Bio: Amedeo Modigliani (1884-1920)

Amedeo Modigliani, one of the most popular artists of the 20th century, was born on July 12, 1884 into the family of Flaminio and Eugenia Modigliani, in Livorno (Leghorn), Tuscany. He was the forth and the youngest child in the family, which belonged to the secularized Jewish bourgeoisie. By the time Amedeo was born, the family business was in down, to go bankrupt some years later. Eugenia Modigliani, Amedeos mother, came from France. To contribute to the family income she gave private lessons and made translations. It was she who liked to create myths around the family and encouraged this trait in her younger son.

The attack of typhoid in 1898 was a turning point in Modiglianis life. After recovering he was allowed to drop school and start to take lessons in drawing and painting at the Art Academy in Livorno. By 1900, his health condition aggravated, he contracted tuberculosis and spent the winter of 1900/01 in Naples, on Capri and in Rome. In 1902, Modigliani enrolled in the Scuola libera di Nudo (Free School of Nude Studies) in Florence. He visited Florences museums and churches and studied the art of the Renaissance, which he learned to admire. A year later Modigliani moved to Venice, where he enrolled in the Instituto di Belle Arti di Venezia and continued the self-study of old masters. It is in Venice that he first tried hashish. Two years later Modigliani went to Paris. He took life-drawing classes at the Acadmie Colarossi and befriended many colleagues from all over the world. Despite his poor health, he participated in the debauched life of the artists on Montmartre. The German painter Ludwig Meidner described him in the following way, Our Modigliani, or Modi as he was called was a characteristic and, at the same time, highly talented representative of Bohemian Montmartre; he was probably even its last true Bohemian.

In 1907, Modigliani got his first patron the young medical doctor Paul Alexandre (Portrait of Paul Alexandre Against a Green Background), who bought paintings and drawings from Modigliani and got him commissions for portraits. Thus, the painting The Amazon (1909) - was a commission from the Baroness Marguerite de Hasse de Villers, which she made on Dr. Alexandres recommendations. But the

sitter was so infuriated with the finished portrait that refused to take it and Dr. Alexandre bought it.

Through Dr. Alexandre (in 1909) Modigliani made the acquaintance of the Romanian sculptor Constantin Brancusi, under the influence of whom he switched to stone sculpture, which prevailed over his painting for some time. One of the legends says that Modigliani stole the big blocks of stone for his sculptures from the surrounding construction sites and the railway sleepers, intended for the Mtro, for his wooden heads. Modigliani never bothered to refute any gossip and fantasies concerning him.

In spring of 1910, Modigliani got acquainted with a young Russian poetess Anna Akhmatova. Their passionate love affair lasted till the August of 1911, when they parted never to meet again.

Modiglianis sculptures were exhibited in the autumn Salon of 1912, some of them were even bought; but by 1914 the artist was again more interested in painting. In June of 1914, he met the talented and eccentric English woman, Batrice Hastings, who had been a circus artist, a journalist, a poetess, a traveler, an art critic, and maybe tried other professions, of which we dont know. Later she would write of him, A complex character. A swine and a pearl. Met him in 1914 at a crmerie. I sat opposite him. Hashish and brandy. Not at all impressed. Didnt know who he was. He looked ugly, ferocious and greedy. Met him again at the Caf Rotonde. He was shaved and charming. Raised his cap with a pretty gesture, blushed and asked me to come and see his work. And I went. He always had a book in his pocket. Lautrmonts Maldoror. The first oil painting was of Kisling. He had no respect for anyone except Picasso and Max Jacob. Detested Cocteau. Never completed anything good under the influence of hashish. Batrice became Modiglianis mistress and preferred model for the next two years. Though her portraits cant be called flattering, more vice versa shes shown round-faced, small-featured, with pursed lips and small empty eyes. Beatris Hastings. Madam Pompadour (Portrait of Beatrice Hastings).

In August of 1914, the First World War broke out. Modigliani wanted to enlist but was exempted from military service for health reasons. Paul Alexandre was enlisted, ending the contract between him and the artist. The art dealer Paul Guillaume offered Modigliani his support. In 1916, Modigliani befriended the Polish poet and art dealer

Lopold Zborovski (1889-1932) and his wife Anna (Hanka), who would become his supportive friends. Modigliani painted them several times. In April of 1917, Modigliani met the 19-year-old Jeanne Hbuterne (1898-1920), student of the Acadmie Colarossi; they started to live together. She was gentle, shy, quiet and delicate. A little bit depressive, the writer Charles-Albert Cingria characterized Jeanne. She became his major model until his death, he painted her no less than 25 times.

On December 3, 1917 Modiglianis first one-man exhibition was opened at the Berthe Weill Gallery. Unfortunately the gallery was situated opposite a police station, the chief of which was scandalized by Modiglianis nudes and forced him to close the exhibition within a few hours after its opening.

In spring of 1918, Modigliani and Jeanne left Paris, which was under the threat of occupation by Germans, and went for the southern coast. In Nice and its environments Modigliani produced most of the paintings that would later become his most popular and highest-priced works. On November 29, 1918 in Nice, Jeanne Hbuterne gave birth to a girl, who was recognized by Modigliani as his daughter. She was given the same Christian name as her mother.

At the end of May of 1919, Modigliani returned to Paris. After several successful exhibitions in England, English collectors started to buy his paintings. But by the end of the year Modigliani became seriously ill with tuberculosis. On January 24 1920 he died. On the following day the pregnant Jeanne Hbuterne committed suicide. They were buried together in the Pre Lachaise cemetery. Their orphan daughter Jeanne (1918-1984) was adopted by Modiglianis sister in Florence; later she would write an important biography of her father Modigliani: Man and Myth.