Cloud Computing

Master Thesis
MSc Business Information Management

Rotterdam School of Management
Measuring the
Environmental Sustainability
Impact on Cloud Computing
Adoption using Real Options
Theory
Is the move to the cloud
green-lighted by
environmental factors?
Dirk P. Zeilstra
294474
University Coach: Prof. Dr. Ir. Eric van Heck

University Co-reader: Dr. Rob Zuidwijk
Business Coach: Sabine Hess, Microsoft
Date: 19 September 2012
Preface
The author declares that the text and work presented in this Master thesis is original and that
no sources other than those mentioned in the text and its references have been used in
creating the Master thesis.
The copyright of the Master thesis rests with the author. The author is responsible for its
contents. RSM Erasmus University is only responsible for the educational coaching and
beyond that cannot be held responsible for the content.
Dirk Zeilstra
Department of Decision and Information Sciences
Rotterdam School of Management
Erasmus University
September 2012
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Master Thesis: Measuring the Environmental Sustainability Impact on Cloud Computing Adoption using Real Options Theory
Rotterdam School of Management – MSc Business Information Management – Dirk P. Zeilstra - 294474
Acknowledgements
In writing this thesis, I had the priceless guidance of my coach Prof. Dr. Ir. Eric van Heck,
whose time, effort, help, guidance and continuous support was of great importance and
influence for this research project. Guiding me through different theoretical models and
giving endless feedback on my work was inspirational. He also contributed with putting me in
contact with other researchers to spar my research ideas. I would like to express my deepest
gratitude for everything he has done.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my co-reader, Dr. Rob Zuidwijk for his
constructive criticism and advice throughout the course of this study. He has been of
importance when guiding me through the first phases of the project and by setting up my
experiment.
Next, I would give my special thanks to Sabine Hess, Environmental Sustainability Lead at
Microsoft, who has been my company coach. She has supported me enormously by providing
feedback on the practical relevance of my study as well as knowledge of the environment at
Microsoft. I feel very fortunate to have had the opportunity to do research in this topic and in
this company where they have continuously provided with new insights, content and of
course contacts to complete my survey.
The assistance of many people helped me lay the foundation of this work. I would like to
gratefully thank Dr. Marcel van Oosterhout for giving me advice on pursuing the internship
position at Microsoft. Also I would like to thank the Erasmus@Work group for all their
feedback and input during the sessions and the work of Nick van der Meulen in guiding me
through the experiment software.
Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude for all the people that have read my work
in an early stage or have discussed the project with me. Also all the feedback on my proposal
and during the Master Thesis trajectory at the university have guided me to successfully
complete this work. I would also like to thank all people involved in testing my experiment
and working on the questions.
Last but certainly not least, I would like to offer my gratitude to my girlfriend, who gave me
all the support and encouragement during the complete course of this project. I would not
have been able to complete this study within the time without her help and time. I feel
extremely fortunate to have had this kind of infinite support during the months which went
into this research study.
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Executive Summary
The current research study provides a fuller understanding of the adoption of cloud
computing and the impact of environmental variables on this adoption decision. The
outcomes of this study provide insight in which environmental factors are enabling the
adoption decision made by IT professionals. Cloud computing has received major attention
over the last years and is one of the new emerging technologies. This study provides an in-
depth overview of cloud computing and the combination of environmental variables. Other
empirical studies have studied the cloud computing phenomenon but not in combination
with the environmental sustainability aspect.
By means of an experiment, Dutch IT professionals were presented a cloud computing

adoption decision where different characteristics of cloud computing were evaluated and
rated. Through use of Real Options Theory, respondents were asked to rank the
corresponding options when presented two different scenarios.
After providing an overview of the different theories and previous academic literature
concerning the topic, a conceptual framework is set up where different characteristics; being
key characteristics of cloud computing and its major risk perceived lack of security were
presented along with institutional influences. As an addition, environmental factors were
included by means of power savings, carbon emissions and a more sustainable method of
power. The preference of the different options is hypothesised in light of adoption
concerning these different measurement variables.
All variables proposed in the research seemed to have an impact on the decision to move to
the cloud. Environmental factors were perceived influential in the cloud adoption decision,
where power savings were recognised most. This study contributes in three different ways to
existing academic literature. It is trying to fill the gap to answer which environmental factors
are important, where real options has never been used before. Furthermore, this was never
done by means of an experiment and in combination with cloud computing. Concerning
practical relevance, cloud providers could use the outcomes of this study to show their
ecological footprint in providing cloud computing to customers and advertise this aspect
along with other factors.
Keywords
Cloud Computing, Environmental Sustainability, Information Technology, IT Investments,
Technology Adoption, Institutional Influences, Environmental factors, Real Options Analysis,
Power Savings, Greener Method of Power Generated, Carbon emissions.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................7
1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.2 Environmental sustainability ............................................................................................................. 8
1.1.3 Real options theory .............................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 2: Problem Statement and Research Questions ................................ 10

2.1 Research Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Research Questions.................................................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 3: Literature Review ....................................................................................... 12

