Electronics & Communication Department

Lab Manual

Data Communication & Networking

B. E. SEMESTER-VIII

Enrollment Number: ________________________ Name of the Student: _____________________________________________ Academic Year: __________________

List of Experiments
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Introduction to LAN cabling scheme & crimping process Study of Network planning and setup (e.g. - GEC-Rajkot) Study of Network commands Introduction to RS 232C & UART To perform byte transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code) To perform simple file transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code) To perform character stuffing & de-stuffing Demonstration of Linux OS installation and network utilities Study of Internetworking devices Network Hardware Study of IP addressing and subnetting Network Simulator- ns-2: Installation, Programming & Simulation demo

EXPERIMENT 1
Introduction to LAN cabling scheme & crimping process

Pin out for EIA/TIA 568A/B cabling

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Signal Transmit + Transmit Receive + N/A N/A Receive N/A N/A EIA/TIA 568A White/Green Green/White or Green White/Orange Blue/White or Blue White/Blue Orange/White or Orange White/Brown EIA/TIA 568B White/Orange Orange/White or Orange White/Green Blue/White or Blue White/Blue Green/White or Green White/Brown Ethernet X X X Not Used Not Used X Not Used Not Used

Brown/White or Brown/White or Brown Brown Wiring/Color Coding for CAT5 Cable

RJ-45 Connector "Pin-Outs"

TUTORIAL Questions 1) What are hubs and repeaters? 2) How many types of LED indicators are there at back panel of a Hub? What is their significance? 3) What is the need of an uplink feature in a Hub? 4) What is an NIC card? 5) What is maximum length that category 5 up cable support? 6) What is the difference between a router and a repeater or a bridge? 7) There are how many types of connecting devices? 8) In which layer/layers does the repeater function? 9) In which layer/layers does the router function? 10) What do you mean by 10BASE5? 11) What is the meaning of T in 10BASE-T? 12) What is a crossover cable? 13) What is power consumption for DE 816TP hub? 14) What is the function of Collision LED?

EXPERIMENT 2
Study of Network planning and setup (e.g. - GEC-Rajkot)

EXPERIMENT 3
Study of Network commands Objectives Concepts (1) PING (Packet Internet Groper Command) If any system (host or router) want to communicate with the other system (host or route) then it is necessary to check the communication is possible or not? For this, First of all we have to check for destination system is reachable or not. Due to hardware failure or any other reason it is possible the system may on network but not reachable. How can we detect that the destination system is reachable or not? PING command is useful for checking the reach ability of the system. Procedure: First go to command prompt For help and information about this command type ping /? Type ping IP address of system Example: C:\ >ping 192.168.11.42 Pinging 192.168.11.42 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.11.42: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.11.42: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.11.42: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=127 Reply from 192.168.11.42: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=127 To test different network utilities like ping, tracert, arp, ipconfig, ftp To study and use different options for these utilities

(2) TRACERT: When one system (host or router) send the packet of data to another system then there be two possibilities, Packet directly reach to destination system or it pass through one or more routers. TRACERT command is useful to trace the route through which packet passes. Procedure: First go to command prompt For help and information about this command type tracert /? Type tracert IP address or name of the destination.

Example: C:\>tracert 192.168.11.41 Tracing route to EC9-41 [192.168.11.41] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms VPN [192.168.11.2] 2 <10 ms <10 ms <10 ms EC9-41 [192.168.11.41] Trace complete. (3) IPCONFIG: When System is in network at that time it is necessary to know the IP address of that system, subnet mask and gateway address IPCONFIG command is used. Procedure: First go to command prompt For help and information about this command type ipconfig /? Type ipconfig. Example: C:\>ipconfig Windows 2000 IP Configuration Ethernet adapter LAN: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.11.7 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.224 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.11.2 (4) ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Any system on the network is identified by Physical address and IP address, so it is sometimes necessary to resolve Physical address from IP address or vice-versa. ARP is used to resolve Physical address from the IP address. We can also get the dynamic ARP table. Procedure: First go to command prompt For help and information about this command type arp /? Type arp a.

