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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
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Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based development and use of computer technology
("computing"). It is an emerging computing technology that uses the Internet and central
remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and
business to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any
computer with Internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by
centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.
A definition for cloud computing can be given as an emerging computer paradigm where data
and services reside in massively scalable data centres in the cloud and can be accessed from
any connected devices over the internet. The best example of cloud computing is Google
Apps where any application can be accessed using a browser and it can be deployed on
thousands of computer through the Internet. Cloud computing is the next natural
step in the evolution of on-demand information technology services and
products. To a large extent cloud computing will be based on virtualized
resources.
The idea of cloud computing is based on a very fundamental principal of
reusability of IT capabilities. Computing can be described as any activity of using
and/or developing computer hardware and software. It includes everything that sits in the
bottom layer, i.e. everything from raw compute power to storage capabilities. Cloud
computing ties together all these entities and delivers them as a single integrated entity under
its own sophisticated management.
Cloud is a term used as a metaphor for the wide area networks (like internet) or any such
large networked environment. It came partly from the cloud-like symbol used to represent the
complexities of the networks in the schematic diagrams. It represents all the complexities of
the network which may include everything from cables, routers, servers, data centres and all
such other devices. With cloud computing we come back to the centralized computing
infrastructure. It is something which can easily be accessed via the internet and something
over which we have all the control.
CHAPTER 2
How does a Cloud work??
A cloud user needs a client device such as a laptop or desktop computer or any computing
resource with a web browser (or other approved access route) to access a cloud system via the
World Wide Web. Typically the user will log into the cloud at a service provider or private
company, such as their employer. Cloud computing works on a client-server basis using web
browser protocols. The cloud provides server-based applications and all data services to the
user, with output displayed on the client device.
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If the user wishes to create a document using a word processor, for example, the cloud
provides a suitable application running on the server which displays work done by the user on
the client web browser display. Memory allocated to the client system's web browser is used
to make the application data appear on the client system display, but all computations and
changes are recorded by the server, and final results including files created or altered are
permanently stored on the cloud servers.
Cloud services work on multiple platforms, including Linux, Macintosh, and Windows
computers. Smart phones, pads and tablet devices with Internet and World Wide Web access
also provide cloud services to telecommuting and mobile users. A service provider may pool
the processing power of multiple remote computers in a cloud to achieve routine tasks such
as backing up of large amounts of data, word processing, or computationally intensive work.
These tasks might normally be difficult, time consuming, or expensive for an individual user
or a small company to accomplish, especially with limited computing resources and funds.
With cloud computing, clients require only a simple computer, such as netbooks, designed
with cloud computing in mind, or even a Smartphone, with a connection to the Internet, or a
company network, in order to make requests to and receive data from the cloud, hence the
term "software as a service" (SaaS). Computation and storage is divided among the remote
computers in order to handle large volumes of both, thus the client need not purchase
expensive hardware or software to handle the task. The outcome of the processing task is
returned to the client over the network, dependent on the speed of the Internet connection.
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FIG 2.1
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CHAPTER 3
Cloud Architecture
Cloud architecture the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery
of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who
typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components
communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web
services.
This closely resembles the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing
well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the
resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.
Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications
access cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata
operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each
independently delivering data to applications or users.
FIG 3.1
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CHAPTER 4
Cloud Computing services
The cloud computing services are broadly divided into three categories:
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
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FIG 4.1
CHAPTER 5
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is still an emerging area of development with some early companies, such as Cast Iron,
providing integration of a wide range of cloud-based applications.
Ultimately, many customers may decide that the private cloud offers more flexibility and
develop new applications themselves.
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CHAPTER 7
Cloud Computing Security Plan
Cloud computing has unique security risks. Security risks, threats, and breaches can come in
so many forms and from so many places that many companies take a comprehensive
approach to security management across IT and the business. The following pointers useful
for creating cloud computing security plan.
CHAPTER 8
Need for cloud computing
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What could we do with 1000 times more data and CPU power? Now thats one very simple
question the answer to which we all know. Thats all it took the interviewers to bewilder the
confident job applicants at Google. This is a question of relevance because the amount of data
that an application handles is increasing day by day and so is the CPU power that one can
harness. There are many answers to this question. With this much CPU power, we could
scale our businesses to 1000 times more users. Right now we are gathering statistics about
every user using an application.
With such CPU power at hand, we could monitor every single user click and every user
interaction such that we can gather all the statistics about the user. We could improve the
recommendation systems of users. We could model better price plan choices. With this CPU
power we could simulate the case where we have, say 1, 00,000 users in the system without
any glitches. There are lots of other things we could do with so much CPU power and data
capabilities. But what is keeping us back. One of the reasons is the large scale architecture
which comes with these are difficult to manage.
