International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)

ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821

Volume 2, Issue 2(February 2013), PP.30-34
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www.irjes.com 30 | Page
On Generalised -Connectedness In Isotonic Spaces

A.Francina Shalini and I.Arockiarani
Department of Mathematics, Nirmala College For Women, Coimbatore


Abstract : The purpose of this paper is to define and study connectedness and separated sets in generalized
closure spaces and discuss their properties. The notion of Z connectedness and strongly connectedness in
isotonic spaces are also analysed.
Keywords: Generalized closure spaces, connectedness, separated sets, Z connectedness, strongly
connectedness.

I. Introduction & Preliminaries
The structure of closure spaces is more general than that of topological spaces. Hammer studied closure
spaces extensively and a recent study on these spaces can be found in Stadler [8,9], Harris[5],Habil and Elzenati
[4].The following definition of a generalized closure space can be found in [4] and [9].Let X be a set, ( X) be
its power set and cl: ( X) ( X) be any arbitrary set valued function, called a closure function. We call cl
(A), AX, the closure of A and we call the pair ( X,cl) a generalized closure space.
An operator cl : P(X) P(X) is called grounded if cl()= , isotonic if A_ B_ X implies
cl(A) _ cl(B), expansive if A_ cl(A )for every A_ X, idempotent if cl (cl(A)) = cl(A) for every
A_X and additive if cl(A B ) _ cl(A) cl(B) for all subsets A and B of X.
Definition: 1.1.
(i) The space ( X, cl) is said to be isotonic if cl is grounded and isotonic.
(ii) The space ( X, cl) is said to be a neighborhood space if cl is grounded, expansive
and isotonic.
(iii) The space ( X, cl) is said to be a closure space if cl is grounded, expansive, isotonic
and idempotent.
(iv) The space ( X, cl) is said to be a Cech closure space if cl is grounded, expansive,
isotonic and additive.
(v) A subset A of X is said to be closed if cl(A) = A. It is open if its complement is closed.

II. Generalized -Closure Space
Definition 2.1:
(1) A generalized -closure space is a pair (X,cl) consisting of a set X and a -closure function cl, a
function from the power set of X to itself.
(2) The -closure of a subset A of X, denoted cl, is the image of A under cl.
(3) The -exterior of A is Ext(A) = X\ cl(A), and the -Interior of A is Int(A) = X \
cl(X\A).
(4) A is -closed if A = cl(A), A is -open if A = Int(A)and N is a -neighborhood of
x if x Int(N).
Definition 2.2: We say that a -closure function cl defined on X is:
(1) -grounded if cl() =
(2) -isotonic if cl(A) _ cl(B) whenever A _ B
(3) -enlarging if A _ cl(A) for each subset A of X
(4) -idempotent if cl(A) = cl(cl(A)) for each subset A of X
(5) -sub-linear if cl(A B) _ cl(A) cl(B) for all A,B _ X
(6) -additive if
iI
cl(A
i
) = cl(
iI
A
i
) for A
i
_ X

III. Separated Sets
Definition 3.1:In an generalized -closure space (X, cl), two subsets A, B _ X are called -
separated if cl(A) B = A cl(B) = .
Proposition 3.2: In an generalized -closure space (X, cl), the following two conditions are
equivalent for all A, B _ X :
1. A, B are - separated.
On Generalised -Connectedness In Isotonic Spaces
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2. There are U e N(A) and V e N(B) such that A V = U B = .
Proof: By the definition of neighborhood if there exists U, V such that A _ int(U ),
B _ int (V ), A V = , and U B = . We know that A V = implies V _ X \ A and by
isotonic property B _ int(V ) _ int(X \ A). Then X \ int(X \ A) _ X \ int(V) implies cl(A) _ X \
int(V)

_ X\B and thus cl(A) B = . Similarly A cl(B) = .
Now suppose A and B are - separated. Then cl(A) B = if and only if B _ X \ cl(A) = int(X \
A), i.e.,X \ A e N (B). Thus there is V e N (B) such that A V = .
Similarly we have A cl(B) = if and only if X \ B e N (A), i.e., there is U eN (A) with
U B = .
Proposition 3.3: Let (X, cl), be an generalized -closure space and let A, B _ Y _ X . Then A and B are
-separated in (X, cl) if and only if A and B are -separated in (Y, cl
Y
).
Proof. Suppose A, B _ Y and they are - separated in X. Then we have A cl(B) = implies A
cl(B) Y = A cl
Y
(B) = . and cl(A) B = implies cl
Y
(A) B = .
Conversely, I f A a n d B a r e
- separated in Y.
Assume A
cl
Y
(B)
=
.