Example: C:\>arp -a Interface: 192.168.11.7 on Interface 0x1000003 Internet Address Physical Address Type 192.168.11.1 00-50-af-0a-5b-80 dynamic 192.168.11.2 00-80-ad-83-02-82 dynamic 192.168.11.20 00-80-ad-83-4d-35 dynamic 192.168.11.21 00-11-5b-d2-51-c4 dynamic

TUTORIAL Questions (1) Which protocol is used in PING command? (2) Explain briefly about each field received in reply while using PING command. (3) Is it possible to find IP address of the system on which you are working using PING command? (4) Which kind of ICMP messages used in PING command? (5) What is maximum size of a packet practically? Prove it using PING command? (6) State the minimum number of hop count is requiring for checking reach ability of host? (7) Which message will display while hop count is less than the number of routers on the path. (8) Which protocol is used in TRACERT command? (9) If more than one router in the route than first reply comes from which router while using TRACERT? (10) If final destination is not reachable than how many reply comes while using TRACERT command? (11) Explain briefly about each field in an ARP table. (12) Explain briefly about each field displayed while running ipconfig command. (13) Which information we get from subnet mask? (14) Write subnet mask for class A, class B, class C and class D addresses. (15) If one router on the path to reach the final destination How can we find the IP addresses of the two interfaces of the router?

EXPERIMENT 4
Introduction to RS 232C & UART Objectives [A] To understand RS232-C standard and UART functions. To study RS232-C cabling scheme. To test RS232-C cable using Windows inbuilt utility. [B] To verify serial port communication between two PCs by writing simple C code. (byte transfer). To implement byte transfer using ALP. Concept In most cases, any device you connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted back to parallel so that it can be used. This can be done using a UART. On software side, there are many more registers that you have to attend to than on a Standard Parallel Port. (SPP) What are the advantages of using serial data transfer rather than parallel?

Serial Cables can be longer than Parallel cables. The serial port transmits a '1' as -3 to -25 volts and a '0' as +3 to +25 volts where as a parallel port transmits a '0' as 0v and a '1' as 5v. Therefore the serial port can have a maximum swing of 50V compared to the parallel port which has a maximum swing of 5 Volts. Therefore cable loss is not as much of a problem for serial cables then they are for parallel. You don't need as many wires then parallel transmission. If your device needs to be mounted a far distance away from the computer then 3 core cable (Null Modem Configuration) is going to be cheaper that running 19 or 25 core cable. However you must take into account the cost of the interfacing at each end. Many electronic diaries and palmtop computers have infra red capabilities build in. Serial transmission is used where one bit is sent at a time. IrDA-1 (The first infra red specifications) was capable of 115.2k baud and was interfaced into a UART. The pulse length however was cut down to 3/16th of an RS 232 bit length to conserve power considering these devices are mainly used on diaries, laptops and palmtops. Serial Communication reduces the pin count of Microcontrollers. Only two pins are commonly used, Transmit Data (TXD) and Receive Data (RXD) compared with at least 8 pins if you use an 8 bit Parallel method (You may also require a Strobe).

Hardware Properties Devices which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories. These are DCE (Data Communications Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal Equipment.) Data Communications Equipments are devices such as your modem, TA adapter, plotter etc while Data Terminal Equipment is your Computer or Terminal

The electrical specifications of the serial port are contained in the RS232C standard. It states many parameters such as 1. 2. 3. 4. A "Space" (logic 0) will be between +3 and +25 Volts. A "Mark" (Logic 1) will be between -3 and -25 Volts The region between +3 and -3 volts is undefined. An open circuit voltage should never exceed 25 volts. (In Reference to GND) 5. A short circuit current should not exceed 500mA. The driver should be able to handle this without damage. (Take note of this one!)

