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TEXT l
Performance Perceptions of Organizational Citizenship Behaviours at Work: a Bi-Level Study
among Managers and Employees

Organizations comprise individuais whose behaviours range from the minimalists, who contribute
the least possible to maintain membership, to others who go the 'extra mile', discretionarily engaging in
extra-role behaviours advantageous to the organization. These 'extra' work-related behaviours, which are
beyond those prescribed by job descriptions and measured by formal evaluations, are named
Organizational Citizenship behaviours, or OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983). Because OCBs are 'extra'
and beyond the requirements that are specified in advance for a particular job (Bateman and Organ,
1983), they cannot be enforced (Organ, 1988a), nor can their absence be formally penalized (Van Dyne,
Cummings and Parks,1995).
Cooperation with peers, personal initiatives and performing extra duties without complaint are
examples of OCB (Bateman and Organ, 1983; Organ and Konovsky, 1989; Smith, Organ and Near,
1983). Other examples are punctuality, helping others, volunteering (Organ, 1988a), innpvation and using
time efficiently (Smith, Organ and Near, 1983), not wasting resources, sharing ideas, and representing the
organization favourably (Van Dyne, Graham and Dienesch, 1994). These are among the spontaneous
behaviours described by Katz and Kahn (1978) as instrumental for effective Organizational functioning
(Organ, 1988a).
After Bateman and Organ introduced the original concept of OCB in 1983, the literature turned first
to defining the antecedents of citizenship behaviour, and then to linking the construct to performance. For
example, studies by Karambayya (1990), MacKenzie, Podsakoff, and Ahearne (1996), Podsakoff and
MacKenzie (1994), Podsakoff, Ahearne, and MacKenzie (1997), Turnipseed (2002, 2003a), Turnipseed
and Murkison (2000a), and Walz and Niehoff (1996, 2000) investigated OCB dimensions with regard to
Organizational performance. The main conclusion of these studies was that citizenship behaviours are
positive for organizations, and they simultaneously benefit employees and managers. The impact of OCB,
according to Organ (1988a), is that they promote 'the effective functioning of the organization' by
facilitating adaptability, resource transformations, and innovativeness.
Managers particularly value citizenship behaviours that 'lubricate the social mchinery of the
organization' (Bateman and Organ, 1983, p. 588), causing managerial economies. For example, creating a
work environment conducive to cooperation may reduce the time a manager spends on conflict
management, thus freeing up time for long-range planning and improving chances for Organizational
success.
Given that OCB is positive for organizations, managers should attempt to increase their frequency
and intensity. To optimize the constructive impact of interventions, effective managers must identify
linksbetween various OCB dimensions and performance, and then understand their employees' perceptions
of Organizational citizenship. Similarly, employees should be made aware of the positive
connection
between OCB and performance. Equipped with this insight, managers can accurately assess OCB prior to
intervention, and design effective strategies for maximizing citizenship behaviours that positively impact
performance.
The argument for a link between citizenship-type behaviours and performance hs been more
logical and conceptual than empirical (Borman and Motowidlo, 1993). Results of the few empirical studies
vary, depending on the sample and the specific characteristics of the observations, and have not
produce consistent support for the OCB-performance link. As Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Hui (1993)
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suggest, OCBs may influence managerial evaluations only because they positively affect managers
and the organization. Therefore, managers rate employees who display these behaviours higher than
employees who do not. Moreover, if a manager believes that OCB is linked to performance and he/she
observes an employee repeatedly exhibiting good citizenship, the manager's evaluation of that employee,
influence by the presumption of implicit performance, tends to reflect his/her inference that the employee is a
top performer.
Some scholars suggest that OCB may only be acts of impresson management rather than extra-role
behaviours (cf. Bolino, 1999; Bolino and Turnley, 2003; Hui, Lam and Law, 2000). Pretending to be a good
citizen can mislead managers to the conclusion of superior performance independent of the
authentication of the levei of production. As a result of these and other similar conceptual problems, some
studies document stronger connections among OCB, managerial evaluation and performance than others.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate perceptions of OCB among managers and employees, and
assess the relationship between OCB and performance. We posit that disaggregating the data and
distinguishing between 'best' and 'worst' performers will reveal a more dependable linkage.
TURNIPSEED, D.; RASSULI, A. Performance perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviours at
work: a bi-level study among managers and employees. Brtish Journal of Management, v. 16, n.3, p.231-
ss. Scpt. 2005.
INSTRUO: As questes de l a 7 dizem respeito ao contedo do Text 1. Leia-o atentamente
antes de respond-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questo.
1. Accoiding lo lhe lexl, OCs aie
A) adopled ly ceilain individuaI in fiins.
) connecled lo lehaving in a discieel nannei.
C) consideied nev piaclices of nodein oiganizalions.
D) ieIaled lo denands nade lo voik exlia-line.
L) seen as unaulhoiized aclivilies vilhin a Coipoialion.
2. The lexl aigues lhal ieseaich on OCs has
A) lenefiled nanageis and enpIoyees.
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C) iedefined lhe concepl oiiginaIIy inlioduced.
D) shifled ils focus of invesligalion.
L) liacked anlecedenls lefoie 1983.
3. AIi of lhe foIIoving exanpIes of OCs aie given in lhe lexl LXCLIT IOR:
A) Assisling voik nales.
) Having inilialive.
C) Inlioducing nev ideas.
D) Saving iesouices.
L) Shoving favouiilisn.
4. Accoiding lo sludies on OCs, nanageis
A) aie coopeialive vilh olhei enpIoyees al voik.
) econonize iesouices vhen lhey aie innovalive.
C) Iink oiganizalionaI success lo Iong-iange pIanning.
D) piefei cilizenship lehaviouis lo individuaI inilialives.
L) use line noie efficienlIy lhan enpIoyees.
5. heie in lhe lexl do lhe aulhois poinl oul shoilconings of pievious ieseaich on OCs`
A) Lines 5 lo 8.
) Lines 17 lo 21
C) Lines 22 lo 24
D) Lines 38 lo 4O
L) Lines 47 lo 48


