Electrical Machines - Ii Lab Manual Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, SURAMPALEM

1

1. O.C. AND S.C. TESTS ON 1-PHASE TRANSFORMER

AI M:
To conduct the open circuit (no-load) and short circuit tests on the 1-phase
transformer and determine.

a) Parameters of the equivalent circuit and
b) Efficiency and regulation at various loads and power factors.

APPARATUS:

S. No Name of the Meter Type of Meter Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 0-5 A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0-150V 1
5 Wattmeter LPF 2A, 150V, 60W 1
6 Wattmeter UPF 10A, 75V, 300W 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

SUPPLY . C . A , 1
Hz 50
V 230
|
SUPPLY C A
Hz
V
. . , 1
50
230

5A
Wattmeter UPF
W V A 300 , 75 , 10
A
B
E
C
A
V
fuse
fuse
TEST
C S . .
MI ) A 10 0 (
HV LV
V V 115 230
Ph
N
1KVA
Fig.1(a)
10A
LV
V

MI
V

) 150 0 (
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

fuse
fuse

C
M L
V

C
M L
V
DPST
switch
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

C
B
Wattmeter LPF
W V A ) 60 , 150 , 2 (
TEST
C O . .
Ph
N
DPST
switch
A
A
V
HV
V V 230 115
E
Fig.1(b)
(0-5A) MI



2
THEORY:

The equivalent circuit of the 1-phase transformer referred to primary is given below.

Fig. 2(a)

The approximate equivalent circuit is as given below.

r
1
- Primary Resistance r
2
- Secondary Resistance
x
1
- Primary Leakage reactance x
2
- Secondary Leakage
Reactance
R
1
- Equivalent resistance referred to primary
X
1
- Equivalent reactance referred to primary
R
01
- Equivalent shunt resistance referred to primary which represents Iron loss
X
01
- Equivalent shunt reactance referred to primary which represents the
magnetizing current.
N
1
- Number of Primary turns N
2
- Number of secondary
turns.
V
1
- Primary applied voltage V
2
- Secondary terminal
voltage
- Secondary terminal voltage referred to primary
E
1
- Primary induced voltage.
D
A
O
L
1
V
1
2
V
1
E
C
I
m
I
O
I
2
2
2
1
r
N
N
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
2
2
1
x
N
N
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
r
1
x
01
R
01
X
D
A
O
L
1
V
1
2
V
2
2
2
1
1 1
r
N
N
r R
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
C
I
m
I
O
I
01
R
01
X
2
2
2
1
1 1
x
N
N
x X
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
1
2
V



3
O.C. Test :
Suppose the readings of all meters in this test are given below.

Applied Voltage =V
1
reading of wattmeter W
0

Current drawn =I
0

I
C
, I
m
, R
01
are calculated from the above readings as below.
Where I
m
, I
C
are the magnetizing Component, Iron loss (working) component of no load
current respectively.

V
1
I
0
Cos
0
=W
0
;
0
=No-Load p.f. angle.
I
C
=I
0
Cos
0
; I
m
= ) Cos I I (
0
2 2
0
2
0

R
01
=V
1
/ I
C
; X
01
=V
1
/Im.
The reading of the wattmeter gives the iron loss of the transformer for the rated
terminal voltage applied in the test.
Iron Loss =W
0

S.C. Test:
In this test with the secondary / L.V. winding short circuited, a reduced voltage is applied to
the H.V. winding in this till full load current flows. Let following be the readings
obtained.

Applied Voltage =Vs Watt meter reading =Ws
Current Drawn =Is
R
1
, X
1
and Z
1
are calculated from the readings as below.
R
1
=W
s
/I
s
2
; Z
1
=V
s
/I
s
; X
1
=
2
1
2
1
R Z
Copper Loss at full load (I
full
)=W
s

EFFI CI ENCY & REGULATION:

Efficiency of the transformer at a given load I
2
and Power factor cos
2
is given
) ) I / I ( W W Cos I V ( / ) Cos I V (
2
full 2 s i 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + | = q
Regulation of the transformer at a given load I
2
and power factor Cos
2
| is found
from the formula.
% Regulation =((E
2
V
2
)/V
2
) x 100, Where E
2
and V
2
are related by the equation E
2
2
=
(V
2
Cos
2
| +I
2
R
2
)
2
+(V
2
Sin
2
| +I
2
X
2
)
2
; Where E
2
=Secondary induced voltage
V
2
=Secondary terminal voltage

The approximate formula of the above is given as
E
2
V
2
=I
2
R
2
Cos
2
| +I
2
X
2
sin
2
| .
Note: For all lagging loads
2
| is positive and for leading loads
2
| is negative in the above
formulae.




4
PROCEDURE:
- Make connection as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1 (a) for the O.C.
test.
- Apply rated voltage to the primary of the transformer and note the readings of
all meters.
- Make connections as per the circuit diagram shown in fig. 1(b) for the S.C.
test.
- By means of the variac, apply a reduced voltage till full load current flows in
the winding. Note readings of all meters.
- Evaluate R
01
, X
01
, R
1
and X
1
and insert the values in the equivalent circuit.
- Find the regulation and efficiency of the Transformer at
(a) , , , 1, and 1 of full load current and at power factors of 0.8 lag,
unity and 0.8 leading.
- Draw the approximate equivalent circuit and insert the values calculated as
discussed in theory.
- (i) Taking Load current on the x axis draw efficiency vs load current graph
at various power factors.
ii) Taking load current on the x-axis draw the regulation vs Load current
curve for various power factors.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. Why is the Iron Loss negligible in the S.C. test? Why is the copper Loss
negligible in the O.C. Test.
2. Under what conditions do you get negative regulation for transformer?
3. Using the approximate formula find the power factor for zero regulation?
4. Why are percentage values used more commonly for the resistance, reactance
and impedance of the transformer instead of absolute values?
5. What is the significance of leakage reactance in the transformer?
6. What steps are taken in the design of transformer to reduce the leakage fluxes?




5

2.SUMPNERS TEST ON A PAIR OF SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMERS.

AI M:
To conduct the back to back test on two identical 1-phase transformers and
predetermine.
1. Efficiency and Regulation at various at various loads and power factors, and
2. Parameters of the equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS:

S. No Name of the meter Type of meter Range Quantity
5 Wattmeter LPF 2.5A, 300V, 60W 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

10A
Supply . C . A
Hz 50
, V 230
MI
A) 2 0 (
MI
A) 10 0 (
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

Waltmeter LPF
W A V 60 , 5 . 2 , 300
S
W
Wattmeter UPF
W A V 300 , 10 , 150
2
V
3
V
1
V
1
A
A
switch
DPST
VariacI
A
A
B
B
E
E
C
C
1
S
2
S
V 230
V 415 V 415
MI
V) 150 0 (
MI
V) 1000 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
fuse
fuse
fuse
0
W

C
M L
V
V 230

C
M L
V
VariacII



6

THEORY:

In this test two identical transformers are connected Back-to-Back as shown in fig.2
with correct polarity. The polarities of the secondaries are checked by noting the reading of
voltmeter V
2
. Zero reading of voltmeter V
2
ensures correct polarity and Back to Back
connection of the secondaries.