The RS 232 C standard specifies a maximum baud rate of 20,000 BPS. Serial Ports come in two "sizes". There are the D-Type 25 pin connector and the D-Type 9 pin connector both of which are male on the back of the PC, thus you will require a female connector on your device. Below is a table of pin connections for the 9 pin and 25 pin D-Type connectors. Serial Pin outs (D25 and D9 Connectors) D-Type-25 Pin No. D-Type-9 Pin No. Pin 2 Pin 3 Pin 3 Pin 2 Pin 4 Pin 7 Pin 5 Pin 8 Pin 6 Pin 6 Pin 7 Pin 5 Pin 8 Pin 1 Pin 20 Pin 4 Pin 22 Pin 9 Pin Functions Abbreviation TD RD CTS DCD Full Name Transmit Data Receive Data Clear to Send Data Carrier Detect Function Serial Data Output (TXD) Serial Data Input (RXD) This line indicates that the Modem is ready to exchange data. When the modem detects a "Carrier" from the modem at the other end of the phone line, this Line becomes active. This tells the UART that the modem is ready to establish a link. This is the opposite of DSR. This tells the Modem that the UART is ready to link. This line informs the Modem that the UART is ready to exchange data. Goes active when modem detects a ringing signal from the PSTN.

Abbreviation TD RD RTS CTS DSR SG CD DTR RI

Full Name Transmit Data Receive Data Request To Send Clear To Send Data Set Ready Signal Ground Carrier Detect Data Terminal Ready Ring Indicator

DSR DTR RTS RI

Data Set Ready Data Terminal Ready Request To Send Ring Indicator

Null Modems A Null Modem is used to connect two DTE's together without using intermediate DCEs..

9D to 25D Conversion

This Loopback plug can come in extremely handy when writing Serial / RS232 Communications Programs. It has the receive and transmit lines connected together, so that anything transmitted out of the Serial Port is immediately received by the same port. If you connect this to a Serial Port a load a Terminal Program, anything you type will be immediately displayed on the screen. This can be used with the examples later in this tutorial. Please note that this is not intended for use with Diagnostic Programs and thus will probably not work. For these programs you require a differently wired Loop Back plug which may vary from program to program.

Loopback Plug Wiring Diagram

The UART (8250 and Compatibles) UART stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter. UART 8250 is the device that controls the serial port. Most cards will have the UART's integrated into other chips which may also control your parallel port, games port, floppy or hard disk drives and are typically surface mount devices. The 8250 series, which includes the 16450, 16550, 16650, & 16750 UARTS are the most commonly found type in your PC. All the UARTs pins are TTL compatible. That includes TD, RD, RI, DCD, DSR, CTS, DTR and RTS which all interface into your serial plug, typically a D-type connector. Therefore RS 232 Level Converters are used. The UART requires a Clock to run. If you look at your serial card a common crystal found is either a 1.8432 MHZ or an 18.432 MHZ Crystal. This clock will be used for the Programmable Baud Rate Generator which directly interfaces into the transmit timing circuits but not directly into the receiver timing circuits. For this an external connection mast be made from pin 15 (Baud Out) to pin 9 (Receiver clock in.) Note that the clock signal will be at Baud rate * 16. Serial Port's Registers (PC's) Port Addresses & Iraqs Name COM 1 COM 2 COM 3 COM 4 Address 3F8 2F8 3E8 2E8 IRQ 4 3 4 3

Above is the standard port addresses. These should work for most PC's. If you just happen to be lucky enough to own a IBM P/S2 which has a micro-channel bus, then expect a different set of addresses and IRQ's. Just like the LPT ports, the base addresses for the COM ports can be read from the BIOS Data Area. Start Address Function 0000:0400 COM1's Base Address 0000:0402 COM2's Base Address 0000:0404 COM3's Base Address 0000:0406 COM4's Base Address COM Port Addresses in the BIOS Data Area; The above table shows the address at which we can find the Communications (COM) ports addresses in the BIOS Data Area. Each address will take up 2 bytes.

