
EFEF
אאJ אאאJ אאא٢٣J ٢
אאאא٣J ٢J ٥J ٢
(long-shunt )אאא،אא
،א K(short-shunt)אאא
אא،אאאאא
Kאאאא،א
E א אF א א אא
Kאאאאא،אאאא
א א א אא Wא J
א א א א ،אא
אא VLאאאאאאא
K٢٤J ٢
-٤٤-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אאאא٢٤J ٢
Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC Generatorsאאאאא٦J ٢
،א אאאא
אאאא،אא אא،א
،א א אאאאא
אא،EF،אא א
Kא
אאא،אא אא
F ،א אא א
KאאאאאKEא
Magnetic losses (Iron losses)EאFאאאJ
-٤٥-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
EאFאאא١J ٦J ٢
Wאא
אאאאאא :Hysteresis lossאאJ
Wאאאא
Wh = B1g.6 f ٢ ٢٤
אאאWEddy current loss EאFאאאאJ
We = B g2 f ٢ ٢٥
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאא
Kאא،אאא
אאאאאאא א ٢J ٦J ٢
אאאאא
Wאא،אא
Wאא J
Armature cupper loss=I aRa
٢
אאאאא
Wאא J
For shunt machine=I٢shRsh(or VIsh)
Kאא
For series machine=I٢seRse
WאאJ
Loss due to brush contact resistance=IaVB
Kאאא،אאאVB
אא٣J ٦J ٢
א،(bearing)אאא،א
אא א א Kא א אא א
Kאאאאא
-٤٦-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא٤J ٦J ٢
א א א א א
אא אאא (Prime mover)
،٢٥J ٢ Input powerא
K H.P=٧٤٦ Watt.Wאאאא، H.Pאאא
א Pi אא Pmechאאא
WEאFאPgPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-(Pmech+Pi) ٢ ٢٦
אאא Pgא אא
J ٢K PLא Poutא אאא
Kאאאאא٢٦
A B C
א
א א א א
Pi&Pmech Pcu
Pin Pg Pout
אאאאא٢٥J ٢
-٤٧-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא
o/p
אא
i/p VLIL
IaEa
אא
אא I2seRse
I2shRsh
∆VIa
I2aR
Pmech+Pi
אא٢٦J ٢
אאא
-٤٨-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
Efficiencyאא٥J ٦J ٢
א ،א א א א א א
W
WאאJ
B Ea I a
ηm = = ٢ ٢٧
A HP * 746
WאאJ
C VL I L
ηe = = ٢ ٢٨
B Ea I a
WאאJ
o/ p C VL I L
η = = η mη e = = ٢ ٢٩
i/ p A HP * 746
אאא
Pout
η = ٢ ٣٠
Pout + losses
P − losses
η = in ٢ ٣١
Pin
٤٥ L ١٠٠٠ ، ٨J ٢
٠{٠٢אא ٠{٠٥אא،K ٢٤٠א
א א אא א א א א א K ٦٥ אא
Kא٣٥٠٠
א
n=١٠٠٠ rpm Pout=٤٥ Kw VL=٢٤٠ V Ra=٠{٠٥Ω Rse=٠{٠٢Ω Rsh=٦٥Ω
Pi+Pmech=٣٥٠٠ W
Pout 45 * 103
IL = = = 187.5 A
VL 240
V V 240
I sh = sh = L = = 3.7 A
Rsh Rsh 65
Ia=IL+Ish=١٨٧{٥H٣{٧=١٩١{٢ A
-٤٩-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
-٥٠-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
אא
Kאאאאא אJ ١
Kאא אJ ٢
Kאא؟אאאא J ٣
؟א؟אאא J ٤
Kאאא J ٥
אJ אJ א J ٦
Kא
؟אא؟אא J ٧
؟אא J ٨
KאJ אJ אא אJ ٩
Kאאאאא אJ ١٠
Kאאאאא J ١١
א ٢٣٠אאאאא،א J ١٢
١٢٠٠ אאאאא J WK ١{٢٥L ١٠٠٠
א٢١٠אאאאאJ Kא١{١אL
K٢٠٥אL١٢٠٠אJ K١{٢
، ١٢٠ א א א אא א א J ١٣
א٪١١٠ אאא٪٩٥ אאאאא
K١٢٠
א ، ٢٥٠ אK ٣٠ א J ١٤
אאK ٢٦٥אאאאאK ,١٢٥
Kאא،אאאא١٠٥א
-٥١-
אא ١٤٢
אאא אאא א
-٥٢-
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
א אא
אא
אא
٣
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאאאאאאWאא
.אאאאאKא
Wאא Wאא
Kאא K١
Kאאאאאא אK٢
Kאאא K٣
Kאאאא K٤
אאאאא K٥
Kאאא K٦
אאאא K٧
٪٨٥אא أنWאאא
.٦Wאא
.(F Wאא
אאאאאאאאאWאא
Kא
-٥٢-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