With S
1
closed and S
2
open apply rated voltage V
1
to the primaries of both the
transformers under test. Let A
1
, V
1
and W
0
be the readings of the meters. Then,

Applied Primary Voltage = V
1

No-load current of transformer = I
0
=A
1
/2
Iron Loss of each transformer = W
i
=W
0
/2

Since the two transformers are identical, the no-load of the same and iron losses are also
equally divided.

R
01
and X
01
of each transformer is determined as below.
V
1
I
0
Cos
0
| =W
i

I
C
=I
0
Cos
0
|
Im =I
0
Sin
0
| =
2 2
0 C
I I
R
01
=V
1
/ I
C
; X
01
=V
1
/ Im

After ensuring the correct Back-to-Back connection switch S
2
is closed and reduced
voltage is applied by the adjustment of the variac booster till full load current flows in the
tow secondaries. Let the readings of the meters be noted as below.

Secondary current = I
2
full = Is
Applied Voltage to the secondary = Vs
Reading of wattmeter = Ws

Assuming that the copper loss is equally divided between the two transformers,
Copper Loss at full load =W
c
=W
s
/2.

The equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance are determined from the readings as
given below :

R
2
=W
c
/ I
s
2
; Z
2
=V
s
/ 2 x Is ; X
2
=
2
2
2
2
R Z

Using the above value regulation and Efficiency can be calculated as explained in experiment




7
PROCEDURE:

- Make connections as shown in fig.2 by choosing meters of appropriate type
and range.
- With the Switch S
2
open, close the Switch S
1
. By the adjustment of the variac
I, apply rated terminal voltage to both the primaries and note the readings of
meters.
- Observe the reading of Voltmeter V
2
. Ensure correct polarities by noting zero
reading of voltmeter.
- Plot the Efficiency vs Load current graph taking load current (a) (b) 1/2
(c) (d) 1 (e) 1 of full load current at power factors of 0.8 lag. Unity and
0.8 p.f. leaf.
Find the parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit as explained in
experiment 1.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. Why is the Sumpners test called Heat run test ? In what respects the test is
superior to O.C and S.C. tests.
2. A transformer has 1 % resistance & 5 % leakage reactance. What is its regulation
at a p.f. of (a) 0.8 lag (b) Unity (c) 0.8 lead.
3. What is All-day-Efficiency? How is it different from the ordinary Efficiency?
For what type of transformer is this efficiency more suitable?
4. What is a conservator? What material does it contain?
5. What is the purpose of transformer oil ? What for is the Bucholzs relay used.
6. Why the voltmeter V
2
used in this test should have a range equal to twice the
secondary voltage of each transformer.




8
Main Transformer
3.SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

AI M:
To study the Scott connection of two 1-phase transformers for converting 3-phase a.c.
supply to 2-phase a.c. supply.

APPARATUS:


CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

A
R TRANSFORME
TEASER
0.5 N1
B
D
C
2
N
M 2
I
LM
R
A
A
A
A
V
V
V
V
R
Y
B
1
N
2
3
866 . 0
T 2
I F
2
N
G
A
m
I
1
m
I
1
MI A) 5 0 (
MI A) 5 0 (
MI A) 5 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
MI
V) 300 0 (
MI V) 300 0 (
MI
A) 10 0 (
E
SUPPLY
A.C. 415V,
,50HZ, 3
MI A) 10 0 (
D
A
O
L
LOAD
switch
TPST
MI
V) 300 0 (
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse fuse
5A
10A
10A
Fig.3(a)



9

THEORY:

The Scott-connection of transformers for the conversion of 3-phase to 2-phase a.c.
requires two transformers called main transformer and teaser transformer.

The main transformer has a 50% tap on its primary. The teaser transformer has
) 866 . 0 ( 2 / 3 tap on its primary.

Consider the connection diagram shown in fig. 3 (a). The primary of the main
transformer having N
1
turns is connected between the terminals CB of a 3-phase supply. If
the supply line voltage is V then from fig. 3 (b).

V
AB
=V
BC
=V
CA
=V
Voltage between A and D =V x ( 2 / 3 )

Let the number of turns between A and D be ( 2 / 3 ) x N1. This makes the
volts/turns same in the primaries of both the transformers. If the secondaries of the two
transformer units have the same turns, the two secondary voltages will be equal in magnitude
and in quadrature as seen from the vector diagram shown in fig. 3.1 (b).

For unity power factor balanced load (purely resistive load) as show, the phase
voltages and phase currents of the main and teaser transformer are as shown in fig 3 (c).
Thus for balanced 3 phase 3 wire a.c. supply, we get a 2 phase, 4 wire balanced output.

For getting 2-phase 3 wire supply, any two leads say E and G ca be joined.
The V
2T
=V
2M
=V
Ph

V
L
= 2 V
Ph
.

3
2
3
1
2
V
2
V
V
V
T 2
V
T 2
I
M 2
I M 2
V
N
A
B
C
Fig.3(b) Fig.3(c)



10
PROCEDURE:

- Make connections as per the circuit diagram and connect meters of suitable
ranges.
- Connect loads R
LT
and R
LM
to the secondaries of the two transformer units.
Note V
2M
and V
2M
. Check that V
2
= 2 V
Ph
, where V
ph
=V
2M
=V
2T
.
- Gradually increase the above loads keeping R
LT
=R
LM
and note the load
currents I
2T
and I
2M
. Take about five readings till you get full load currents
I
A
, I
B
, I
C
and tabulate the results as below..

S.NO. I
2L
I
2T
I
A
I
B

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. Why is the primary of the Teaser transformer has 2 / 3 times the turns of the
primary of the main transformer.
2. If N
1
and N
2
are the number of turns of the Main Transformer, what is the turn ratio of
the teaser transformer?
3. Under balanced conditions, show that the rating of the main transformer is 15%
greater than the teaser.
4. Where is the neutral of the given balanced 3-phase supply.
5. What is the application of Scott-connection in industry?




11
4.REGULATION OF 3-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS
I MPEDANCE METHOD AND MMF METHOD

AI M:
To determine the regulation of the given 3-phase alternator by
(a) Synchronous Impedance method and
(b) Ampere turn or m.m.f method.

3 Ammeter MC 0-2A 1

I RCUI T DI AGRAM:

Fig 5.1 (a)

1
L
fuse
Supply C D
V
.
220
L A F
A
AA
Z
ZZ
A 7 . 1 / 300O
+
A
A
V
X
X
S
S
S
XX
f
I
R
B Y
2
L
switch
TPST
output c d Variable . .
XX
fuse
fuse
RECTIFIER
+
+
fuse
MC ) A 2 0 (
MI ) A 10 0 (
MI ) V 600 0 (
1
F
2
F
DPST
switch
. .
230
C A
V
Ph
N
DPST
switch



12
THEORY:

In this experiment the 3-phase alternator is driven by the D.C. shunt motor at rated
speed. The field is excited by a variable d.c. voltage output drawn from a rectifier.
The regulation of the alternator is determined by (a) synchronous impedance and (b)
M.M.F method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C tests.