Registers RBR, THR, IER, IIR, FCR, LCR, MCR, LSR, MSR, SCR, DLL, DLM The communication between the processor and the UART is completely controlled by twelve registers. These registers can be read or written to check and change the behavior of the communication device. Each register is eight bits wide. On a PC compatible, the registers are accessible in the I/O port map. RBR: Receiver buffer register (RO) The receiver buffer register contains the byte received if no FIFO is used, or the oldest unread byte with Fifes. If FIFO buffering is used, each new read action of the register will yield the next byte, until no more bytes are present. Bit 0 in the line status register can be used to check if all received bytes have been read. This bit will change to zero if no more bytes are present. THR: Transmitter holding register (WO) The transmitter holding register is used to buffer outgoing characters. If no FIFO buffering is used, only one character can be stored. Otherwise the amount of characters depends on the type of UART. Bit 5 in the line status register can be used to check if new information must be written to the transmitter holding register. The value 1 indicates that the register is empty. If FIFO buffering is used, more than one character can be written to the transmitter holding register when the bit signals an empty state. There is no indication of the amount of bytes currently present in the transmitter FIFO. The transmitter holding register is not used to transfer the data directly. The byte is first transferred to a shift register where the information is broken in single bits which are sent one by one. LCR: Line control registers (R/W) The line control register is used at initialization to set the communication parameters. Parity and number of data bits can be changed for example. The register also controls the accessibility of the DLL and DLM registers. Because they are only accessed at initialization when no communication occurs this register swapping has no influence on performance. Common settings are: 8 data bits, one stop bit, no parity 7 data bits, one stop bit, even parity

LCR: Line Control Register Bit 0,1 Value Bit 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 3,4,5 Bit 5 X 0 0 1 1 6 0 1 7 0 1 Bit 0 0 1 0 1 Detail Data Word Length 5 Bits 6 Bits 7 Bits 8 Bits 1 stop bit 1.5 stop bits(5 bits word) 2 stop bits (6,7 or 8 bit word) Bit 4 Bit 3 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 No parity Odd Parity Even Parity High Parity(stick) Low Parity(stick)

Break signal disabled Break signal enabled DLAB : RBR, THR and IER accessible DLAB : DLL and DLM accessible

LSR: Line Status Register (RO) The line status register shows the current state of communication. Errors are reflected in this register. The state of the receiver and transmitter buffers is also available. Bit 5 and 6 both show the state of the transmitting cycle. The difference is, that bit 5 turns high as soon as the transmitter holding register is empty whereas bit 6 indicates that also the shift register which outputs the bits on the line is empty

LSR: Line status register Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Comment Data available Overrun error Parity error Framing error Break signal received THR is empty THR is empty, and line is idle Erroneous data in FIFO

DLL and DLM: Divisor latch registers (R/W) The frequency (1.8432 MHz) is divided by 16 to generate the time base for communication. Because of this division, the maximum allowed communication speed is 115200 bps. Modern UARTS like the 16550 are capable of handling higher input frequencies up to 24 MHz which makes it possible to communicate with a maximum speed of 1.5 Mbps. This 115200 bps communication speed is not suitable for all applications. To change the communication speed, the frequency can be further decreased by dividing it by a programmable value. For very slow communications, this value can go beyond 255. Therefore, the divisor is stored in two separate bytes, the DLL and DLM which contain the least, and most significant byte. It is necessary that both the transmitting and receiving UART use the same time base. Default values have been defined which are commonly used. The table shows the most common values with the appropriate settings of the divisor latch bytes.