DC Motors אא
א Kא א א א א א
אאאאKאאא٪٦٠אאא
אאKאאאאא א
אאאאאאאאא
א ،א א
אא Kא
אאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאKאאא
Kא
אא١J ٣
،אאאאאא
KEאאFאאא
א א א
א א ،א EאF א
Kאאאאא
א،אאאא
١J ٣Kא
I B XX’א
אאF،אאאא
אאLאאKאאאcd, abא
W
F=BIL ٣ ١
T א ،א cd, ab א א א
Kאאאא
-٥٣-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אא١J ٣
אאאאא٢J ٣ Back e.m.f (Eb)
אאאא
:אאאא(Back e.m.f)אאאא
2P n
Eb = φZ a
2a 60 ٣ ٢
אא، ٢J ٣אאאא
Kאא א א ،א א ،א
אאאא א ٢J ٣
אאאא KE٢J ٣Fא
א א K א
א،א אא
Kאאא אאא
Kאא
אאHאZאאאאWא
E a = V L + I a Ra ٣ ٣
אאJ אZEאFאאאאWא
Ea = VL − I a Ra ٣ ٤
-٥٤-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאא אאא
אאאאאא KE٤J ٣F،E٣J ٣Fא
א،אאאאאא
א ،אאאאאאאא א
אאא א א
،EאFאאאאאאאKא
W٤J ٣אא
VL − Eb
Ia =
Ra ٣ ٥
א،٢J ٣אאאאאאאא
אKאא Eb nאא
Ebאאאאאאאאאא
אא٢J ٣
starting) אאאאאא
WEb=٠٥J ٣א(current
VL
I a ( st ) =
Ra ٣ ٦
EאFRaEFVLא
אאא،אא
-٥٥-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
Kא ،א
אאא،אאאא
٣J ٣א Rstא א
Wאא
VL
I a ( st ) =
Ra + Rst ٣ ٧
Kא א א א אא
Kאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא
Kאאאא
א٣J ٣
-٥٦-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
T = Fr
c a
= BLI r
ca
B 2πr L
= a I
2π c ٣ ٩
٢πraLאאאאאאא٤J ٣
Wאאאא
Φ = B(2πra L) ٣ ١٠
Wאאא٩J ٣אB
I
Tc = Φ c ٣-١١
2π
Zaאא Iaאאא ٢pאאא
Wאאאא٢aאאא
T = Tc Z a 2 p
I
= Φ c Za 2 p
2π ٣ ١٢
WאאאאאIcאאא
I
Ic = a
2a ٣ ١٣
אאא אא ١٢J ٣א ١٣J ٣א
Wא
2p Φ
T= Z I
2a 2π a a ٣ ١٤
Wאא
T = KΦ I a
٣ ١٥
2 p Za
2a 2π =אK
KIa،Ф א אאא١٥J ٣א
WEbאאא٢J ٣אא
-٥٧-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
E Ia
T= b
2πn
60 ٣ ١٦
Wאאאא
P
T=
ω ٣ ١٧
٤-٣ ﺷﻜﻞ
Types of DC motors אא٤J ٣
F א א א
WEאא
EאFאאאאאJ
אאאאאאJ
א ،אא א א א א א
Kאאאאאאאאאא
DC shunt motor אא١J ٤J ٣
-٥٨-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
RshEאF א אא ٥J ٣
Ra א Kא א א אא
אאאאK Rstאא
K
אא٥J ٣
W٥J ٣אאאא
Eb = Vin − I a Ra
I in = I a + I sh ٣ ١٩
Wאאאא
Eb = K nφ
b ٣ ٢٠
Wא٢٠J ٣א١٩J ٣א
Eb V − I a Ra
n= = in
KΦ KΦ
b b ٣ ٢١
אא •
Wאאאאאא
n=f(Ia) אאJ
T=f(Ia)אאJ
-٥٩-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
n=f(T) אאJ
אאEאFאאא٢١J ٣א
אאKI٦J ٣אאא
אאא، ١٥J ٣אאא
אאא،אאאEאFא
KII٦J ٣א
א ٢١J ٣א ١٥J ٣אא
Wא
Vin Ra
n= −T
KΦ K 2Φ 2
b
b ٣ ٢٢
Kאא א א א ٢٢J ٣ א
Vin
n=
KΦ
א b א (T=٠)אKאאא
א א א ، ٢٢J ٣ א א (no load speed )
Kאאאא ٧J ٣Kאא
Kא
-٦٠-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאא٦J ٣
אאאאא٧J ٣
:אאא• א
א א אאא
،א א ،א א א
אאאאא
אKאא،א
Kאאאא
אL ٧٥٠ ٢٤٠א ١J ٣
KKאא٠{٠٥אא،٣٠
Vin=٢٤٠ V n=٧٥٠ rpm Ia=٣٠ A Ra=٠{٠٥Ω א
-٦١-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=٢٤٠ ٣٠*٠{٠٥=٢٣٨{٥ volt
T=EbIa/ω ω=٢πn/٦٠ rad/sec
T=٢٣٨{٥*٣٠/(٢*π*٧٥٠L٦٠)=٩١{١ N.m
٩٦٠א، ٥٠٠א ٢J ٣
٣ א א ٥٢ א K
אKא ٢٠٠ ٠{٠٤אאאK
Kאא
٢p=٤ Vin=٥٠٠ V Za=٩٦٠ Iin=٥٢ A Φ=٣megalines Ra=٠{٠٤ Ω א
Rsh=٢٠٠ Ω
Ish=Vin/Rsh=٥٠٠L٢٠٠=٢{٥ A Ia=Iin-Ish=٥٢ ٢{٥=٤٩{٥ A
