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ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL

Title no. 98-S5

TECHNICAL PAPER

Shear Friction and High-Strength Concrete


by Alan H. Mattock
Design provisions applicable when shear is transferred across a specific plane are set out in ACI 318-99, Section 11.7Shear Friction. These provisions are used to design the required reinforcement across an existing or potential crack in the design of connections, or across an interface between concretes cast at different times. The design equations set out in Section 11.7.4, and the limitation of 0.2c Ac , but not more than 800Ac , placed upon the shear strength Vn in Section 11.7.5, prevent full advantage being taken of the high shear transfer strengths that can be obtained when very-high-strength concretes are used. Shear transfer behavior and the available data from shear transfer tests of initially cracked specimens are re-examined. Simple equations are proposed for shear friction design, which allow the full potential shear transfer strength of all strengths of concrete to be utilized.
Keywords: precast concrete; reinforced concrete; shear.

INTRODUCTION Prior to the 1960s, there was no systematic approach to the design of precast concrete connections and bearing details in the U.S. Most textbooks and design handbooks simply showed drawings of typical details, and in some cases, provided rules of thumb for proportioning the reinforcement. A significant breakthrough occurred in the mid-1960s with the publications by Mast 1 and by Birkeland and Birkeland,2 in which the following philosophy for the design of precast connections and bearing details was proposed: 1. No reliance is to be placed on the tensile strength of concrete; all tensile forces are to be carried by steel reinforcement; 2. It is assumed that due to a variety of unspecified causes such as transportation, handling and erection stresses, and stresses due to shrinkage and temperature effects, cracks occur in the concrete in the most unfavorable locations prior to the application of the design loads; and 3. Reinforcement is to be designed to carry direct tensile forces across the cracks, together with any shear acting along the cracks. Mast 1 and Birkeland and Birkeland2 proposed that shear could be transferred across the cracks by what they termed shear friction between the rough faces of the cracks. They postulated that as the uneven crack faces slide past one another, the projections on the crack faces ride over one another and force the crack faces apart, stretching any reinforcement crossing the crack sufficiently to cause it to yield. The tensile force so developed in the reinforcement is assumed to compress the crack faces together, which results in frictional resistance to sliding along the crack. By comparing its predictions of shear strength with available shear transfer strength data from tests, Mast 1 and Birkeland and Birkeland2 showed that this shear friction hypothesis predicted shear resistance along a crack in a conservative manner. Further experimental studies3-7 of shear friction were made and were successfully applied in practical 50

design. This led to its codification in the 1977 ACI Building Code, ACI 318-77,8 and its inclusion in succeeding editions of the Code. The earlier experimental studies3-7 of shear friction were made using concretes with compressive strengths in the range of 3000 to 6000 psi. More recent studies9-12 using test specimens made from concretes with compressive strengths of up to 15,000 psi showed that the simple shear friction theory as codified in Section 11.7 of ACI 318-9913 does not truly represent the behavior of these very-high-strength concretes, and prevents full advantage being taken of the potential shear friction strength of these concretes. Walraven9 carried out shear transfer tests using concretes with compressive strengths up to 9000 psi and made a sophisticated analysis of aggregate interlock effects. Based on this study, he proposed an equation for shear transfer strength that was more accurate than the simple shear friction equation, but which he considered too complicated for design use. He therefore provided a design chart based on the equation. This paper reports a re-appraisal of available shear friction test data and presents simple, modified shear friction equations suitable for use in design. These equations reflect the influence of concrete strength on shear friction strength. They enable full advantage to be taken of the potentially high-shear-friction strengths of very-high-compressive strength concretes over the whole range of values of the shear friction reinforcement yield strength Avf fy. ( Avf = area of shear friction reinforcement; fy = yield stress of shear friction reinforcement.) This results in a reduction in the amount and the congestion of reinforcement in precast concrete connections and bearing details. SHEAR FRICTION AND ACI 318-99 The provisions for design using shear friction contained in Section 11.7.3 in the ACI Building Code, ACI 318-99,13 are based on the assumption that a crack exists in the shear plane before shear is applied along it. This assumption is in keeping with the application of shear friction in the design of connections and other details in precast concrete construction, as first proposed by Mast1 and Birkeland and Birkeland.2 In addition, the shear transfer strength and behavior of initially uncracked and initially cracked reinforced concrete differ significantly, as long as slip occurs along the cracked shear plane. Therefore, when developing design provisions for use in the Code, only data obtained from tests of initially cracked specimens (that is, specimens cracked along the shear plane before the application of shear loading) should be considered.
ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 1, January-February 2001. MS No. 00-034 received February 17, 2000, and reviewed under Institute publication policies. Copyright 2001, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Pertinent discussion will be published in the November-December 2001 ACI Structural Journal if received by July 1, 2001.

ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

ACI honorary member Alan H. Mattock is Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. He is a member of ACI Committee 318, Structural Concrete Building Code; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 423, Prestressed Concrete; 445, Shear and Torsion; and 550, Precast Concrete Structures. He was a recipient of the ACI Wason Medal in 1967, the Alfred E. Lindau Award in 1970, and the Joe W. Kelly Award in 1991.

yield strength Avf fy , at which the rate of increase in shear friction strength becomes constant at approximately 0.8, increases with the concrete compressive strength c . Because the assumed rate of increase of shear friction strength, along with an increase in shear reinforcement yield strength Avf fy in ACI 318-99, Eq. (11-25), is greater than the actual rate of increase of 0.8, this equation eventually becomes unconservative. To prevent this from occurring in design, the Ac , but not more ACI Code13 places an upper limit of 0.2 c than 800Ac lb, on the value of Vn calculated using ACI 318-99, Eq. (11-25). Hence, the value of 800 Ac controls in design is greater than 4000 psi. Therefore, if ACI 318-99, when c Eq. (11-25) is used in design, it is not possible to take advantage of any further increase in shear friction strength that may occur when high-strength concretes are used. Alternatives to ACI 318-99 Code, Eq. (11-25) It is proposed that provisions that reflect the actual increase in shear friction strength that result from the use of high-strength concrete may be developed as follows. When v f fy = Avf fy /Ac is greater than the amount at which the unit shear strength vn = Vn /Ac commences to increase linearly with the value of v ffy , vn can be calculated using
v n = K 1 + 0.8 v f f y (psi),

Fig. 1 K1 for initially cracked normalweight concrete. In the case of initially uncracked reinforced concrete, short diagonal tension cracks occur across the shear plane, forming diagonal concrete struts. These struts act with the reinforcement crossing the shear plane to form a truss, which resists shear along the shear plane. Failure occurs when the struts fail after yield of the reinforcement.4 When shear is transferred across a pre-existing crack, slip occurs along the plane of the crack. Shear friction strength is developed by a combination of resistance to the shearing off of projections on the rough crack faces and frictional resistance to slip due to compression between the crack faces. This compression results from tension in the reinforcement caused by separation of the irregular crack faces as they slide over one another. When the crack becomes over-reinforced, the crack faces lock up, that is, they cease to slide over one another. Diagonal tension cracks then form across the original crack, and failure occurs in a manner similar to that which occurs in initially uncracked concrete. At this stage, the shear strength increases with the reinforcement yield strength Avf fy at a much reduced rate. The shear friction design method set out in Section 11.7.4 of ACI 318-99 13 assumes that the shear resistance Vn is directly proportional to the yield strength Avf fy of the shear friction reinforcement crossing the shear plane at right angles. ACI 318-99, Eq. (11-25) is
V n = A v f f y

(1)

but not greater than K2 fc nor K3 psi The upper limit corresponds to the point at which the shear plane becomes over-reinforced, that is, the crack locks up and the shear transfer strength increases at a much reduced rate. Test data reviewed later indicate that appropriate values for K2 and K3 are 0.3 and 2400 psi for normalweight concrete, and 0.2 and 1200 psi for sand-lightweight concrete and all lightweight concrete. To evaluate the effect of concrete compressive strength on the value of K1, K1 = [ vn - 0.8(vf fy )] was plotted against concrete compressive strength c for 47 test results3,6,7,10,11 from initially cracked pushoff specimens made from normalweight concrete, which failed in an under-reinforced manner. (This was assumed to have occurred if vn was less than 0.3 c .) This plot is shown in Fig. 1. For simplicity, the following expression is proposed for K1
K 1 = 0.1 f c psi, but not more than 800 psi

