Exam 3 Study Topics Chapters 27/28 (pp.

710-725 only) Industrial Revolution (agriculture, industry, transportation) Luddites attacked factories and machines they blamed for the loss of their jobs Things needed to industrialize: o Large labor force o Ample food to sustain labor force o Energy to run machines o Receptive markets o Reliable transportation o Capital to fund ventures Started in the 1800s in Britain Agricultural methods earlier developed in the Netherlands helped create ample food supply Crop rotation Alternating grains such as wheat and barley with soil enriching crops like turnips and clover, using all the land each year Feeding livestock turnips and clover, along with selective breeding, increased size of livestock and subsequently the meat and dairy supply Better fed animals led to more manure, used to fertilize crops thus enhancing their yield Age-old methods of communal farming by landless peasants, called the Proletariat, were cut off from the lands that they were let to use. Fences closed off fields and when they protested, the landowners often got parliament to pass laws allowing these enclosures. Many peasants became wage laborers for large commercial farmers, eventually moving into cities to work in factories Population growth increased, mainly due to lower infant mortality rates, more food and healthier diets, and public health advances such as vaccinations Cotton, coal, and iron were all readily available to Britain, which is why they industrialized first Cotton came from India, Egypt and American slave plantations The coal-powered steam engine powered everything; invented by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and improved by Scottish engineer James Watt. Steam engines revolutionized transportation o Improved water transportation, replacing sailing vessels making more regularly timed trips and taking away the uncertainty of water travel o 1801 Richard Trevithick invented a steam powered carriage o 1820 George Stephenson invented the locomotive on rails o 1825 the railway era was born when Stockholm coalfield was

linked to the town of Darlington Urbanization (reasons, new problems/tensions) Production centered in urban factories People moved into cities to get factory jobs Time was scheduled, Pace was set by machines, coal fired machines polluted the air People lost a connection to the things they were making Often they made only a single part of a finished product, never seeing it complete People lost jobs to machines, causing riots like the Luddites Small towns grew into large cities By 1900 half of Englands population lived in cities, compared to 1 in 6 a century earlier Conditions were bad, pay was low Families were crammed into tenements o Attracted rats and bred disease o Water and air were impure Families were torn apart by long working hours and separation They were used to working together in a cottage Men worked in weaving and metalwork, women and children in mines for less pay Poverty in cities was immense Mothers could not take breaks when pregnant or nursing, children were sent off to work in mines or mills as young as age 8 Created haves and have-nots, social elite did not come into contact with rural people Tensions arose, but eventually the bourgeoisie supported social reforms started by the poor Over time conditions improved: sewers, water sanitation, indoor plumbing, and garbage collection helped to get rid of disease Electric generators, invented by Michael Faraday, powered trains and trolleys to transport urban workers, along with electric streetlights Police protected people from crime, school systems educated their children, urban parks supplied recreation Factory conditions improved: laws were passed to limit work hours, ensure regular pay, and correct abuses, wages increased, and mass-produced goods were available to the average person at low-cost Women gained very little, and work outside the home became quite unfashionable due to employment in factories being seen as exploitative and disruptive to the family; men saw themselves as failures if their wife worked for wages, leaving wives financially dependent on their husbands by depriving them of the chance to work

Laissez-faire economics and organized labor o Let forces of supply and demand regulate production of goods and prices

New political philosophies Conservatism: o Called the right because of where their delegates sat in Frances National Assembly o Supporters of the old order, determined to sustain their past structures and ways Liberalism: o Based on the concept of liberty o Constitutional governmentslimited monarchies or republicswith restricted powers, elected legislatures, and safeguards protecting peoples rights o Stressed individualism and individual rights o Career advancement based on talent rather than birth o Held the values of the bourgeoisie o Based on writing of Adam Smith o Promoted free market capitalism o Thomas Malthus claimed population always grew to a point where there was not enough food for everyone o David Ricardos iron law of wages said population growth always drove down workers pay to bare survival levels Radicalism: o Socialism: o Antithesis of liberalism o Stressed equality for all o Freedom meant little to those who did not have the means to enjoy it o Redistribute income, improve wages for the working class, enrich their lives, and enhance their political power o Extolled cooperation, collective work for the common good o Rejected capitalism as selfish and greedy o Demanded public welfare policies for the poor o Robert Owen formed communities based on these ideals Model factory town in New Lanarck, Scotland Provided good wages, decent housing, schools, and stores that sold low-cost goods Short-lived cooperative community in New Harmony, Indiana o Charles Fourier promoted phalansteries Communities of 1620 people with each member doing a

job he or she loved to do These communities rarely lasted long, but reflected the widespread reaction against the worst aspects of industrialization

