ME 267

LECTURE: 4 DATE: 3/10/2013

TOPIC: STEAM GENERATORS

lecture delivered by: Dr. A. K. M. Monjur Morshed Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Boiler:
Boiler is a closed vessel used to produce vapor for various processes and heating applications. Application of Boiler: Boiler is one of the most fundamental and widely used industrial equipment. Its application includes in: Electric power generation Heating : Space heating, Hot water supply. Industrial Processes : Sugar mills, Chemical industry, Paper Industry

Marine Application

How the Boiler Works:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Increase of Efficiency Continuous Flow Quality steam System Constriction

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BOILER:

Simplicity in construction, materials conductive to low maintenance cost, high efficiency, and high availability. Design and construction to accommodate expansion and contraction properties of materials. Adequate steam and water space, delivery of clean steam, and good water circulation. A furnace setting conducive to efficient combustion and maximum rate of heat transfer. Responsiveness to sudden demands and upset conditions. Accessibility for cleaning and repair. A factor of safety that meets code requirement.

Steam Generation Fundamentals: Boiling: After the boiling temperature is reached (e.g., 100C at an atmospheric pressure of 101.3 KPa), instead of the water temperature increasing, the heat energy from the fuel results in a change of phase from a liquid to a gaseous state, i.e., from water to steam. A steam-generating system provides a continuous process for this conversion. Circulation: For most boiler or steam generator designs, water and steam flow through tubes(water tube boiler). In order for a boiler to generate steam continuously, water must circulate through the tubes. Two methods are commonly used: (1) natural or thermal circulation and (2) forced or pumped circulation. For a natural circulation system the fluid flow is induced by the difference in the specific weight of the water and the average specific weight of the water steam mixture. The total circulation rate depends on four major factors:
1.Height of boiler 2.Operating pressure 3.Heat input 4.Free-flow area

For a forced circulation system a pump is added to the flow loop, and the pressure difference created by the pump controls the water flow rate. These circulation systems generally are used where the boilers are designed to operate near or above the critical pressure of 3206 psia.

 For a forced circulation system a pump is added to the flow loop, and the pressure difference created by the pump controls the water flow rate. These circulation systems generally are used where the boilers are designed to operate near or above the critical pressure of 3206 psia.

 Steam water separator:

The steam-water mixture is separated in the steam drum. In small, low-pressure boilers, this separation can be accomplished easily with a large drum that is approximately half full of water and having natural gravity steam-water separation. In todays high-capacity, high-pressure units, mechanical steam water separators are needed to economically provide moisture-free steam from the steam drum.

 Boiler Classification:

 Boiler Classification:

Fire Tube Boiler: Products of combustion pass through tubes that are surrounded by water They may be either internally fired or externally fired Internally fired boilers are those in which the grate and combustion chamber are enclosed within the boiler shell Externally fired boilers are those in which the setting, including furnace and grates, is separate and distinct from the boiler shell

Water Tube Boiler: The products of combustion (called flue gas) pass around tubes containing water. The tubes are interconnected to common water channels and to the steam outlet. For some boilers, baffles to direct the flue gas flow are not required. For others, baffles are installed in the tube bank to direct the flue gas across the heating surfaces and to obtain maximum heat absorption.