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6. Iindings ly sone sludies in lhe Iileialuie on OCs suggesl
A) lop peifoinance is nol aulhenlicaled ly evaIualois.
) nanageis' peiceplions can le lased on assunplions.
C) IeveIs of pioduclion due lo exlia voik aie inpiessive.
D) expIicil lehaviouis aie ialed highei lhan inpIicil ones.
L) enpIoyees exhililing exlia-ioIes aie piesunpluous.
7. In lhe lexl, lhe aulhois aigue foi lhe need lo
A) caiiy oul enpiiicaI sludies of OCs.
) desciile noie cases of lypicaI OCs.
C) disiegaid nanageis' peiceplions of OCs.
D) piolIenalize lhe lenefils of OCs.
L) ielhink lhe oiiginaI concepl of OCs.
INSTRUO: As questes de 8 a 10 consistem de uma expresso, em ingls, seguida de cinco
opes de expresses, tambm em ingls, identificadas de A at E. Escolha a opo que se
apresentar como melhor sinnimo da expresso escrita em ingls na linha indicada do Text 1.
8. CO THL'LXTRA MILL'(Iine 2)
&i! Aie noie denanding.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
) Aie noie dependenl.
C) Aie noie exaggeialed.
D) Aie noie invoIved.
L) Aie noie ieseived.
9. MORLOVLR (Iine 43)
A) ecause of lhal.
) Conliaiy lo lhal.
C) In addilion lo lhal.
D) In spile of lhal.
L) Iiioi lo lhal.
1O. DLILNOALL (Iine 54)
A) Advanlageous
) Consislen
C) LIaloiale
D) Lvidenl
L) Resliicled
INSTRUO: A questo 11 diz respeito a aspectos formais do Text l, mais especificamente a
relaes de coeso e inferncia. Escolha a opo que melhor substitui a palavra especificada
nesta questo tendo em vista a linha indicada no Text 1.
CCZ!!THLY(Iine22)
A) ehaviouis
) LnpIoyees
C) Manageis
D) Oiganizalions
L) Sludies
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TEXT 2
The new old age
The Japanese senior citizens who founded Jeeba knew they were making history when they coined
their company motto: "Of the elderly, by the elderly and for the elderly". By the time the 25 founders
met one another in the mid-1990s, at a series of business-networking events hosted by the
government of southern Saga prefecture, many companies were making products for the elderly, the
fastest-growing 5 demographic market in Japan. But those goods were not made by the elderly. AH the
Jeeba founders were older than 60 and believed they had a special insight into the needs of older
consumers. In 1997, they launched Jeeba (the name means "old man and old woman") to build senior-
friendly bathtubs, toilets and hammock lifts to help the infirm into wheelchairs. They do not hire young
people, and the oldest of their workers is 75. Annual sales are only $272,000, but senior director
Kazuhiro Noda, 67, expects revenues to start growing soon, as the company is putting more money
and resources into sales development. He also believes copycats are sure to follow. Says Noda: "There
will be a lot more companies like ours".
He's probably right. Firms run by senior citizens are still a rarity, in Japan and worldwide. But
the elderly have numbers on their side. Thanks to the post World War II baby boom, healthier and
longer-living seniors are reaching retirement age in unprecedented numbers ali over the developed
world. Rock-bottom birthrates in those same countries mean there are far fewer young workers to take
their place. The potential consequences for industrialized economies are now clear: shrinking work
forces, soaring health costs and collapsing pension systems. Nihon University demographer Naohiro
Ogawa is not exaggerating muth when he says: "Old people are Japan's only growing asset".
As a result, many of the rich world's notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effects
of international competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good jobs, those
fears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of young workers. One
unavoidable soluton: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.
Newsweek, January 30, 2006, p.20-21.
INSTRUO: As questes de 12 a 16 dizem respeito ao contedo do Text 2. Leia-o atentamente antes de
respond-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questo.
12. According to the text, Jeeba is a
A) business-networking event.
B) company motto.
C) governmental institution.
D) historical movement.
E) senior-friendly firm.

13. AIi of lhe foIIoving fealuies of }eela aie nenlioned in lhe lexl *k@*("!YA9D
A) Il caleis foi lhe needs of eIdeiIy peopIe.
) Il hiies senioi cilizens excIusiveIy.
C) Il is funded ly soulhein Saga piefecluie.
D) Il is sliII an eneigenl enleipiise.
L) Il neels lhe denands of lhe }apanese naikel.

14. }eela's success is ieIaled lo
A) copycals' pioIifeialion.
) denogiaphic nunleis.
C) goveinnenlaI suppoil.
D) oId vonen's pailicipalion
L) unpiecedenled annuaI saIes.






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132
15. In lhe lexl, Naohiio Ogava speaks foi
A) copycal fiins.
) }eela diieclois.
C) oId consuneis.
D) schoIaiIy anaIysls.
L) young voikeis.
16. The lexl aigues lhal

A) conpanies iun ly senioi cilizens viII soon cease lo le a iaie phenonenon.
) }apanese voikeis ieliie eaiIiei loday lhan al lhe lines of oiId ai II.

C) oId peopIe aie dying lecause of lhe coIIapsing pension syslens and heaIlh
seivices.
D) lhe effecls of oId age in lhe iich voiId aie noie devaslaling lhan lhose in }apan.
L) young peopIe aie voiiied lecause lheii jols aie leing laken ly senioi voikeis.
! _'0"9`aEAD! As quesles de 17 a 2O consislen de una expiesso, en ingIs, seguida de
cinco opes de expiesses, lanlen en ingIs, idenlificadas de A ale L. LscoIha a opo
que se apiesenlai cono 1#RW/3!$,<r<,1/!da expiesso esciila en ingIs na Iinha indicada do
"#n%!4Z
17. COIYCATS(Iine II)
A) Deliaclois
) LxpIoileis
C) Inilalois
D) Opponenls
L) Sceplics
18. ROCK-OTTOM (Iines 14-15)
A) Adjusled
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) AIaining
C) Conslanl
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!D) Liialic
L) Iixed

19. SOARINC (Iine 16)
A) AddilionaI
) Changing
C) Denanding
D) Lslinaled
L) Incieasing

45Z!!!STRLAMLININC (Iine 19)
A) DecIining
) Lncouiaging
C) Resliucluiing
D) Sliiking
L) oiiying