We have A cl
Y
(B) = A Y cl(B) = A cl(B) = since A _ Y .Hence Acl(B) = cl(A) B
= .
Proposition 3.4: In neighborhood spaces let f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) be - continuous and suppose
A, B _ Y
are

-separated. Then f
1
(A) and f
1
(B) are

-separated.
Proof. Suppose A and B ar e -separated in Y then we have cl(A) B= and A cl (B) = we now
prove that
f
1
(A) and f
1
(B) are

separated in X. Let us take

cl(A) B = . Then
f
1
( cl(A)) f
1
(B) = . Since f is continuous, cl(f
-1
(A)) _ f
-1
(cl (A)), hence
cl(f
-1
(A)) f
-1
(B) _ f
-1
(cl (A)) f
1
(B) implies cl(f
-1
(A)) f
-1
(B) = .
Similarly cl(B) A = implies cl(f
-1
B) f
-1
(A) = . Hence f
-1
(A) and f
-1
(B) are -separated.

IV. connectedness
Definition 4.1: A set Ye P(X) is -connected in a generalized closure space (X, cl) if
it is not a disjoint union of a nontrivial -separated pair of sets A, Y \ A, A , Y.
Definition 4.2: Let (X, cl) be a space and xeX . The component C (x) of x
in X is the union of all -connected subsets of X containing x.
Theorem 4.3: A set Ze P (X ) is - connected in an g e n e r a l i z e d closure space (X, cl) if and only if
for each proper subset A _ Z holds [ cl(A) (Z \ A)] [ cl(Z \ A) A] . This is known as Hausdorff-
Lennes condition.
Definition 4.4 : Connectedness is closely related to separation .Two sets A, B e P (X ) are - separated if
t her e ar e - nei ghbor hoods N'

eN (A) and N eN (B) such that A

N'

= N

B = ; they are
separated if there are - neighborhoods N' e N (A) and N e N (B) such that N' N = .
Theorem 4.5: A neighborhood space (X, cl) is connected if and only if there are no
nonempty disjoint -open (closed) sets H and K in X with X = H K .
Proof : Suppose that X is -disconnected. Then X = H K , where H , K are - separated,
disjoint sets. Since H

cl(K ) = , we have cl(K ) _ X \ H _ K and then, by definition of
expanding cl(K ) = K . Since cl(H )

K = , a similarl y H is a - closed set.
Conversely, suppose that H and K are disjoint -open sets such that X = H K .
Now K = X \ H , and H is an -open set, hence K is a -closed set. Thus H

cl(K ) =
H

K = . Similarly cl(H )

K = . Thus H and K are -separated and therefore X is
disconnected.
Proposition 4.6:
If X and
Y
are
-
connected in an generalized
closure
space (X,

cl) and
X

Y
=

,
then X Y is - connected.

Proof: We use t he
Hausdorff-Lennes
condi t i on
[

cl(A)

(Y

Z ) \ A]

[A

cl((Y

Z ) \ A)] =

[

cl(A)

(Y \ A)]

[

cl(A)


(Z \ A)]

[A

cl((Y \ A)

(Z \ A))] _

{[

cl(A)

(Y \ A)]

[A

cl(Y \ A)]}

{[A

cl(Z \ A)]

cl(A)

(Z \ A)]}
If A

Y or A

Z is a proper subset of Y or Z, then one of the expression is non empty .Both the expressions
are empty if and only if either A=Z and A Y= o r A Z= a n d A=Y. Th i s i s i mp o s s i b l e i f
YZ=
On Generalised -Connectedness In Isotonic Spaces
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Theorem 4.7: If (X, cl) is a neighborhood space then cl(Z ) is - connected whenever Z is
- connected.
Proof: Set A' = Z A and A = A\Z. We then use the Hausdorff-Lennes condition
[cl(A) ( cl(Z ) \ A)] [cl( cl(Z ) \ A) A] _
[(

cl(A')

cl(A)) (Z \ A')] [

cl(Z A')

(A' A)] _

{[ cl(A') (Z \ A')] [ cl(Z \ A' ) A' ]} [cl(Z A') A]
Here we have used Z A_ (cl(Z ) \ A') \A' which is true only if A _ cl (A) holds. If A' = then the term in the
braces is nonempty because Z is connected. By assumption if A'

