Section A 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C 15.

Section B Question 16 (a) (i) A mitochondrion and B nucleus (ii) increased surface area Increase cell respiration/enzymes (b) 1 1 1

plasmid/capsule/70S ribosomes/smaller ribosomes/complex cell wall/mesosome/no nucleus 1 use of differential centrifugation 1 First spin at low speed to remove cell wall material/cell debris 1 supernatant re-spun at higher speed / until pellet with chloroplasts is found1 Total 7

(c)

Question 17 (a) (i) X glycolysis Y Krebs / citric acid, cycle (ii) cytoplasm / ground cytoplasm / cytosol (b) removal of hydrogen (ions) from, pyruvate / pyruvic acid to acceptor / to coenzyme 1 1 1

(c) (d)

removal of carbon dioxide / carboxyl group (i) inner membrane of mitochondrion

1 1

(ii) ETC stops/transfer of electrons down the chain stops 1 No (release of) energy, to phosphorylate ADP/stops phosphorylation 1 Krebs cycle stops, no (oxidised) NAD/FAD/oxidised coenzymes 1 Max 2 Total 8

Section C Question 18 (a) 1 cellulose structural compound 2 made of -glucose chain 3 unbranched chains 4 run parallel to each other 5 have cross-linkage of hydrogen 6 that gives stability and strength 7 insoluble 8 fibers laid in layers in different directions adding further strength Max 5 1 starch-storage compound 2 made of -glucose 3 mixture of amylase and amylopectin 4 amylase - unbranched chain forms helix structure 5 amylopectin - branched chains of a-glucose 6 compound stabilized by countless hydrogen bond 7 compact and insoluble 8 readily hydrolysed to form sugar when required Max 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(b)

1 Bipolar / hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecule 1 2 forms bilayer 1 3 Hydrophobic tail repelled by water /hydrophilic head attracted by water; 1 4 Allows movement of lipid soluble / non-polar molecules / water / gases // Prevents movement of water soluble / (named) polar molecules 1 5 Allows membranes to fuse with other membranes / able to form vesicles / exocytosis and endocytosis; 1 6 Unsaturated fatty acids increase fluidity / flexibility / permeability 1 7 Allows compartmentalisation / allows cells to maintain different concentrations of molecules on either side of the membrane 1 8 label diagram 1 Max 5 Total 15

Question 19 (a) 1 graph 2 temp increase, increase in kinetic energy; 3 increase in number of collision ions 4 After optimum temperature, rate of the reaction decrease 5 Enzyme denaturation start 6 breaking of hydrogen bonds 7 permanent change in shape of tertiary structure Max 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(b)

1 enzymes are globular proteins, 2 Tertiary structure 3 Enzyme molecule has an active site 4 with specific shape 5 formed by only a few amino acids 6 Active site is complementary to substrate structure 7 lock and key hypothesis - enzyme has a rigid active site 8 substrate fits exactly into the active site of the enzyme 9 induced fit hypothesis - Enzyme with a flexible active site 10 Enzyme changes shape slightly to enclose substrate in a precise fit 11 enzyme-substrate complex form 12 Diagram showing enzyme & substrate molecule, enzyme- substrate complex, enzyme & products Max 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(c)

1 Enzyme immobilization - binding enzyme to solid medium/support Methods 2 Adsorption 3 Entrapment 4 Covalent coupling Max 3

1 1 1 Total 15

Question 20 (a) 1 two ring of cells 2 surrounding the vascular tissue 3 outer ring columnar mesophyll cells 4 inner ring bundle of sheath cells 5 diagram Max 3 (b) 1 no Krantz anatomy 2 open stomata during night 3 CO2 fixation take place at night 4 PEP combines with CO2 to produce OAA 5 enzyme PEP carboxylase 5. OAA is reduced to malate 6 reduction agent NADPH 7 malate is stored in vacuole of mesophyll cell 8 during the day malate splits into CO2 and pyruvate 9. concentration of CO2 increases in mesophyll cells and photorespiration is prevented 10 CO2 is fixed by RuBP in Calvin cycle 11 pyruvate is reduced to PEP Max 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(c) C3 CO2 fixation - once - In one cell type First CO2 acceptor - RuBP Enzyme - Rubisco / RuBP carboxylase Product - 3C substances - 3-phosphoglycerate Location of calvin cycle mesophyll cells Photorespiration -occurs C4 Twice In two cells type PEP PEP carboxylase 4 C substances Oxaloacetate Bundle sheath cells Occur at minimum level / avoided Max 5 Total 15 mark 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.