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Gabarito e Justificativas
1

A

6

B

11

A

16

A

2

D

7

A

12

E

17

C

3

E

8

D

13

C

18

B

4

C

9

C

14

B

19

E

5

D

10

B

15

D

20

C

1. Desde as Iinhas iniciais, o lexlo expIica que en loda enpiesa h difeienles lipos de enpiegados e
que aIguns so os que nais se envoIven con os piopsilos da fiina. Lsles desenvoIven aliludes e
conpoilanenlos nuilo piodulivos, que conliiluen paia a coeso dos nenlios da enpiesa e paia
sua cuIluia oiganizacionaI.
2. Os auloies expIican que o conceilo de OC suigiu no incio da decada de 198O e que houve,
iniciaInenle, inleiesse poi paile dos pesquisadoies en definii os anlecedenles do conpoilanenlo en
pioI da cuIluia oiganizacionaI, sendo que depois os esludos se voIlaian paia exaninai esse consliulo
leiico en ieIao ao desenpenho dos enpiegados nas fiinas.
3. Os auloies descieven, denlie os conpoilanenlos OC, aqueIes poi neio dos quais os enpiegados
iepiesenlan a enpiesa de foina favoiveI, nas no h neno aIguna a condulas de favoiilisno.
4. Ao expIicai que aIguns iesuIlados de pesquisas aponlan paia un efeilo posilivo dos OCs nas
enpiesas, una vez que as denandas paia geienciai confIilos dininuen e os geienles poden se
dedicai ao pIanejanenlo de Iongo piazo, o quaI pode piopiciai o sucesso da fiina, peicelenos a
ieIao eslieila que paia esses geienles ln o pIanejanenlo e as chances de sucesso oiganizacionaI.
5. Nas Iinhas especificadas, os auloies nanifeslan ieseivas quanlo aos iesuIlados ieveIados peIas
pesquisas ieaIizadas ale o nonenlo: "ResuIls of lhe fev enpiiicaI sludies vaiy, depending on lhe
sanpIe and lhe specific chaiacleiislics of lhe olseivalions, and have nol pioduced consislen suppoil
foi lhe OC-peifoinance Iink.".
6. AIgunas pesquisas noslian que, nuilas vezes, a idenlificao de funcioniios que se envoIven en
OCs e sua conseqenle avaIiao cono sendo nais posiliva se deve nais a infIuncia que a
peicepo de un deleininado geienle len solie esse funcioniio do que a exislncia de lais
conpoilanenlos.
7. Os auloies afiinan que una das Iacunas nas pesquisas solie OCs e a caincia de esludos
enpiicos.
8. A conposio dessa expiesso veilaI e de seu conlexlo de ocoiincia nos peinile infeiii seu
significado. "Lxlia niIe" sinaIiza a ideia de esfoio exlia, aciescino. No lexlo, h un conliasle enlie
os enpiegados que fazen apenas o nnino necessiio e aqueIes que so nais envoIvidos con a
cuIluia oiganizacionaI, ideia que a expiesso "go lhe exlia niIe" expiessa.
9. Una anIise dos conponenles dessa paIavia e de seu conlexlo de ocoiincia nos peinile infeiii seu
significado. "Moie" sinaIiza aciescino ou adio, no lexlo, essa conjuno e uliIizada paia
aciescenlai infoinaes solie o inpaclo da avaIiao dos geienles no desenpenho de enpiegados
que suposlanenle desenvoIven conpoilanenlos do lipo OC.
1O. A paIavia "dependalIe", conposla peIo veilo 'depend' e o sufixo '-alIe', que expiine o significado
'capaz de', sinaIiza, no lexlo, a naluieza da coiieIao que os auloies espeian possa sei feila enlie
desenpenho e conpoilanenlos do lipo OC. Ou seja, liala-se de una coiieIao na quaI a Iileialuia
possa se laseai, islo e, consislenle e fundanenlada.
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11. Conhecinenlos de coeso na Ingua ingIesa nais a olseivao do conlexlo no quaI o pionone e
uliIizado nos peinilen ieconhecei seu iefeienle: 'lhey' iefeie-se aos conpoilanenlos.
C4Z!!Apenas a aIleinaliva coiieia esl fundanenlada no lexlo. }eela e o none de una enpiesa fundada poi
idosos - no s geienciada poi eIes, nas lanlen faliicanle de piodulos desenhados paia idosos.
13. Lnloia a piefeiluia de Saga lenha sido a pionoloia dos enconlios de negcios que geiaian a }eela, a
enpiesa no e financiada poi esse igo.
14. Dados denogificos so cilados no lexlo cono faloi deleininanle do sucesso de una enpiesa cono a
}eela. Lsses dados dizen iespeilo as laixas laxas de nalaIidade, ao enveIhecinenlo da popuIao e a
conseqenle dininuio da foia de lialaIho joven.
CPZ! ! Naohiio Ogava e apiesenlado, no lexlo, cono a voz dos anaIislas vincuIados a acadenia solie o
fenneno do sucesso da }eela.
16. O lexlo aigunenla que enpiesas cono a }eela conlan con lodas as condies favoiveis a seu
ciescinenlo, dado o peifiI denogifico da popuIao nos pases iicos.
17. Tanlo os conponenles dessa paIavia cono o conlexlo no quaI e uliIizada nos peinilen infeiii seu
significado. 'Copy' sugeie a ideia de cpia ou sinuIao. Lssa ideia cale no lexlo, una vez que o
nesno afiina "Theie viII le a Iol noie conpanies Iike ouis.".
18. Tanlen nesle caso, lanlo os conponenles dessa paIavia cono o conlexlo no quaI e uliIizada nos
peinilen infeiii seu significado. 'Rock' e 'lollon' sinaIizan a ideia de 'nuilo laixo', que enconlia
iespaIdo no lexlo, pois faIa-se das laxas de nalaIidade nuilo laixas, que chegan a sei aIainanles, pois
significan ienovao pialicanenle nuIa da foia de lialaIho.
19. O conlexlo nos peinile infeiii o significado do leino: o lexlo descieve a siluao aluaI dos pases iicos,
caiacleiizada poi laixas laxas de nalaIidade, escassez de foia de lialaIho joven, pioIonganenlo
da expeclaliva de vida e conseqenle aunenlo piogiessivo dos cuslos con sade.
2O. A anIise dos conponenles dessa paIavia e do conlexlo no quaI e uliIizada nos peinile infeiii seu
significado. 'Sliean' e 'Iine' sinaIizan un piocesso de esliIizao ou aIonganenlo, caiacleiizado
cono posilivo. No nlilo enpiesaiiaI, o leino sinaIiza iefoina, ieduo, ieesliuluiao e
conseqenle olinizao.













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TEXT l

Financial Risk Exposures in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Australia and New Zealand
Introduction
Airlines face substantial strategic, financial, operational and hazard risks. Financial risks create
uncertainty about future cash flows due to changes in general economic conditions and specifc changes
in revenues, operating expenditure and financing costs. Managing exposure to key financial risks is an
integral part of the corporate finance function. This paper studies exposure to three major financial risks
confronting the airline industry in Australia and New Zealand. It analyses the interest-rate, currency and
fuel-price risk exposures for Qantas and Air New Zealand, which are the dominant airlines in Australia
and New Zealand, respectively. Considerable volatility and a variety of trends occurred in interest rates,
currency values and the fuel price throughout the period studied. This suggests that there were potentially
large gains to be derived from managing these risks effectively.
In addition to volatility in key market variables, these airlines also confronted severe turbulence in
their operating environment during the sample period. The global airline industry faced intense external
pressure as a result of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Furthermore, the airline industry in
both Australia and New Zealand underwent a major shakeout with the demise of Ansett and the related
financial difficulties of its parent company, Air New Zealand. Ansett was the principal domestic
competitor of Qantas until it was placed into voluntary administration on September 12, 2001. In the
latter part of the period of this study, the airline industry also faced declining demand due to the Bali
bombings, the war in Iraq and the outbreak of the SARS virus. Throughout the time frame of this study,
airlines also faced actual and potential competition from new entrants to the industry.
Interest-rate, currency and fuel-price exposure are acknowledged to be important risks affecting the
airline industry and are commonly hedged. For example, in its 2003 annual report to shareholders, Qantas
states in note 32 that it 'is subject to interest rate, foreign currency, fuel price and credit risks'. This same
note indicates that Qantas 'manages these risk exposures using various financial instruments' and
provides examples of hedging instruments which they employ. These include interest-rate swaps, forward
rate agreements and options to manage interest rate risk; cross-currency swaps, forward foreign
exchange contracts and currency options to manage currency risk; options and swaps on aviation fuel
and crude oil to manage fuel price risk. As this set of risk management tools provides both linear
and non-linear payoffs, it is apparent that management can identify important symmetric and
asymmetric components of exposure.
Three related literatures are relevant for our paper. Several papers develop theoretical models that
examine the determinants of currency exposure, including Shapiro (1975), Marston (2001), Allayannis
and Ihrig (2001), Bodnar, Dumas and Marston (2002). This literature establishes the prime importance of
the competitive structure within the industry. Another stream of literature analyses stock returns to
provide empirical measures of corporate exposure to risks such as exchange rates, interest rates and
commodity prices. Risks analysed in this manner include foreign exchange (Jorion 1990), interest rate
(Sweeney & Warga 1986), gold price (Tufano 1998) etc. Finally, an extensive literature canvasses
theoretical arguments for and against hedging of financial risks by non-financial corporations. For
example, Stulz (1984), Smith and Stulz (1985), Froot, Scharfstein and Stein (1993) and Nance, Smith and
Smithson (1993) identify tax minimisation, managerial risk aversion, financial distress, resolution of the

