Works Cited Primary Sources Interviews Brand, Christo. "Interview: Christo Brand." Interview by John Carlin. PBS.

WGBH, n.d. Web 20 Mar. 2013. When we learned about the prison guard that became friends with Mandela, we knew that it would be something to look into. Finding this interview opened up our eyes on South Africas people. Christo Brand helped give Mandela hope and is a critical part to Mandela becoming a turning point because he helped shape Mandelas forgiving state when he was released from prison. De Klerk, F. W. "Interview: F.W. De Klerk." Interview by John Carlin. Frontline. PBS, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. F. W. de Klerk played a very important role in Mandelas story as he was the one who officially released Mandela and worked together with him to end apartheid. This interview gave us more insight about how he was involved and helped to play a part in becoming a turning point for South Africa. We received another white perspective on the situation from this interview which helped to balance our research and see the other side of the conflict. Hollingsworth, Tony. "Interview with Tony Hollingsworth." Telephone interview. 5 Apr. 2013. An interview with such a huge power in the industry, especially regarding releasing Nelson Mandela, was a blessing for our project. Tony Hollingsworth, the man who organized and produced two major musical tributes to Nelson Mandela, was kind enough to sit down for an interview with one of us. He talked about his experiences organizing the event that would reach 600 million viewers worldwide - the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute as well as that aired after his release from prison. It was very interesting

to hear how his event contributed to the eventual release of Mandela, and how the world became more aware of Mandela and South Africa's situation. Overall, it was a very informative experience and we sincerely appreciated Hollingsworth's help for giving us the best interview we have had yet. Kathrada, Ahmed. "Conversation on International Affairs." Interview by Harry Kreisler. Conversations with History. UC Berkeley, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. The experiences of Ahmed add onto the overall struggle that Mandela and his men had to go through to get what they had fought for. Hearing and reading about another account on how prison was like makes our topic more personal to show how horrible men like him were treated at the time. From this interview we learned more about the suffering that Mandela and his friends had to go through to become a turning point. Mandela, Nelson. "Nelson Mandela's Release." Interview by James Robbins. BBC. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. This video, sourced from the day after Mandela was released from prison, is very precious to us. It is an interview given on the day after Mandela was released from prison, and features footage of him walking out for the first time. Although we weren't alive to experience seeing Mandela walk out for the first time, watching the video made us feel like we were really there. It is amazing how much of a turning point Mandela was, even in jail. We used a short segment of the video, the first interview question, on a section of our website. Mandela, Nelson "Oprah Talks to Nelson Mandela." Interview by Oprah Winfrey. O, The Oprah Magazine Apr.2001: n. pag. Oprah.com. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. As we read through this interview, we developed strong feelings for Nelson Mandela. Through his answers we could see the struggles he went through to become the turning point that his country

needed. The interview gave a better perspective for us as to what went through Nelson Mandelas head during these hard times and exactly what he did to get through it. Oprah was able to ask many good questions that helped to go more in depth on some of the events that were critical during this process of getting rid of apartheid. Mandela, Nelson. "President Nelson Mandela One-on-One." Interview by Larry King. CNN. Cable News Network, 16 May 2000. Web. 9 Dec. 2012. Nelson Mandela answered many important questions during this interview. Larry King was able to ask questions that went deep within Mandelas thoughts through his choices and decisions. Upon reading the transcript of the interview we learned why he became president of South Africa and why he fought as hard as he did. Although he was the one being interviewed, he never failed to bring the attention to the many other people who helped make him a turning point for South Africa. We learned more about Nelson Mandela as a person and a leader through this interview. Speeches Mandela, Nelson. "Address by Nelson Mandela to the Conference of the Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa." Speech. Conference of the Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. 12 Jan. 1962. South Africa's National Liberation Movement. The African National Congress, 28 July 2010. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. In a charismatic, famous speech given by Nelson Mandela, we learn about the struggle for freedom and how much the government has been opposing it. Mandela highlights exactly many points where their attempts were thwarted. In addition to clearly showing us many anti-apartheid events in context, this speech also gave many

quotes to use on our website. The speech, just judging by length itself, shows us truly why Nelson Mandela became the turning point for South Africa. Mandela, Nelson. "Nelson Mandela`s Statement from the Dock at the Opening of the Defense Case in the Rivonia Trial." Speech. Rivonia Trial. Pretoria Supreme Court. 20 Apr. 1964. South Africa's National Liberation Movement. The African National Congress, 28 July 2010. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. The most surprising thing about this speech is the curt sentences and truthfulness. Nelson Mandela delivers this speech from the dock at the Rivonia Trial, and he openly admits to all the things he has done. It is blatantly honest, which is an admirable quality of Mandela that truly shows why he deserves to be called a turning point of South African history. Tambo, Oliver R. "Appeal for Action to Stop Repression and Trials in South Africa." Speech. Meeting of the Special Political Committee of the General Assembly. New York. 8 Oct. 1963. Gale World History. 2006. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. This is a speech delivered many years before Mandela's presidency, documenting Mandela's influence as a young man. In Tambo's well written speech, it is easily understood how extreme the conditions of South Africa were becoming, and how vitally they needed a turning point to arrive. He delved into the scary reality of genocide under the guise of "justice" in his country. From his speech we also found some very useful quotes that accurately portray these injustices in a couple sentences. Letters Mandela, Nelson. "Address by President Mandela at the 53rd United Nations." Letter to United Nations. 21 Sept. 1998. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. From Mandela trying to eliminate the use of nuclear weapons,

