E-Commerce

1.1 INTRODUCTION Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is the buying and selling of product or service over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on such technologies as electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as email, mobile devices and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. E-commerce can be divided into:

E-tailing or "virtual storefronts" on Web sites with online catalogs, sometimes gathered into a "virtual mall"

The gathering and use of demographic data through Web contacts Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), the business-to-business exchange of data E-mail and fax and their use as media for reaching prospects and established customers (for example, with newsletters)

Business-to-business buying and selling The security of business transactions

1.2 Models of E- Commerce

B2B(Business-to-Business) Companies doing business with each other such as manufacturers selling to distributors and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order and is often negotiable.

 B2C(Business-to-Consumer)
Businesses selling to the general public typically through catalogs utilizing shopping cart software. By dollar volume, B2B takes the prize, however B2C is really what the average Joe has in mind with regards to ecommerce as a whole.

C2B(Consumer-to-Business)
A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies review the consumer's requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that will complete the project.

C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can send and receive money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a great example of where person-to-person transactions take place everyday since 1995.

1.3 Advantages of E-Commerce

Organizational benefits:
Global reach:can easily and quickly locate the best suppliers, more customers and more suitable business partners. i.e. buy cheaper and sell more. Cost reduction:EC decreases the cost of creating, processing, distribution, storing and retrieving paper-based information. Supply chain improvement:supply chain inefficiencies can be minimized e.g.. Inventory and deliver delays. Extended hours:24/7/365 New business models:tendering (reverse auction), name-your-own-price model, affiliate marketing, viral marketing etc. Efficient procurement:EC can reduce administrative cost, purchasing prices, and reducing cycle time. Improved customer relations:EC enable close customer relations. Up-to-date company material:EC enables company information to be updated by the minute.

Consumer benefits: Cheaper products and services:EC providers price variety for goods and services. Instant delivery:e.g. digitized product. Participate in auctions:virtual auctions. Electronic communities:consumers can interact with other consumers. Get it you way:customization and personalization of products and services. No sales tax:most online sales are tax free.

Societal benefits: Telecommuting:more people work and shop at home. Higher standard of living: competitive prices allow lower income earners to shop more. Hope for the poor: great opportunity for the poor to sell, buy and learn new skills. Availability of public services: health care, education, and distribution of government social services can be done at a reduce cost to a large number of people.

1.4 Disadvantages of Ecommerce

Security Security continues to be a problem for online businesses. Customers have to feel confident about the integrity of the payment process before they commit to the purchase.

System And Data Integrity Data protection and the integrity of the system that handles the data are serious concerns. Computer viruses are rampant, with new viruses discovered every day. Viruses cause unnecessary delays, file backups, storage problems, and other similar difficulties. The danger of hackers accessing files and corrupting accounts adds more stress to an already complex operation.

System Scalability

A business develops an interactive interface with customers via a website. After a while, statistical analysis determines whether visitors to the site are onetime or recurring customers. If the company expects 2 million customers and 6 million show up, website performance is bound to experience degradation, slowdown, and eventually loss of customers. To stop this problem from happening, a website must be scalable, or upgradable on a regular basis. Ecommerce Is Not Free So far, success stories in ecommerce have forced large business with deep pockets and good funding. According to a report, small retailers that go headtohead with e commerce giants are fighting losing battle. As in the brickandmortar environment, they simply cannot compete on price or product offering. Brand loyalty is related to this issue, which is supposed to be less important for online firms. Brands are expected to lower search costs, build trust, and communicate quality. A search engine can come up with the best music deals, for example, yet consumers continue to flock to trusted entities such as HMV. Consumer Search Is Not Efficient or Costeffective On the surface, the electronic marketplace seems to be a perfect market, where worldwide sellers and buyers share and trade without intermediaries. However, a closer look indicates that new types of intermediaries are essential to ecommerce. They include electronic malls that guarantee legitimacy of transactions. All these intermediaries add to transaction costs. Customer Relations Problems Not many businesses realise that even ebusiness cannot survive over the long term without loyal customers. Products People won't buy online Imagine a website called furniture.com or living.com, where venture capitalists are investing millions in selling home furnishings online. In the case of a sofa, you would want to sit on it, feel the texture of the fabric etc. Beside the sofa test, online furniture sotres face costly returns which makes the product harder to sell online. Corporate Vulnerability The availability of product details, catalogs, and other information about a business through its website makes it vulnerable to access by the competition. The idea of extracting business intelligence from the website is called web framing.