Open Circuit Test :

The open circuit characteristic (O.C.C.) or the magnetizing characteristic of the
alternator is obtained by plotting the variation of induced voltage E as the field current is
gradually increased. The shape of the O.C.C. is as shown in Fig. 5(b). This curve actually
shows a small voltage at zero field current due to the residual magnetism. But this is
neglected and not shown. In the initial stages when the field current is small O.C.C. is a
straight line since the field is unsaturated. With higher field currents E increases slowly and
finally reaches a fixed due to magnetic saturation.
S.C. Test :
In this the machine is run at constant speed and the armature terminal are short-
circuited. A reduced excitation is applied to the field. The S.C.C. is obtained by plotting
armature current I on the y-axis and the field current on the x-axis. This is characteristic is a
straight line as shown in fig. 5(b).
Regulation of alternator at a given load current I
a
and p.f. Cos is an index of the
drop of voltage with load. It is given by

% Regulation =((E-V)/V) x 100 -------- (1)
Where E is the induced voltage in the armature / phase.
V is the rated terminal voltage of the armature / phase.
The phasor diagram of the alternator is given in fig. 5 (c)

fig. 5 (b)
volts in E
ph
. C . C . O
. C . C . S
V
1
E
a
I
fa
I 2 f
I
Current Field
fa
I
2 f
I
2 f
I
u



13
E
2
=(V COS +I
a
R
a
)
2
+(V sin +I
a
X
s
)
2
- - - - - - - (2)

Where E and V are phase values, and
I
a
= Armature current / phase
R
a
= Armature resistance / phase.
X
s
= Synchronous reactance / phase.

Note: For lagging power factor is positive and for leading power factors is negative.
Regulation by synchronous impedance method:
Suppose it is required to find the synchronous impedance and synchronous reactance
of the alternator at a load current of I
a
.
For the armature current I
a
, find the field current I
fa
required from the S.S.C. From
the O.C.C. find E
1
corresponding to I
fa
. Then Z
a
the synchronous impedance is given by
Z
s
=E
1
/I
a
.

X
s
, the synchronous reactance of the alternator is given by
Xs =
2
a
2
s
R Z , Where Ra is the a.c. resistance of the armature.
Knowing Ra and Xs, for a given rated terminal voltage V, Regulation at any given load
current and power factor can be found from equation (1) and (2).

Regulation by amp turn or MMF method :

Suppose, it is required to find regulation at any armature current Ia and power factor
Cos | . This is determined by the amp-turn method from the O.C.C. and S.C.C. as below.

Corresponding to Ia, find the field current required I
fa
from the S.S.C.

Corresponding to V1 the rated terminal voltage, find the field current required If from
the O.C.C. shown in fig 5(b). Construct the phasor diagram of these mmfs as in fig (b).

Fig 5PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATOR

u
a
I
s a
X I
a a
R I
s a
Z I
E



14
Corresponding to I
fr
, find the induced voltage E from the O.C.C. then regulation at the
given load current and p.f. is given by
% regulation =(E V)/V) x 100
PROCEDURE:

- Make connections as per the circuit diagram for obtaining the O.C.C. or
magnetization curve. Keep the switch S is open.
- Start the D.C. motor by means of the 3-point starter and adjust the speed of the
set to the rated value.
- Switch on the rectifier and supply the field current to the field terminals of the
alternator.
- Starting with zero field current, gradually vary the field current and obtain the
corresponding reading of voltmeter connected across the armature. Continue
this till you get nearly a constant voltage in the armature.
- Plot the O.C.C. taking I
f
on the x-axis and E-phase on the y-axis. This will be
obtained as shown in fig 5(b).
- For obtaining he S.C.C. make connections as per the circuit diagram in fig
5(a). Replace all the meters with meters of new ranges.
- Start the set by means of the 3-pt starter of the d.c. motor and adjust speed to
the rated value by the field regulator.
- Close the switch S. Switch on the rectifier. Starting with zero field current,
gradually increase the field current and note the corresponding armature
current. Continue this till full load current flows through the armature.
- The d.c. resistance of the armature is found using the drop method. Allow
20% extra fro the skin effect and find the R
ac
.
- Calculate Xs the synchronous reactance of the armature at a given Ia and find
the regulation from equations (1) and (2) as explained in theory. Similarly
find the regulation using the m.m.f. method as per the procedure given in
theory.
- Draw the regulation vs load curve graphs at (a) 0.8 lag (b) unity and (c) 0.8
lead power factors both the above methods.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. How is armature reaction considered in the determination of regulation of alternator?
2. Why synchronous impedance is called fictitious impedance? Is it constant for all field
currents?
3. The regulation determined by synchronous impedance method is called pessimistic
method, while the m.m.f method is called optimistic. Why?
4. Do you get zero or negative regulation for some loads? Explain.
5. What are the errors in the two methods of finding regulation?




15
5.EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF 1- INDUCTION MOTOR

AI M:
To calculate and determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 1- Induction
motor.

5 Wattmeter LPF 5A, 300V, 60W 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

NO LOAD TEST

MI
V) 300 0 (
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
1
C
2
C
Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230

Ph
N
M
L
C V
A
V
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

A
B
E
C
fuse
fuse
DPST
switch
5A
X
XX
2
RW
MI
A) 5 0 (
wattmeter LPF
W A V 60 , 5 , 300



16

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

THEORY:
Any uni-axial alternating quantity can be represented by two rotating vectors of half
the magnitude of alternating quantity and each rotating at
p
f 120
= N
S
. Accordingly an
alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two revolving fluxes each of equal
magnitude and half the value of the alternating flux, and rotating at synchronous speed
p
f 120
= N
S
in opposite directions.
Assume that the flux that is rotating in the same direction as that of rotor as forward
flux and other as backward flux.

Slip of the rotor w.r.t forward flux
N
N - N
= S
S
S
f

Then the slip of the rotor w.r.t backward flux = =
S
S
b
N
) N (- - N
S

+
=
S
S
N
N N

f
S - 2 =

Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230

MI
V) 75 0 (
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
2
RW
1
C
2
C
1
S
2
S
Ph
N
M L
C V
A
V
DPST
switch
fuse
fuse
10A
F T auto
Hz V
/ , 1
50 ), 270 0 /( 230

A
B
E
C
X
XX
wattmeter UPF
W V A 300 , 75 , 10
MI
) A 10 0 (



17
Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator cuts the rotor,
induces an emf, thus produces its own torque.
Power developed by the torque
2
2
2
R I
S
S 1
(

=
Rotor i/p: Rotor cu loss: Rotor o/p =1: S: 1-S.