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=٥٠٠- ٤٩{٥*٠{٠٤=٤٩٨{٠٢ V
2P n
Eb = φZ a
2a 60
4
498.03 = * (3 *10 6 *10 −8 ) * 960 *
n
2 60
n=٥١٢{٧٧ rpm
ω=٢πn/٦٠ ω=٢π*٥١٢{٧٧L٦٠=٥٤{٣٣ rad/sec
T=EbIa/ω T=٤٩٨{٠٣*٤٩{٥L٥٤{٣٣=٤٥٣{٧٥ N.m
DC series motorא٢J ٤J ٣
א א א ،אא ٨J ٣
Wאא،א
-٦٢-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse) ٣ ٢٣
Ia=Iin=Ise ٣ ٢٤
:Iaא،IseאΦאאא
Φ=CIse=CIa ٣ ٢٥
Wאאאא١٥J ٣א
T=K´Ia٢ ٣ ٢٦
Kאאא،אא
Eb = K b nΦ = K ′ nI a
b ٣{٢٧
Wא٢٣J ٣א٢٦J ٣א
Eb V − I a ( Ra + Rse )
n= = in
K ′Ia K ′I a
b b ٣ ٢٨
אא٨J ٣
אא •
אא ،א א ٢٦J ٣א
אK ٩J ٣ (parabola) א
، אא א א א ٢٨J ٣
(hyperabola) א א EאF א
K٩J ٣אאא
-٦٣-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאאאאא٩J ٣
-٦٤-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאאאא١٠J ٣
אאא• א
EאFאאאא
אאEאFאא
אאאאאKא
אאאאא،א אאא
،אאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
א אאאאאא
KאאאאאאאK
٥٠א ٢٢٠אא٣J ٣
אK,١א,١٥ א،L١٠٠٠א
א אא ٦٠אאא٪٨٠ אא
אאאאאא
Vin= ٢٢٠ V Ia١=٥٠A n١=١٠٠٠rpm Ra=٠{١٥ Ω Rse=٠{١Ω n٢=٠{٨n١ א
Ia٢=٦٠A
Eb١=Vin-Ia١ (Ra+Rse)
=٢٢٠ ٥٠(٠{١٥H٠{١)=٢٠٧{٥ V
Eb٢=Vin-Ia٢ (Ra+Rse)
=٢٢٠-٦٠(٠٫١٥+٠٫١)=٢٠٥ V
-٦٥-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
T١=Eb١Ia١/ω١
=٢٠٧٫٥*٥٠/(٢π*١٠٠٠/٦٠)=٩٩٫٠٧ N.m
T٢=Eb٢Ia٢/ω٢
=٢٠٥*٦٠/(٢π*٠٫٨*١٠٠٠/٦٠)=١٤٦٫٨٢ N.m
-٦٦-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
٢٢٠ אא ٤J ٣
٦٣٠ א Kא א ٥٢ א
,١ ,٢אאא، ٠{٠١٨אא
٪٦٠ אאאאאKאאאאאK
Kאאא،אא
٢p=٤ Vin=٢٢٠V Ia=٥٢A Za=٦٣٠ Φ=٠٫٠١٨ wb Ra=٠٫٢Ω Rse=٠٫١Ω א
T٢=٠٫٦T١
Eb١=Vin-Ia١(Ra+Rse)
=٢٢٠-٥٢(٠٫٢+٠٫١)=٢٠٤٫٤V
2p n
E b1 = φZ a 1
2a 60
4 n
204.4 = * 0.018 * 630 * 1
2 60
n١=٥٤١ rpm
T١=Eb١Ia١/ω١ =٢٠٤٫٤*٥٢/(٢π*٥٤١/٦٠)=١٨٧٫٦١ N.m
TαIa٢
T2 I2 I2
= 0.6 = a22 = a 2 2
T1 I a1 (52)
I a 2 = 0.6 * (52) 2 = 40.3 A
Eb٢=Vin-Ia٢(Ra+Rse)
=٢٢٠-٤٠٫٣(٠٫٢+٠٫١)=٢٠٨ V
Eb 2 n2 Φ 2 n2 I a 2
= =
Eb1 n1Φ 1 n1 I a1
208 n2 * 40.3
=
204.4 541 * 52
208 * 541 * 52
n2 =
204.4 * 40.3
n٢=٧١٠ rpm
-٦٧-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
DC compound motorאא٣J ٤J ٣
אאאאאא
אאאא،אאאא
א ،אא א א א
،אא אא א א Kא
Kא١١J ٣،
-٦٨-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
א Φ א ١٦J ٣ א אא אא
א א K אא אא א א
،E א אFאא א א
WאאאאKאא
:(Comulative compound motor)אJ
אאאאאאאא Φא
Kאאא١٢J ٣،אא
: (Level compound motor)J
א،אא Φ אאא
K١٢J ٣،אא
W(Differential compound motor)J
אאאא אא
א אאאא ΦKא
K١٢J ٣א
אאא١٢J ٣
:אאאא •
א ،אאאאאאא
א א א א Kא א
אאאאא،(Rolling mills )
-٦٩-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
א א ،א ،א א
Kאאא
Speed control and reversal אא٥J ٣
، E ٣٤J ٣، ٢٩J ٣، ٢١J ٣F א،א א א
אאאא אא
א אא Kא א א א
Kאאא،אא
אאא١J ٥J ٣
אאWJ
،אאאאא
S١, S٢, S٣ אאK١٣J ٢
א ١٣J ٣Kאאאאא
א١٣J ٣Kאא ،א
K S١, S٢, S٣אSאא
אאא א
Kא
אאאא١٣J ٣
-٧٠-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאאWJ
،א א א א א א