we can see a bit of his character in this letter. This is part of what he tried to achieve as he was president and is an important part to his presidency that made him a turning point. His thoughts and leadership skills can be seen from reading the letter and his fight for equality is continued with the fight to stop the use of nuclear weapons. "Letter to Zeni and Zindzi Mandela." Letter to Zeni and Zindzi Mandela. N.d. Nelson Mandela Digital Archive Project. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory, 20 Mar. 2013. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. This source features a heart-wrenching letter from Nelson Mandela to his children. He wrote it from within prison, and obviously did not try to sugar-coat anything for his children. He blatantly tells them that the days of being a regular family are done, and they will essentially be orphans for a while as both of their parents are in prison. It is heartbreaking to read and really demonstrates the oppressiveness of government at the time. After reading it, we really understood and respected Mandela more as the turning point for apartheid. Books Gordimer, Nadine, and David Goldblatt. Lifetimes under Apartheid. New York: Knopf, 1986. Print. This collaboration book is a combination of strikingly truthful writing and stark, revealing photographs. Both authors being born in South Africa and white, they describe their hesitant participation and observations of apartheid. This source was mostly photographs, containing more than 60 primary sources that were extremely beneficial to our website and our research. It was very apparent where the turning point arrivedthe passages and pictures got lighter and more hopeful as the years reached the 1990s.

Mandela, Nelson, Kader Asmal, David Chidester, and Wilmot Godfrey James. In His Own Words. New York, NY: Little, Brown and, 2003. Print. Nelson Mandela made many speeches throughout his life. Many speeches were necessary for him to change the point of view of the multiple South Africans who still strongly supported apartheid. His words were needed to keep the hope of people strong and to not let them stop fighting for equal treatment. Mandelas speeches were significant for the journey of becoming a turning point. It was very helpful because little explanations of each speech were given and also gave the authors insight about the meaning of the speech. Mandela, Nelson. Conversations with Myself. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010. Print. A lot of quotes could be found from this book. As opposed to average biographies, we got to peek into Mandela's thoughts. Because of this different perspective, we got to relive Nelson's actions as if we were in that point of time and experience for ourselves how he became a very critical turning point for South Africas history. We used it as a good reference for quotes, as it contained multiple documents and was a good source of primary documents that we could scan and use in our website. Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994. Print. Mandela has his own personality and style that is clearly evident while reading his autobiography. It is not a story about someone who looks back on their life and writes about what they remember, but it is a story about Nelson Mandela and how he felt write at the moment of the event. Mandela shares every little detail and is sure to give a thorough overview of the background information needed to understand what he went through. Personal accounts and stories are what make this book very

inspiring and interesting. He truly is a turning point and continues to inspire millions with his fight to not only end apartheid but to reunite South Africa. Mandela, Nelson. Mandela: An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. Print. Although this had the same information as his autobiography, the pictures in it proved to be very useful. It didnt just give pictures of Mandela, but it gave pictures of the people who were involved in apartheid. These pictures helped us in our project because we could scan them and use them for our website to show the faces of the citizens who were fighting alongside Mandela as well as the oppressors that let this happen. He did not become a turning point alone and this book shows the other people who helped to end apartheid as well, like FW de Klerk. Periodicals MacLeod, Scott. "Nelson Mandela." Time 7 Jan. 1991: n. pag. Time. CNN. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. Mandela is recognized as a hero by multiple people and this article helped us prove why we think he is a turning point. Being named Man of the Year is a very important achievement that captures what Mandela had done for his country. Wren, Christopher S. "A Nation Saved." The New York Times 6 Apr. 1997: n. pag. New York Times. New York Times Company. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. An important part to reuniting South Africa was the cooperation of F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela. Through this article, we learned the importance of both leaders learning to work together for the better of their nation. Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk collaborated to become the turning points in joining together South Africa by setting aside their differences and truly agreeing what they thought would benefit all the people of South Africa.

Press Releases The African National Congress. Emergency Committee. Statement by the Emergency Committee of the African National Congress. The African National Congress. N.p., 3 Apr. 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. This material, like any material of the past, is astonishing to read because it really opened our eyes to the situation surrounding Mandela. This press statement, written by a furious ANC at the time when they were banned, was both articulate and courageous. Instead of complying with the ban, the ANC publicly refused the government and demanded better conditions in the same document. Clearly, Mandela was the turning point for the ANC as well as all of South Africa; it is very easy to see his influence in this statement. Pamphlets The ANC Calls on You - Save the Leaders! N.p.: ANC, 1963. Print. This source from 1963 shows very clearly the attitude of the ANC at this point in their struggle. Gone are the days of peacefully protesting; the pamphlet shows how angry the ANC had gotten over the trial of their leaders. They are trying to reach out to the people to stop the wrongness of the situation at hand. It clearly demonstrates that Nelson Mandela did not become a turning point on his own, but had many people backing him. We Are at War! N.p.: ANC, 1968. Print. The ANC has become the face of the anti-Apartheid movement in this point of history. This pamphlet shows the unwavering determination of the organization - they are determined to make a change no matter what their opponents may throw at them. They proudly proclaim that the government is afraid of them as an organization, which proves true when analyzing other incidents. It demonstrates how much of a turning point both Mandela and the ANC made for the people for South Africa.