S
S - 1
losses copper Rotor
put out Rotor
=

2
2
2
R I
S
S - 1
put out Rotor |
.
|
\
|
=
Rotor power developed
60
NT 2t
=

S 2
R KI
T ;
S
R KI
T
R I
S
S 1
N 2
60
T
60
NT 2
R I
S
S 1
2
2
2
b
2
2
2
f
2
2
2 g
2
2
2
= =
(
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
=
t
= |
.
|
\
|

Equivalent circuit of a 1- I.M. based on rotating field theory when the rotor is rotating at a
slips.
The parameters of 1- I.M. can be determined by no load and blocked rotor test an in
the case poly phase induction motor.

1
V
2 / r
1 2 / x
1
2 / x
1
2
f
E
b
E
2
xm
2
xm
2 / x
1
2
2
1
2
r
) 2 (
1
2
s
r
2 / x
1
2 / r
1



18

NO LOAD TEST:
In no load test, the slip is very small.
s 2
r
1
2
in the forward equivalent circuit is
considered as and so the corresponding rotor circuit may be taken as open circuit.

In the backward sequence circuit,
2
x
m
is omitted because
2
x
,
4
r
2
1
1
2
are less
then
2
x
m
.
Then the iron loss
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
4
r
r I P
1
2
1
2
0 1

The no load impedance is
0 0
0
0
0
jX R
I
V
Z + = =

2
x
x X
2
x
2
x
2
x
x x
2
x
2
x
x j
4
r
r Z
1
2
1 0
m
1
2 m
1 0
1
2 m
1
1
2
1 0
=
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: When the rotor is at standstill, slip s=1, then the circuit
reduced to the form

Hence
2
r
2
x
1
2 m
>> . The losses are only cu losses since iron losses are negligible.
2
x
m
can be
removed from the equivalent circuit.

2 / x
1
2 / r
1
2
2 / x
1
2
2 / r
1
2 / x
1
2
2 / r
1
2
2 / x
1
2 / r
1
M
L
C V
A
N
Ph
fuse
Supply
C A
Hz v
. . , 1
50 , 230

fuse
wattmeter UPF
W V A 300 , 75 , 10 DPST
switch
MI
) A 10 0 (



19
( )
1
2 1
2
sc sc
r r I W + = Then

1 2
sc
sc 1
2
2
sc
sc 1
2 1
r
I
W
r
I
W
r r
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= +

The equivalent resistance of rotor referred to stator.

Now the equivalent impedance
sc
sc
sc
I
V
Z =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2 1
2
sc
1
2 1
2
1
2 1
2
1
2 1 sc
r r Z x x
x x r r Z
+ = +
+ + + =

Assuming
2
x x
x x
1
2 1 1
2 1
+
= =

Measurement of stator resistance by drop test:-

a) Circuit diagram

ply sup . C . D
, v 220
A 8 . 2 / 200O
MC ) A 2 0 (
MC
) V 75 0 (
A
V
1
SW
2
SW
1
RW
2
RW
1
C
2
C
+
+

+



20
TABULAR FORM:-

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially autotransformer should be in minimum output position.
3. he DPST switch is switched ON and the rated voltage is applied to stator of
the 1- I.M. by gradually increasing the o/p voltage of the variac.
4. Noted down the readings of all meters.
5. For blocked rotor test, the steps 1&2 are repeated. Apply load on the brake
drum, which blocks the rotor of the 1- I.M.
6. The DPST switch ON and the applied voltage is slowly adjusted to the stator
till full load current flows through the stator.
7. The readings of all meters are taken.

TABULAR FORMS

NO LOAD TEST

S.NO. V(v) I (amp) P(W) S
1
S
2
N(rpm)

S.NO. V(volts) I(amps) R(ohms)




21
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

S.NO. V(v) I (A) P
SC
(W)

RESULT:

QUIZ QUESTI ONS:

1. Why 1- induction motors are not self-starting?
2. What is the range of forward and backward slips of the 1- induction motor?
3. What is the purpose of the auxiliary winding?
4. In which direction does a shaded pole motor run?
5. What is the universal motor and mention its applications?




22
6.PARALLEL OPERATION OF 1- TRANSFORMERS

AI M :- Verification of parallel operation of two identical single phase transformers.

APPARATUS:


Circuit diagram:

Theory :- The T/Fs are connected in parallel when the load on them is more than the
rating of individual t/fs . Several smaller units are operated in llle which share a common
load. Thus it is avoided that the total is supplied by single unit due to use of parallel
operation. The ll le operation is advantageous is the sense that the spare parts can be
interchangeable and their storage is easy.

0V
(0-
180V)
Resista
nce
Spst
switc
DPS
T
M
(0-
(0-
20A)
(0-
(0-
300
(0-5A)
M
D.P.
S.T
0V
A
V
A
A
11
11
MI
1|,230V
,50Hz,
A.C
supply
V
A
V
Fu
se P
N
20
1 | 50Hz
Variac
0V
0
23
I
N
P
23

(0-
600
DPST
SWITCH
Fuse
20A
SPST
SWITCH
(0-20A)
A
V
A
(0-5A) MI
(0-10A)
(0-
150V)
MI
A
DPST
SWITCH

Ph
V
V
(0-
600V)
MI
(0-
300V)
MI
230V
0V
0
115V
115V
0
V
0
V
230V
(0-5A)
Ph
N
N
A



23
Condition for satisfactory parallel operation :-

1) The supply system voltage and frequency must suit the primary windings of the t/fs
2) The t/fs that are connected and frequency must suit of 3-| t/fs . The t/f should have
same angular displacement and same phase sequence.
procedure:

1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch ON the a.c supply and close the D.P.S.T switch.
3. Open the SPST switch and apply rated primary voltage to the transformers by varying the
auto transformers.
4. Check the voltmeter reading i.e: connected across SPST its shows non zero value, then
switch OFF the supply and reverse the secondary terminals of any one of the
Transformer.
5. Close the DPST switch on load side.
6. Gradually increase the resistive load insteps, till the transformers delivers rated secondary
current.
7. At each and variation note down the readings of voltmeter, Ammeters and Wattmeters

S.no Vl (load
voltage)
I1(amps)Current
delivered By t/f 1
I
2
(amps) current
delivered by t/f 2
I
l
=i
1
+i
2
(load
current)
I (supply
current)

Calculation :-

Applied voltage of the transformers (v)
First transformer current (11)
Second transformer current (12)
Load Voltage (V)
Load current (I)

Precautions :-
Avoid loose and wrong connections
Dont touch live terminals
Note down readings with out parallax error.