There may be many different problems with the architecture we have to support. The
machines may start failing, the hard drives may crash, the network may go down and many
other such hardware problems. The hardware has to be designed such that the architecture is
reliable and scalable. This large scale architecture has a very expensive upfront and has high
maintenance costs.
It requires different resources like machines, power, cooling, etc. The system also cannot
scale as and when needed and so is not easily reconfigurable. The resources are also
constrained by the resources. As the applications become large, they become I/O bound. The
hard drive access speed becomes a limiting factor. Though the raw CPU power available may
not be a factor, the amount of RAM available clearly becomes a factor.
If at all the hardware problems are managed very well, there arises the software problems.
There may be bugs in the software using this much of data. The workload also demands two
important tasks for two completely different people. The software has to be such that it is bug
free and has good data processing algorithms to manage all the data.
The cloud computing works on the cloud - so there are large groups of often low-cost servers
with specialized connections to spread the data-processing chores among them. Since there
are a lot of low-cost servers connected together, there are large pools of resources available.
So these offer almost unlimited computing resources. This makes the availability of resources
a lesser issue.
The data of the application can also be stored in the cloud. Storage of data in the cloud has
many distinct advantages over other storages. One thing is that data is spread evenly through
the cloud in such a way that there are multiple copies of the data and there are ways by which
failure can be detected and the data can be rebalanced on the fly. The I/O operations become
simpler in the cloud such that browsing and searching for something in 25GB or more of data
becomes simpler in the cloud, which is nearly impossible to do on a desktop.
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The cloud computing applications also provide automatic reconfiguration of the resources
based on the service level agreements. When we are using applications out of the cloud, to
scale the application with respect to the load is a mundane task because the resources have to
be gathered and then provided to the users. If the load on the application is such that it is
present only for a small amount of time as compared to the time its working out of the load,
but occurs frequently, then scaling of the resources becomes tedious.
But when the application is in the cloud, the load can be managed by spreading it to other
available nodes by making a copy of the application on to them. This can be reverted once the
load goes down. It can be done as and when needed. All these are done automatically such
that the resources maintain and manage themselves.
CHAPTER 9
Primary Benefits of Cloud Computing
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FIG 9.1
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1. Customer Perspective
Data Security: Many customers dont wish to trust their data to the cloud. Data must be
locally retained for regulatory reasons.
Latency: The cloud can be many milliseconds away. Not suitable for real-time applications.
Application Availability: Cannot switch from existing legacy applications. Equivalent cloud
applications do not exist.
2. Vendor Perspective
1. Service Level Agreements
Security: with the businesses information and critical IT resources outside the
firewall, customers worry about their vulnerability to attack.
Cloud services dependability: The complex web of interdependency that supports
cloud services availability and performance from network availability and
performance, to the availability and performance of the cloud service providers
systems, and beyond, to the performance and availability of the supply chain of
services that the service provider depends on cries out for suppliers who can offer
greater transparency of interdependencies as well as credible service level assurances.
2. Business Models
SaaS/PaaS models are challenging.
Much lower upfront revenue.
While customers certainly enjoy the economic and operational benefits of the off-theshelf, standardized nature of many cloud services, this survey shows they nonetheless
want greater ability to fit cloud services more tightly into the context of their
specific business. Users want to maximize the leverage of their many other critical
business systems in-house legacy systems and, increasingly, externally-sourced
cloud services by being able to integrate across these systems. SaaS 1.0 systems
that lack standard-based APIs, and are effectively islands are of diminishing
value; this is why user should be include the requirement for web services APIs in
definition of cloud services.
3. Customer Lock-in
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CHAPTER 10
Conclusion
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level introduction
to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice to these
technologies. What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing
is leading the industrys endeavour to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might be
more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of services which
IT customers must plug into individually. Cloud loud Computing is a technology which took
the software and business world by storm. The much deserved hype over it will continue for
years to come. Cloud computing is a powerful new abstraction for large scale data processing
systems which is scalable, reliable and available. In cloud computing, there are large selfmanaged server pools available which reduces the overhead and eliminates management
headache.
Cloud computing services can also grow and shrink according to need. Cloud computing is
particularly valuable to small and medium businesses, where effective and affordable IT tools
are critical to helping them become more productive without spending lots of money on inhouse resources and technical equipment. Also it is a new emerging architecture needed to
expand the Internet to become the computing platform of the future.
Cloud Computing is the next big thing in the arena of computing and storage. There are
some concerns about security and its availability. However, different service providers are
coming up with various solutions and suggestions in response to customers concerns. In any
case, cloud is getting bigger and better, and as long as they are available through web
services, without capital infrastructure investment at reasonable price, it is for sure going to
proliferate and create robust demand in times to come.
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Reference
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
2. http://www.sunmicrosystems.com
3. http://www.ibmsoftwarestrategygroup.com
4. http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com
5. http://dbpedia.org/page/Cloud_computing
6. http://salesforce.com/cloudcomputing
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