underinvestment problem as motives for corporate hedging. Carter, Rogers and Simkins (2002) make the
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136
case that the airline industry is one in which corporate hedging is likely to add value by minimising the
underinvestment problem.
Our study seeks to contribute in the following ways. Many previous studies have tested for the
existence of a single extra-market risk. Most of these have been for exchange-rate exposure and while
some have tested for interest-rate exposure, this has been largely for financial corporations. In contrast,
we simultaneously examine interest-rate, currency and fuel-price exposures. Most previous papers
haveexamined either broadly aggregated industries or a wide spectrum of individual companies, without
controlling for industry effects. We argue that the analysis of companies within a single industry in a
specifc context provides useful incremental knowledge. Ongoing external threats to the global airline
industry and public debate about competition in the Australian-New Zealand region makes these two
airlines an interesting place to analyse the existence and relevance of financial risk exposures.
Our main findings are as follows. Short-term returns for Qantas and Air New Zealand are negatively
exposed to fuel-price risk, but not significantly exposed to interest-rate or currency risk. Using multi-week
returns, the incidence of significant linear and non-linear exposures to these three risks tends to increase
with the horizon length. A possible explanation for this evidence is that airlines are better able to manage their
short-term exposures. Although the extraordinary events of September 2001 had a substantial impact
upon airline returns, they had virtually no influence on the degree of exposure exhibited by our sample
airlines to either interest-rate or currency risk. In contrast, fuel-price exposure measures show some
sensitivity to these events.
The rest of our paper proceeds as follows. Section 2 provides a theoretical analysis of financial risk
exposures in the airline industry. Section 3 describes the data and methods employed. Results are reported and
analysed in section 4. Finally, section 5 concludes the study.
LOUDON, G. Financial Risk Exposures in the Airline Industry: Evidence from Australia and
New Zealand. Australian Journal of Management, Sydney, v.29, n. 2, p.295-317, Dec. 2004.
INSTRUO: As questes de l a 7 dizem respeito ao contedo do Text 1. Leia-o atentamente
antes de respond-las. Escolha a melhor resposta para cada questo.
1. The lexl slales lhal financiaI iisks
A) aie unceilain and haid lo piedicl.
) can onIy le sludied in doninanl aiiIines.
C) can yieId piofils if effecliveIy nanaged.
D) conpiise opeialionaI and hazaid iisks.
L) occui in pailicuIai sanpIe peiiods.
2. Accoiding lo lhe aulhoi, aII of lhe foIIoving evenls had an inpacl on lhe gIolaI aiiIine
indusliy
duiing lhe peiiod sludied LXCLIT IOR
A) Ansell's denise.
) aIi lonlings.
C) Iiaquian vai.
D) SARS viius.
L) Sepl. I I
Ih
allack.
3. The aulhoi nenlions Quanlas 2OO3 annuaI iepoil in oidei lo iIIusliale
A) allenpls on lhe pail of aiiIine conpanies lo idenlify Iineai and non-Iineai payoffs.
) coipoialions' avaieness of financiaI iisks as pail of lheii nanagenenl slialegy.
C) insliunenls used ly coipoialions in oidei lo connunicale vilh lheii shaiehoIdeis.
D) slialegies designed ly aiiIines lo deaI vilh decieasing passengei denand.
L) voiiies expeiienced ly conpanies aloul acluaI and polenliaI conpelilois.







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4. The aulhoi aigues foi lhe posilive inpIicalions of financiaI iisk nanagenenl in aIiI of lhe
foIIoving slalenenls *k@*("!YA9!
A) "IinanciaI iisks cieale unceilainly aloul fuluie cash fIovs"... (Iines 1-2).
) "Managing exposuie lo key financiaI iisks is an inlegiaI pail"... (Iines 3-4).
C) "This suggesls lhal lheie veie polenliaIIy Iaige gains"... (Iines 8-9).
D) "As lhis sel of iisk nanagenenl looIs piovides"... (Iine 26).
L) "Cailei, Rogeis and Sinkins (2OO2) nake lhe case lhal"... (Iines 39-4O).
5. The aulhoi slales lhal his sludy diffeis fion pievious ones lecause il exanines
A) disciele lypes of financiaI iisk.
) exposuie in lvo aggiegaled indusliies.
C) exleinaI piessuie on lhe aiiIine indusliy.
D) individuaI fiins vilhin lhe sane indusliy.
L) iisk exposuie in financiaI coipoialions.

6. Accoiding lo lhe lexl, lhe iesuIls of lhe sludy
A) coiioloialed lhe sulslanliaI lhieal geneiaIIy infIicled ly acls of leiioiisn.
) confined Quanlas and Aii Nev ZeaIand doninance vilhin lhe aiiIine indusliy.
C) conliadicled expeclalions conceining aiiIines' capacily lo nanage shoil lein exposuie.
D) piolIenalised pievious findings ly olhei ieseaicheis on financiaI iisk exposuie.
L) ieveaIed lhal one facloi ieIaled lo financiaI iisks vas infIuenliaI duiing lhe peiiod sludied.
heie in lhe lexl does lhe aulhoi slale lhal a case sludy of Quanlas and Aii Nev ZeaIand can
piovide vaIualIe insighls on iisk exposuie`
A)Lines 4 lo 5.
)Lines 12 lo 14.
C)Lines 19 lo 21.
D)Lines 48 lo5O.
L) Lines 51 lo 52.
7.
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INSTRUO; As questes 8 e 9 consistem de uma expresso, em ingls, seguida de cinco opes de
expresses, tambm em ingls, identificadas de A at E. Escolha a opo que se apresentar como melhor
sinnimo da expresso escrita em ingls na linha indicada do Text 1.
8. IURTHLRMORL (Iine 12)
A) ecause of lhis.
) In addilion lo lhis.
C) In conliasl lo lhis. .
D) Iiioi lo lhis.
L) Sulsequenl lo lhis.
9. HLDCLD (Iine 2O)
A) CounleilaIanced
) Discussed
C) Lxaggeialed
D) Ignoied
L) Suppiessed
_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles 1O e 11 dizen iespeilo a aspeclos foinais do "#n%!RB!nais especificanenle a ieIaes
de coeso e infeincia. LscoIha a opo que 1#RW/3!$H2$%,%H,!as paIavias especificadas neslas quesles lendo
en visla a Iinha indicada no "#n%!CZ
C5Z!THIS(Iine8)
A) The facl lhal an unceilain fuluie invoIves noie voIaliIe naikels.
) The facl lhal Quanlas and Aii Nev ZeaIand doninaled AusliaIia and Nev ZeaIand
C) The facl lhal lhe papei focused on a specific sanpIe peiiod of line.
D) The facl lhal lhe lvo aiiIines had lo face financiaI, opeialionaI and hazaid iisks.
L) The facl lhal lheie veie changes invoIving lhe lhiee financiaI iisks sludied.
CCZ!!IT (Iine 15)
A) AiiIine indusliy
) Aii Nev ZeaIand
C) Ansell
D) Iaienl conpany
L) Quanlas
TEXT2
The truth about sugar
The buzz says a dizzying price spike is all about sugar for biofuels. But the reality is more
complicated.
The surprising thing about the price of oil, which hit a new record of $75 a barrel last week, is how
little visible impact it has had on a booming global economy. But that hasn't stopped market
watchers from looking for and finding peripheral shocks, even where they don't really exist. Consider
the recent rush to sugar, which spiked to a 25-year high of 20 cents a pound, driven largely by buzz
about an old 5 phenomenon: the largest producer, Brazil, devotes half its crop to the production of
ethanol, which is an increasingly competitive source of energy for cars as gas prices spike.
Sugar for fuel is an interesting story, but it's a relatively small one that at the moment is still largely
confined to Brazil. The share of global sugar production that goes to biofuels is roughly 15 percent,
or about what it was 20 years ago, and the vast majority of that production is now in Brazil. In fact,
Brazil used to devote a lot more of its (then much smaller) crop to biofuels, and most of its
booming sugar production now fuels a much bigger story: sugar for food. Demand is rising
relentlessly, at a pace of about 2 percent a year, driven by increasingly sweet tastes in
developing nations, even as sugar consumption slows in the West. Meanwhile, a combination of
underinvestment and bad weather in producing regions (from Gulf Coast hurricanes to drought in
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139
Thailand and a March cyclone in Australia) has disrupted supply. The result: last year demand
reached 151 million tons, against a supply of 149 million tons, driving prices up, with more rises in
store.
Trade wars, not oil shocks, are the key going fonvard. Next month the European Union, its
hand forced by a World Trade Organization ruling, must dramatically cut export subsidies to its sugar
growers. In anticipation of falling profits, several big sugar companies, like Germany's Sdzucker,
Poland's ! 20 British Polska and Denmark's Danisco, have been cutting production. Analysts say
some European companies will likely collapse, further tightening supply and driving up prices, which
closed last week at 17 cents a pound. "This time next year, it will be much higher than where we are
today," predicts Michael Overlander, CEO of Sucden, the London-based commodities-brokerage
unit of Groupe Sucres & Denres, a company that handles 20 percent of the world's sugar business.
Newsweek, May l, 2006, p. 44.