Result




24

7.BRAKE TEST ON THE 3-PHASE I NDUCTI ON MOTOR

AI M:
To conduct the brake test on the given 3-phase induction motor and plot its
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS:
3 Wattmeter UPF 5/10A, 600V,
1500W
2

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

Fig 6
THEORY:
Brake test in a direct method of testing. It consists of applying a brake to a water
cooled pulley mounted on the shaft of the motor. A rope is wound round the pulley and its
two ends are attached to two spring balances S
1
and S
2
. The tension of the rope can be
adjusted with the help of swivels. Then,
The force acting tangentially on the pulley =(S
1
S
2
) Kgs.
If R1 is the pulley radius, the torque at the pulley,
(0-10A)MI
STARTER
DELTA STAR
UPF
W V A 1500 , 600 , 10 / 5
fuse
fuse
fuse
2
W
2
W
2
V
1
V
B
1
L
2
L
TPST
3
L
2
U
1
U
L
I
R
ply sup . C . A
, Hz 50
V 415 , 3 u
2
S
1
S
MI
V) 600 0 (
1
V
2
V
MI
V) 600 0 (
V

C
M L
2
W
1
V
2
V
ROTOR
1
U
2
U
STATOR
2
W

C
M L
V
UPF
W V A 1500 , 600 , 10 / 5
Y



25
T
sh
=(S
1
S
2
) R kg. Mt.
If w is the angular velocity of the motor.
W =2tN/60, Where N is the speed in RPM.

Motor output = T
sh
x w =2tN(S
1
S
2
) kg.mt.wt
= 9.81 x 2tN (s1 S2) R watts.

The motor input can be measured directly as in the circuit diagram 6. For finding the
performance characteristics, the speed of the motor can also be measured by a tachometer.

PROCEDURE:

- Make the connections as per the circuit diagram in fig. 6.
- Loosen the rope of the break drum such tat S
1
=S
2
=0.
- Close the switch S and apply the rated 3-phase a.c. supply to the motor. Note
the readings of all meters.
- Gradually increase the load by tightening the rope and note down the readings
of all meters and tabulate the results as shown below.

S.No. S
1
S
2
W
1
W
2
I
L
Input Output N S=slip T
q

- Starting from no-load, take the readings as the line current is increased from
, , , 1 and 1 of its full value.
- The output and input of the motors, Efficiency, Torque and slip can be
calculated and the performance characteristic.

a) Load vs Efficiency
b) Load vs Speed
c) Load vs Torque
d) Load vs Slip and speed are drawn

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. What are the types of starters generally used for squired cage induction motors ?
2. How is the supply voltage related to the starting Torque ?
3. In what respects slipping I.M. superior to squirrel cage ?
4. What is the value of rotor resistance, which give maximum starting torque ?
5. For what value of slip, do you get maximum running torque in I.M ?




26
8. NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3- PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR

AI M :
To conduct (i) No-Load and (ii) blocked rotor tests on the 3-phase induction motor,
construct diagram and find performance characteristics of
(a) B H P vs efficiency curve
(b) B H P vs Torque, slip and speed curves and
(c) Find Max. Mech. Power developed, max. torque and starting torque in terms of
full load torque.

APPARATUS:

4 Wattmeter LPF 10A, 600V,
1500W
2
5 Wattmeter UPF 10A, 600V,
1500W
2

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM :

10A
10A
10A
Fig 4 (a)
R
Y
B
switch
TPST
A
E
Phase 3
Variac
C
E
A
B A
2
W
1
W
V
A
2
U
Waltmeter LPF
W A V 1500 , 10 , 600
2
W
2 V
E
B
B
fuse
fuse
fuse
MI A) 10 0 (
MI
V) 600 0 (
SUPPLY
A.C. 415V,
,50HZ, 3
2
L
1
L
3
L
V
C
M L
C
V

M L
Waltmeter LPF
W A V 1500 , 10 , 600



27
THEORY :

The performance characteristics of the given 3 phase induction motor are obtained
from the circle diagram. The circle diagram is constructed from the No-Load and Blocked
rotor tests.
No-Load Test : In this test, supply is given to the stator of the motor through a 3-phase variac.
The variac serves as a device to start the motor and also to enable rated voltage to be applied
to the stator.
In the No-Load test, with the machine running at No-Load, rated voltage is applied to
the stator and readings of meters are taken. Let W
0
, I
0
and V
0
be the readings of wattmeter,
ammeter and voltmeter respectively. For the construction of circle diagram I
0
and
0
| are
evaluated as below.
Iron Loss +Mech. Losses of motor = W
0

3 V
0
I
0
Cos
0
| =W
0
where V
0
= rated voltage of stator
I
0
= No-Load current

0
| = No-Load p.f. angle.
Cos
0
| =W
0
/ ( 3V
0
I
0
).

Blocked Rotor Test :

This test is similar to the S.C. test of Transformer. The rotor of the motor is blocked
by some means, and a reduced voltage (starting from zero) is applied to the stator till full-
load current flows through the stator. Readings of all the meters are noted.

Reading of watt meter =W
s
; Reading of Ammeter =I
s

Reading of Voltmeter =V
s
.

I
s
1
=(V/V
s
) x I
s
Where V is the rated line voltage of stator.

Stator and Rotor copper Losses :

Measurement of stator and rotor resistances is done in the normal way. By measuring the
voltage across the sliprings, the turn ratio of the stator to rotor and the ratio of stator copper
loss to rotor copper loss at stand-still can be found cut as below.
Stator copper loss =3 x (I
s
1
)
2
x R
s
, R
s
=resistance per phase of stator.

Rotor Copper Loss =(3 x (I
s
1
)
2
x R) / K
2
R =Resistance per phase of rotor.
K =N
2
/N
1
=Turn ratio of rotor to stator.

The circle diagram of the induction motor is constructed as below.




28

E is such that AE/EF =rotor copper loss / stator copper loss.

From the diagram, If V
L
=Line voltage of stator, when the stator current Q
L
=I
1
,.
3 V
L
IK =Motor input
3 V
L
J N =Stator copper loss 3 V
L
J K =Fixed Losses
3 V
L
MK =Total Loss 3 V
L
MN =Rotor copper loss
3 V
L
NL =rotor input & Torque 3 V
L
ML =mech. Output.
Efficiency =rotor input & Torque =ML/ LK
Slip =rotor cu. Loss / rotor input = MN / NL
1 s = N/N
s
=actual speed / syn. Speed = rotor output / rotor input =ML / NL
Stator power factor =Cos
1
| =LK/OL

PROCEDURE :

- Make connections as per the circuit diagram 4 (a) using meters of suitable
ranges.
- Apply rated three phase voltage to the stator of the I.M. through the variac.
- Gradually increase the output voltage of the variac till rated voltage is applied
to the stator. Allow the rotor to run at no-load for few minutes and note the
readings of all meters.
Blocked Rotor Test :
- Replace all meters with meters suitable for blocked rotor test as per the circuit
shown in fig. 4(a).
- Block the rotation of the rotor of the I.M. by a wooden block and keep the
position of variac at zero.
1
u
S
u
a
u
LOSS COPPER ROTOR
LOSS COPPER STATOR
LINE OUTPUT
LINE TORQUE
O
C
P
N
K
P K
R
F
G
J
M
A
N
A
1
I
1
2
I



29
- Slowly adjust the applied voltage to the stator, keeping the rotor blocked, will
full load current flows through the stator.
- Take the readings of all meters and disconnect the supply.
- Construct the circle diagram and predetermine the performance characteristics
as explained in theory.