(2)

where = 1.4 for a crack in monolithic concrete. This simplified model of behavior does not reflect the true variation of the shear friction strength of a cracked shear plane with the yield strength of the shear friction reinforcement. Initially, the shear strength increases very rapidly with increase in the yield strength of the shear friction reinforcement; however, the rate of increase gradually decreases to a constant value of approximately 0.8. This rate of increase is maintained until the shear plane becomes over-reinforced at a shear Vn of approximately 0.3c Ac in the case of normalweight concrete. The shear resistance subsequently increases at a reduced rate as the shear friction reinforcement is increased. The reinforcement ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

The upper limit corresponds to the fact that in very-highstrength normalweight concretes, tension cracks pass through much of the aggregate, rather than occurring at the paste-aggregate interface as in lower-strength concretes. This results in a smoother crack face than those that occur in the lower-strength concretes, which limits the shear transfer resistance. An equation similar to Eq. (1) is found in Section R11.7.3 of ACI 318R-99.13 In R11.7.3, the value of K1 is assumed to be 400 psi for normalweight concrete, 200 psi for lightweight concrete, and 250 psi for sand-lightweight concrete, for all concrete compressive strengths. Review of data from tests without additional normal stress acting across the shear plane indicates that the value of vf fy at which Eq. (1) becomes valid increases with concrete strength, and may be taken as K1/1.45. 51

Fig. 2Shear friction strength of cracked normalweight concrete. Tests5 indicate that the effect on shear friction strength of an additional normal stress Nx acting across an irregular crack is the same as if the shear friction reinforcement parameter vf fy was changed by an amount equal to the normal stress (compression positive, tension negative). Equation (1) may therefore be restated as follows
v n = K1 + 0.8 ( v f f y + N x ) (psi),

(3)

but not greater than K2 fc nor K3 psi , but not more than 800 psi; K2 = 0.3; K3 = where K1 = 0.1 c 2400 psi; and ( v ffy + Nx ) is not less than K1 /1.45. Equation (3) is equivalent to design Eq. 6 that is proposed in a following section. For ( vffy + Nx ) less than K1/1.45 psi, insufficient data exists to define closely the relationship between vn and ( v f fy + Nx ). Because the actual relationship corresponds to a convex upward curve from the origin to the point at which Eq. (3) becomes valid, use of a linear relationship is conservative. This is represented by the following equation
v n = 2.25 ( v f f y + N x) psi

(4)

This corresponds to Eq. 7, which is proposed in a following section. Specimen 3.1 of Hofbeck, Ibrahim, and Mattock3 had vffy = 49 psi and vu(test) of 240 psi. Equation (4) yields a value of vu (calc) of 110 psi, which is conservative. Specimen 210204 of Walraven, Frnay, and Pruijssers11 had v f fy = 154 psi and a vu(test) of 467 psi. Equation (4) yields a value of vn (calc) of 347 psi, which is also conservative. Equation (4) therefore appears to be reasonable and is also less conservative than ACI 318-99, Eq. (11-25). In Fig. 2, Eq. (3) and (4) are compared with test data3,7,10 from four series of pushoff specimens with concrete compressive strengths of 2500, 4000, 6000, and 14,360 psi, respectively. It can be seen that the equations reflect the trends in the experimental data very closely. 52

In Table 1, Eq. (3) and (4) are used to calculate the shear strength vn(calc) of 82 pushoff specimens 3-6,10,11 subject to monotonically increasing load to failure, for which the con varied between 2453 and crete compressive strength c 14,358 psi. Nine of the specimens had tension or compression acting across the shear plane in addition to shear acting along the shear plane. The average value of the ratio of the test strength vn to the calculated strength vn(calc), is 1.066, and the standard deviation is 0.120. Sixteen of the test spec , and imens had ultimate shear strengths vn greater than 0.3 c are considered to have experienced over-reinforced failures. The variation of vn /v n(calc) with the concrete compressive is shown in Fig. 3. strength c In Table 2, Eq. (3) is used to calculate the shear strength of 16 pushoff specimens11 that had been subjected to cyclic loading from zero to between 46 and 66% of their static ultimate strength before being loaded monotonically to failure. The concrete compressive strengths varied between 5560 and 9288 psi. The average ratio of test to calculated shear strength for this series is 1.115, and the standard deviation is 0.115. In Table 3, Eq. (3) is used to calculate the shear strength of 16 pushoff specimens11 that had been subjected to sustained shear loads of between 40 and 82% of their static ultimate strength before being loaded monotonically to failure. The concrete compressive strengths varied between 6724 and 9902 psi. The average ratio of test to calculated shear strength for this series is 1.295, and the standard deviation is 0.148. In Table 4 and Fig. 4, data are shown from tests 6,12 of 34 initially cracked pushoff specimens made from sand-lightweight concrete with compressive strengths ranging from 2230 to 10,745 psi. These are compared with the strengths calculated using Eq. (3) and (4), using values of 250 psi for K1, 0.2 for K2, and 1200 psi for K3. It can be seen that it is appropriate to use the single value of 250 psi for K1 regardless of the compressive strength of the concrete. This is due to the fact that in lightweight concretes of all strengths, cracks pass through the aggregate, producing a relatively ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