_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles de 12 a 17 dizen iespeilo ao conledo do "#n%!2. Leia-o alenlanenle anles de
iespond-Ias. LscoIha a neIhoi iesposla paia cada queslo.
12. Accoiding lo lhe lexl, iises in lhe piice of oiI
A) aie noie invisilIe lhan lhose of sugai.
) do nol affecl piesenl econonic piospecls.
C) nake valcheis anlicipale fuluie shocks.
D) no Iongei suipiise naikel anaIysls.
L) pionole iises in olhei connodilies.
13. The lexl slales lhal
A) iaziI is one of lhe counliies lhal is using sugai foi fueI.
) elhanoI and gas aie nev conpelilive eneigy souices.
C) naikel anaIysls aie sliII Iooking foi ansveis lo lhe sugai luzz.
D) lhe piice of sugai has leen high foi lhe Iasl 25 yeais.
L) 2O cenls a pound of sugai is IillIe conpaied lo $75 a laiieI of oiI.
CNZ!!The ieason vhy lheie is a highei denand foi sugai is lhal
A) nosl food is loday sveelei lhan il vas in lhe pasl.
) noie cais aie al piesenl leing fueIed ly elhanoI.
C) ciops foi liofueIs have leen affecled ly vealhei condilions.
D) consunplion has incieased in deveIoping counliies.
L) iaziI is Iiniling ils pioduclion foi doneslic use.
15. AIi of lhe foIIoving sugai pioducing counliies aie nenlioned in lhe lexl *k@*("!YA9
A) IoIand.
) LngIand.
C) Dennaik.
D) iaziI.
L) AusliIia.
16. The lexl slales lhal
A) oiI piice fIuclualions due lo poIilicaI confIicls have dianalicaIIy decieased expoils.
) Sucden is one of lhe giovei conpanies lhal viII lenefil fion iises in sugai piices.
C) sone sugai gioveis have cul dovn suppIy in iesponse lo Luiopean Union poIicies.
D) sugai pioduceis Iike IoIska and Danisco have coIIapsed lecause of Iiniled sulsidies.
L) lhe Luiopean Union is loday conlioIIing decisions al lhe oiId Tiade Oiganizalion.



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17. AH of lhe foIIoving leins aie used in conneclion vilh "sugai" in lhe lexl *k@*("!YA9
A) ciop.
) denand.
C) pioduclion.
D) iecoid.
L) suppIy.
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INSTRUO: As questes 18 e 19 consistem de uma expresso, em ingls, seguida de cinco opes
de expresses, tambm em ingls, identificadas de A at E. Escolha a opo que se apresentar como
melhor sinnimo da expresso escrita em ingls na linha indicada do Text 2.
18. BUZZ(line4)
A) Analysis
B) Reservation
C) Rumor
D) Skepticism
E) Suspicion
19. ITS HAND FORCED (lines 17-18)
A) Allowed
B) Coerced
C) Guided
D) Helped
E) Stimulated
INSTRUO: A questo 20 diz respeito a aspectos formais do Text 2, mais especificamente a relaes de
coeso e inferncia. Escolha a opo que melhor substitui a palavra especificada nesta questo tendo em
vista a linha indicada no Text 2.
20. THAT(line2)
A) The fact that the economy is booming despite rises in the price of oil.
B) The fact that the effects of oil prices on the global economy is visible.
C) The fact that $75 a barrel will no longer be a striking surprise.
D) The fact that global oil production reached record numbers last week.
E) The fact that little can be said about when oil prices will hit new records.









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Gabarito e Justificativas
1

C

6

E

11

C

16

C

2

A

7

D

12

B

17

D

3

E

8

B

13

A

18

C

4

A

9

A

14

D

19

B

5

D

10

E

15

B

20

A

1. Ao Iongo do lexlo, o auloi aigunenla que o geiencianenlo adequado dos iiscos financeiios pode, na
ieaIidade, ofeiecei opoilunidades de Iucio.
2. A faIncia da enpiesa aeiea Ansell e cilada cono lendo conliiludo paia o conlexlo de opeiao das
enpiesas Quanlas e Aii Nev ZeaIand, nas o lexlo no afiina que a nesna lenha lido inpaclo no
neicado inleinacionaI de aviao.
3. Cila-se o ieIaliio de 2OO3 da Quanlas a fin de aponlai que eIe denonslia que as enpiesas eslo
cienles dos iiscos polenciais e que possuen eslialegias paia fazei fienle aos nesnos.
4. Todos os enunciados, excelo o das Iinhas I a 2, consliluen aigunenlos a favoi da lese do auloi solie os
ganhos polenciais envoIvidos no geiencianenlo adequado dos iiscos financeiios.
5. Difeienlenenle de esludos anleiioies, o lialaIho en paula exanina coiieIacionados enlie si,
en duas enpiesas denlio do nesno seloi indusliia

6. A pesquisa ieaIizada peIo auloi evidencia que os falos ieIacionados con os alenlados de 11 de
selenlio e oulios alos leiioiislas no liveian inpaclo significalivo nos juios e no cnlio enquanlo
faloies ieIalivos a iiscos financeiios, lodavia, esses alenlados liveian iepeicusso nun dos faloies
especficos: o pieo do conluslveI. IIuluaes no pieo do conluslveI, no peiodo esludado,
denandaian a adoo de nedidas paia enfienlai lais vaiiaes.