DLL and DLM: Divisor latch registers Speed(bps) 50 300 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 57600 115200 Table of Registers Base Address DLAB Read/Write Abr. Register Name =0 +0 =0 =1 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 =0 =1 Write Read Transmitter Holding Buffer Receiver Buffer Divisor Latch Low Byte Divisor Latch High Byte Interrupt Identification Register Divisor 2304 384 96 48 24 12 6 3 2 1 DLL 0x00 0x80 0x60 0x30 0x18 0x0C 0x06 0x03 0x02 0x01 DLM 0x09 0x01 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00

Read/Write Read/Write Read Write IIR

Read/Write IER Interrupt Enable Register

FCR FIFO Control Register

Read/Write LCR Line Control Register Read/Write MCR Modem Control Register Read Read LSR Line Status Register MSR Modem Status Register Scratch Register

Read/Write -

Exercise 1. Prepare 9 9 pin serial cables with null modem configuration. 2. Load divisors in DLM & DLL to support communication at 9600 bps. After configuration restore transmission mode. 3. Check functioning of prepared cable using Direct Cable Communication under windows. 4. Perform simple byte transfer between 2 PCs through serial ports connected via serial cable tested in previous exercise. (Using C program)

EXPERIMENT 5
To perform byte transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)

EXPERIMENT 6
To perform simple file transfer between 2 PCs using serial port (using C code)

EXPERIMENT 7
To perform character stuffing & de-stuffing

EXPERIMENT 8
Demonstration of Linux OS installation and network utilities

EXPERIMENT 9
Study of Internetworking devices Network Hardware

Objectives Concepts Local area networks generally called LANs are privately owned networks within a single building or campus or up to few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three characteristics. 1) Transmission media 2) Transmission mechanism 3) Topology 4) Protocol A Local area network is a data communication system that allows a number of independent devices to communicate directly with each other in a limited geographic area such as single department, single building, or campus. A large organization may need several connected LANs. Implementations The IEEE standard defined several implementations for Internet Implementation 10BASET 10BASE2 10BASE5 10BASE-FL Connecting Devices Repeaters A repeater is a device that operates only in the physical layer. A repeater receives a signal before it becomes too weak or corrupted and regenerates the original signal. A repeater can extend the physical length of a network. A repeater connects segments of LAN together. It has no filtering capability. Maximum Supported 100 m 200 m 500 m 2000 m Distance To study network devices and the specifications of each for existing network plan To study existing network plan To draw a new network plan as per the new constraints

Hubs A hub is a multiport repeater. It is used to create connections in physical star topology.

Hub

Hub

Hub

Nodes. Bridges

Nodes ..

A bridge operates in both physical layer and data link layers. As a physical layer device it regenerates the signal it receives. As a data link layer device the bridge can check the physical address contained in the packet. A bridge like a repeater has no physical address. It only acts as a filter, not an original sender to a final destination. Filtering means that it can check the destination address of a packet and decide if the packet should be forwarded or dropped. Switches A two layer switch is a bridge with many interfaces and a design that allows better performance. A three layer switch is router with an improved design to allow better performance. When a packet is received by the switch, the switch examines the destination and source hardware addresses and compares them to a table of network segments and addresses. If the segments are the same, the packet is dropped ("filtered"); if the segments are different, then the packet is "forwarded" to the proper segment. Filtering of packets and the regeneration of forwarded packets enables switching technology to split a network into separate collision domains. Regeneration of packets allows for greater distances and more nodes to be used in the total network design, and dramatically lowers the overall collision rates. In switched networks, each segment is an independent collision domain. Switches can connect different networks types (such as Ethernet and Fast Ethernet) or networks of the same type. Routers Router is a three layer device; it operates in physical, data link and network layers. As a physical layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives. As a data link layer device the router checks the physical addresses (source and destination) contained in the packet. As a network layer device, a router checks the network layer addresses. A Router can connect LANs together, a router can connect WANs together and it can also connect LANs and WANs together. A router is an internetworking device.