Images 1999 Rally. 1999. Photograph. The Wall Street Journal. WSJ. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. It was nice to have a picture of Mandela succeeding his legacy of presidency, especially for use on the website. It went onto the conclusion section. Andersen, Odd. Mandela's Retirement. 1999. Photograph. Getty Images, Pretoria, South Africa. NBC News. NBCNews.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. We can see the gratitude in Mandelas eyes from serving his country as their leader in this photograph. Because of his old age, it is apparent from this event that he will not make many public appearances after this. Bono and Beyonce at 46664. 2005. Photograph. London Evening Standard. 12 Feb. 2013. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. This image featuring Beyonce performing alongside Bono for the 46664 concert is iconic in that it represents the birth of the relief efforts. The point of the organization is to make diseases like HIV and AIDS relevant to the younger population through popular artists or "ambassadors". The image represented it quite well and was used in our 46664 section of the website. Civil Rights March. N.d. Photograph. Washington D.C. Insight News. 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Protestors are proudly standing up against their oppressors and marching for freedom in Washington D.C. as part of their campaign. It is a great image and we used it on our site banner in the collage. End Apartheid Now. N.d. Photograph. Mises Institute South Africa. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. The pop-art style of this work and the overall image is very brilliant. The poster urges the change - stop apartheid. We used it in the section of our timeline that explains the struggle to end apartheid.

Hadebe, Themba. Mandela Mural in Johannesburg. N.d. Photograph. NBCNews.com, Johannesburg, South Africa. NBC News. NBCNews.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. The mural in this photo and the people surrounding give a powerful image of Nelson Mandelas impact in South Africa. Khumalo, Alf. Rivonia Trial Protests. 1963. Photograph. Palace of Justice. Deutsche Welle. DW, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. This photo really speaks for itself. Crowds have gathered at the Rivonia Trial to speak against the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and other political leaders. However, the police have come and they are blocking them from stepping any closer to the court. This image was used as part of the collage in our banner. Mandela at the Springboks Game. 1995. Photograph. Johannesburg. Good Film Hunting. Wordpress. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. Mandela gleefully throwing his hat into the air and enjoying his time at the Springboks game makes for a very uplifting photo. We used it in the Springboks section of our timeline. Mandela, Leader of the ANC. 1991. Photograph. AllPosters. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. A stunning photo of Mandela giving a speech, with the ANC flag high above him, is empowering. Luckily, this photo gives us just that. We used it on the "Mandela Becomes Leader of the ANC" part of our timeline. Mandela's Arrest in 1964. 1964. Photograph. Getty Images, Palace of Justice, Pretoria.NBC News. NBCNews.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. This photograph of Mandela really captures his personality and the morale of the people fighting to end apartheid. Although they are being arrested and put behind bars, the men in the car, including Mandela, still put up their fists with joy and passion and their smiles can be seen through the window.

Mendel, Gideon. Zinzi Mandela Protesting. 1985. Photograph. Getty Images, Cape Town University. NBC News. NBCNews.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. We see how the arrest of many ANC members personally affected Nelson Mandelas family from this photo. This picture shows Mandelas daughter protesting for her father and his friends. The tough fight can be seen through her eyes which seem to look as if she has been crying for a great deal. Nelson Mandela. N.d. Photograph. AudioGraphic. Andrew Zuckerman, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. An image of Nelson Mandela looking over to the right is exactly what we needed for our site banner. We used it on the far right and it really made the banner overall look good. Nelson Mandela Freed Newspaper. 1990. Photograph. Phar Side. Web. 1 Jan. 2013. It is always nice to get a print of an old newspaper. The image was used on our timeline. Nelson Mandela in the Courtyard. N.d. Photograph. South Africa. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. Any gallery that is all in one place is very useful, and this one provided a multitude of pictures for our Prison section. It featured pictures of Mandela in prison, to protestors trying to free him from prison, and was overall very helpful. Nelson Mandela Presents the Rugby World Cup to Springboks Skipper Francois Pienaar. 1995. Photograph. Johannesburg. ESPNscrum. ESPN. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. An image as powerful as this one is a treasure. This picture features Mandela breaking the walls of racism and promoting greater good for the universal people. We used it in the Springboks section of our timeline.