7. Nas Iinhas "Ongoing exleinaI lhieals lo lhe gIolaI aiiIine indusliy and pulIic delale aloul
conpelilion in lhe AusliaIian-Nev ZeaIand iegion nakes lhese lvo aiiIines an inleiesling pIace lo
anaIyse lhe exislence and ieIevance of financiaI iisk exposuies", os auloies juslifican a peilinncia da
escoIha das duas enpiesas aeieas cono oljelo de esludo.
8. Una anIise dos conponenles dessa paIavia e de seu conlexlo de ocoiincia nos peinile infeiii seu
significado. "Iuilhei" e "noie", anlos, sinaIizan aciescino ou adio. No lexlo, esla conjuno e
uliIizada paia aciescenlai infoinaes solie os falos aconlecidos duianle o peiodo esludado, os
quais liveian inpaclo nas duas enpiesas focaIizadas.
9. O conlexlo de ocoiincia desle leino nos peinile infeiii seu significado. O enunciado sulseqenle no
lexlo expIica que as enpiesas desenvoIven nedidas paia geienciai ou conlialaIanai os iiscos
financeiios.
1O. Conhecinenlos de coeso da Ingua ingIesa nais a olseivao do conlexlo no quaI esse pionone e
uliIizado peinilen-nos infeiii a ideia que eIe ielona. "This", nesse conlexlo, iefeie-se ao falo de que
houve, no peiodo esludado, nudanas nos piincipais faloies ieIacionados aos iiscos financeiios,
quais sejan juios, cnlio e pieo do conluslveI. L inpoilanle Ienliai que o esludo focaIiza
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apenas un dos lipos de iiscos que as enpiesas aeieas enfienlan: os iiscos financeiios. Riscos
eslialegicos, opeiacionais e decoiienles de faloies exleinos no so aloidados nesse esludo.
11. Conhecinenlos de coeso da Ingua ingIesa nos peinilen infeiii o iefeienle desse pionone: "il"
iefeie-se a enpiesa Ansell..
C4Z! ! Lnloia os aunenlos no pieo do peliIeo aIainen os anaIislas do neicado e alinjan vaIoies
iecoides, o lexlo nos diz que os nesnos no paiecen afelai os piognslicos favoiveis da econonia
nundiaI.
CLZ! Apenas a aIleinaliva coiiela esl fundanenlada no lexlo: o iasiI e un dos poucos pases que
uliIizan cana-de-acai paia ollei conluslveis.
14. O lexlo aigunenla que o aunenlo no pieo do acai se deve a una naioi denanda indusliiaI,
nolivada peIo ciescenle consuno de lelidas e de oulios aIinenlos aucaiados en pases en
desenvoIvinenlo.
15. O lexlo no nenciona a IngIaleiia cono pas pioduloi de acai.
16. O lexlo nos diz que, devido a infIuncia da Oiganizao MundiaI do Coneicio solie a Unio
Luiopeia, esla len deIileiado peIa ieduo dos sulsdios as expoilaes de acai pioduzido peIas
conpanhias euiopeias, o que len nolivado a dininuio da ofeila poi paile dos pioduloies e o
aunenlo de pieos.
17. "Recoide" e uliIizado no lexlo en ieIao ao peliIeo, e no ao acai.
18. O conlexlo no quaI essa paIavia e uliIizada peinile-nos infeiii seu significado. O lexlo afiina, en
diveisos nonenlos, que a iecenle aIla no pieo do acai esl ieIacionada a una avaIiao
supeificiaI do fenneno, vincuIada a deciso do iasiI de ieseivai paile de sua pioduo paia
conluslveI. Tiala-se de una opinio ipida e pouco fundanenlada, caiacleiizada, no lexlo, nais
cono un iunoi no neicado do que cono una anIise ou iesposla a una avaIiao nais acuiada dos
falos.
19. A conposio de paIavias nais o conlexlo de uso peinilen-nos infeiii o significado dessa
expiesso. "Ioice sonelody's hand" sinaIiza a ideia de coao, de oliigai aIguen a fazei aIgo solie
o quaI esle Ilino e ieIulanle. No lexlo, peicelenos que a Unio Luiopeia lei de ieduzii os
sulsdios as expoilaes de acai pioduzido pIos pases nenlios en funo de una deIileiao
da Oiganizao MundiaI do Coneicio. Lssa expiesso sinaIiza coao e ieIulncia poi paile da
Unio Luiopeia.

45Z! ! Conhecinenlos de coeso da Ingua ingIesa peinilen-nos infeiii que o pionone "lhal" se iefeie a
aigunenlao consliuda nas oiaes anleiioies, islo e, ao falo de que o aunenlo do pieo do
peliIeo no len inpaclo na siluao aluaI da econonia gIolaI, que e de fianco ciescinenlo.
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"#$%#!&'(&)!
*+,-./!GH<W/!455K!
TEXT l
The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Web Site Design
Introduction
Close your eyes. Envision a succulent two-inch slab of dripping-rare prime rib. Is your
stomach rumbling, your appetite peaked, or are you offended since your fundamental belief system
precludes harming animals? A single image or idea can create many different feelings or
interpretations. Consider the diversity within your own organization, campus, or community. Does
everyone agree on what is appropriate, acceptable, appetizing, or attractive? An image pleasing to one
group of people may alienate or even seriously offend many others. Something as simple as color
may elicit dramatically different' mental images. For example, in the U.S., white is generally
associated with purity, but in Japan it represents death (Chau et a/, 2002).
Herein lies the danger inherent in cross-cultural Web site design: the audience must be considered.
10 Good designers know that ascertaining the needs and preferences of people who are or will be the users of
a Web site, database, or fishing pole, is critical to success. The apparent simplicity of this task belies
its daunting nature. The complexity of defining user preferences can be appreciated by considering the
vast number of sub-groups composing the global community, each with its unique array of tastes,
preferences, and mores. Failure at this rudimentary level will nullify even the boldest and brightest
design ideas.
15 In 2005, roughly 75% of the Internet population is estimated to be non-English speaking (Marcus,
2003). Nevertheless, language differences are not the real challenge, as spoken language is an easy hurdle
to overcome. No imagination or deep intellectual discovery is necessary for linguistic translations.
Most Web browsers are equipped with multi-lingual support. A more vital and infinitely more delicate
task is to understand the unspoken language of a culture, which is deeply rooted in a system of values,
beliefs, and expectations that ultimately shapes users' preferences.