Gateways Many networks exist in the world, often with different hardware & software. People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one. This desire requires connecting together different and frequently incompatible networks. This is done by using machines called gateways to make the connection and provide the necessary translation, both in terms of hardware and software. Stopping point can be either a gateway node. It can also be referred as entrance point. Network Interface Cards A network interface card (NIC) is used to connect a PC to a network. NIC provides a physical connection between the networking cable and the computers internal bus. NIC comes in 3 basic varieties.8 bit, 16 bits and 32 bits. The larger the number of bits faster the NIC. CAT Cabling Ethernet networks use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Category 5 cable. CAT5 cable runs should not exceed 100 meters. CAT5 cables are typically terminated with RJ-45 connectors. There are two different types of RJ-45 connectors. There is the "bent type" connector intended for use with solid core CAT5, and then there is the "aligned type" connector for use with stranded CAT5 cable. Two types of CAT5 cables are typically used in a network: the straight-through cable and the crossover cable. The difference between the two has to do with how the conductors terminate to the RJ-45 connector at each end of the cable. The chart below shows the RJ-45 connector "pin-outs" for CAT5 crossover and straight-through cables. RJ-45 Connector "Pin-Outs". A straight-through cable is used to connect a DTE to a switch. Crossover cables are used to connect switches to other switches. . If the wiring is identical at both ends, you are holding a straight-through cable, if it is different; you most likely have a crossover cable. Access Technique for LAN CSMA-CD The IEEE 802.3 standard defines carrier sense multiple access with collision detection as the access method for Ethernet. Stations on an Ethernet can be connected together using a physical star topology with a logical bus topology. By this we mean that the medium is shared between the stations and only one station at a time can use it. It also implies that all stations receive a frame sent by a station. The real destination keeps the frame while the rest drop it. CSMA-CD stands for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection, a set of rules determining how network devices respond when two devices attempt to use a data channel simultaneously (called a collision). Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD. This standard enables devices to detect a collision. After detecting a collision, a device waits a random delay time and then attempts to re-transmit the message.

Specification of a network device Model DE-816TP Ethernet Hub

Data transfer rate: Protocol: Topologies: EMI Certification: 10 Mbps CSMA/CD Star, Bus DE-812TP+ and DE-824TP: FCC Class A, VCCI I, CE A DE-816TP: FCC Class B, VCCI II, CE B 100 - 250 V, 50 - 60 Hz DE-812TP+: 18 W DE-816TP: 18 W DE-824TP: 20W W x H x L, mm (including mounting brackets): DE-812TP+: 483 x 44 x 125 DE-816TP: 483 x 44 x 125 DE-824TP 483 x 44 x 211 DE-812TP+: 2.0 kg DE-816TP: 2.0 kg DE-824TP: 3.03 kg 0 - 55 C 10 - 90 % non-condensing Type 1 (US) or Type 2 (Europe) Per purchase order Type 1 Plug Rating Cord Rating Length Safety Standard 125V, 7A 125V, 7A 1830mm (6ft) UL, CSA Type 2 250V, 10A 250V, 10A 1830mm (6ft) VDE

AC power: Power consumption:

Dimensions:

Weight:

Operating temperature: Humidity: Power cord:

EXPERIMENT 10
Study of IP addressing and subnetting Objectives To implement a program for IP class identification To implement a program for IP address conversion (BCD to Binary) To implement a program for finding Network ID (with or without subnet mask)and number of hosts

Concepts IP address is the identifier used in the IP layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides logical identity to each device connected to the Internet. An IP address is a 32-bit binary address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a host or a router to the Internet. There are two types of IP addressing scheme: A) Classful IP addressing and B) Classless IP addressing. Classful IP addressing consists of several blocks of IP addresses, logically identified as a class. IP address of a device is a combination of network ID and Host ID. Host ID refers to a unique host in a given network identified by network ID. To retrieve network ID information from an IP address a specific pattern of bits is used, known as subnet mask. Classless IP address uses /n notation to make CIDR possible. Here n represents number of host bits in an IP address. TUTORIAL Questions (1) A device can have more than one IP addresses-true or false, justify your answer. (2) What is the use of Loopback address? (3) IP addresses are unique- true or false, justify your answer. (4) Which version of IP addressing scheme is currently in use and what could be the future expansion in the IP addressing scheme? (5) What is meant by Net ID and Host ID? (6) An address space has a total 1024 addresses, how many bits are needed to represent an address? (7) A router has an IP address 108.5.18.22; it sends a direct broadcast packet to all hosts in this network. What are the source and destination addresses used in this packet? (8) A host with IP address 185.42.56.88 wants to use Loopback testing what are the source and destination addresses?