RESULT:

QUIZ:

1. Why this motor is called induction motor?
2. Why this motor is can never run at syn. Speed?
3. Why do you need a starter for the I.M.? In the tow tests you have conducted, why did
you not use a starter?
4. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of the I.M.?
5. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz, I.M runs at 940 RPM. What is the slip? What is the
frequency of the rotor e.m.f.
6. By how many times are the line current and stator are reduced in star-delta starter.
7. Is the starting torque affected by the star delta starter? If so how many times?
8. Under running conditions, the iron-losses in the rotor are negligible. Why?




30
-
3 Point Starter
Supply D.C.
V, 220
+
MI
V) 300 - (0
+
x x x
mc
A), 2 - 0 (
Supply . C . D , V 220
+
A 7 . 1
300
switch
DPST
A 1
600
R
N
N
VARIAC - 3
A
V
Y
B
A
ZZ
Z
AA
A
A L F
Supply
C A
Hz
V
-
. .
50
415
3
Y
B
R
Switch
TPST
9.DETERMINATION OF X
d
& X
q
OF A SALIENT POLE
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

AI M:
To determine the direct axis reactance (X
d
) & quadrature axis reactance (X
q
) of a
Salient pole synchronous machine.

APPARATUS:

1 Ammeter MC 0-2 A 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

5A
mI
DPST
switch

(0-10A)
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse
fuse



31

THEORY:

In the E.M.F. method of finding the voltage regulation of an alternator, armature
reaction m.m.f. F
a
is accounted by means of an equivalent armature reaction e.m.f. E
a
and
from this concept of X
s
is evolved. This is permissible only in case of Non-Salient pole
synchronous machine where the air gap is uniform.

In Salient pole synchronous machine the armature m.m.f. cannot be accounted by
introducing the equivalent reactance. This is because air gap is not uniform & the reluctance
among the polar or direct axis is considerably smaller than that along the inter polar or
quadrature axis.

According to two-reaction theory, the sinusoidal armature m.m.f. F
a
is resolved into
two components F
as
along d axis & F
aq
along q axis.

The difference between e.m.f. method & reaction theory method must be carefully
noted. The e.m.f. method introduces the concept of X
s
, which accounts for the both the
armature leakage & armature reaction fluxes. The two reaction theory introduces X
d
& X
q
,
the S
d
accounts for the armature leakage flux & X
q
accounts for the armature reaction flux.
In e.m.f. method, the armature reaction e.m.f. = aq
2
ad
2
E + E , lags I
a
by an angle other than
90
0
.

MEASUREMENT OF X
d
& X
q
:

The synchronous machine is driven by a separate prime mover at a speed slightly
different from synchronous speed. The field winding is left pen & positive sequence balance
voltages of reduced magnitude at rated frequency are applied across the armature terminals
under these conditions. The relative velocity between the field winding & rotating armature
m.m.f. waves are revolving in the same direction and this is the slip speed.

At one instant, when the peak of armature m.m.f. wave is inline with the field poles or
direct axis, the reluctance offered by the small air gap is minimum.

At this instant, the impressed terminal voltage/phase divided by the corresponding
I
a
/phase gives direct axis synchronous reactance X
d
.

After the armature of slip cycle, the peak of armature m.m.f. wave acts on the inter
poles or q-axis of magnetic circuit & the reluctance offered by long air gap is maximum. At
this instant the ratio of armature terminal voltage/phase to corresponding armature current
I
a
/phase gives quadrature axis synchronous reactance (X
q
).




32

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. The DC motor is started & its speed is adjusted till ammeter & voltmeter
pointers swing slowly between maximum & minimum points.
3. At this condition maximum & minimum readings of both ammeter &
voltmeter are recorded, in order to determine X
d
& X
q
.

phase per current armtuer Minimum
phase per voltage terminal armature Maximum
= X
d

phase per current armtuer Maximum
phase per voltage terminal armature Minimum
= X
q

TABULAR FORM:

S.NO. V
max
V
min
I
max
I
min
REMARKS

RESULT:

QUIZ QUESTI ONS:

1. What is an alternator? Why alternator is called synchronous generator?
2. What is meant by X
d
and X
q
?
3. What are the conditions for the parallel operation of the alternator?
4. What is Saliency? What is its importance?
5. What are the differences between salient and non-salient pole machines?
6. What is reluctance power?




33
10.V & INVERTED V CURVES OF A THREE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR

AI M:

To obtain V and inverted curves of synchronous machine.

APPARATUS:

1 Ammeter MC 0-2 A 1
2 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1
3 Pe Meter 1
4 Clampo Ammeter 0-40A 1
5 Frequency meter HZ 1

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM:

A
Hz
C V
M L
R
B
Y
N
METER PF
) A 40 0 (
SIDE
SUPPLY
APSEB
3
L
2
L
1
L
+
x x x
) A 2 0 (
c m
A
+
Supply C D V . . , 220
Supply . C . D
, V 220
+
A
MC A) 0 2 0 (
+
ZZ
A 8 . 2
500 O
A
L F
meter
Frequency
Ammeter
Clampon
A
A A
z
LOAD BANK

3 Point Starter
TPST
SYNCHRONIZING
SWITCH
fuse
fuse
5A
fuse
fuse
DPST
switch



34
THEORY :

The armature current of a synchronous motor changes with the change in field
current .If the field current is increased from a small value, the armature current Ia decreases
until the armature current becomes minimum. At this point the armature is operating at UPF
up to this the motor is operating at a lagging power factor. If the field current increased
further, the armature current increases again and the motor will operate at leading pf. When
this variation of Ia with If is plotted for various loads the resultant curves obtained are called
the V curves and since they resemble V in their shape.

A family of curves is obtained by plotting the power factor vs field current. These are
inverted v curves. The highest point on each of these curves indicates unity power factor .It is
noted that the field current for unity power factor at no load is less than field and for unity
power factor at full load.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The prime mover is, DC motor and by adjusting its field current the speed can be brought
to the synchronous machine rated speed.
3. The synchronous machine field is excited by varying the resistance is the field circuit of
synchronous machine the voltage can be adjusted to grid voltage.
4. Conditions for parallel operation are to be checked. Once they are satisfied, close three-
pole switch of the synchronous machine.
5. When bulbs are dark close the synchronous switch and open the dc motor supply.
6. Now synchronous machine will run as a motor and dc machine as a dc generator.
7. At no load armature current, field current and power factor readings are to be tabulated.
8. Connect the load and adjust the load current to 3A, 6A and 9A respectively.
9. Take the readings of armature current, field current, power factor readings and tabulate the
readings.
10. Reduce the load and open the synchronous motor 3pole switch and field switch
simultaneously.
11. Draw the V and inverted V curves.
TABULAR FORMS:

AT NO LOAD: AT 3A LOAD:

S.NO I
a
(A) I
f
(A) P.f

S.NO I
a
(A) I
f
(A) Power
Factor




35
AT 6A LOAD: AT 9A LOAD:

S.NO
I
a
(A) I
f
(A) P.f

MODEL GRAPHS:

I
a

V CURVE A CURVE

RESULT:

S.NO
I
a
(A) I
f
(A) Power
Factor




36
1. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
USING MAT LAB.