COOK, J., FINLAYSON, M. The impact of cultural diversity on Web site design. Advanced
Management Journal, v.70, n.3, p. 15-23, 2005.
_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles de I a 4 dizen iespeilo ao conledo do "#n%!CZ!Leia-o alenlanenle anles de
iespond-Ias. LscoIha a 1#RW/3!iesposla paia cada queslo.
1. The aulhois cIain lhal
A) aIienalion is a iesuIl of incieasing cuIluiaI diveisily.
) appelizing food is a souice of pIeasuie in nany counliies.
C) neagei neaIs aie IikeIy lo offend Iess lhan succuIenl dishes.
D) one cannol cIose one's eyes lo cuIluiaI specificilies.
L) lheie aie fundanenlaI leIiefs such as nol haining aninaIs.
2. The vhile coIoi is nenlioned in lhe lexl as an exanpIe of an
A) acceplalIe coIoi in nosl cuIluiaI sellings.
) anliguous neaning foi lhe Aneiicans.
C) eIenenl vilhin pailicuIai leIief syslens.
D) inage lhal is noie accepled lhan a piine iil.
L) offensive concepl lo lhe }apanese peopIe.
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A) cioss-cuIluiaI audiences aie a fealuie of lhe gIolaI connunily.
) fishing is an exanpIe of needs and piefeiences of el page useis.
C) sinpIified el siles can le Iess dangeious lhan liighl designs.
D) useis find il difficuIl lo aIign lhenseIves vilh pailicuIai sul-gioups.
L) el designeis aie nol appiecialed ly lhe useis of lheii el siles.
4. Accoiding lo lhe aulhois, lhe piolIen of lhe cuiienl Inleinel popuIalion is lhal useis
A) aie nol sufficienlIy inaginalive.
.) do nol naslei lhe LngIish Ianguage.
C) do nol undeisland lhe spoken Ianguage.
D) have lo ieIy on supeificiaI liansIalions.
L) have unique piefeiences and vaIues.
_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles de 5 a 7 consislen de una expiesso, en ingIs, seguida de cinco opes de
expiesses, lanlen en ingIs, idenlificadas de A ale L. LscoIha a opo que se apiesenlai cono 1#RW/3!
$,<r<,1/!da expiesso esciila en ingIs na Iinha indicada do "#n%!CZ
5. RUMLINC (Iine 2)
A) SignaIing saliely.
) SignaIing pain.
C) SignaIing nausea.
D) SignaIing iiiilalion.
L) SignaIing hungei.
6. DAUNTINC (Iine 12)
A) ConpIex
) Lxliene
C) QuaIilalive
D) Risky
L) Spoiadic
7. HURDLL (Iine 16)
A) Conpensalion
) Convenlion
C) Deficiency
D) Inpedinenl
L) ModaIily
TEXT 2
The Case Against Pay Inversion
Mary, a health care employee, joined the firm 10 years ago and has become a highly skilled.
employee. She has always received high performance evaluations and is viewed as one of the best
employees on the staff. Another member of the department retired, and Mary 's manager went outside for a
replacement. They hired a new employee who had just graduated from a program no better than the one Mary
attended. The new person's job duties were identical to Mary 's, but the new person wasn't as proficient
as Mary, so Mary was asked to train and mentor her. Nonetheless, this new employee was offered a salary
10% higher than Mary's.
This example describes an ever-growing phenomenon, pay inversion. This is different from salary
compression because the less-qualified new hire is making more than a more qualified current employee. 10
In a 2002 study, the Institute of Management and Administration asked Human Resources professionals to
3. The lexl slales lhal
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list their top compensation problems ("How to handle," 2002). Salary compression was mentioned most
often (25%), followed by retention and recruiting (18%), hot skills (15%), and offering competitive pay
(15%). Since these last three issues may also be linked to pay inversion, the problem may be greater than the
compression figure (25%) alone suggests.
Although the difference between compression and inversion may be a few hundred dollars, it is not
unreasonable to expect current employees to react much more negatively to pay inversion because they are
going from "earning more" to "earning less" than the less-qualified new hire. Inversion is expected to have a
much greater negative impact on employees than compression because it is likely to be seen as being more
unfair. While employees may be able to shrug off compression, they may have much greate difficulty ignoring
inversion.
MCAFEE, R., GLASSMAN, M. The case against pay inversion. Advanced Management
Journal,v.70,n.3, p.24-30, 2005.

_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles de 8 a 11 dizen iespeilo ao conledo do "#n%!2. Leia-o alenlanenle anles de
iespond-Ias. LscoIha a 1#RW/3!iesposla paia cada queslo.
8. Accoiding lo lhe lexl, Maiy
A) giadualed fion a nol so piesligious piogian.
) vas iequesled lo liain a nev slaff in hei depailnenl.
C) had lo lake ovei hei sone of hei nanagei's dulies.
D) vas iepIaced ly a Iess pioficienl enpIoyee.
L) iefused lo coopeiale vilh hei nev jol nale.

9. AIi of lhe foIIoving aspecls of pay inveision aie nenlioned in lhe lexl *k@*("!YA9D
A) Il affecls peinanenl enpIoyees.
) Il favois lhe nevIy hiied.
C) Il invoIves saIaiy inequily anong slaff.
D) Il is a phenonenon on lhe iise.
L) Il pievaiIs in lhe heaIlh caie secloi.
1O. The Inslilule of Managenenl and Adninislialion
A) pulIished a sludy lased on dala ly Hunan Resouices piofessionaIs in lhe yeai
) piesenled niscaIcuIaled figuies foi saIaiy conpiession piolIens.
C) found conpensalion piolIens aie nol significan in peicenlage vaIues.
D) discoveied lhal pay conpiession vas noie ieIevanl lhan pay inveision.
L) decided lo caiiy oul ieseaich lo veiify lhe inpacl of pay inveision.
11. UnIike saIaiy conpiession, pay inveision
A) aIIovs fiins lo offei noie conpelilive saIaiies.
) diives fiins lo spend noie noney on hiiing.
C) is nol seen as a conpensalion piolIen ly fiins.
D) pioduces hosliIe feeIings vilhin aconpany' s slaff.
L) pionoles lhe ieciuilnenl of Iess quaIified slaff.
_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles 12 e 13 consislen de una expiesso, en ingIs, seguida de cinco opes de
expiesses, lanlen en ingIs, idenlificadas de A ale L. LscoIha a opo que se apiesenlai cono
1#RW/3!$,<r<,1/!da expiesso esciila en ingIs na Iinha indicada do "#n%!4Z!
!
!

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C4Z!!NONLTHLLLSS (Iine 6)
A) Togelhei vilh lhis.
) In spile of lhis.
C) ecause of lhis.
D) ased on lhis.
L) As a iesuIl of lhis.
13. SHRUC OII (Iine 19)
A) Accepl
) Ciilicize
C) Disiegaid
D) Lnjoy
L) Iighl
_'0"9`aEAD!A queslo CN!diz iespeilo a aspeclos foinais do "#n%!2, nais especificanenle a ieIaes
de coeso e infeincia. LscoIha a opo que 1#RW/3! $H2$%,%H,! a paIavia especificada nesla queslo
lendo en visla a Iinha indicada no "#n%!4Z!
14. THIS LXAMILL (Iine 8)
A) Maiy's acceplance of a 1O ieduclion in hei saIaiy.
) Maiy's exlia voik lecause of ieliied slaff.
C) Maiy's faiIuie lo coIIaloiale vilh lhe fiin.
D) Maiy' s Iack of iecognilion of hei high skiIIs.
L) Maiy's ieceiving a Iovei saIaiy lhan lhe nev hiie.
TEXT 3
A Tell-AH List For Tellers
If you've been a bad boy or girl at your bank job, beware. Your name could soon be posted
on an industry list of bank employees fired for causing financial loss or compromising customer data.
BITS, a Washington-based consortium of 100 big banks, is putting the finishing touches on a
database due to launch next spring. It could contain the names of scores of ex-employees, who
presumably would be 5 banned from working in the industry. Insider-assisted crimes are running
amok, say the banks: They lose an estimated $2.2 billion per year to scams ranging from tellers
pilfering cash to bankers colluding with identity thieves and credit-card hustlers. "This will serve as a
strong deterrent to current employees when they are approached by criminals", says Shirley Inscoe,
senior vice-president for loss management at Wachovia.
10 Workers' rights advocates worry that a blacklist could include former workers who were
falsely accused or never charged. But banks appear to have legal cover. The USA Patriot Act authorizes
federally insured banks to disclose information about former employees involved in nefarious doings
when they apply for jobs at other banks.
Business Week, n.3960, Nov 21, 2005, p. 13.

_'0"9`aEAD! As quesles de 15 a 17 dizen iespeilo ao conledo do "#n%! LZ!Leia-o alenlanenle anles de
iespond-Ias. LscoIha a 1#RW/3!iesposla paia cada queslo.
15. Accoiding lo lhe lexl, ITS
A) has leen IegaIIy fighling lank ciines and fiauds.
) inlends lo expose nanes of disnissed lank slaff.
C) pIans lo posl a Iisl vilh nanes of lad lankeis.
D) vanls lo keep iecoid of aII foinei lank enpIoyees.
L) viII soon gioup ovei 1OO Aneiican lanks.