،١٤J ٣ ? ? אאא א
אאא،GMאאא
אאאאא،M’
אאאKאא אא
KאאאאKא
(flux control)אאWJ
،אאא א א
אאאא،א
אאאא א
Kאאא
אאא٢J ٥J ٣
Wאאאא
WאאאW
א א אא ٢٩J ٣ א
אאאאאאאאא،א
.אא
??אאא١٤J ٣
-٧١-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
WאאאW
I-אאא Φאאא
אא،אא IinאKא in
א،אאא
אא١٥J ٣Kא،א
WאW
אאאאא
،אאאאאא
אאאK١٥J ٣א
Kא
אאא١٥J ٣
אאא٣J ٥J ٣
אאאאא אא א
אKא אאאאא K
אא אא א،אא
אאאאאKא
Kא،אא١٦J ٣
-٧٢-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אא١٦J ٣
Starting Methodsא٦J ٣
Kאאאאאאאא
Wאאאאא
Wאא
Vin − Eb
Ia = ٣ ٣٩
Ra
Wאא
Vin − Eb
Ia = ٣ ٤٠
Ra + Rse
אאאאאאאא
אאKאאאא
אKEאFאאאא
אאאא٤٠J ٣،٣٩J ٣،٣J ٣
אאאאאא
WאאאאאKאא
Wאא
Vin
I starting = ٣ ٤١
Ra
Wאא
Vin
I starting = ٣ ٤٢
Ra + Rse
-٧٣-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
-٧٤-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
١٧J ٣
אא٢J ٦J ٣
EF ٢٠ אאאא
אאאא (overload)א
١٨J ٣אKאא(s)אא(circuit breaker)
،offא AאאאאKאאא
אאEאאאSא
א،אאא Cא Bאא A
Kא א אא א א
AאאCאDאCא
AאאRstאאKCאא
Kאאאאאonא
Cאאאאא Sאא
onא Aאא Dאאא
Kא Aא (spring)א offא
-٧٥-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
א א ،F E
א،Eא Fא
אא Cא
KאאאAאאDא
١٨J ٣
-٧٦-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אא١J ٧J ٣
א א א א
א אא
(W).א אאא ١٩J ٣ Input powerא
،Pg א אאא
WאPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-Pcu ٣-٤٣
Pmech א Pg א א א
א א א א Pin
Kאאאא٢٠J ٣KPoutא
W• א
Wא،אאאאאא
א אJ
o / p HP * 746
η = =
i/ p Vin I in ٣ ٤٤
אאא
Pout
η =
Pout + losses ٣ ٤٥
Pin − losses
η =
Pin ٣ ٤٦
א
א א אא
Pcu Pi&Pmech
Pin Pg Pout HP
אאאאא١٩J ٣
-٧٧-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אאא
אא o/p
HP
i/p IaEa
אאאא Pmech+Pi
∆VI
I2seRse
2
I shR sh
I2aRa
אאאא٢٠J ٣
אא١٥٠אא ٥J ٣
٪٩١אK٥٥٠،L٩٦٠
WאKK,١א٢٧٥אא
אאאאאאאאJ
K,٢אאא٪٦٠אאאJ
Kאאא
HP=١٥٠ n=٩٦٠rpm Vin=٥٥٠V η=٩١٪ Rsh=٢٧٥Ω Ra=٠٫١Ω א
Pout
η=
Pin
150 * 746
0.91 =
Pin
150 * 746
Pin = = 122967 W
0.91
Pin = Vin I in 122967 = 550 * I in I in = 122967 / 550 = 223.6 A
V V 550
I sh = sh = in = =2 A
Rsh Rsh 275
I a = I in − I sh = 223.6 − 2 = 221.6 A
Pcu = I a2 Ra + I sh2 Rsh = (221.6) 2 * 0.1 + (2) 2 * 275 = 6011 W
-٧٨-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
-٧٩-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
אא
Kאא אJ ١
Kאא؟אאא J ٢
Kאאאאאא אJ ٣
Kאאא אJ ٤
K؟אא J ٥
א אא ،א א אJ ٦
Kאא
؟אאאא J ٧
אאא،אא J ٨
؟א
؟אKאאאא אJ ٩
٥٤٠ א ٢٢٠J ٤ א J ١٠
١אא،אK ٦ ٣٢א،א
–א ٠{٠٣אא ,٩א
Kא–א
K٥٠אL٥٠٠ ٢٢٠א J ١١
K,٢א،אאאאאאאא
٧٨٤א ٤ J ٢٥٠א J ١٢
א ,٢٥، ,٥אאאאK
אאא، ٢٥א
Kא٤٠א
א ، ١٠٠ א L ٨٥٠ ٢٤٠ א J ١٣
א א، ,١، ,١٥אאא
-٨٠-
אא ١٤٢
אא אאא א
א א א ، ٣٠ א א
Kאא
٥٥אאא ٥٠٠א J ١٤
אK ٢٤٥אK,٨אא، ٢١
Kאאאאאא
א٨٢٠א٤א J ١٥
L ١٢٠٠א، ٢א
א K ١٢٠ א א א ، ٦ א א
، ١٢٠، ٠{٠٥، ,١٥אאאאאא
א א – א א א J W
Kא
-٨١-
אאא
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
אאאא
א אא
אאא
אאא
٤
