Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing

George E. Totten, Editor Section Editors

Steven R. Westbrook Rajesh J. Shah

ASTM Manual Series: MNL37WCD

ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 # iMTBttmrmtM. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U. S. A.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fuels and lubricants handbook: technology, properties, performance, and testing/George E. Totten, editor; section editors, Steven R. Westbrook, Rajesh J. Shah, p. cm.(ASTM manual series; MNL 37) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8031-2096-6 1. FuelTestingMethodology. 2. FuelAnalysis. 3. Lubrication and lubricantsAnalysis. I. Totten, George E. II. Westbrook, Steven R., 1956-III. Shah, Rajesh J., 1969-IV. Series. TP321.F84 2003 662',6dc21

2003049604

Copyright 2003 ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher.

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Printed in Glen Bumie, MD June 2003

Foreword
This publication, Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing, was sponsored by ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants and edited by George E. Totten, G. E. Totten & Associates, LLC, Seattle, Washington. The section editors were Steven R. Westbrook, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; and Rajesh J. Shah, Koehler Instrument Company, Bohemia, New York. This publication is Manual 37 of ASTM's manual series.

Contents
PrefaceGeorge E. Totten, Steven R. Westbropk, and Rajesh J. Shah I. PETROLEUM REFINING PROCESSES FOR FUELS AND LUBRICANT BASESTOCKS^o/esfe / . Shah, Section Editor Chapter 1Petroleum Oil Refining Marvin S. Rakow II. FUELS: PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE Steven R. Westbrook, Section Editor Chapter 2Liquefied Petroleiun Gas Roberts. Falkiner Chapter 3Motor Gasoline B. Hamilton and Robert J. Falkiner Chapter 4Aviation Fuels Kurt H. Strauss Chapter 5^Automotive Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels Steven R. Westbrook and Richard he Cren Chapter 6Introduction to Marine Petroleum Fuels Matthew F. Winkler III. HYDROCARBONS AND SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS: PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE/?a;es/i/. Shah, Section Editor Chapter 7Hydrocarbon Base Oil Chemistry Arthur J. Stipanovic Chapter 8Hydrocarbons for Chemical and Specialty Uses Dennis W. Brunett, George E. Totten, and Paul M. Matlock Chapter 9Additives and Additive Chemistry Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 10Synthetic Lubricants: Nonaqueous Thomas F. Buenemann, Steve Boyde, Steve Randies, and Ian Thompson Chapter 11Environmentally Friendly Oils Hubertus Murrenhoff and Andreas 169 31 3 ix

61

89

115

145

185

199

249

267 Remmelmann 297

Chapter 12Turbine Lubricating Oils and Hydraulic Fluids W. David Phillips

vi

CONTENTS Chapter 13Hydraulic Fliiids Willie A. Givens and Paul W. Michael Chapter 14Compressor Lubricants Desh Garg, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 15Refrigeration LubricantsProperties and Applications H. Harvey Michels and Tobias H. Sienel Chapter 16Gear Lubricants Vasudevan Bala Chapter 17Automotive Lubricants Shirley E. Schwartz, Simon C. Tung, and Michael L. McMillan Chapter 18Metalworking and Machining Fluids Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 19Petroleum Waxes G. Ali Mansoori, H. Lindsey Barnes, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 20Lubricating Greases Thomas M. Verdura, Glen Brunette, and Rajesh Shah Chapter 21Mineral Oil Heat Transfer Fluids John Fuhr, Jim Oetinger, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 22Non-Lubricating Process Fluids: Steel Quenching Technology Bozidar Liscic, Hans M. Tensi, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster rv. PERFORMANCE/PROPERTY TESTING PROCEDURES Steven R. Westbrook and Rajesh J. Shah, Section Editors Chapter 23Static Petroleum Measurement Lee Oppenheim Chapter 24Hydrocarbon Analysis James C. Fitch and Mark Barnes Chapter 25Volatility Rey G. Montemayor Chapter 26Elemental Analysis R. Kishore Nadkami Chapter 27Diesel Fuel Combustion Characteristics Thomas W. Ryan HI Chapter 28Engineering Sciences of Aerospace Fuels Eric M. Goodger Chapter 29Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Pitch, Petroleum Coke, and Carbon Materials Semih Eser and John M. Andresen 635 353