Fig. 3Pushoff tests of initially cracked normalweight concrete (short-term loading).

Fig. 4Shear friction strength of cracked sand-lightweight concrete. smooth crack surface. The roughness of this surface is independent of concrete compressive strength. The reason for the adoption of an upper limit for the shear , but transfer strength of sand-lightweight concrete of 0.2 c not more than 1200 psi, can readily be seen in Fig. 4. The overall average of the ratio of the test strength to the calculated strength is 1.014, with a standard deviation of 0.186. The reason for the low values of strength of the specimens of Series LWC1 and LWC2 with reinforcement parameters vf fy of 280 psi is not known. The strengths of these specimens made of 8500 psi concrete is exceeded by that of specimens made of much lower-strength concrete. In Table 5 and Fig. 5, test data 6 are shown from 14 initially cracked pushoff specimens made from all lightweight concrete. These data are compared with the shear friction strength calculated using Eq. (3) and (4), and the proposed values of K1 = 200 psi; K2 = 0.2; and K3 = 1200 psi. The average value of the test strength to the calculated strength is 1.104, and the standard deviation is 0.106. Test data7 from 11 initially cracked, normalweight concrete composite specimens with the interface deliberately roughened in accordance with Section 11.7.9 of ACI 318-9913 are ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001 compared in Table 6 and Fig. 6. The shear friction strength is calculated using Eq. (3) and (4), and the proposed values of K1 = 400 psi; K2 = 0.3; and K3 = 2400 psi. It can be seen that when concretes of two different strengths are joined at the interface, it is appropriate to use the compressive strength of the lowerstrength concrete when calculating K3 c . The average value of test strength to calculated strength is 1.07, and the standard deviation is 0.084. In Fig. 7, data are shown for 12 composite pushoff specimens 7 made of normalweight concrete that had a smooth interface. In the six specimens of Series C, trouble was taken to obtain good bond between the two concretes, then, before testing, the shear plane was cracked so as to produce a crack width of 0.01 in. In the six specimens of Series H, a bond breaker was used to prevent bond between the two concretes, but no crack was formed in the shear plane before testing. It can be seen that for a smooth interface that is initially cracked, or over which bond is broken, the shear resistance along the shear plane is equal to the shear yield strength of the shear friction reinforcement crossing the shear plane at right angles. No true shear friction action can be developed if there is no roughness of the 53