High Risk Of Internet Startup Many stories unfolded in 1999 about successful executives in established firms leaving for Internet startups, only to find out that their getrich dream with a dot.com was just that a dream.

1. Introduction to Internet
The Internet begins in the mid 1960 as a project of United States department of defense advanced research project agency. It is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. To do this they create the new protocol to establish how computer should talk to each other when they exchange each other. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. The protocols allowed internet users to send E-mail, exchange files using FTP, and read or post news using the NNTP. Today, the most popular uses of the Internet are browsing the World Wide Web and Email communication. They become an internet work. to understand about client and server. Server: Server is a computer that provides information, while on other side. Client: Client is a tool or program and a different computer used to get information from a server.

Web Terms
WEBSITE:
A WEB SITE is a collection of relative web pages. These pages use link witch are called hyperlink. Search engines like googol, yahoo are the example of the web site. Now days many organizations have a launched their sites containing the complete information of that organization like WWW.SSD .COM is the web page of S.S.D W.I.T COLLEGE.

WEB BROWSER:
A software program that is used to view web pages is called a Web Browser. It helps you to connect to web sites. You can surf the web, view web sites and/or download files and programs. A web browser works by using a protocol called Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to request a specially encoded text documents from web server. Browsers are so designed that they can run on many kinds of computer and Operating systems (called platforms). Some of the popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator. Mosaic, Firefox etc

WEB SERVER:
A web server is a computer programs that delivers (serves) content, such as wepages, using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), over the World Wide Web or it refers to the location (computer) on the internet that contains information in the form of Web pages. It also means that computer on the internet having the capabilities to run software. Like: Web site Management. Accept a clients request for information. Responds to client request by providing the pages with required information.

WEB PAGES:
A web page refers to a document on the web. Web pages can be used to display written text, show pictures, play music/sound effects and run videos. For this we have to use hyper text language (HTML) to create web pages. Publishing the web page means transferring your web pages where it can be severed by an HTTP sever. We can also publish web pages on an internet so that only people who are in your organization will be able to see your web page.

HTTPRequest:
Whenever your web browser fetches a file (a page, a picture, etc) from a web server, it does so using HTTP- that's "Hypertext Transfer Protocol". HTTP is a request/response protocol, which means your computer sends a request for some file (e.g. "Get me the file 'home.html'"), and the web server sends back a response ("Here's the file", followed by the file itself). That request which your computer sends to the web server contains all sorts of (potentially) interesting information. We'll now examine the HTTP request your computer just sent to this web server, see what it contains, and find out what it tells me about you.

FTP Services:
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host or to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a cleartext sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that hides (encrypts) the username and password, and encrypts the content, FTP is often secured with SSL/TLS ("FTPS"). SSH File Transfer Protocol ("SFTP") is sometimes also used instead.

2. INTRODUCTION TO HTML
Definition:
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.HTML was develop and defined by Tim berners lee in 1989.which was created and defined by using SGML. It is used to create web page on internet. A website can have one or more pages. The information on the web pages is put in the form of specially coded language called HTML. As you know from above that HTML is Hypertext Markup Language. Well all these words have their own meanings. Let us see what these are:

Hypertext:
It refers to the ordinary text that we use to communicate with each other. What our ordinary day-today-text into hypertext is its dressing up with extra features like Formatting, Images, Multimedia and links to other document.

Markup:
It is really the addition of symbols, each of which comprises a Command which instruct a browser about the manner in which you want the text to be displayed .

Language:
HTML is just another language. While it is literally like the day-to-day language (text) we use, it has its own syntax and rules that make it a powerful communication tool to be used to create web pages.

3.1 Features of HTML:

Use of uniform Resources Locator: HTML provides URL that provides retrieve the web page from a computer connected to a internet.

Hyper linking: HTML provides tags that enable end user to access other resources of information just by clicking on the HYPERLINK. Portability: HTML is a portable in nature that means it can run over the different platform

3.2 Requirements of HTML:

There are number of tools used in HTML, but most important two basis HTML tools are discussed below:

1.HTML Editor: It is a program that one uses to create and save HTML document. They fall into two categories: Text Based or Code Based which allows one to see the HTML code as one is creating a document e.g. Notepad. WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) which shows the result of code, similar to the way it will appear on the browser e.g. Netscape Composer.

2.Web Browser: A software program that is used to view web pages is called a Web Browser. Web Browser helps you to connect to web sites. You can surf the web, view web sites and/or download files and programs. A web browser works by using a protocol called Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) to request a specially encoded text documents from web server. Browsers are so designed that they can run on many kinds of computer and operating systems (called platforms). Some of the popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator. Mosaic, Firefox etc.