EXPERIMENT 11
Network Simulator- ns-2: Installation, Programming & Simulation demonstration o To study various features of Network Simulator & Network Emulator o To test a given script on Network Simulator platform and observe the behavior of the network with the help of the key parameters o To measure the performance of a network for a given topology o To understand the network setup with a network emulator o To implement different types of link characteristics and measure the performance by changing various parameters using NIST Net Concepts Network Simulator is a very powerful tool for studying the working of layers and related protocols. Though it is giving protocol stack independent performance, which is an advantage, but it is highly recommended by researchers around the world. Its simulated output is considered to be valid for most of real protocol implementations. Network Simulator includes The Network Animator, which is helping Network Simulator to support a graphical environment. The Network Animator uses the parameters from the script and writes it into .nam file and then according to that it will create a topology identical to the script. So we can see graphically how the packets are forwarded and traffic is handled in the network, so this can give the more realistic implementation and observation. Network Simulator uses tcl script for simulation. Syntax of this script can be understood by referring the NS_DOC.PDF We can understand Network Simulators simulation process and tcl script format and The Network Animator graphical representation with the help of the following scripts: UDP #Create a simulator object set ns [new Simulator] #Define different colors for data flows $ns color 1 Blue $ns color 2 Red #Open the nam trace file set nf [open out.nam w] $ns namtrace-all $nf #Define a 'finish' procedure proc finish {} { global ns nf $ns flush-trace #Close the trace file close $nf #Execute nam on the trace file

exec nam out.nam & exit 0 } #Create four nodes set n0 [$ns node] set n1 [$ns node] set n2 [$ns node] set n3 [$ns node] #Create links between the nodes $ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 1Mb 10ms DropTail $ns duplex-link $n3 $n2 1Mb 10ms SFQ $ns duplex-link-op $n0 $n2 orient right-down $ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right-up $ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right #Monitor the queue for the link between node 2 and node 3 $ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 queuePos 0.5 #Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n0 set udp0 [new Agent/UDP] $udp0 set class_ 1 $ns attach-agent $n0 $udp0 # Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0 set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr0 set packetSize_ 500 $cbr0 set interval_ 0.005 $cbr0 attach-agent $udp0 #Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1 set udp1 [new Agent/UDP] $udp1 set class_ 2 $ns attach-agent $n1 $udp1 # Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp1 set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR] $cbr1 set packetSize_ 500 $cbr1 set interval_ 0.005 $cbr1 attach-agent $udp1 #Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n3 set null0 [new Agent/Null] $ns attach-agent $n3 $null0 #Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink $ns connect $udp0 $null0 $ns connect $udp1 $null0 #Schedule events for the CBR agents

$ns at 0.5 "$cbr0 start" $ns at 1.0 "$cbr1 start" $ns at 4.0 "$cbr1 stop" $ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop" #Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds of simulation time $ns at 5.0 "finish" #Run the simulation $ns run

OUTPUT:-

Installation Procedure (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Copy ns-allinone-2.27.tar.gz file to /root Type tar xvzf ns-allinone-2.27.tar.gz and press enter Directory of the name ns-allinone-2.27 will be created After entering in this directory, type ./install and press enter After the completion of the installation set the library paths in .bash_profile file in /root (6) After the completion of the installation goto ns-2.27 directory which is in the nsallinone-2.27 directory (7) In this directory goto ns-tutorial directory (8) In this directory goto examples directory (9) .tcl files will be available there. (10) To run .tcl files type ns filename.tcl To view source code type vi filename.tcl (11) To modify the source code press INSERT and make changes and at last press ESC and give :wq for save and quit.