Nelson Mandela Receives Nobel Peace Prize. N.d. Photograph. Screened. Web. 28 Dec. 2012. The image of Mandela happily holding up his Nobel Peace Prize is astounding, and definitely moved us. We used it on the "Mandela Receives the Nobel Peace Prize" part of our timeline. Nelson Mandela's Prison Cell. N.d. Photograph. Zimbio. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. This website provided us with a very clear picture of Mandela's prison cell. It was a very nice angled shot and was useful in our Prison section. Release Mandela Protests. N.d. Photograph. South African History Archive. SAHA, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. This image of protesters demanding Mandela's freedom from prison is very powerful in itself. We used it in our site banner, as part of the collage in the background. Royle, Dennis L. Nelson Mandela Prison Protests. 1962. Photograph. Rivonia. Los Angeles Times. 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. An image of protestors against Mandela's trial is awe-inspiring. Even though these protestors could have been persecuted, they still stood up for what was right and displayed bravery. The image was used in our site banner as part of the collage in the background. Rivonia Trial. 1964. Photograph. QU 301 South Africa. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. A photograph featuring Mandela before his trial was useful for the Prison section of our website. Rivonia Trial. 1964. Photograph. Sport24. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. This picture features Mandela walking on his way to his trial. It was useful in the Prison section of our website. "The Trial of Nelson Mandela: Selected Maps: South Africa." Map. Famous Trials. University of Missouri-Kansas CIty School of Law, n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. A very informative map was this one that showed us the places that critical events in Mandelas life occurred in.

Weaver, Kevin. Nelson Mandela in Ireland. 1995. Photograph. Getty Images, Northern Ireland. Bio.com. A&E Television Networks. Web. 7 Apr. 2013. From this photo we could see how the influence of Nelson Mandela traveled to other parts of the world like Northern Ireland. His impact became a turning point for not only South Africa but the world and we were able to use this photo to show that. Will Smith and Jada Pinkett at the 46664 Concert. 2008. Photograph. Hyde Park. Zimbio. 18 Feb. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. This photo of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett on the stage at Hyde Park really emphasizes what the organization is all about. The photo represents his ideals very well and was used in the 46664 section of the website. Young Nelson Mandela. N.d. Photograph. Ngozi Gold. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. This picture features Mandela as a young man. It was helpful in the ANC section of our website. Zieminski, Anna. Mandela Building Rolihlahla Primary School. 1996. Photograph. Getty Images, Warrenton, Northern Cape Province. NBC News. NBCNews.com. Web. 8 Apr. 2013. Not only was Nelson Mandela an inspiring leader, he made changes with his own hands and that is portrayed in this picture of him making an impact on South Africa by building a school. Audio De Klerk, F. W. Nelson Mandela Released From South African Prison. N.d. The History Channel. A&E Television Networks. Web. 6 Apr. 2013. De Klerks speech was an important part of Nelson Mandelas release because it was finally the response that all the protests were trying to get. Nelson Mandelas long awaited release from prison was a critical turning point in South African history. We used the audio on our website.

"'Free Nelson Mandela' - The Specials - 80s Protest Anthem." Web log post. Video Sift. N.p., 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. This is the music video for the song "Free Nelson Mandela". It is a great song with a good meaning behind it, and also a protest song from the 1980s. We used it in our "Protests" section of our website. Jones, Adam. ""Sun City" - Artists United Against Apartheid." Web log post. Anthems for a New Generation. Blogspot, 12 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Adam Jones features an article about the history behind the song "Sun City". "Sun City" being a song promoting the struggle for freedom in South Africa, it was perfect for our website. We used a 37 second clip of the song in our "Protests" section. Secondary Sources Interviews Carlin, John. "Nelson Mandela Interview." E-mail interview. 18 Dec. 2012. It was an honor being able to interview John Carlin even through e-mail. He was the man who wrote the book, Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation. Although he is a very busy man, he was kind enough to answer me. Despite his short answers, they still proved to be helpful and gave us another opinion about Nelson Mandelas actions. His answers were exactly what we needed to show Mandelas impact on the world and why he was a turning point not only on a historical level but a personal level as well. Mitchell, Laura. "Discussion of Nelson Mandela." E-mail interview. 15 Dec. 2012. Laura Mitchell is a South African professor at UCI, and was a very thorough and helpful interviewee. We asked her four questions on the subject of Mandela, and her answers arrived in paragraphs of helpfulness. She described the affects of Mandela and her insights on the situations of the time in a very real and passionate way. She also described

to us how she thought Mandela was a turning point, in her own words. This was helpful because it gave us a unique point of view on a broad subject. Dr. Mitchell was very kind and flexible, and we dearly appreciated the quality of her answers and helpfulness. Willoughby-Herard, Tiffany. "Nelson Mandela." E-mail interview. 24 Feb. 2013. Dr. Willoughby-Herard provided us with one of our best interviews. Not only were her answers so beautifully articulated, they hinted us in the right direction to pursue other aspects of Mandela's life. Her words covered such a broad topic that they could fit in any part of the website. There isn't a better woman who could prove to you, truly, why Nelson Mandela is the turning point for South Africa. Her answers became a good collection of quotes that are found on our website. Worger, William H. "Nelson Mandela Interview." E-mail interview. 3 Mar. 2013. Furthering our research with experts on Nelson Mandela, we found Professor Worger and interviewed him. His answers gave us more insight about the different opinions of Nelson Mandela. Especially after reading his response to our third question, he gave us more evidence as to why we chose Nelson Mandela to fit the theme of turning point. Books Carlin, John. Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation. New York: Penguin, 2008. Print. Carlin was able to make this story very interesting and gave many details about the events that happened after Nelson Mandela was released from jail. It showed part of the process that Mandela had to do to unite his country after it had been segregated for so long. The author was able to prove his understanding of Mandelas wishes to unite the country under one team and show how Mandela made the Springboks a turning point for apartheid. Although many people believed that rugby was not going to