Communism: o Promoted violent overthrow of the existing order o Friedrich Engels published The Condition of the Working Class in England; a fierce critique accusing capitalists of mass exploitation and murder o Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx joined together to write the Communist Manifesto; a ringing, radical pamphlet urging working-men of all countries to unite in a communist revolution Societies pitted rich against poor in ongoing class struggles Basis of society is economy, controlling economic resources also controlled political, legal, religious, and military institutions Power used to reside in the hands of nobles who controlled the land and thus controlled politics and economics, now the bourgeoisie controlled factories thus controlled politics and economics. Also known as Marxism Compelling explanation for industrial Europes turmoil and a vision of the brighter future for the exploited masses Gained many followers including idealists, radicals, and workers The manifesto claimed, in 1848, that Europe was haunted by the specter of Communism, that specter eventually haunted the entire world Nationalism: o An intense love and devotion to ones own cultural-linguistic group and to its embodiment in one unified, independent state o 1780s Johann Herder, a German Protestant pastor reacting against widespread French ideals, asserted that Germans develop their own national identity He asserted that each nationality had its own unique Volksgeist (peoples spirit), rooted in language, literature, customs, and culture He did not see any Volkgeist as better than any other, later Germans would see theirs as more noble o The French Revolution helped transfer allegiance from ruler to the abstract concept of the nation by undermining the monarchy

o La Marseillaise, a stirring new French anthem composed in 1792, appealed to the people not as subjects to the king, but as children of the fatherland urging them to unite in shedding the impure blood of savage foreign invaders o Napoleon banned this anthem when he became emperor, but he fostered Frances national pride by conquering most of Europe Unfortunately other countries rallied their own national pride to fight against him Russian resistance to his 1812 invasion was called the Great Fatherland War and his defeat at Leipzig in 1813 was called the Battle of the Nations o The industrial revolution, moving people into cities, promoted national awareness Romanticism: o Also a reaction to the enlightenment o A cultural movement pervading western art, literature, poetry and music in the late 1700s and early 1800s o Rejected the enlightenments intense rationalism, romantics stressed emotion, passion, exuberance, heroism, and the beauty of nature o Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame were written by French novelist Victor Hugo in this time o Eugene Delacroix, Bethooven, Friedrich Schiller o Mostly cultural, sometimes linked to nationalism and revolution o Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm published German folk stories as Grimms Fairy Tales o Mary Wollstonecraft, author of Vindication of the Rights of Women o Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley blended ideology and industry, wrote Frankenstein

Latin American independence movements (causes, major players, types of governments created) Revolutions of 1848 (causes and results) German and Italian unification (major players and methods) o In the 1800s Italy and Germany, long split into numerous rival states, emerged as unified nations o Liberals and nationalists were joined by industrialists in the hopes that unified governments would aid commerce by ending internal

trade restrictions and building roads and railways, and by strong leaders in prominent states seeking to expand their power o Italys unification was inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, a romantic nationalist who fought to form a united Italian republic, but was led by Count Camillo di Cavour after Mazzinis efforts failed Cavour sought to acquire Lombardy and Venetia, ruled by Austria Offered Napoleon III land (Savoy and Nice) in secret to help fight Austria, liberating Lombardy in 1859, but when Napoleon III pulled out of the war, Venetia was left to the Austrians The next year, however, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany joined Piedmont-Sardinia in the northern Italian federation Passed to Giuseppe Garibaldi Recruited 1000 Italian volunteers, mostly under age 20, to sail to Sicily and fight for Italys unification from the south Captured the imagination of Italian nationalists, called Redshirts after they won several battles o German unification was led by Otto van Bismarck after becoming Prussias prime minister in 1852 Conservative, hated parliaments Enacted an army reform, against parliament, but backed by the king and the army o Ignited a constitutional crisis that outraged liberals and nationalists Knew everything would be fine if he could achieve German unification with blood and iron, something that parliamentary speeches and votes couldnt do Defeated Austria in 1866 in the Seven Weeks War, uniting all northern German states in the North German Confederation, led by Prussia Started a war with France to get the southern German states to join the Confederation, Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871, which worked January 1, 1871 he proclaimed a united German Empire Pushed peace, isolated France Social Democratic Party became the worlds largest socialist party by 1912

Chapters 29 & 30 Causes for renewed imperialism (19th/20th centuries) Basic understanding of types of colonial control in: Southeast Asia, China, Latin America, and Africa Hawaiian annexation; the Philippine-American War; the Panama Canal; the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Impact of imperialism on non-western countries Opium Wars; Sino-Japanese War Spheres of Influence and Open Door Notes Boxer Rebellion Reform and revolution in China Opening of Japan to international trade/relations Meiji Restoration and subsequent reforms Russo-Japanese War Reform and modernization in Ottoman Empire Modernization and subjugation of Egypt Antislavery movement and changes to slavery in Africa Zulu Kingdom; Boer Republics; the Boer War; South Africa King Leopold II and the Congo The Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference Independent African states