383

413

431

465

497

525

557

573

587

649

675

707

717

729

757

CONTENTS Chapter 30Oxidation of Lubricants and Fuels Gerald J. Cochrac and Syed Q. A. Rizvi Chapter 31Corrosion Maureen E. Hunter and Robert F. Baker Chapter 32Flow Properties and Shear StabiUty Robert E. Manning and M. Richard Hoover Chapter 33Cold Flow Properties Robert E. Manning and M. Richard 787

vii

825

833

879 Hoover

Chapter 34Environmental Characteristics of Fuels and Lubricants Mark L. Hinman Chapter 35Lubrication and Tribology Fundamentals Hong Liang, George E. Totten, and Glenn M. Webster Chapter 36Bench Test Modeling Lavem D. Wedeven Chapter 37Lubricant Friction and Wear Testing Michael Anderson and Frederick E. Schmidt Chapter 38Statistical Quality Assurance of Measurement Processes for Petroleiun and Petroleum Products Alex T. C. Lau Index

885

909

963

1017

1043

1061

Preface
There are many books on various aspects of fuels and lubricant chemistry, applications, and testing. However, few focus on testing and none provide extensive, in-depth coverage on fluid properties and testing methodologies together. And while there are numerous national and international standards that deal with specific testing procedures appropriate for fuels and lubricants, it is generally beyond the scope of these procedures to provide an extensive discussion of the principles behind the tests and their relationship to the properties themselves. Therefore, there is a strong need to address these informational shortcomings in the Fuels and Lubricants industry, which is one of the most significant tasks undertaken in this work. The ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing is an extensive, in-depth, well-referenced handbook that provides a detailed overview of various testing methodologies and also provides a thorough overview of the applications-related properties being tested. Since this manual provides an overview of all of the ASTM and important non-ASTM test procedures relating to the application areas addressed, it is an excellent companion text to the Annual Book of ASTM Book of Standards, or it is an invaluable reference manual on its own. The organization of the ASTM Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing is based approximately on the committee structure of the ASTM D.02 Petroleum Fuels and Lubricants Committee and the standards for which each committee is responsible. The information in this text is subdivided into four sections: I-Petroleum Refining Processes for Fuels and Lubricant Basestocks; II-Fuels; Ill-Hydrocarbons and Synthetic Lubricants; and IV-Performance/Property Testing Procedures. This manual contains thirty-eight chapters covering the following topics: An overview of petroleum oil refining processes Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) Aviation, automotive diesel, non-aviation gas turbine, and marine fuels Gasoline and oxygenated fuel blends Petroleum hydrocarbon base oil chemistry Synthetic hydrocarbons Environmentally friendly fluids including those formulated from vegetable oil and synthetic ester basestocks Lubricating oils for turbines, compressors (industrial and refrigeration), gears, and automotive applications Metalworking fluids Petroleum waxes Lubricating greases Oils used in non-lubricating applications: heat transfer fluids and metal quenchants Detailed discussion on: static petroleum measurement, volatility, elemental analysis, fuel combustion characteristics, oxidation, corrosion and viscosity Properties of coke, petroleum pitch, and carbon materials Hydrocarbon structural analysis procedures An extensive discussion of lubrication and wear Environmental and toxicity testing Statistical quality assurance testing procedures Essentially, all of the numerous important applications and test methods involved in the Fuels and Lubricants industry are discussed and referenced here. We strongly believe that this book will be an invaluable resource for anyone working in this industry, especially since this information is not available in any other single source. ix

PREFACE The preparation of a text of this scope was an enormous task involving many people. The editors are deeply indebted to the authors for their h a r d work and incredible patience. Specicd thanks go to Monica Siperko and Kathy Demoga at ASTM for their continued support and encouragement throughout the development of this text. The editors are especially indebted to their families for many evenings and weekends lost to this project. We Eilso acknowledge the vital support of Southwest Research Institute and the Koehler Instrument Corporation. George E. Totten General Editor G.E. Totten & Associates, LLC. Seattle, WA, USA Steven R. Westbrook Section Editor-Fuels Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX, USA Rajesh J. Shah Section Editor-Lubricants Koehler Instrument Company Bohemia, NY, USA