solve their problems, Carlin showed what Mandela believed and what he wanted to achieve through all this. Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: "No Easy Walk to Freedom": A Biography. New York: Scholastic, 1991. Print. Barry Denenberg made Mandelas life easy to understand and not at all overwhelming. It did not drag on about one part of his life and kept things interesting. The book was very easy to follow and to understand without getting lost. It presented enough information to know exactly what was going on in each part of the book. It was a great book to give very solid background information about everything in Nelson Mandelas life. Denenberg provided with a book that revealed the process that Mandela took to become a turning point that many South Africans were waiting for. Duke, Lynne. Mandela, Mobutu, and Me: A Newswoman's African Journey. New York: Doubleday, 2003. Print. Told from a newswoman's viewpoint, this book is very unique in that it gives an essential point of view: one of a bystander. The most noteworthy detail, is how much information on the background is provided. The turning point in this devastation is with the arrival of Mandela and his protests. South Africa is clearly very affected by his force, which is very easy to appreciate from Duke's point of view. This book was idealor a new point of view and inspired us to pursue Mandela further. Lapping, Brian. Apartheid: A History. New York: G. Braziller, 1987. Print. Being a book published in 1987, the source was almost in that it contained a lot of primary sources but because it was not written by someone who experienced it for themselves, it is a secondary source. It delved into the history of apartheid from over 300 years ago, explaining the development and evolution of the worst political theory to exist. We found a surplus of quotes that were very monumental in describing the extreme racist conditions

of these times. This source provided an excellent background on Mandela and the discrimination he and his fellow Africans suffered before he became the turning point for the misery. Leach, Graham. South Africa. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986. Print. Written by the BBC Southern Africa Radio Correspondent, this book goes into explicit detail on South African history from 1976 to now, and what is anticipated for the future. Also included were some very horrific shots, featuring, for example, one of black council official being beaten and set on fire by a hostile crowd after accused of operating with white authorities. Those types of photographs are not ones easily forgotten, and reminded us of the horrors of this time, and treasure Mandelas turning point even more. Lodge, Tom. Mandela: A Critical Life. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. This extremely revealing biography answers the highly regarded question: "To what extent did Mandela self-consciously create the status of political hero that he now enjoys?" It describes the struggle Mandela's private life had suffered in order to build up his political career. We learn of how he had really earned his political fame and why his turning point should be celebrated for years to come. The book was also filled with pictures we had never seen before on the internet of his earlier years, which proved to be a unique and great addition to our website. Meredith, Martin. In the Name of Apartheid: South Africa in the Postwar Period. New York: Harper and Row, 1988. Print. We felt the need to discover more about apartheid in itself, as it was the first thing we were unsure about upon beginning our research on Mandela. Upon researching the author of this book, Martin Meredith, we discovered his ties with South Africa and his vast experience with apartheid. It also made us appreciate

Mandelas turning point for South Africa even more; we felt relieved as we had been so caught up in the story we felt as if we were really a part of the struggle. Meredith, Martin. Nelson Mandela. New York: St. Martin's, 1999. Print. This biography was of a new and revealing type. We discover the pain and struggling Mandela went through during prison on Robben Island, home of South Africa's worst political prison. The pictures were also very moving; detailed images of Mandela and his prison mates crushing stones in the yard and other hard work. However, Mandela was still smiling courageously through the labors. We felt that Mandela was really strong seeing those types of courageous feats, and very deserving of his title as the turning point for South Africa. Russell, Alec. Bring Me My Machine Gun: The Battle for the Soul of South Africa from Mandela to Zuma. New York: PublicAffairs, 2009. Print. This vivid account of South Africa after apartheid shows how much progress has been made, but how much still needs to be fixed. The author made the complicated history of South America very interesting and comprehensible. We learned a lot from this book, from propaganda to economy to social classes. As well as being very informative, there were many first-hand accounts and quote-able texts. It also demonstrates the turning point of many aspects of Mandela's efforts, namely the ANC. Sampson, Anthony. Mandela: The Authorized Biography. New York: Knopf, 1999. Print. As far as biographies go, this was by far the most thorough we have found. Being over 600 pages long with very accurate subsections, any question we had about Mandela was easily answered. His turning point was so defined and apparent to us that we were amazed. We used many pictures from this book, including: Mandela speaking in the

