5.

3
LINES and PLANES
in
3
R
1 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
z
axis
xy-plane:
xz-plane:
yz-plane:
y axis
x axis
Planes
0 = y
0 = x
0 = z
2 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Planes
A plane can be uniquely
determined by any of the
following:
three non-collinear points
a line and a point not on
the line
two lines with one point of
intersection
two parallel lines
3 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Planes
x
y
z
( )
3 3 3
z , y , x
( )
2 2 2
z , y , x
( )
1 1 1
z , y , x
4 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Planes
If is a given non-zero vector
and is a point,
N
0
P
then the set
of all points for which
and are orthogonal is a
PLANE
P

P P
0
N
through and having
as a normal vector.
0
P N
5 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Planes
Vector:
N
P
P
P
P
0
P
Point:
6 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Equation of a plane in 3D
Point on the plane:
( )
0 0 0 0
z , y , x P
c , b , a N =
Normal vector to the plane:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
= + + z z c y y b x x a
Standard equation of the plane:
7 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Equation of a plane in 3D
0 = + + + d cz by ax
General equation of a plane:
if a, b and c are not all zero,
is a normal vector to
the plane
c , b , a
8 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Remark
Two planes are parallel if their
normal vectors are parallel, i.e.
they are scalar multiples.
Two planes are perpendicular if
their normal vectors are
orthogonal, i.e. a dot product of
0 (zero).
9 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Example. Determine the equation
of the given plane.
1. plane through the point
and perpendicular
to the vector


3 1 2 , ,
( ) 3 2 4 , ,
Solution:
3 1 2 , , N =
( ) 3 2 4
0
, , P
10 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
3 1 2 , , N = ( ) 3 2 4
0
, , P
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
= + + z z c y y b x x a
0 3 3 2 = + + + z y x
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 3 3 2 1 4 2 = + + + + z y x
11 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Graph
0 3 3 2 = + + + z y x
( ) 1 0 0
1
, , P
( ) 0 3 0
2
, , P
( ) 0 1 2
3
, , P
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-3
-4
-5
x
y
z
( ) 3 2 4
0
, , P
0
P
12 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Example. Determine the equation
of the given plane.
2. plane through the point
and parallel to the
plane


0 5 3 2 = + z y x :
( ) 4 7 1 , ,
Solution:
( ) 4 7 1
0
, , P
M
N N =
K
3 1 2 , , =
13 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
3 1 2 , , N =
K
( ) 4 7 1
0
, , P
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
= + + z z c y y b x x a
0 3 3 2 = + z y x
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 4 3 7 1 1 2 = + + z y x
14 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Graph
0 3 3 2 = + z y x
x-intercept:
y-intercept:
z-intercept:
0 0 = = z ; y
0 0 = = z ; x
0 0 = = y ; x
2
3
3
1
|
.
|

\
|
0 0
2
3
1
, , P
( ) 0 3 0
2
, , P
( ) 1 0 0
3
, , P
15 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
1 2
1
2
-1 -2
-1
-2
1
2
-1
-2
x
y
z
Graph
0 3 3 2 = + z y x
3 1 2 , , N =
K
0 5 3 2 = + z y x : M
16 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Example. Determine the equation
of the given plane.
Solution:
3. plane containing the
points ,
and



( ) 0 3 2 , , P ( ) 1 5 0 , , Q
( ) 3 0 1 , , R
normal vector ? ? ?