Table 1Shear friction in initially cracked normalweight concrete


Researcher Specimen A1 A2 A3 Mattock 7 A4 A5 A6 A6A A7 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hofbeck, Ibrahim, and Mattock 3 3.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 N1 N2 Mattock, Li, and Wang 6 N3 N4 N5 N6 10 11 Walraven and Stroband 10 12 13 14 15 110208t 110208 110208g 110408 110608 110808h 110808h Walraven, Frenay, and Pruijssers 11 110706 210204 210608 210216 210316 210808h 120208 120408 120608 vf fy, psi 227 454 732 976 1128 1536 1536 1928 223 446 670 893 1120 1340 223 446 740 1040 293 583 874 1165 1455 223 446 670 893 1120 224 464 690 896 1120 1120 483 967 1450 1924 1087 2166 352 352 352 705 1057 1410 1410 809 154 1057 1468 2200 1410 352 705 1057 Nx , psi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fc , psi 6020 6020 5820 5880 6125 5900 5970 5970 3100 3100 3900 3900 4180 4180 4010 3100 4040 4040 4070 4070 4340 4340 4390 2450 2620 2385 2580 2620 4180 3900 3995 4150 3935 4120 14,358 14,358 14,358 14,358 14,358 14,358 4426 3785 3624 3785 3785 3624 3624 3908 4512 4512 4512 4512 3107 3637 3637 3637 v n, psi 760 800 1150 1420 1500 1760 1860 1940 590 680 840 1000 1300 1385 520 680 1028 1152 704 980 1180 1400 1320 510 700 810 795 1010 460 780 960 1150 1175 1190 914 1624 2175 2625 1595 2553 737 798 737 934 1072 1217 1244 1043 467 1410 1342 1466 1156 773 947 983 0.3fc , psi 1806 1806 1746 1764 1838 1770 1791 1791 930 930 1170 1170 1254 1254 1203 930 1212 1212 1221 1221 1302 1302 1317 735 786 716 774 786 1254 1170 1199 1245 1181 1236 4307 4307 4307 4307 4307 4307 1328 1136 1087 1136 1136 1087 1087 1172 1354 1354 1354 1354 932 1091 1091 1091 K 1, psi 602 602 582 588 613 590 597 597 310 310 390 390 418 418 401 310 404 404 407 407 434 434 439 245 262 239 258 262 418 390 400 415 394 412 800 800 800 800 800 800 443 379 362 379 379 362 362 391 451 451 451 451 311 364 364 364 v n(calc), psi 511 965 1168 1369 1515 1770 1791 1791 488 667 926 1104 1254 1254 502 667 996 1212 641 873 1133 1302 1317 423 619 716 774 786 504 761 952 1132 1181 1236 1087 1574 1960 2339 1670 2533 724 660 644 943 1136 1087 1087 1038 347 1297 1354 1354 932 645 928 1091 Test/calc 1.49 0.83 0.98 1.04 0.99 0.99 1.04 1.08 1.21 1.02 0.91 0.91 1.04 1.10 1.04 1.02 1.03 0.95 1.10 1.12 1.04 1.08 1.00 1.20 1.13 1.13 1.03 1.28 0.91 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.00 0.96 0.84 1.03 1.11 1.12 0.96 1.01 1.02 1.21 1.14 0.99 0.94 1.12 1.14 1.00 1.35 1.09 0.99 1.08 1.24 1.20 1.02 0.90

54

ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

Table 1 (continued)Shear friction in initially cracked normalweight concrete


Researcher Specimen 120808 120706 120216 230208 230408 230608 Walraven, Frenay, and Pruijssers11 230808 240208 250208 250408 250608 250408 250608 250808 E1C E2C E3C E4C Mattock, Johal, and Chow5 E5C E6C F1C F4C F6C 10.7 Mattock and Hawkins4 10.8 10.10 Average test/calc vf fy , psi 1410 809 1468 352 706 1057 1410 357 352 705 1057 705 1057 1410 543 546 552 529 548 533 787 806 812 962 985 312 Nx, psi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100 -163 -200 -300 -400 0 -200 -400 387 0 813 1.066 fc , psi 3637 3637 3637 6916 6916 6916 6916 2453 4709 4709 4709 4709 4709 4709 3855 4220 3960 3820 4020 3985 4220 3890 4150 4020 4020 5800 vn , psi 1060 1004 947 975 1571 1822 2058 587 991 1260 1400 1260 1400 1442 881 929 714 673 527 369 988 839 804 1445 1115 1410 0.3 fc , psi 1091 1091 1091 2075 2075 2075 2075 736 1413 1413 1413 1413 1413 1413 1157 1266 1188 1146 1206 1196 1266 1167 1245 1206 1206 1740 Standard deviation K 1 , psi 364 364 364 692 692 692 692 245 471 471 471 471 471 471 386 422 396 382 402 399 422 389 415 402 402 580 vn (calc), psi 1091 1011 1091 792 1256 1537 1820 531 753 1035 1317 1035 1317 1413 820 779 707 645 558 299 1052 874 745 1206 1190 1480 Test/calc 0.97 0.99 0.87 1.23 1.25 1.19 1.13 1.11 1.32 1.22 1.06 1.22 1.06 1.02 1.07 1.19 1.01 1.04 0.94 1.23 0.94 0.96 1.08 1.20 0.94 0.95 0.120