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אא،אאאWאא
אאאאאאאאא
Kאאאא
Wאא Wאא
Kאאא K١
Kאאאאא אK٢
Kאאא K٣
Kאאאאא אK٤
Kאאא K٥
Kאאאא K٦
Kאאא אK٧
Kאאאא K٨
Kאאאאא K٩
٪٨٥אאWאאא
K٨ Wאא
KEF Wאא
.אאאאאאאאאWאא
-٨١-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
EאFא אא
אאא א א אא
א א א א א א Kא
אאאאK
א א א
אאאאKאא
אאאאאא א Kא
אאאאאKא
אאאאKאא
א א אא K א
KאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
Kאא
א١J ٤
אא אא
א(core)
אKאאא،E١J ٤Fא
، (Magnetic flux)אאא
א א א א א א א
א א א ، א א א Kא
א א ،N١ (primary winding) אא א א
KN٢ (secondary winding) א א א
א،אאאאאאא
א א א א א Kא א א א
א؟ ،אא
-٨٢-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אא١J ١J ٤
Wא
אאאא (Power transformers)א-
Kאאאאא
אאא (Electronic transformers) א-
K א א א א
Kאא
א א (Instrument transformers) א -
Kאא،אאא
Wאא
אJ
EאFאJ
J
J
Wאא
אJ
אJ
א،אאאא
אאאא،אא
Kאאא
١J ٤
-٨٣-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
א٢J ١J ٤
(windings) א ،(core)א א Wא אא א
Kאאאאאאא
(legs)אאאW(core)אאJ
אאאKאאא (yoke)אא
K,٣٥אא ،EאאאFא א
א ,K٣,K٢אאאKK,٥
אאאאKאאא،
، א Kא אא א
Kא א ،א א
K٢J ٤
،אאאאאא
א Kא א א אאא
Kאאא
-٨٤-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
-٨٥-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אא א ،א א W(windings) אJ
א אא،(disc windings)אא،(cylindrical windings)
Kאאא،אאאא
א٢J ٤
א ، א א
K(Sandwich) א
אאא١J ٢J ٤
א א א א א א א
א ،א ٥J ٤ Kcore) (type
،אא אא
אא ،אאאא
K,١אK,٥א
Kא
אא אא אא
אאEFאאא ،אא
EFאKאא،א
Kאא
אא٥J ٤
-٨٦-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אאא٢J ٢J ٤
، א א א א ،א
، א א א א
אאאאאאא
א א א ،א א
K٦J ٤،א
אא٦J ٤
א ،א א א א אא
Kאאאאאאא
Ideal Transformerאאא٣J ٤
אאKאאאאאא
Kאאא אאאאאא
א،א א אא
אא،אאאאKא
אאא א ،٧J ٤ א
א א א EF ،
אאאאאאKאאא
א א ،v١ אא Kא א
Wאאא e١،Фא
-٨٧-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
dΦ
v1 = e1 = N1 ٤ ١
dt
א א א א ،אא א N١
W
dΦ
v 2 = e2 = N 2 ٤ ٢
dt
א١J ٤אKאאאאא e٢،א N٢
Wאא٢J ٤
v1 e1 N 1
= = ٤-٣
v 2 e2 N 2
N1
א N١>N٢ א ، א
N2
אאא Kאא N٢>N١א،
،אאאא،א א
Wאאאא
v1i1 = v2 i2 ٤ ٤
Kאאאאאא٤J ٤א٣J ٤א
i1 N 2
= ٤ ٥
i2 N 1
אא٧J ٤
-٨٨-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
١J ٤אאאאאאא
א،א ٧J ٤אאא K٥J ٤
אאאאא אKאאא
א א א א א א א א
Kv٢אאv١אאKא
Wא،٥J ٤א٣J ٤אאאא
2
V1 ⎛ N 1 ⎞ V2
=⎜ ⎟
I 1 ⎜⎝ N 2 ⎟⎠ I 2
٤ ٦
WZ٢(load impedance)א
V2
= Z2
I2 ٤ ٧
٦J ٤א٧J ٤א
2
V1 ⎛ N 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ Z2
I 1 ⎜⎝ N 2 ⎟⎠
٤ ٨
Z٢’אאאאZ٢א٨J ٤א
2
⎛N ⎞
Z 2′ = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ Z 2
⎝ N2 ⎠ ٤ ٩
Z٢א Z’٢א،אאאא ٨J ٤
KאKאאא
אאאא٨J ٤
-٨٩-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אאאא٤J ٤
Kאאאאא
Φ(t ) = Φ m sin ωt ٤ ١٠
Wאא١J ٤אא
e1 (t ) = N 1Φ mω cosωt ٤-١١
Wאא١١J ٤א אf،ω=٢πf
e1 (t ) = 2πN 1Φ m f sin(ωt + 90 )
o
٤ ١٢
Wאאאאאאא
e1 (t ) = 2 E1 sin(ωt + 90 )
o
