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s r e e MATHEMATICS-I n i g n E O o D a a F

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CONTENTS
Ordinary Differential Equations of First Order and First Degree Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order Mean Value Theorems Functions of Several Variables Curvature, Evolutes and Envelopes Curve Tracing Applications of Integration Multiple Integrals Series and Sequences Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators Vector Integration Vector Integral Theorems Laplace transforms

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TEXT BOOKS
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-I T.K.V.Iyengar, B.Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company A text book of Engineering Mathematics, C.Sankaraiah, V.G.S.Book Links A text book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz A Bathul, Right Publishers A text book of Engineering Mathematics, P.Nageshwara Rao, Y.Narasimhulu & N.Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications

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REFERENCES
A text book of Engineering Mathematics, m o c B.V.Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill . s r e Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin e in Ltd. Kreyszig, Wiley Indiag Pvt. n E A text Book of O Engineering Mathematics, o Thamson Book D collection

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UNIT-VI ee

SERIES OAND SEQUENCES

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UNIT HEADER
Name of the Course: B.Tech m o c . Code No:07A1BS02 s r e Year/Branch: Ie Year n i CSE,IT,ECE,EEE,ME,CIVIL,AERO g n E Unit No: VI O o aD No. of slides:21

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UNIT INDEX UNIT-VI S. No. 1 2 Module Lecture PPT Slide No. No.

c . s Introduction, Comparison L1-5 8-11 r e test and Auxiliary series e n i g DAlemberts, Cauchys, L6-10 12-16 n E Integral, Raabes and O o Logarithmic tests D a a Alternating series, L11-13 17-21 F Absolute and Conditional
convergence

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Lecture-1 SEQUENCE
A Sequence of real numbers is a set of m o c numbers arranged in a well defined order. Thus . s r for each positive integer there is associated a e e + R is n numbr of the sequence. A function s:Z i g n called a SEQUENCE of real numbers. E O o Example 1:1,2,3,.. D a a Example F 2:1,1/2,1/3,

CONVERGENT,DIVERGENT, OSCILLATORY SEQUENCE

csequence . If limit of sn=l, then we say that s the r e {sn} converges to l. e n i If limit of sn=+ or n - gthen we say that the E sequence {sn} diverges to l. O o If sequence is neither convergent nor divergent D a a then F such sequence is known as an Oscillatory sequence.

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Lecture-2 COMPARISON TEST

If un and vn are two series of positive terms m o c and limit of un/vn = l0, then the series un and . s r vn both converge or both diverge. e e n i Example 1:By comparison test, the series g n E (2n-1)/n(n+1)(n+2) is convergent O o Examplea 2: By comparison test, the series D a (3n+1)/n(n+2) is divergent F

Lecture-3 AUXILIARY SERIES

The series 1/np converges if p>1 and m o c diverges otherwise. . s r e test the series Example 1: By Auxiliary series e n i 1/n is divergent since p=1 g n E series test the series Example 2: ByO Auxiliary o 1/n3/2 is convergent since p=3/2>1 D a a Example 3: By Auxiliary series test the series F 1/n1/2 is divergent since p=1/2<1

Lecture-4 DALEMBERTS RATIO TEST

If un is a series of positive terms suchm that o limit un/un+1 = l then c . s i) un converges if l>1, r e e (ii) un diverges if l<1, in g (iii) the test fails to decide the nature of the n series, if l=1. OE oDAlemberts ratio test the series Example : D By a n-1 is a 1.3.5.(2n 1)/2.4.6..(2n) x F convergent if x>1 and divergent if x<1 or x=1

Lecture-5 CAUCHYS ROOT TEST

If un is a series of positive terms suchm that o 1/n c limit un =l then . s r (a) un converges if l<1, e e (b) un diverges if l>1g and in n the nature if l=1. (c)the test fails to E decide O o Example: By Cauchys root test the series D a [(n+1)/(n+2) x]n is convergnt if x<1 and a F divergent if x>1 or x=1.

Lecture-6 INTEGRAL TEST

Let f be a non-negative decresing function of m o c [1,). Then the series un and the .improper s r integral of f(x) between the limits 1 and e e n converge or diverge together. i g n Example 1: By Integral test the series E O 2 1/(n +1) D is o convergent. a a Example 2: By Integral test the series F 2n3/(n4+3) is divergent.

Lecture-7 RAABES TEST

Let un be a series of positive terms and let m o c limit n[un/un+1 1]=l. Then . s r (a) if l>1, un converges e e n (b) if l<1, un diverges i g n (c) the test fails when l=1. E O o Example: By Raabes test the series D a 4.7.(3n+1)/1.2..n xn is convergent if a F x<1/3 and divergent if x>1/3 or x=1/3

Lecture-8 LOGARITHMIC TEST

If un is a series of positive terms suchm that o c limit n log[un/un+1]=l, then . s r (a) un converges if l>1 e e (b) un diverges if l<1gin n (c)the test fails when l=1. E O o Example: By logarithmic test the series D 2x2+.. is convergent if x<e and a 1+x/2+2!/3 a F divergent if x>e or x=e

 Let un be a series of positive terms and let m o c limit[{n(un/un+1 1)-1}logn]=l then . s r i)un converges for l>1 and e e ii) diverges for l<1. gin n Example: By Demorgans and Bertrands test E O 2 2+22/32.42/52+. is divergent o the series 1+2 /3 D

Lecture-9 DEMORGANS AND BERTRANDS TEST

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Lecture-10 ALTERNATING SERIES

A series whose terms are alternatively positive m o c and negativ is called an alternating series. An . s r alternating series may be written as u1 u2 + u3 e e n-1 -.+(-1) un+ gin n Example 1:1-1/2+1/31/4+.is an alternating E O o series. D n-1 a a Example F 2:(-1) n/logn is an alternating series

Lecture-11 LEIBNITZS TEST

If {un} is a sequence of positive terms such m o that c . s (a)u1u2 . un un+1 r e e (b)limit un=0 then the alternating series is n i g convergent. n E Example 1: ByO Leibnitzs test the series o (-1)n/n! is convergent. D a a Example 2: By Leibnitzs test the series F (-1)n/(n2+1) is convergent

Lecture-12 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE

Consider a series un where uns are positive or m o c negative. The series un is said to . be s r absolutely convergent if |un|e is convergent. e in Example 1: The seriesg ( -1)n logn/n2 is n absolute convergence. E O o Example 2: The series D a n a (-1) F (2n+1)/n(n+1)(2n+3) is absolute convergence.

 If un converges and |un| diverges, then we m o c say that un converges conditionally or . s r converges non-absolutely or e semi-convergent. e Example: The series gin n n (-1) (2n+3)/(2n+1)(4n+3) is conditional E O o convergence. D

Lecture-13 CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT SERIES

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