prison courtyard, Mandela on his way to the trial, Mandela singing at the trial, Mandela sparring in his youth, Mandela voting for the first time, Mandela walking with F. W. Klerk, two pictures of an older Mandela in his jail cell, Mandela in charge of an ANC meeting, the accused at the Treason Trial, and an ANC ban protest. Waldmeir, Patti. Anatomy of a Miracle: The End of Apartheid and the Birth of the New South Africa. New York: W.W. Norton &, 1997. Print. Because our project focused on Mandela and his effect on the world, this book was immensely informational for our research. He was the one who united the two fighting groups which is why he is a turning point. This book had primary documents and letters from not only Nelson Mandela but F. W. de Klerk as well. We scanned an image of one of Mandelas letters and used it in our Prison section. We learned many things after taking a look into this book and it helped us form our conclusion and we learned more about the impact that Nelson Mandela made because of his choices. Periodicals Dugger, Celia W. "At 91, Mandela Endures as South Africas Ideal." The New York Times 9 Nov. 2009, New York Edition ed.: A1. The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 8 Nov. 2009. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. It has been quite a while since Mandela has retired and as of this moment he continues to spend his days of old age. This article depicts Mandela after he has retired and how he still affects South Africa. The author shows that even though he is old and frail, Mandela is still able to retain the memories of his journey he had long ago. There are many quotes from people who were involved with Mandela that show how being a turning point for South Africa is still in effect today.

Images ANC Logo & Flag. N.d. Photograph. ThinkQuest. Oracle. Web. 21 Dec. 2012. The ANC logo and flag was helpful in our ANC website section. Apartheid and the People of South Africa Chart. 1978. Photograph. Stanford. 28 Aug. 1997. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. We learned a lot from this chart, featuring a comparison between the white and black South Africans. It shows, quite clearly in numbers, the effects of Apartheid. The black South Africans outweigh the white South Africans by 15 million, yet the black people only get 13% of the land while the white people get 87%. We used this chart on the ANC section of our website, to show a glimpse of how unfair apartheid was, and how important Mandela's turning point is. Soft Dark Green Background. N.d. Photograph. Photos Of. Photos Of. Web. 22 Dec. 2012. We used this soft green background as the backdrop for the quotes on our website. It is very subtle and we liked how it didn't distract too much attention away from the text. The Fight Against Apartheid. N.d. Photograph. Mapping the World. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. This map was extremely helpful because it outlined all of the movement of apartheid while Mandela was in prison. It shows what kind of an effect he had on the ANC and how they continued his endeavors. The map was a great addition to the website and one we both dearly appreciated. Umkhonto We Sizwe Logo. N.d. Photograph. South African History Online. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. The source contained the logo of Umkhonto we Sizwe, which we used on our ANC page.

Audio Sontoga, Enoch. "Nkosi Sikelel' IAfrika." Nkosi Sikelel' IAfrika. 1996. MP3. Both of us agreed that playing the national anthem would be a good song to play. We agreed that it was important to our topic because it wasnt until 1994 when Mandela became president that they combined the two different songs for the national anthem. One song was from the blacks and the other song was from the whites. They combined them to symbolize the equality South Africa was hoping to reach someday. Websites "46664." 46664. N.p., 16 Feb. 2013. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. 46664, the anti HIV/AIDs campaign started by Mandela, is very well represented in this website. From here we took many quotes for our "Worldwide" section on the "Impact" sub header. We used the 46664 logo from this source in our section on the website. The website is very thorough on 46664 and Mandela Day and very helpful to the site overall. "ANC Marks 100th Anniversary." World News. The Washington Post, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. You don't always find a goldmine of images, but we lucked out. This gallery features many ANC images with Nelson Mandela that helped tremendously on the timeline. We are very appreciative of this source as it has so much to offer. ANC. "What Is the African National Congress?" What Is the African National Congress? ANC, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2013. One of the major parts of Nelson Mandelas life was working with the ANC. They are who helped him become a turning point because without him he couldnt have reunited South Africa alone or become president without the help of the ANC. For our Terms page on our website we used their definition to define the ANC.

Because this website is the official website of the ANC, we knew we would find accurate information to be represented on our website. Badsha, Omar. "South African History Online." South African History Online. SAHO Team, 2001. Web. 11 Dec. 2012. Not only does this website inform us of just Mandela, but of history before him from the 1950s and onward. As well as being overwhelmingly thorough, they also provide information on decades prior. Knowing how difficult the past was, it really showed how much of an effort Mandela made into changing history. Because of his influence on the government, Mandela became a turning point for his people. As well as being a great basis for knowledge, it also described the many aspects of South African culture, including politics, people, arts, and other resources. BBC. "Mandela's Life and Times." BBC News. BBC, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. While furthering in our research, we found this website that had an appealing design and did not fall short on their information. As well as having detailed information, it had many pictures displayed with captions to show some of the important happenings during his presidency and life. Not only did it give well written facts on the turning point for South Africa, but it also gives links to other websites to help advance in our research. There was also a video that we used for quotes. Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "Biography: Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela." About.com African History. About.com, 14 Aug. 2003. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. Even after reading multiple biographies, this one was able to provide us with new information that we did not know about. He went in depth into Nelson Mandelas life and gave many dates to the events he was speaking of, unlike other websites. He included events that were critical to prove Nelson Mandela is a turning point. The article was understandable and a good source for quotes