AI M:
Create a plot of the induced torque, power converted, power out , and efficiency of
the induction motor as a function of slip of the given system a 440V, 50Hz, two pole Y-
Connected induction motor is rated at 75kW. The equivalent circuit parameters are R
1
=
0.075O, R
2
=0.065O, X
m
=7.2O , X
1
=0.17O . X
2
=0.17O,P
F&W
=1.0kW, P
misc
= 150
W, P
core
=1.1kW, For a slip of 0.04
APPARATUS:
1) PC 1no
2) MAT LAB software

CI RCUI T DI AGRAM :

MODEL CALCULATI ONS:

(a) The easiest way to find the line current (or armature current) is to get the equivalent
impedance
Z
F
of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX
m
, and then calculate the current as the phase
voltage divided by the sum of the series of the impedance , as shown below.

The equivalent impedance of the rotor circuit in parallel with jX
m
is:
O Z = + =
+
+
O
=
+
=
0
2
2 . 13 58 . 1 364 . 0 539 . 1

17 . 0 1.625
1

j7.2
1

1

Z
1

1
1
j
j jX
z
m
F

The phase voltage is 440 / 3=254 V, so line current
L
I is

R
1

jX
1
J x
2

R
2

jX
M

R
2
(
s
s 1
)
0.075
O
J 0.17O
J 0.17O 0.065 O
J 7.2O
1.56 O
+
-
V
|

I
A




37
O + O + O + O
Z
=
+ + +
= =
364 . 0 539 . 1 17 . 0 075 . 0
0 254
0
1 1
j j
V
jX R jX R
V
I I
F F
A L

A 3 . 18 4 . 149
0
Z = =
A L
I I

(b) The stator power factor is

PF =cos (18.3
0
) =0.949 lagging
(c) To find the rotor power factor , we must find the impedance angle of the rotor.

0 1 -
2
2 1 -
R
97 . 5
625 . 1
17 . 0
tan
/
tan = = =
s R
X

There fore the rotor power factor is

Lagging 995 . 0 97 . 5 cos
0
= =
R
PF
(d) The stator copper losses are
( ) ( ) W 1675 075 . 0 149.4A 3 R 3I P
2
1
2
A SCL
= O = =
(e) The air gap power is
F
2
A
2 2
2
R 3I
s
R
I 3 = =
AG
P
(Note that
F
2
A
R 3I is equal to
s
R
I 3
2 2
2
, Since the only resistance in the original rotor
circuit it was R
2
/s, and the resistance in the Thevenin equivalent circuit is R
F
. The
power consumed by the Thevenin equivalent circuit must be the same as the power
consumed by the original circuit.)
( ) ( ) 103kW 1.539 149.4A 3 R 3I
s
R
3I P
2
F
2
A
2 2
2 AG
= = = =
(f) The power converted from electrical to mechanical form is
( ) ( )( ) kW 98.9 103kW 0.04 1 P s 1 P
AG cosv
= = =
(g) The synchronous speed of this motor is

( ) rad/sec 314
s 60
min 1

1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 3000
r.p.m 3000
2
) 50 ( 120 120
n
sync
sync
= =
= = =
Hz
P
f
s

There fore the induced torque in the motor is
( )
m N =
= = 9 . 327

s 60
min 1

1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 3000
kW 103 P
sync
AG
ind

(h) The out put power of this motor is



38
96.6kW 150W - 1.1kW - 1.0kW - kW 98.9 = = =
misc core mech conv OUT
P P P P P

The output speed is
( ) ( ) r.p.m 2880 r.p.m 3000 04 . 0 1 n 1
sync
= = = s n
m

There fore the load torque is
m N
P
m
OUT
=
= = 6 . 327
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 2880
96.6kW
load

(i) The over all efficiency is

% 4 . 89 % 100
cos 3
% 100 = = =
A
OUT
IN
OUT
I V
P
P
P

( )( )
% 4 . 89 % 100
) 3 . 18 cos( A 4 . 149 V 254 3
6 . 96
0
= =
kW

(j) The motor speed in revolutions per minute is 2880 r/min. The motor speed in
radians per second is
( ) rad/s 6 . 301
60s
min 1

1r
rad 2
r/min 2880 = =

n

PROGRAM:-
%First , initialize the values needed in this program.

r 1=0. 075; % St at or r esi st ance
x1=0. 170; % St at or r eact ance
r 2=0. 065; % Rot or r esi st ance
x2=0. 170; % Rot or r eact ance
xm=7. 2; % Magnet i zat i on Br anch
r eact ance
v_phase=440/ sqr t ( 3) ; % phase vol t age
n_sync=3000; % Synchr onous speed ( r pm)
w_sync=314. 2; % Synchr onous speed ( r ad/ s)
p_mech=1000; % Mechani cal l osses ( W)
p_cor e=1100; % Cor e l osses ( W)
p_mi sc=150; % Mi scel l aneous l osses ( W)

%Cal cul at e t he Theveni n Vol t age and i mpedance f r omEquat i ons
v_t h=v_phase*( xm/ sqr t ( r 1^2+( x1+xm) ^2) ) ;
z_t h=( ( j *xm) *( r 1+j *x1) ) / ( r 1+j *( x1+xm) ) ;
r _t h=r eal ( z_t h) ;
x_t h=i mag( z_t h) ;

%Now cal cul at e t he t or que speed char act er st i c f or many sl i ps
bet ween 0 and 0. 1.



39
%Not e t hat t he f i r st sl i p val ue i s set t o 0. 001 i nst ead of
exact l y 0 t o avoi d
%di vi de by zer o pr obl ems.
s=( 0: 0. 001: 0. 1) ; % Sl i p
s( 1) =0. 001; %
nm=( 1- s) *n_sync; % Mechani cal speed
wm=nm*2*pi / 60; % Mechani cal speed

%Cal cul at e t or que , P_ conv, P_out , and ef f i ci ency ver sus
speed
f or i i = 1: l engt h( s)

% I nduced t or que
t _i nd( i i ) =( 3*v_t h^2*r 2/ s( i i ) ) / ( w_sync*( ( r _t h +
r 2/ s( i i ) ) ^2+( x_t h + x2) ^2) ) ;

% Power conver t ed
p_conv( i i ) =t _i nd( i i ) * wm( i i ) ;

% Power out put
p_out ( i i ) =p_conv( i i ) - p_mech- p_cor e- p_mi sc;

% Power i nput
zf =1/ ( 1/ ( j *xm) +1/ ( r 2/ s( i i ) +j *x2) ) ;
i a=v_phase/ ( r 1+j *x1+zf ) ;
p_i n( i i ) =3*v_phase*abs( i a) *cos( at an( i mag( i a) / r eal ( i a) ) ) ;