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16. ITS' dalalase
A) lans cIienls vho do nol cash lheii dells.
) has IillIe suppoil fion najoi lanks.
C) is seen ly sone as a lIackIisl.
D) vioIales lhe USA Ialiiol Acl.
L) viII pievenl Iosses of ovei 2 liIIion.
17. ShiiIey Inscoe
A) advices lank cIienls lo levaie of lhieves and huslIeis.
) advocales foi olseivance of voikeis' iighls.
C) leIieves fevei lankeis viII coIIide vilh ciininaIs.
D) suppoils lhe use of ITS dalalase lo pievenl ciines.
L) lhinks cuiienl enpIoyees viII nol le incIuded in lhe Iisl.
_'0"9`aEAD! A queslo 18 consisle de una expiesso, en ingIs, seguida de cinco opes de
expiesses, lanlen en ingIs, idenlificadas de A ale L. LscoIha a opo que se apiesenlai cono 1#RW/3!
sinnino da expiesso esciila en ingIs na Iinha indicada do "#n%!LZ
18. RUNNINC AMOK (Iine 5)
A) Tuining noie diveisified.
) Celling oul of conlioI.
C) Conpionising noie peopIe.
D) eing noie iepoiled.
L) econing noie vioIenl..
_'0"9`aEAD!As quesles 19 e 2O dizen iespeilo a aspeclos foinais do "#n%!LB!nais especificanenle a ieIaes
de coeso e infeincia. LscoIha a opo que 1#RW/3!$H2$%,%H,!as paIavias especificadas neslas quesles lendo
en visla as Iinhas indicadas no "#n%!LZ
19. IT(Iine4)
A) ITS
) Consoiliun
C) Dalalase
D) Indusliy
L) Spiing
2O. THIS(Iine7)
A) ITS Iaunching a dalalase nexl spiing.
) ankeis coIIuding vilh idenlily lhieves.
C) LnpIoyees leing appioached ly lhieves.
D) Insidei-assisled ciines iunning anok.
L) TeIIeis piIfeiing cash and ciedil caids.





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149
Gabarito e Justificativas
1

D

6

A

11

D

16

C

2

C

7

D

12

B

17

D

3

A

8

B

13

C

18

B

4

E

9

E

14

E

19

C

5

E

10

A

15

B

20

A

1. Apenas a aIleinaliva coiiela esl fundanenlada no lexlo: no desenho de pginas e slios de Inleinel, no se
pode deixai de consideiai as especificidades de cada cuIluia.
2. A coi lianca e o exenpIo dado pIos auloies paia nosliai cono o significado de un eIenenlo pode vaiiai
enlie difeienles sislenas de vaIoies e cienas especficos.
3. A conpIexidade piesenle no desenho de pginas lianscuIluiais esl dada pIos inneios sul-giupos de
usuiios que ln goslos e piefeincias especficas.
4. De acoido con o lexlo, o falo de a naioiia dos usuiios da Inleinel no seien faIanles da Ingua ingIesa e
a necessidade de se pioduziien liadues no so piolIenas. A queslo piincipaI e enlendei que os
usuiios possuen vaIoies e piefeincias excIusivas de cada giupo ou conunidade.
5. O conlexlo no quaI essa paIavia e uliIizada auxiIia na sua conpieenso. LIa e enpiegada en ieIao a una
ieao do eslnago dianle de un pialo de caine sucuIenla e naI passada. Salenos, peIa iefoinuIao
inedialanenle posleiioi, que "iunlIing" esl ieIacionado a apelile, e isso nos Ieva a enlendei essa paIavia
cono sinaI de un significado posilivo, de vonlade de conei.
6. Tanlen nesse caso o conlexlo nos peinile infeiii o significado dessa paIavia. LIa e usada en conliasle
con a ideia de sinpIicidade apaienle.
7. Nesse caso, o conlexlo e a coIocao da paIavia con o veilo "oveicone" nos peinilen infeiii que "huidIe"
significa aIgo a sei supeiado.
8. Apenas a aIleinaliva coiiela esl fundanenlada no lexlo: foi soIicilado que Maiy lieinasse o coIega iecen-
conlialado.
9. O falo de o exenpIo foinecido no incio do lexlo eslai ieIacionado ao seloi de sade no significa que o
fenneno de inveiso de paganenlo seja excIusivo ou piedoninanle nesse seloi.
1O. Apenas a aIleinaliva coiiela apiesenla infoinao fundanenlada no lexlo. O Inslilule of Managenenl
and Adninislialion pulIicou en 2OO2, confoine iefeincia lilIiogifica no lexlo ("Hov lo handIe",
2OO2), un esludo laseado en dados ollidos en enlievislas feilas con piofissionais do seloi de
iecuisos hunanos.
11. Un dos aspeclos que loinan o fenneno de inveiso de paganenlo nais negalivo do que a ieduo de saIiio
e o senlinenlo de injuslia e hosliIidade que pode geiai nos funcioniios de una enpiesa.
12. O conlexlo nos peinile infeiii o lipo de ieIao que e consliuda aliaves dessa paIavia, que opeia cono
conjuno. Tiala-se de una ieIao de conliasle: apesai de lodos os ponlos posilivos que se poden aliiluii
a Maiy en ieIao ao novo coIega, o iecen-conlialado iecelei un saIiio 1O naioi que o deIa.
13. A conposio dessa expiesso veilaI nos peinile anaIisai o significado individuaI de seus
conponenles e infeiii seu significado. "Shiug" iefeie-se ao novinenlo de encoIhei os onlios,
sinaIizando indifeiena. A pailcuIa "off' e geiaInenle uliIizada paia sinaIizai conpIelude de una
ao. Nesse caso, leianos a ideia de "sei lolaInenle indifeienle", que e confiinada peIo conlexlo. Na
ieIao eslaleIecida peIa conjuno "vhiIe", olseivanos o conliasle enlie inveiso de paganenlo
e ieduo de saIiio. Inleipielanos, assin, shiug off cono sinnino de "ignoie" ou desconsideiai.
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14. O exenpIo ielonado peIo pionone "lhis" e aqueIe disculido no paigiafo anleiioi: o falo de o novo
enpiegado passai a ganhai un saIiio 1O naioi que o de Maiy.
CPZ! ! Apenas a aIleinaliva coiiela esl fundanenlada no lexlo: o US esl piepaiando una Iisla de
lanciios que foian denilidos de seus enpiegos poi leien causado piejuzo a insliluio lanciia ou
a seus cIienles.
16. Salenos que iepiesenlanles dos lanciios consideian a lase de dados do ITS una Iisla negia que
pode feiii seus diieilos.
17. A faIa da vice-piesidenle de achovia, ShiiIey Inscoe, ieveIa seu apoio a inicialiva do ITS e sua
ceileza de que a Iisla conliiluii paia ieduzii os deIilos peipeliados poi lanciios en associao
con ciininosos.
18. A expiesso "iunning anok" pode sei enlendida, peIo conlexlo, cono "eslai foia de conlioIe". Isso e
coiioloiado peIa nagnilude dos piejuzos que os lancos enfienlan e peIa diveisidade de alos iIcilos
nencionados no lexlo.
19. Conhecinenlos de coeso na Ingua ingIesa e a olseivao do conlexlo no quaI esse pionone e
uliIizado nos peinilen ieconhecei seu iefeienle: 'il' iefeie-se ao lanco de dados que esl sendo
conpiIado peIo ITS.
2O. Conhecinenlos de coeso na Ingua ingIesa e a olseivao do conlexlo no quaI esse pionone e
uliIizado lanlen nos peinilen ieconhecei seu iefeienle nas oiaes anleiioies: eIe ielona a
infoinao solie o lanco de dados que o ITS Ianai en lieve.