Fig. 5Shear friction strength of cracked all lightweight concrete. crack faces. In this case, additional normal stress acting across the shear plane will not increase the shear transfer strength. The trend of the data at high values of vf fy indicate that 800 psi is a reasonable absolute upper limit for the shear transfer strength in this case, because the concretes used in the specimens had strengths of about 6000 psi. For lower-concrete strengths, 0.2c would be a reasonable upper limit for shear ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001 strength. It can be seen in Fig. 7 that the unit shear strength vn may be expressed as
v n = 0.6 vf f y but not more than 0.2 f c nor 800 psi

(5)

In Table 7, a comparison is made between the test strengths vn and the strengths vn(calc) calculated using Eq. (5) for these 55

Fig. 6Normalweight concrete, composite specimens, 1 (concrete placed against intentionally roughened surface). Table 2Initially cracked normalweight concrete specimens subject to cyclic load before static load test to failure
Researcher Specimen 15 16 48 23 33 51 71 Pruijssers and Ling11 25 24 18 42 29 62 26 41 40 vf fy, psi 1121 1121 1340 747 747 893 893 1121 1121 1121 1121 747 893 1121 1121 1121 Nx, psi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fc , psi 6420 6430 5560 6716 6189 6694 6286 6333 6213 6324 7064 8563 9288 8716 8837 9258 v n, psi 1584 1585 1479 1475 1465 1707 1804 1755 1626 1784 1810 1537 1836 1958 2070 2319 0.3fc , psi 1926 1929 1668 2015 1857 2008 1886 1900 1864 1897 2119 2569 2786 2615 2651 2777 K 1, psi 642 643 556 672 619 669 629 633 621 632 706 800 800 800 800 800 v n(calc), psi 1539 1540 1628 1269 1217 1384 1343 1530 1518 1529 1603 1398 1514 1697 1697 1697 Test/calc 1.03 1.03 0.91 1.16 1.20 1.23 1.34 1.15 1.07 1.17 1.13 1.10 1.21 1.15 1.22 1.37

Note: Average test calculation = 1.155; standard deviation = 0.115.

specimens with a smooth interface. The average value of vn / vn(calc) is 1.130, and the standard deviation is 0.190. No additional data is available for the case of concrete anchored to clean, unpainted, as-rolled structural steel by headed studs or by reinforcing bars, so it is proposed that the present Code 13 provisions be continued for this case. In this case also, an additional normal stress acting across the shear plane will not increase the shear transfer strength. DESIGN PROPOSALS Current design procedures for shear friction in ACI 318-9913 tend to be conservative for high-strength concrete. As a simple way to take advantage of the improved shear friction strength in high-strength concrete, it is proposed that Eq. (3), (4), and (5) be used in design. These equations are expressed as follows in terms of force rather than stress to be consistent with ACI 318-99.13 56

1. For shear transfer across cracks in monolithic concrete and across the interface when concrete is placed against hardened concrete with its surface intentionally roughened as specified in 11.7.9 a. When (Avf fy + Nx) is greater than or equal to K1Ac / 1.45 lb (or Vn is greater than or equal to 1.55 K1Ac lb)
V n = A c K 1 + 0.8 ( A v f f y + N x )

(6)

but not greater than K2 fc Ac not K3A c b. When (Avffy + Nx ) is less than or equal to K1Ac/1.45 lb (or Vn is less than or equal to 1.55K1Ac lb)
V n = 2.25 ( A v f f y + N x) lb

(7)

ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

Table 3Initially cracked normalweight concrete specimens subject to sustained load before static load test to failure
Researcher Specimen 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 Frenay 11 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 vf fy, psi 747 893 747 893 1121 1121 1121 1121 1787 747 747 893 893 747 747 1121 1121 1121 1121 1787 Nx , psi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fc , psi 6751 6724 6732 6751 7051 8044 7567 7567 7556 9437 9443 9902 9882 9144 9144 9882 9882 9225 9225 9818 v n, psi 1617 2154 1961 1489 2142 2036 1906 1856 2676 1698 1777 2384 1774 1753 1561 2371 2332 2273 2181 3197 0.3fc , psi 2025 2017 2020 2025 2115 2413 2270 2270 2267 2831 2833 2971 2965 2743 2743 2965 2965 2768 2768 2945 K 1, psi 675 672 673 675 705 800 757 757 756 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 v n(calc), psi 1273 1387 1271 1390 1602 1697 1654 1654 2185 1398 1398 1514 1514 1398 1398 1697 1697 1697 1697 2230 Test/calc 1.27 1.55 1.54 1.07 1.34 1.20 1.15 1.12 1.22 1.21 1.27 1.57 1.17 1.25 1.12 1.40 1.37 1.34 1.29 1.43

Note: Average test calculation = 1.1297; standard deviation = 0.148.