Southeast Asia Since the earliest travels of European explorers in the fifteenth century, trade with or control over Southeast Asia was desirable for its spices and luxury goods. Lust for raw goods from this region grew during the period of industrialization because Southeast Asia is brimming with raw materials necessary for an industrialized society: rubber, tin, oil, etc. Throughout the nineteenth century, Britain and France extended their control over more and more areas of Southeast Asia. France moved into Indochina (present-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia), and Britain annexed Burma in response to French presence in Indochina. Siam (Thailand) adopted a number of Western reforms to resist imperial domination and served as a buffer between French and British colonies. The Dutch maintained control of the colonial possessions they had held in Southeast Asia since the sixteenth century. The United States, a latecomer to imperialism, began extending its control in Southeast Asia in the late nineteenth century. In 1898, the United States went to war, supposedly on the side of the Cubans and the Filipinos, against Spain, their colonial ruler. However, after the U.S. defeated Spain, the United States decided the Filipinos were not fit for self-rule but first needed the tutelage of the United States. American tycoon, Andrew Carnegie, offered the U.S. government $20 million for Philippine independence, but was turned down. The Filipinos, who prior to the Spanish-American War fought Spain for independence, rebelled against U.S.

rule. From 1899 to 1902, U.S. and Filipino fought brutal guerilla warfare, tortured one another, and the U.S. put Filipino captives in concentration camps. The rebellion ended with the capture and death of rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo and reforms to transportation, education, and public health in the Philippines; the Philippines became a U.S. territory. By the end of the hostilities, 4,200 Americans and 20,000 Filipino soldiers and 200,000 Filipino civilians were dead. Japan, too, began to look covetously at Southeast Asia after its rapid industrialization in the second half of the nineteenth century. Japanese expansion into this region in the 1930s precipitated the conflict with the United States that drew both countries into World War II.

Chapter 31 Causes of World War I; results of the war (winners/losers) o Causes Crisis of 1914; assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia 1 month after the assassination o Winners France, England, Russia, Italy, USA o Losers Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Turkey o The nature of the war and its significance Wilsons 14 Points January 8, 1918: President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points It will be our wish and purpose that the processes of peace, when they are begun, shall be absolutely open and that they shall involve and permit henceforth no secret understandings of any kind. The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by; so is also the day of secret covenants entered into in the interest of particular governments and likely at some unlooked-for moment to upset the peace of the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peaceloving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme; and that programme, the only possible programme, as we see it, is this: I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. II. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants.

III. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. IV. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined. VI. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. VII. Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of international law is forever impaired. VIII. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of AlsaceLorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. IX. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. X. The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development. XI. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into.

XII. The turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. XIV. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

In regard to these essential rectifications of wrong and assertions of right we feel ourselves to be intimate partners of all the governments and peoples associated together against the Imperialists. We cannot be separated in interest or divided in purpose. We stand together until the end. For such arrangements and covenants we are willing to fight and to continue to fight until they are achieved; but only because we wish the right to prevail and desire a just and stable peace such as can be secured only by removing the chief provocations to war, which this programme does remove. We have no jealousy of German greatness, and there is nothing in this programme that impairs it. We grudge her no achievement or distinction of learning or of pacific enterprise such as have made her record very bright and very enviable. We do not wish to injure her or to block in any way her legitimate influence or power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade if she is willing to associate herself with us and the other peace- loving nations of the world in covenants of justice and law and fair dealing. We wish her only to accept a place of equality among the peoples of the worldthe new world in which we now liveinstead of a place of mastery. The Bolshevik Revolution o Lenins views split Marxists into Bolsheviks (majority) and Mensheviks (minority) o Lenin was in Switzerland when the Great War broke out o Switzerland was neutral so Lenin, along with many other exiled Russians, were stuck in Switzerland and left out of the revolution o Lenin returned to Petrograd in April on a sealed train provided by the Germans (they hoped his presence would weaken Russian war efforts) o Trotsky returned from New York and joined Lenin, adding immensely to the energy and effectiveness of Bolshevik leadership

o Revolution almost failed when Lenin fled to Finland Chapter 32 Versailles settlement o 1919 o Led by Woodrow Wilson, English PM David Lloyd George, and French PM Georges Clemencaeu o Paris Peace Conference o Wilson promised a just peace, but saw a punitive peace o Created the League of Nations o League of Nations Mandates: lands entrusted to victorious nations allegedly to prepare them for self-rule o Germany had to pay massive reparations o China was left out o US did not join League of Nations, Senate failed to ratify the Versailles Treaty