= then A _ cl(Z ) \ Z is nonempty and
hence cl(Z \ A') A= cl(Z ) A

= .Thus cl(Z ) is -connected.
Theorem 4.8: If f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) is a - continuous function between neighborhood spaces, and A is
connected in X , then f (A) is - connected in Y .
Proof : Suppose f(A) is not - connected. Then f(A) = U V , where U and V are | -separated and non-empty.
Thus f
-1
(U) and f
-1
(V) are | -separated. Clearly A' = A f
-1
(U) and A = A f
-1
(V) are both non-empty and also
| -separated. Further A' A = A and hence A is not - connected.
Theorem 4.9:Let (X, cl) be a generalized -closure space with -grounded -isotonic -enlarging
C l. Then, the following are equivalent:
(1) (X, cl) is - connected,
(2) X cannot be a union of nonempty disjoint open sets.
Proof :. (1) (2): Let X be a union of nonempty disjoint - open sets A and B. Then,
X = A B and this implies that B = X \A and A is a -open set. Thus, B is -closed and hence A
cl(B) = A B = . Likewise, we obtain cl(A) B = . Hence, A and B are -closure-separated
and hence X is not -connected. This is a contradiction.
(2) (1): Suppose that X is not - connected. Then X = A B, where A, B are disjoint - separated
sets, i.e A cl(B) = cl(A) B = . We have cl(B) c X \Ac B. Since cl is -enlarging, we get cl(B)
= B and hence, B is - closed. By using cl(A) B = . and similarly, it is obvious that A is -closed.
This is a contradiction.
Definition 4.10: Let (X, cl) be a generalized -closure space with grounded isotonic c l. Then, (X,
cl) is called a T
1
- -grounded -isotonic space if cl({x}) c{x} for all x e X .
Theorem 4.11: Let (X, cl) be a generalized -closure space with -grounded -isotonic
cl. Then, the following are equivalent:
(1) (X, cl) is - connected,
(2) Any -continuous function f: X Y is constant for all T
1
- -grounded -isotonic spaces Y
= {0, 1}.
Proof :. (1)(2): Let X be - connected. Suppose that f: X Y is - continuous and it is not
constant. Then there exists a set U c X such that U = f
1
({0}) and X \U = f
1
({1}). Since f
is continuous and Y is T
1
- - grounded -isotonic space, then we have cl(U ) = cl(f
1
({0})) c f

1
(cl{0})c f
1
({0}) = U and hence cl(U ) (X \U ) = .Similarly we have U cl(X \U ) = .
This is a contradiction. Thus, f is constant.
(2) (1): Suppose that X is not connected. Then there exist -closure- separated sets U and V
such that U V = X . We have cl(U )cU and cl(V ) c V and X \U c V . Since cl is -isotonic
and U and V are - closure-separated, then cl(X \U ) c cl(V ) c X \U . If we consider the space (Y,
cl) by Y = {0, 1}, cl() = , cl ({0}) = {0}, cl ({1}) = {1} and cl (Y ) = Y , then
the space (Y, cl) is a T
1
- -grounded -isotonic space. We define the function f: X Y as f (U ) =
{0} and f ( X \U ) = {1}. Let A= and A cY . If A = Y , then f
1
(A) = X and hence cl(X )
= cl (f
1
(A)) c X = f
1
(A) = f
1
( cl(A)).
If A = {0}, then f
1
(A) = U and hence cl(U ) = cl(f
1
(A)) cU = f
1
(A)
= f
1
( cl(A)). If A = {1}, then f
1
(A) = X \U and hence
cl(X \U ) = cl(f
1
(A)) c X \U = f
1
(A) = f
1
( c l(A)). Hence, f is continuous. Since f is not
constant, this is a contradiction.
Theorem 4.12: Let f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) and g : (Y, cl) (Z, cl) be continuous functions.
Then, gof : X Z is continuous.
Proof :. Suppose that f and g are continuous. For all A c Z we have
cl(gof )
1
(A) = cl(f
1
(g
1
(A))) c f
1
(cl(g
1
(A))) c f
1
(g
1
(cl(A)))
On Generalised -Connectedness In Isotonic Spaces
www.irjes.com 33 | Page
= (gof )
1
(cl(A)). Hence, gof : X Z is continuous.
Theorem 4.13: Let (X, cl) and (Y, cl) be generalized -closure spaces with -grounded -isotonic cl
and f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) be a continuous function onto Y . If X is connected, then Y is
connected.
Proof : Let us suppose that {0, 1} is a generalized -closure spaces with -grounded -isotonic C l
and g : Y {0, 1} is a continuous function. Since f is continuous,
gof : X {0, 1} is continuous. Since X is -connected, gof is constant and hence g is
constant. Therefore Y is connected.
Definition 4.14: Let (Y, cl) be a generalized -closure space with -grounded -isotonic cl and more
than one element. A generalized -closure space (X, cl) with -grounded -isotonic cl is called Y
connected if any - continuous function f : X Y is constant.
Theorem 4.15: Let (Y, cl) be a generalized -closure space with -grounded -isotonic enlarging
cl and more than one element. Then every Y - connected generalized -closure space with -
grounded -isotonic is connected.
Proof : Let (X, cl) be a Y - connected generalized -closure space with - grounded -isotonic cl.
Suppose that f : X {0, 1} is a continuous function, where {0, 1} is a T
1
- -grounded -isotonic
space. Since Y is a generalized -closure space with -grounded -isotonic -enlarging cl and more
than one element, then there exists a continuous injection
g : {0, 1} Y .gof : X Y is continuous. Since X is Y - connected, then gof is constant. Thus,
f is constant and hence, by t heor em 5. 11 X is connected.
Theorem 4.16: Let (X, cl) and (Y, cl) be generalized -closure spaces with -grounded -isotonic cl
and f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) be a continuous function onto Y . If X is Z - connected, then Y is Z -
connected.
Proof : Suppose that g : Y Z is a continuous function. Then gof : X Z is continuous. Since X
is Z - connected, then gof is constant. This implies that g is constant. Thus, Y is Z - connected.
5.Strongly Connected Spaces
Definition 5.1: A generalized -closure space (X, cl) is strongly connected if there is no countable
collection of pairwise -closure-separated sets {A
n
} such that X = A
n
.
Theorem 5.2: Every strongly connected generalized closure space with -grounded -isotonic cl is
connected.
Theorem 5.3: Let (X, cl) and (Y, cl) be generalized -closure spaces with -grounded -isotonic cl
and f : (X, cl) (Y, cl) be a - continuous function onto Y . If X is strongly connected, then Y
is strongly - connected.
Proof : Suppose that Y is not strongly - connected. Then, there exists a countable collection of pairwise
- closure-separated sets {A
n
} such that Y = A
n
. Since f
1
(A
n
) cl(f
1
(A
m
))
cf
1
(A
n
)f
1
( cl(A
m
)) = for all n = m, then the collection {f
1
(A
n
)} is pairwise closure-
separated. This is a contradiction. Hence, Y is strongly -connected.
Theorem 5.4: Let (X, cl
X