when we needed them for general information about Nelson Mandelas life. This website reinforced the information that we previously learned from the other websites and helped us to verify that those were the correct dates and events. Buchanan, Hamilton. "Nelson Mandela: The World's Most Beloved Statesman." SEO. N.p., 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. SEO creates a webpage documenting Mandela's life, which was useful to us both as a source for information and for pictures. They really delved into parts of his life most biographies tend to skip - such as the Sharpeville Massacre and the prison protests. We used an image of a Sharpeville victim, "Free Nelson Mandela" graffiti, and a protestor on our website. Carlin, John. "Nelson Mandela's Legacy." The Cairo Review of Global Affairs. N.p., 21 Oct. 2012. Web. 21 Oct. 2012. It is not every day we get a brief reading on a subject and understand it entirely by the time that we were done. Written by John Carlin, who also dedicated a book to Mandela, this article provides enough basic information to get started on a project of this depth. The turning point is very easy to identify and then furthermore pursue with different resources, which was tremendously helpful to us. We feel this source was an exceptionally detailed, short, and sweet over-cap of Mandela's achievements that would help anyone embarking on studying him. Dyer, Gwynne. "Nelson Mandela, the Terrorist." North County Times. North County Times, 09 July 2006. Web. 09 Dec. 2012. While many people believe that Nelson Mandela was a freedom fighter, there are still others that believe he was a terrorist. She points out the reasons for why they think that and balances both sides of the argument while maintain an objective point of view. While she does agree that Nelson Mandela did what he needed to do to gain freedom, she points out that we cannot ignore the fact he has used

violence and terrorism to do so. This helped us gain insight and a broader point of view on whether or not Nelson Mandela is a turning point. Elman, Peter. "Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute." Tony Hollingsworth. N.p., n.d. Web. Apr. 2013. Tony Hollingsworth is one of the most interesting behind the scenes men ever. His website outlines his struggles to put together many events, two of which include Nelson Mandela and each reached up to 600 million viewers worldwide. Not only did we have the pleasure of interviewing Hollingsworth, but we used his website as well to provide pictures and quotes for our "protest" section. It was very interesting to see how many people depend on Mandela as their turning point, because the cry to free him reached millions upon millions. Gallagher, Michael. "The Birth and Death of Apartheid." BBC News. BBC, 17 June 2002. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. A huge part of understanding the effect that Nelson Mandela made on the world is to understand apartheid. From this website we learned the origins of apartheid. We found information about how the white supremacists justified apartheid in South Africa and gave us better knowledge on their point of view. Through our understanding of the apartheid concept, we were better able to prove why NelsonMandela is a turning point. Kachroo, Rohit. "'Who Is My Mandela?' South Africans Consider Icon's Place in a Changing World." NBC News. NBCNews.com, 13 Dec. 2012. Web. 08 Apr. 2013. From this article we delved into the impact that Nelson Mandela made on his people in South Africa and learned of their opinions about him. As we read through it, it became apparent to us the legacy Nelson Mandela will leave and how his actions that made him into a turning point will affect the future generations of South Africa. Although not all peoples opinions

shared in this article shared that he was a hero that would be forever remembered, it still gave us a better understanding of the different viewpoints. We found pictures that we had not seen before and became quite useful in adding imagery to our website. Ki-Moon, Ban. "He Showed the Way. He Changed the World." UN News Center. UN, 18 July 2010. Web. 02 Dec. 2012. Although the article was very short, it was able to express the feelings of the author towards Mandela. From reading it we learned so much more about Nelson Mandelas character and personality. It not only gave insight about how he has affected other people, it also gave more proof to why he is a turning point for not only South Africa, but for every person he meets. The author writes beautifully and this article is very useful to capture the quotes we need to prove our thesis. Linder, Douglas O. "The Rivonia Trial (Trial of Nelson Mandela)." Famous Trials. N.p., Feb. 2010. Web. 2 Nov. 2012.When reading the typical biography of Mandela's life, stories like his trial are usually just skimmed over. Rather than seeing the events that just plainly happened, we understand the specifics and we feel like we were there, living the moment with him. The trial was definitely a turning point for the ANC and was riveting to experience as if we were there for ourselves. It went in depth on each arrested members case and what they were charged for. Along with that, it was definitely a quote abundant resource that we used very much to our advantage in our timeline. McGreal, Chris. "Chris McGreal's Key Moments in Africa." The Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Jan. 2013. We haven't stumbled upon a gallery of images better than this. It contains so many images pertaining to the effect Mandela had on the Africans, and it was so useful in our Conclusion section. We really loved this website.

Modibbo Kawu, Ishaq. "Nelson Mandela: 20 Years after the Walk That Changed the World." Sunday Trust. Daily Trust, 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 2 Dec. 2012. While most websites gave basic information and a general overview of Mandelas life, this website gave a better detailed description on the political situations of Mandelas journey. Kawu is able to relate the events that happened 20 years ago in Mandelaslife and how it still applies during the day he wrote the article. At the end of it, there is a paragraph sharing what Mandela has taught the world which deemed very resourceful in supporting our topic. "Nelson Mandela." The Famous People. N.p., 23 Nov. 2012. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. The Famous People is a website that advances on the lives of many historical figures, including Mandela. The detail provided really gave us a sense that we were living in the heat of these moments, offering a point of view not typically seen while researching history. This point of view helped to show why Nelson Mandela is hero like no other who deserves to be called a turning point for the world. At the end of the entry, a helpful timeline helped us recap all the events. "Nelson Mandela." South Africa Info. N.p., 18 Oct. 2012. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. Being a website filled with information specifically on South Africa, it was bound to be filled with information regarding Mandela. Featuring a plethora of articles until present day regarding Mandela, it informed us of his present-day affects. We found out information on what Mandela is doing up until now, which includes AIDS campaigns and other helpful movements. The amount of stories on the site really reinforces how much of a turning point he made in history. It really kept us in awe of Mandela because it demonstrated how dedicated and inspiring the man is.