%ef f i ci ency
ef f ( i i ) =p_out ( i i ) / p_i n( i i ) *100;
end

%Pl ot t he t or que- speed cur ve
f i gur e( 1) ;
pl ot ( nm, t _i nd, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
xl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t n_{m} \ r m\ bf ( r / mi n) ' ) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ t au_{i nd} \ r m\ bf ( N- m) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf I nduced Tor que ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;

%Pl ot power conver t ed ver sus speed
f i gur e( 2) ;
pl ot ( nm, p_conv/ 1000, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t p\ r m\ bf _{conv} ( kW) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf power conver t ed ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;

%Pl ot out put power ver sus speed
f i gur e( 3) ;



40
pl ot ( nm, p_out / 1000, ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ i t p\ r m\ bf _{out } ( kW) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf out put power ver sus speed' ) ;
axi s( [ 2700 3000 0 180] ) ;
gr i d on;

%Pl ot t he ef f i ci ency
f i gur e( 4) ;
pl ot ( nm, ef f , ' b- ' , ' l i newi dt h' , 2. 0) ;
yl abel ( ' \ bf \ et a ( %) ' ) ;
t i t l e( ' \ bf ef f i ci ency ver sus speed' ) ;
gr i d on;

PROCEDURE:

1) Double click the Matlab 7.6 icon on the desktop
2) Open the command window, and enter the command with the specifications.
3) Check for the errors, if any clear the errors.
4) Open figure window and draw the curve with all the points.

MODEL GRAPH:
The four plots are shown below:

2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
n
m
(r/min)
i
n
d

(
N
-
m
)
Induced Torque versus speed




41

.

2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
n
m
(r/mi n)
p
c
o
n
v

(
k
W
)
power converted versus speed

2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
n
m
(r/mi n)
p
o
u
t

(
k
W
)
output power versus speed




42

2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
n
m
(r/mi n)

(
%
)
effi ci ency versus speed

The machine is rated at 75kW. It produces an output power of 75kW at 3.1% slip, or a speed
of 2907 r/min

Result:
Hence the plots of the induced torque, power converted, power output, and efficiency of the
induction motor of as a function of slip of the given system are obtained.




43
2. SIMULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR BY MATLAB

AI M: Calculate and plot the motors V-Curve for the load condition of the given system a
480-V , 60Hz 400-hp 0.8 PF leading six pole A-connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous reactance of 1.1O and negligible armature resistance. Ignore its friction ,
windage, and core losses for the purposes of this problem
(a) If this motor is initially supplying 400 hp at 0.8 PF lagging, what are the magnitude and
angles of B
A
and I
A
?
(b) How much torque is this motor producing? What is the torque angle d? How near is
this value to the maximum possible induced torque of the motor for this field current
setting?
(c) If EA is increased by 15 percent . What is the new magnitude of the armature current?
What is the motors new power factor?
(d) Calculate and plot the motors V-Curve for this load condition.

APPARATUS:
1) 1PC- 1no
2) MAT LAB Software
MODEL CALCULATI ON:

a) If losses are being ignored, the output power is equal to the input power, so the input
power will be
298.4kW 746W/hp 400hp = =
IN
P
This is situation shown in the Phasor diagram below:

The line current flow under these circumstances is
( )
A 449
) 8 . 0 ( V 480 3
kW 4 . 298
PF V 3
r
= = =
P
I

Because the motor is A connected, the corresponding phase current is
, the angle of the current is
( ) A 87 . 36 259 I so 87 . 36 80 . 0 cos -
0
A
0 -1
Z = = The internal generated voltage
A
E is
A s
I jX =

V E
A

V
A s
I jX

I
A

A 259 3 / 449 = =
A
I



44
A
E ( ) ( ) ( ) V 4 . 36 384 A 36.87 - 259 1 . 1 - V 0 480
0 0 0
Z = Z O Z = j
B) This motor has 6 poles and an electrical frequency of 60 Hz, so its rotation speed is
. 1200rpm N
m
= the induced torque is
( )
N.m 2375

1rev
rad 2

sec 60
min 1
r.p.m 1200
298.4kW
m
0ur
ind
= = =

The maximum possible induced torque for the motor at this field seeting is
( )( )
( ) ( )
4000N.m
1.1
s 60
min 1
1rev
rad 2
r.p.m 1200
V 384 480V 3
X
E 3V
s m
A
max ind,
=
= =

(c) If the magnitude of the internal generated voltage
A
E is increased by 15% , the new
torque angle can be found form the fact that constant
constant sin E
A
= P .
441.6V V) 384 ( 15 . 1 E 1.15 E
A1 A2
= = =
1
A2
1 1 -
2
sin
E
E
sin
A
=
0 0 1 -
1 . 31 ) 4 . 36 sin(
441.6V
384V
sin = =
The new armature current is
A 1 . 24 227
1 . 1
V 1 . 31 441.6 - V 0 480
0
0 0
2
A2
Z =
O
Z Z
=
=
j jX
E V
I
s
A

%M- f i l e cr eat e a pl ot of ar mat ur e cur r ent ver sus Ea
%f or t he synchr onous mot or pr obl em
%I ni t i al i ze val ues
Ea = ( 1: 0. 01: 1. 70) *384; % Magni t ude of Ea Vol t s
Ear = 384; % Ref er ence Ea
Del t ar = - 36. 4 * pi / 180; % Ref er ence t or que angl e
Xs = 1. 1; % Synchr onous r eact ance
Vp = 480; % Phase Vol t age at 0
degr ees
Ear = Ear * ( cos( del t ar ) + J * si n ( del t ar ) ) ;

% Cal cul at e del t a 2
Del t a 2= asi n ( abs ( Ear ) . / abs ( Ea) . * si n ( del t ar ) ;
%Cal cul at e t he phasor Ea
Ea = Ea . * ( cos( del t a2) + j . * si n ( del t a2) ) ;
%Cal cul at e I a
I a = ( Vp Ea ) / ( j . Xs) ;
%Pl ot t he v- Cur ve
Fi gur e ( 1) ;
Pl ot ( abs( Ea) , abs ( I a) , b , Li newi dt h , 2. 0) ;
Xl abel 1 ( \ bf \ i t E_{A}\ r m\ bf , ( V) ) ;
Y l abel ( \ bf \ i t I _ {A} \ r m\ bf , ( A) ) ;
Ti t l e ( \ bf Synchr onous Mot or V- Cur ve ) ;
Gr i d on;




45
PROCEDURE:
1) Double click the Matlab 7.6 icon on the desktop
2) Open the command window, and enter the command with the specifications.
3) Check for the errors , if any clear the errors.
4) Open figure window and draw the curve with all the points.

Model Graph:
The resulting plot is shown below

Result: Hence Plot of the motors V-curve for the load condition is obtained

Synchronous Motor V-Curve
700 650 600 550 500 450
400
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
350 E
A

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRICAL MACHINES I I LAB MANUAL

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