17 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-3
-4
-5
x
y
z
Solution
N
( ) 0 3 2 , , P
( ) 1 5 0 , , Q
( ) 3 0 1 , , R
is a vector perpendicular
to , and


N

PQ

PR

QR
18 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
( ) 0 3 2 , , P ( ) 1 5 0 , , Q ( ) 3 0 1 , , R
is a vector perpendicular
to , and


N

PQ

PR

QR
1 2 2 =

, , PQ 3 3 1 , , R P =

= =

PR PQ N
3 3 1
1 2 2


k j i
8 7 3 , , =
19 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
= + + z z c y y b x x a
0 27 8 7 3 = + + z y x
( ) ( ) 0 8 3 7 2 3 = + + z y x
( ) 0 3 2 , , P
8 7 3 , , = N
20 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Equation of a plane in 3D
Point on the plane:
( )
0 0 0 0
z , y , x P
c , b , a N =
Normal vector to the plane:
( ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 0 0
= + + z z c y y b x x a
Standard equation of the plane:
21 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Lines in 2D
( )
1 1
y , x
( )
2 2
y , x
( )
1
1 2
1 2
1
x x
x x
y y
y y

=
Two-point form
22 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Lines in 2D
b mx y + =
Point-slope form
( )
1 1
x x m y y =
Slope-intercept form
1 = +
b
y
a
x
Intercept form
General equation 0 = + + C By Ax
23 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Lines in 3D
If is a given non-zero vector
and is a point,
R
0
P
then the set
of all points for which
is parallel to is a LINE
P

P P
0
R
through and parallel to .
0
P R
24 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
x
y
z
Lines in 3D
0
P
R
P
P
P
25 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Lines in 3D
Using as a parameter, t
Let be a line that contains
the point and is
parallel to the vector
.
L
( )
0 0 0 0
z , y , x P
c , b , a R=
at x x + =
0
bt y y + =
0
ct z z + =
0
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS of L
26 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Lines in 3D
Let be a line that contains
the point and is
parallel to the vector
.
L
( )
0 0 0 0
z , y , x P
c , b , a R=
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS of L
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
0
0
0

=

27 These lecture slides were created

by Prof. Babierra.
Example. Determine the parametric
and symmetric equations of the given
line.
1. line through the point
and is parallel to
the vector


L
5 4 2 , ,
( ) 3 2 1 , ,
Solution:
5 4 2 , , R =
( ) 3 2 1
0
, , P
28 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
at x x + =
0
bt y y + =
0
ct z z + =
0
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS of L
5 4 2 , , R =
( ) 3 2 1
0
, , P
t x 2 1 = t y 4 2+ = t z 5 3+ =
29 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS of L
5 4 2 , , R =
( ) 3 2 1
0
, , P
c
z z
b
y y
a
x x
0
0
0

=

5
3
4
2
2
1
=
+
=

z y x
30 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Graph
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-3
-4
-5
x
y
z
0
P
R
t x 2 1 =
t y 4 2+ =
t z 5 3+ =
5 4 2 , , R =
( ) 3 2 1
0
, , P
L
31 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Using parametric equations
t x 2 1 =
t y 4 2+ = t z 5 3+ =
At , 0 = t 1 = x 2 = y
3 = z ( ) 3 2 1 , ,
At , 2 = t
3 = x 6 = y 13 = z
( ) 13 6 3 , ,
At , 1 = t 3 = x
6 = y 2 = z
( ) 2 6 3 , ,
At ,
2
1
= t 1 = x 0 = y ( )
2
11
0 1 , ,
2
11
= z
32 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Example. Determine the parametric
and symmetric equations of the given
line.
2. line through the points
and


M
( ) 1 5 4 , , Q ( ) 0 3 2 , , P
Solution:
is parallel to vector .

M

PQ
1 2 2 =

, , PQ
33 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Solution (continued)
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS of
M
t x 2 4+ = t y 2 5+ = t z 1 1 =
( ) 1 5 4 , , Q 1 2 2 =

, , PQ
SYMMETRIC EQUATIONS of M
1
1
2
5
2
4

+
=

=
z y x
34 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
Graph
1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1
2
3
4
5
-2
-3
-4
-5
x
y
z
P Q
M
( ) 1 5 4 , , Q
1 2 2 =

, , PQ
( ) 0 3 2 , , P

PQ
t x 2 4+ =
t y 2 5+ =
t z 1 1 =
35 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.
END
36 These lecture slides were created
by Prof. Babierra.