"Nelson Mandela and His Life as a Freedom Fighter." Nelson Mandela. N.p., 11 Aug. 2011. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. This website was extremely informative, delving into many aspects of Mandela's life that shaped his character. From his fathers death when he was 9, to becoming a man when he was 16, to taking up soccer and running, one begins to understand who Nelson Mandela really is and how he eventually became a turning point. After spending time on this website, one finds themselves familiar with Nelson Mandela the person, rather than Nelson Mandela the president. All sources used for the website were listed as well, which is re-assuring since it confirms the legitimacy of the information. The page was strikingly informative and very helpful when it came to understanding Mandela as a whole. "Nelson Mandela Biography." Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, 2013. Web. 04 Jan. 2013. We used this source for many quotes and it gave enough information about each event to understand what happened and who was involved, but it did not drag on too long about one subject. Along with the facts and information about Nelson Mandela, this website had a gallery of photos that came extremely useful once it was time for us to add pictures decorate our website with visuals. These photos included: a young photo of Mandela, Mandela receiving his Nobel Peace Prize, Mandela leaving prison, Mandela raising his fist the day he was released from prison, Mandela with Oprah, and Mandela at the FIFA World Cup 2010. The photos served as symbols and visuals to show Nelson Mandelas success and becoming South Africas turning point. "Nelson Mandela - Chronology." The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela. PBS, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. This PBS page features a timeline of Mandela's life, which is helpful to us because it really delves into the details. What was especially useful was the information it

provided on the protests to free Nelson Mandela. We used a few quotes from this website to nourish our website. NelsonMandelas.com, Author Intentionally Anonymous. "Nelson Mandelas." Nelson Mandelas. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. Many sources related to Nelson Mandela were all obtained into one site. This was very helpful for us because it made it much easier to find information about him and provided a good amount of quotes to add onto our website. There were many great resources such as videos about him, a list of his achievements, and a timeline of his life. The site was very easy to manage around and gave more than enough information to prove that the turning point for apartheid in South Africa is Nelson Mandela. "Nelson Mandela Through the Years." ABC News. ABC, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. This gallery of Nelson Mandela pictures was exceptionally useful for us, specifically the slideshow on our home page. Featuring a lot of pictures of Mandela, it proved to be the perfect supplement for the missing pictures from the slide-show and even was useful in other aspects of the site. There was also a section of videos involving Nelson Mandela that we used clips of that are displayed in our websites sections. Nobel Media."Nelson Mandela - Biography". Nobelprize.org. 26 Nov 2012. It highlighted one of the very important moments of his life which was when he won a Nobel Prize in 1993. This was a critical moment because although it did not directly affect South Africa, it served as a symbol to show how Nelson Mandela was a turning point for not only his country but the world. The website also shares the speech that was said as Nelson Mandela was presented the award and provides a video of him receiving the Nobel Prize which proved to be useful as we added it to our website.

"The History of Apartheid in South Africa." The History of Apartheid in South Africa. Stanford University, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Upon choosing our topic, we were not entirely sure of what apartheid was. When we found this website it helped us better understand what Nelson Mandela was fighting to stop. We learned what it caused and what it was. It was helpful to know what idea made Nelson Mandela a turning point to his people for something as terrible as apartheid. "Umkhonto We Sizwe." Umkhonto We Sizwe: We Are at War! Web. 02 Jan. 2013. Umkhonto we Sizwe was basically a terrorist group that Mandela helped create, and did nothing to really stop. It was a big turning point for the ANC because prior to the group, they did not use violence. As historical researchers, we really wanted to get all points of view, rather than just the positive facts that glorify Mandela. Although he was the fundamental turning point for South Africa, he still had his flaws and misdemeanors. We used the

group mostly in our ANC section to describe why he went to prison and got many quotes from the website. "Unit 3. The Rise of Apartheid." South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid. Michigan State University, n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. We decided to further our research on apartheid and to add more information on our website to get the full effect of Nelson Mandela being a turning point. It gave us quotes to provide the origin and the creators of apartheid. After learning the basic concept of apartheid, we went on this website and earned ourselves a deeper perspective of the situation that black South Africans were fighting against. It painted a better picture of the system that they fought so hard to end.

Williams, Rocky. "Overview of Umkhonto We Sizwe." The South African Military History Journal. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.After freshly discovering Umkhonto we Sizwe, it was necessary to conduct more research on it. We found this site and it was a very thorough history of the group. We learned that the group was really the turning point for the ANC, who had been otherwise peaceful. Overall it provided a good history to go along with the Umkhonto we Sizwe manifesto and proved to be a reputable source.