٤ ١٣
We١אאאאאE١
2π
E1 = N 1Φ m f
2
E1 = 4.44 N 1Φ m f ٤ ١٤
א ،א א א א א א א א
W
E2 = 4.44 N 2 Φ m f ٤ ١٥
אאאא ١٥J ٤א ١٤J ٤א
E١א١٣J ٤א١٠J ٤אKא
א،אאא Ko٩٠אאא
Kאאאאאאאאא
-٩٠-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
٤٠א ٥٠٠אא ٢٥א ٢J ٤
אא–אאאJ א، ٣٠٠٠ אאא
KאאאJ אאאאאJ אא
KVA=٢٥ N١=٥٠٠ N٢=٤٠ V١=٣٠٠٠V א
V1 N 1 500
= = = 12.5
V2 N 2 40
3000
V2 = = 240V
12.5
KVA 25 *10 3
I1 = = = 8.33 A
V1 3000
KVA N 2 500
I2 = = I1 = * 8.33 = 104.13 A
V2 N1 40
E1 = 4.44 fφN 1
-٩١-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
3000
φ= = 0.027 wb
4.44 * 50 * 500
٦٠٤٤٠L١١٠،٥א ٣J ٤
אKאאK,٨٤٠א
אאא–אJ אאJ Wא،
א
KVA=٥ V١/V٢=٤٤٠/١١٠ f=٦٠ Hz I٢=٤٠ A P.F=٠{٨ lead
Wאאא
V2 = 110∠0 volt
I 2 = 40∠ cos −1 0.8 A
I 2 = 40∠36.87 o A
-The transformer ratio is
V1 N 1 440
= = =4
V2 N 2 110
Thus
V١=٤٤٠ V
N2 1
I1 = I 2 = (40∠36.87 o ) = 10∠36.87 o A
N1 4
- The load impedance is
V 110∠0
Z2 = 2 = = 2.75∠ − 36.87 o Ω
I 2 40∠36.87 o
-٩٢-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אאא٥J ٤
א ، א א א
אא،אאאא אא
אאא Kאאאאא
א Kא א א א א א אא
א،R١אאאKאא
KR٢א
א א ، א א א
،אאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאאא
X١אאאאאאא
אKX١=٢πfL١ אא (Leakage reactance)
א א א ،א א א א
X٢ א א א א
،א א א ٩J ٤ Kא (X٢=٢πfL٢)
אאאKאא
אאאאא אKאא
Kאאא
-٩٣-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אא٩J ٤
אאא١٠J ٤
N1
V2′ = V2 ٤-١٦
N2
N
I 2′ = 2 I 2 ٤-١٧
N1
-٩٤-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
2
⎛N ⎞
R2′ = R2 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ٤-١٨
⎝ N2 ⎠
2
⎛N ⎞
X 2′ = X 2 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ ٤-١٩
⎝ N2 ⎠
אאאאא١١J ٤
אאאאאא١٢J ٤
-٩٥-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
אאאאאא١٣J ٤
-٩٦-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
Req 2 = R1′ + R2
٤ ٢٧
′
X eq 2 = X 1 + X 2 ٤ ٢٨
אאאא١٤J ٤
אאא٤٠٠L٢٠٠٠١٠٠א٤J ٤
R١=٠{٠١ Ω X١=٠{٠٣ Ω R٢=٠{٢٥ Ω X٢=٠{٧٥ Ω R٠=٥٠٠ Ω W
Xo=١٥٠ Ω
אKK,٨٢٠٠٠א٩٠
KEF١٢J ٤אאאאא
W،אאאאאא
2 2
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
R١=٠{٠١٥ Ω X١=٠{٠٣٥ Ω R2′ = R2 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.25⎜ ⎟ = 0.01Ω
⎝ 2⎠
N ⎝ 2000 ⎠
2 2
⎛N ⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
X 2′ = X 2 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ = 0.75⎜ ⎟ = 0.03Ω
⎝ N2 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎠
-٩٧-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
Req=R١+R’٢=٠{٠١٥H٠{٠١=٠{٠٢٥Ω Xeq=X١+X’٢=٠{٠٣٥H٠{٠٣=٠{٠٦٥ Ω
Zo=Ro//JXo=٥٠٠//J١٥٠
The voltage V٢=٢٠٠٠ V; thus
N1 ⎛ 400 ⎞
V2′ = V2 = 2000⎜ ⎟ = 400V
N2 ⎝ 2000 ⎠
The current I٢=KVA*١٠٣/V٢=٩٠*١٠٣/٢٠٠٠=٤٥ A
N2 ⎛ 2000 ⎞
I 2′ = I2 = ⎜ ⎟45 = 225 A
N1 ⎝ 400 ⎠
The power factor=٠{٨ lagging
I 2′ = 225∠ − 36.87 o
V١=V’٢+I’٢(Req+JXeq)
= 400∠0 + 225∠ − 36.87 o (0.025 + J 0.065)