3.3 Advantages of HTML

As this language have many advantages which are discussed below:

Troubleshooting:
User will able to troubleshoot it efficiently because user would try any technique to solve any problem.

Price:
There are no expensive licenses to buy & no upgrade to purchase.

Independence:
We dont have to worry about bugs in a particular editing program or any companies going out of business and leaving stranded.

3.4 HTML Terminology

Before describing the structure of an HTML document let us be familiar with some of the most commonly used terms in HTML:

1.Tag:
It is piece of text that is used to identify an element so that the browser realizes how to display its contents. Tags are always written within single angle brackets. For Example, <HTML> tag indicates the start of an html document and </HTML> tag indicates the browser the ends of an HTML document. HTML tags are of two types:

Paired Tag:
A tag is said to be a paired tag, if it along with a companion tag flanks the text. For Example the <B> tag is a paired tag. In paired tag, the first tag <B> if often called the opening tag and he second tag </B> is called the closing tag.

Singular Tag:
The second type of tag is singular or stand alone tag. A stand alone tag doesnt have any a companion tag For Example, <Br> tag will be insert a line break

2.Attributes:
Attributes goes inside the <Tag> and tells the browser how to do it. Attributes is the property of an HTML tag that specifies in the opening angle bracket. It supplies additional information like color, size etc to the browser about a tag. Example of most common attributes are color, align etc.

3. Elements:
Elements are the component of a documents structure such as a title, a paragraph or a list. It can include an opening and closing tag and the contents within it.

The Body Element:

This tag enclosed all tags, attributes and information that one wants the browser to display. To use the <Body> tag, enter it below the closing </Head> tag and above the closing </HTML> tag. There are two categories in body section:

ELEMENT TAGS

Paragraph Heading , level one Horizontal Rule Centering Table Address Line Break Font Bold Underline Big

<P>&</P> <H1>&</H1> <HR> <Center>&</Center> <Table>&</Table> <Address>&</Address> <Br> <Font>&</Font> <B>&</B> <U >&</U> <Big>&</Big>

3.5 How to create an HTML document

After covering the basic of HTML, now we are ready to create a advanced HTML page. For creating a HTML page we must follow the following steps:

1. First of all open the text editor from the START>Accessories>Notepad. Then Write the source code of the page here. An HTML document includes structure tags, which provide browser with information about documents characteristics.

For Example:

2. After completing with all structure tags. It can be saved through SAVE AS option from the FILE MENU and save it with the HTML extension. As shown below

Output:

FORM DESIGNING Introduction of form

An HTML form is a section of a document containing normal content, markup, special

elements called controls (checkboxes, radio buttons, menus etc.) and labels on those controls. Users generally complete a form by modifying its controls (entering text, selecting menu items etc.) before submitting the form to an agent for processing (e.g. to a web server to a mail server etc.). An HTML form is a section of a web document into which the user can enter information. This information is passed back to a web server where it might be recorded in a database for future use or perhaps used to control what information is returned to the user.HTML forms can prompt the user to type in some text or choose from a number of option collect several different items of information at once and can restrict user challenging feature for web designers. Forms are used for two-way communication between web pages and web sites.

Syntax:
<Input Type =Text Name=text-id Value=default-text Size=n Max Length=m >

Passwords: Passwords field are similar to text fields, except the contents of the field are
not visible on the screen. It display***** (asterisks) instead of the actual input. These fields are mainly used for confidential contents to establish a password field just set type =password in the <input> tag.

Syntax:
<Input Type =Password Name=Password-Id Value=Default-Text Size=N Max Length=M >

Syntax:
<Input ype=RadioName=Radio-IdValue=Choice-Id >

Syntax:
<Input Type =Checkbox Name=Box-Id Value=Choice-Id >

OUTPUT

DESIGNING TABLE Tables

Tables in HTML should be used when you need to display tabular data. They are a block level element, and should not be put inside paragraphs. Unlike other block elements, tables do not take up the full width that is available to them (unless you specify a width). Instead, they shrink to fit their contents. As well as shrinking to fit, they can also grow to fit. If you specify a width for the table and the contents force it to be wider, the table will grow to fit the needs of its contents.

OUTPUT:-

TABLE Tables
It should also be possible to remove the gaps between the cells using the border-spacing:0px; style on the TABLE element, but Internet Explorer 7- will not understand that, and requires you to use thecellspacing="0" attribute on the table element. Alternatively, you can use theborder-collapse:collapse; style. Note that most browsers will also apply the following rules by default: Empty table cells are not displayed by default in most browsers (so their borders are hidden). To change that, set theempty-cells: show; style on the TH and TD elements.