Fig. 7Normalweight concrete, composite specimens, 2 (concrete placed against smooth surface). but where for normalweight monolithic concrete, K1 = 0.1 c not more than 800 psi; K2 = 0.3; and K3 = 2400 psi. For the case of concrete placed against hardened concrete with its surface intentionally roughened, K 1 = 400 psi; K2 = 0.3, shall be taken as the lower of the compressive where c strengths of the two concretes; and K3 = 2400 psi. For sand-lightweight concrete, K1 = 250 psi; K2 = 0.2; and K3 = 1200 psi. For all lightweight concrete, K1 = 200 psi; K2 = 0.2; and K3 = 1200 psi. Nx = permanent normal force acting across the shear plane, positive if compression, and negative if tension. 2. For concrete placed against hardened concrete not intentionally roughened ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001
V n = 0.6 A v f f y

(8)

but not more than 0.2A c fc nor 800Ac lb 3. For concrete anchored to clean, unpainted, as-rolled structural steel by headed studs or by reinforcing bars
V n = 0.7 A v f f y

(9)

but not more than 0.2Ac fc nor 800 Ac lb where is as defined in ACI 318-99. 57

Table 4Shear friction in initially cracked sand-lightweight concrete


Researcher Specimen B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 C1 C2 Mattock, Li, and Wang
6

v ffy, psi 218 448 672 864 1111 1368 218 472 672 921 228 460 690 920 1151 1368 281 281 281 648 657 648 280 280 280 648 652 652 378 378 378 632 640 636

fc , psi 3740 3360 3910 4100 3960 4250 2330 2370 2000 2050 5995 5995 5710 5710 5600 5600 1.099 8490 8510 8290 8490 8510 8290 9270 8760 8730 9270 8760 8730 10,310 10,910 11,020 10,310 10,910 11,020 0.939 1.014

v n, psi 450 652 840 940 1000 1154 364 514 525 560 370 668 772 1022 1082 1220 287 365 413 761 680 727 489 335 299 739 692 680 668 548 585 870 870 894

0.2 fc , psi 748 672 782 820 792 850 466 474 400 410 1199 1199 1142 1142 1120 1120 1698 1702 1658 1698 1702 1658 1854 1752 1746 1854 1752 1746 2062 2182 2062 2182 2182 2204

v n(calc), psi 424 608 782 820 792 850 424 474 400 410 432 618 802 986 1120 1120 475 475 475 768 776 768 474 474 474 768 772 772 552 552 552 756 762 759

Test/calc 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.15 1.26 1.36 0.86 1.08 1.31 1.37 0.86 1.08 0.96 1.04 0.97 1.09 0.158 0.60 0.77 0.87 0.99 0.88 0.95 1.03 0.71 0.63 0.96 0.90 0.88 1.21 0.99 1.06 1.15 1.14 1.18 0.180 0.186

C3 C4 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 LWC1-1 LWC1-2 LWC1-3 LWC1-4 LWC1-5 LWC1-6 LWC2-1 LWC2-2 LWC2-3

Average test/calc

Standard deviation

Hoff

12

LWC2-4 LWC2-5 LWC2-6 LWC3-1 LWC3-2 LWC3-3 LWC3-4 LWC3-5 LWC3-6

Average test/calc Overall average test/calc

Standard deviation Standard deviation

Table 5Shear friction in initially cracked all lightweight concrete


Researcher Specimen F1 F2 F2A F3 F3A F4 F5 Mattock, Li, and Wang6 F6 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 vf fy, psi 234 460 448 690 678 896 1140 1404 219 456 684 912 1111 1315 fc , psi 4150 4030 3970 4065 3970 4040 4115 4050 4145 3880 4100 4420 3950 4080 1.104 vn , psi 450 530 620 734 702 870 920 982 400 620 866 940 990 1042 0.2fc , psi 830 806 794 813 794 808 823 810 829 776 820 884 790 816 v n(calc), psi 387 568 558 852 742 808 823 810 375 565 747 884 790 816 Test/calc 1.16 0.93 1.11 0.98 0.95 1.08 1.12 1.21 1.07 1.10 1.16 1.06 1.25 1.28 0.106