= 400∠0 + 225∠ − 36.87 o * 0.07∠68.96 o
= 400∠0 + 15.75∠32.1o
V1 = 400 + 13.34 + J 8.37 = 413.34 + J 8.37 = 413.42∠1.16V
500 * J 150 75000∠90 o
Zo = = = 143.7∠73.3 o Ω
500 + J 150 522∠16.7 o
V 413.42∠1.16
Io = 1 = = 2.88∠ − 72.14 A
Zo 143.7∠73.3
I 1 = I 2′ + I o = 225∠ − 36.87 o + 2.88∠ − 73.3o
= 180 − J 135 + 0.83 − J 2.76 = 180.83 − J 137.83 = 227.37∠ − 37.31o A
١٣J ٤אאEF١٢J ٤אאאאא
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V١ א א Kא אא א Im ،א
V1 = E m sin ωt ٤ ٢٩
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WאאK אאאאא
Φ = Φ m cos ωt ٤ ٣٠
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r r r
I o = I m + I a ٤ ٣١
א،אא١٥J ٤
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I a = I o cos φ o
٤ ٣٢
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Wאא،אאאא
r r r r
V1 = E1 + I o Z 1 ٤ ٣٢
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EאFאאאאאא
אאאא،אא
אא،אאא
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Po = V1 I o cos φ o ٤ ٣٤
WאאRoאאאאאא
V1 V1
Ro = = ٤ ٣٥
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WאאXoא
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V1 V1
Xo = = ٤ ٣٦
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א١٥J ٤
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אאא ١٤٢
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K١٦J ٤
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Transformer regulationא٣J ٦J ٤
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WאKאאאאא
V2 ( noload ) − V2 ( rated )
Percentage Voltage Re gulation ( PVR ) = x100 ٤ ٣٩
V2 ( rated )
V’١אאאא V٢אאאא
א א א ،E١٤J ٤ אFא
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V1′ − V2
Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100 ٤ ٤٠
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WאV’١
V1′ = V2 + I 2 ( Req 2 + JX eq 2 ) ٤ ٤١
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⎧⎪ I 2 ( Req 2 cos φ 2 + X eq 2 sin φ 2 ) 1 ⎛ I 2 ( X eq 2 cos φ 2 − Req 2 sin φ 2 ) ⎞ 2 ⎫⎪
( PVR) = ⎨ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎬100 ٤ ٤٢
⎪⎩ V2 2⎝ V2 ⎠ ⎪⎭
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V1 − V2′
Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100 ٤ ٤٣
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⎧ I R cos φ1 I 1 X eq1 sin φ1 ⎫
( PVR ) = ⎨ 1 eq1 + ⎬100 ٤ ٤٥
⎩ V 1 V 1 ⎭
אF٤٥J ٤א٤٢J ٤אא
KEאאאאא
-١٠٢-
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No load test אא١J ٧J ٤
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אא،PoאאאאIoאK١٧
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:Ro,Xo
Po = I oVo cos φ o
Po
cos φ o =
I oVo
I a = I o cos φ o
I m = I o sin φ o
V1
Ro =
Ia
V
Rm = 1
Im
א١٧J ٤
-١٠٤-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