) and (Y,cl
y

) be generalized -closure spaces. Then, the following are
equivalent for a function f : X Y
(1) f is -continuous,
(2) f
1
( I nt(B)) _ I nt(f
1
(B)) for each B _Y .
Theorem 5.5: Let (X,cl) be a generalized -closure space with -grounded isotonic -additive cl.
Then (X,cl) is strongly - connected if and only if (X, cl) Y - connected for any countable T
1
- -
grounded -isotonic space (Y, cl).
Proof : (): Let (X,cl) be strongly - connected. Suppose that (X, cl) is not Y - connected for
some countable T
1
- -grounded -isotonic space (Y, cl). There exists a continuous function
f: X Y which is not constant and hence K= f(X) is a countable set with more than one element. For
each y
n e
K , there exists U
n
cX such that U
n
=f
1
({y
n
}) and hence Y = U
n
.
Since f is - continuous and Y is -grounded, then for each n = m, U
n
cl(U
m
) =
f
1
({y
n
}) cl(f
1
({y
m
})) cf
1
({y
n
})f
1
( C l({y
m
})) c f
1
({y
n
})
f
1
({y
m
})= . This contradicts the strong - connectedness of X . Thus, X is
Y - connected.
(:) :Let X be Y - connected for any countable T
1
- -grounded -isotonic space (Y, cl). Suppose that
On Generalised -Connectedness In Isotonic Spaces
www.irjes.com 34 | Page
X is not strongly - connected. There exists a countable collection of pairwise -closure-separated sets
{U
n
} such that X = U
n
.Consider the space (Z, cl), where Z is the set of integers and cl : P(Z )
P(Z ) is defined by cl(K ) =K for each K c Z .Clearly (Z, cl) is a countable T
1
- -grounded -
isotonic space. Put U
k e
{U
n
}.We define a function
f: X Z by f (U
k
) = {x} and f (X \U
k
) = {y} where x, y e Z and x = y. Since cl(U
k
)
U
n=
for all n = k, then cl(U
k
) U
n = k
U
n=

and hence cl(U
k
) c U
k
. Let
= K c Z. If x, y e K then f
1
(K )= X and cl(f
1
(K )) = cl(X )c X = f
1
(K )
= f
1
( cl(K )). If xe K and y e K ,then f
1
(K ) = U
k
and cl(f
1
(K )) = c l(U
k
)cU
k

= f
1
(K ) = f
1
(cl(K )).If ye K and xe K then f
1
(K ) = X \U
k
. On the other hand, for all n
=k, U
k
cl(U
n
) = and hence U
k U
n = k
cl (U
n)=

This implies that
U
k cl( U
n = k
U
n)=

.
Thus, cl (X \U
k

)cX \U
k
. Since cl(K ) = K for each K cZ , we have cl(f
1
(K )) = cl(X \U
k
)cX \U
k
= f
1
(K ) = f
1
( cl(K )).Hence we obtain that f is - continuous.
Since f is not constant, this is a contradiction with the Z- connectedness of X . Hence, X is strongly
- connected.
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