Average test/calc

Standard deviation

58

ACI Structural Journal/January-February 2001

Table 6Shear friction in initially cracked normalweight concrete composite specimens with roughened interface
Researcher Specimen B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Mattock 7 D1 D2 D3 D4A D4 vf fy, psi 226 445 676 947 1262 1576 225 451 739 950 985 Average test/calc fc1 , psi 6330 6330 6055 6055 6040 6040 6245 6245 5910 6085 5910 fc 2 , psi 5840 5840 6225 6225 5895 5895 3770 3770 2940 2495 2940 3183 1.070 v n, psi 487 700 1054 1276 1570 1700 590 920 1010 994 1002 0.3fc 2, psi 1752 1752 1868 1868 1769 1769 1131 1131 882 749 882 v n(calc), psi 509 756 941 1158 1410 1661 506 761 955 955 955 Test/calc 0.96 0.93 1.12 1.10 1.11 1.02 1.17 1.21 1.06 1.04 1.05 955 0.084

Average fc 2 for Series D

Average 0.3fc 2 for Series D Standard deviation

Table 7Shear friction in initially cracked normalweight concrete composite specimens with smooth interface
Researcher Specimen C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Mattock 7 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 vf fy, psi 224 448 667 908 1160 1448 240 480 720 960 1157 1488 Average test/calc fc 1 , psi 6190 6190 5980 5980 6165 6165 6330 6170 6170 6720 6650 6535 fc2 , psi 5870 5870 5980 5980 6185 6185 5825 6080 6080 6075 6180 5900 1.130 vn , psi 210 360 428 600 780 882 188 322 460 510 654 760 v n(calc), psi 134 269 400 545 696 800 144 288 432 576 694 800 Test/calc 1.56 1.34 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.10 1.31 1.12 1.06 0.89 0.94 0.95 0.190

Specimens bonded but initially cracked along interface

Specimens had bond broken, but not initially cracked

Standard deviation

CONVERSION FACTORS
1 ksi = 6.90 MPa (N/mm 2) 1 kip = 4.45 kN

REFERENCES
1. Mast, R. F. Auxiliary Reinforcement in Precast Concrete Connections, Proceedings, ASCE, V. 94, ST6, June 1968, pp.1485-1504. 2. Birkeland, P. W., and Birkeland, H. W., Connections in Precast Concrete Construction, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 63, No. 3, Mar. 1966, pp. 345-368. 3. Hofbeck, J. A.; Ibrahim, I. O.; and Mattock, A. H., Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete, ACI J OURNAL, Proceedings V. 66, No. 2, Feb. 1969, pp. 119-128. 4. Mattock, A. H., and Hawkins, N. M., Shear Transfer in Reinforced ConcreteRecent Research, PCI Journal, V. 17, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1972, pp. 55-75. 5. Mattock, A. H.; Johal, L.; and Chow, H. C., Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete with Moment or Tension Acting Across the Shear Plane, PCI Journal, V. 20, No. 4, July-Aug. 1975, pp. 76-93. 6. Mattock, A. H.; Li, W. K.; and Wang, T. C., Shear Transfer in Lightweight Reinforced Concrete, PCI Journal, V. 32, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1976, pp. 20-39.

7. Mattock, A. H., Shear Transfer under Monotonic Loading, Across an Interface between Concretes Cast at Different Times, University of Washington Report SM 76-3, Sept. 1976, 66 pp. 8. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-77), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1977, 132 pp. 9. Walraven, J. C., Fundamental Analysis of Aggregate Interlock, Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 11, Nov. 1981, pp. 22452270. 10. Walraven, J. C., and Stroband, J., Shear Friction in High-Strength Concrete, High-Performance Concrete, SP-149, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1994, pp. 311-330. 11. Walraven, J. C.; Frnay, J.; and Pruijssers, A., Influence of Concrete Strength and Load History on the Shear Friction Capacity of Concrete Members, PCI Journal, V. 32, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1987, pp. 66-84. 12. Hoff, G. C., High-Strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete for Arctic ApplicationsPart 3, Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Performance, SP-136, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1992, pp. 175-245. 13. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (318R-99), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1999, 391 pp.

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