א١٨J ٤
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אאא אאא אא
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Open circuit test: Vo=٢٣٠٠V Io=٩{٤A Po=٢٢٥٠W א
Short circuit test: Vsc=٩٤{٥V Isc=Irated Psc=٨٢٢٠W
Po = I oVo cos φ o
P 2250
cos φ o = o = = 0.1156
I oVo 9.4 * 2300
φ o = cos −1 (0.1156) = 83.36 o
V Vo 2300
Ro = 1 = = = 2116Ω
I a I o cos φ o 9.4 * 0.1156
V1 Vo 2300
Rm = = = = 246.33Ω
I m I o sin φ o 9.4 * 0.9933
500 *10 3
I sc = I f .l = = 217.39 A
2300
P 8220
Req = sc2 = = 0.1739Ω
I sc (217.39) 2
V
Z sc = sc = ( Req2 + X eq2 )
I sc
2
⎛ 94.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ = (0.1739) + X eq
2 2
⎝ 217.39 ⎠
As a result, we get Xeq=٠{٣٩٨٤Ω
Req 0.1739
R1 = R2′ = == 0.08695Ω
2 2
X eq 0.3984
X 1 = X 2′ = = = 0.1992Ω
2 2
2
⎛ N1 ⎞
R2′ = R2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ N2 ⎠
2
⎛N ⎞
2
⎛ 230 ⎞
R2 = R2′ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 0.08695 * ⎜ ⎟ = .0008695Ω
⎝ N1 ⎠ ⎝ 2300 ⎠
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2
⎛N ⎞
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2
⎛N ⎞
2
⎛ 230 ⎞
X 2 = X 2′ ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = 0.1992 * ⎜ ⎟ = .001992Ω
⎝ 1⎠
N ⎝ 2300 ⎠
-١٠٧-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
Kאאאאאאא
Kאא
Pcu ( x ) = x 2 Pcu ( f .l ) ٤ ٥٥
א٢J ٨J ٤
אאאאoutput powerאא
Wאאא،אא
P2
η= x100
P2 + Piron + Pcu ٤ ٥٦
P2
η= x100
P1 ٤ ٥٧
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P2 = V2 I 2 cosφ 2 ٤ ٥٨
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V2 I 2 cos φ 2
η= 100
V2 I 2 cos φ 2 + Piron + I 2 Req
2
٤ ٥٩
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אאאאאKא٧٥٠٠אאא
K,٨
KVA=٥٠٠ Piron =٢٥٠٠W Pcu(f.l.)=٧٥٠٠ W cosφ=٠{٨ א
P٢=٥٠٠*١٠٣*٠{٨=٤٠٠٠٠٠ W
P2 400000
η= x100 = x100 = 97.56%
P2 + Piron + Pcu 400000 + 7500 + 2500
At half load
-١٠٨-
אאא ١٤٢
אאא אאא אא
P٢(١L٢)=١L٢*٥٠٠*١٠٣*٠{٨=٢٠٠٠٠٠W
Pcu(x)=x٢Pcu(f.l)
Pcu(١L٢)=١L٤*٧٥٠٠=١٨٧٥W
P2 (1 / 2 ) 200000
η= x100 = x100 = 97.86%
P2 (1 / 2 ) + Piron + Pcu (1 / 2 ) 200000 + 1875 + 2500
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Vo=٣٣٠٠V Io=٠{٨A Po=٣٠٠W
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three phase) אאאא א
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Wאאא
٥- Electrical Technology, Edward Hughes , ISBN:٠-٠٧-٠٢١٣٤-٥
٦- Electrical Machines, G. R. Slemon and A. Straughan, Eddison-Weslley ١٩٨٠.
٧- Electric Machinery, M. S. Sarma, West Publishing Company, ١٩٩٤.
٨- Electrical Machines and Transformers –Principles and Applications, P. F. Ryff, D.
Platnick and J. A. Karnas, Printice Hall.
٩- Principles of Electricity, B. J. Theraga, and B. K. Theraga.
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