Image element attributes

Browsers that cannot display in-line images ignore the IMG element unless it contains the ALT attributes. Note that some browsers can display linked graphics but not in-line graphics. If the graphics is essential, you may want to create a link to it rather than to put it in-line. The <img> tags attributes are intended to tell a browser how the page should be laid out with the image so that text can flow property around the image. The<img> tag is used to incorporate in-line graphics into an html document. This element is not intended for embedding other HTML text. We will expand on the possibilities of the <IMG>tag and see how its attributes work. The <IMG> tags attributes are intended to tell a browser how the page should be laid out with the image so that text can flow property around the image. The<IMG> tag is used to incorporate in-line graphics into an HTML document. This element is NOT intended for embedding other HTML text.

IMAGE

OUTPUT

ORDER LIST AND UNORDER LIST TAG

Unordered lists
The UL element can only contain LI elements directly. It must not contain any other elements unless they are inside the LI elements.

Ordered lists
The syntax of the ordered list is exactly the same as the unordered list, including the nesting. It is even possible to nest UL and OL lists inside each other.

OUTPUT

Java Script

Introduction to Java Script

JavaScript is a prototype-basedscripting language that is dynamic, weakly typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript was formalized in the ECMAScript language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript, implemented as part of a Web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and dynamic websites. This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a host environment. JavaScript's use in applications outside Web pages for example in PDF documents, sitespecific browsers, and desktop widgets is also significant. Newer and faster JavaScript VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js) have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. JavaScript uses syntax influenced by that of C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the Self and Scheme programming languages. WRITING JAVASCRIPT INTO HTML JavaScript is embedded into an HTML files. A browser reads HTML files and interprets HTML tags. Since all Java scripts needs to be included as an integral part of an HTML documents when required, the browser needs to be informed that specific sections of HTML code is JavaScript. The browser will then use its built-in JavaScript engine to interpret this code. Answer is given this information using the HTML tags <SCRIPT>..</SCRIPT>.The <SCRIPT> tag marks the beginning of a snippet of scripting code. The paired </SCRIPT>marks the end of the snippet using code. Like most Other HTML tags the <SCRIPT>tag takes in an optional attribute, as listed below:

Attributes Language

Description Indicates the scripting language used for writing the snippet of scripting code. If left undefined Netscape Communicator will assume JavaScript. If left undefined Internet Explorer will assume VB Script.

SYNTAX: <SCRIPT LAGUAGE ="JAVASCRIPT"> / / JAVASCRIPT CODE SNIPPET WRITTEN HERE </SCRIPT> Creating a JavaScript program In order to create a JavaScript program, there are multiple editors available which are distinguished on the basis of their characteristics such as ready to use scripts, debugging tools, integrated help etc. some most commonly used editors are Notepad, MS-front page, home site 5 etc. Notepad is most commonly used as it is readily available. The steps involved are 1.Open notepad by clicking on Start>All programs>Accessories>notepad. 2.Now type the following HTML code

Input

3.Then save the file as javascript.html at the desiredlocation. finally close the notepad. 4.Where you saved HTML file double click on the file to open with web browser.

Output

Data types Primary Data Types

The primary (primitive) data types are:

String Number Boolean JavaScript Strings

A string is a variable which stores a series of characters like "John Doe". A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use simple or double quotes: Example varcarname="Volvo XC60"; varcarname='Volvo XC60'; JavaScript Numbers

JavaScript has only one type of numbers. Numbers can be written with, or without decimals:

Example var x1=34.00; var x2=34; //Written with decimals //Written without decimals

JavaScript Booleans

Booleans can only have two values: true or false. var x=true var y=false JavaScript Arrays The following code creates an Array called cars: var cars=new Array(); cars[0]="Saab"; cars[1]="Volvo"; cars[2]="BMW"; Composite Data Types

The composite (reference) data types are:

Object Array JavaScript Objects

An object is delimited by curly braces. Inside the braces the object's properties are defined as name and value pairs (name : value). The properties are separated by commas: var person={firstname:"John", lastname:"Doe", id:5566}; The object (person) in the example above has 3 properties: firstname, lastname, and id. Spaces and line breaks are not important. Your declaration can span multiple lines: var person={ firstname : "John",

DIVISION

OUTPUT

SWAPPING OF NUMBERS

OUTPUT

FUNCTION

OUTPUT