3.1 IT Investments .............................................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Real Options Theory .................................................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Institutional Influences.............................................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Cloud Computing ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4.1 Economic and Operational Characteristics ............................................................................... 18
3.4.2 Environmental Influence Factors ................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4: Conceptual Model ..................................................................................... 21

4.1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................................. 21
4.2 Hypotheses Development ....................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1 Institutional Influences Risk ............................................................................................................ 22
4.2.2 Key characteristics of Cloud Computing Risk .......................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Perceived Lack of Security Risk...................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4 Perceived Improved CO2 emissions Risk .................................................................................... 24
4.2.5 Power Savings Risk ............................................................................................................................. 25
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4.2.6 More Sustainable Method of Power Generated Risk ............................................................ 25
Chapter 5: Methodology............................................................................................... 26
5.1 Research design .......................................................................................................................................... 26
5.2 Data Description.......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Limitations of Field Experiments ........................................................................................................... 27
5.4 Measurement of Concepts ...................................................................................................................... 27
Chapter 6: Analysis & Discussion .............................................................................. 29

6.1 Demographics and General Characteristics ...................................................................................... 29
6.2 Scales Reliability .......................................................................................................................................... 31
6.3 Means, Variances & Medians ................................................................................................................. 32
6.3.1 Means and Variances for Institutional Influences................................................................... 32
6.3.2 Means and Variances for Key attributes of Cloud Computing .......................................... 33
6.4 Scenario Validation .................................................................................................................................... 34
6.5 Hypotheses Validation .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.5.1 Institutional influences ...................................................................................................................... 36
6.5.2 Key characteristics of cloud computing ..................................................................................... 37
6.5.3 Perceived Lack of Security ............................................................................................................... 38
6.5.4 Improved CO2 Emissions .................................................................................................................. 39
6.5.5 Power Savings ...................................................................................................................................... 40
6.5.6 Method of Power Generated.......................................................................................................... 41
6.6 Conceptual Model Validation ................................................................................................................ 42
6.6.1 Scenarios without Environmental Information ........................................................................ 43
6.6.2 Scenarios with Environmental Information ............................................................................... 45
6.6.3 CRM Application ................................................................................................................................. 47
6.6.4 E-mail, Calendar and Contacts Application .............................................................................. 47
6.7 Main Findings ............................................................................................................................................... 48
6.8 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................................... 51
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Chapter 7: Conclusions .................................................................................................. 53
7.1 The organisational move to cloud computing ................................................................................ 53
7.2 Overall conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 54
7.3 Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................... 55
7.4 Academic Relevance .................................................................................................................................. 55
7.5 Practical Relevance ..................................................................................................................................... 56
7.6 Future Research ........................................................................................................................................... 56
Glossary................................................................................................................................ 58
List of Figures & Tables ................................................................................................. 59
References........................................................................................................................... 60
Appendix A: Survey ......................................................................................................... 66
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Chapter 1: Introduction
The Greek myths tell of creatures plucked from the surface
of the Earth and enshrined as constellations in the night sky.
Something similar is happening today in the world of computing.
(Hayes, 2008)
1.1 Background
Without a doubt, cloud computing has gained major attention over the last couple of years.
The shift from locally installed applications at home or at the office to having them running
on a central server, or “in the cloud”, is just getting under way in earnest (Hayes, 2008). This
change will affect everyone, from end-user to software developer to hardware manufacturer.
More and more organisations are aware of this new technology and are seriously considering
the move to the cloud on a larger scale.
The adoption of cloud computing can be considered as an IT investment, where firms are
trying to strategically leverage the outcome of their investments and gain competitive
advantage. Environmental sustainability is on the top of every organisation’s agenda, but not
yet a factor which has been studied with regard to cloud computing and other IT investment
decisions. Because of dawning regulations concerning CO2 emission and power savings,
environmental sustainability could be an enabling factor in the adoption of cloud computing.
In this thesis, institutional influences, key characteristics of cloud computing and
environmental factors will be analysed in light of Real Options Analysis. These factors will be
elaborated in later sections.
1.1.1 Cloud Computing

Computing power is shifting from people’s personal computers to big data centres. Almost
fifty years ago, a similar movement happened with the time-sharing of computing power
(Cusumano, 2010). Now, however the argument is not the lack of computing power, but
centralising applications and their indispensable updates. A key factor of the cloud is the fact
that people are able to work from any time and any place. Collaboration is being made easier
than ever before, where working in the same document is one of the possibilities and
changes are saved instantaneously.
Essential characteristics of cloud computing that address almost the same needs as fifty years
ago, are: on-demand access, elasticity, pay-per-use, connectivity, resource pooling,
abstracted infrastructure and little or no commitment (Durkee, 2010). Computing demand is
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being fulfilled rapidly in the amount required at that particular moment, and abandoned
when unneeded. Much like the electric bill, cloud computing is on a quantity-based cost
basis. The high-speed connection of the servers allows for a data flow over the Internet of
computing and storage. Furthermore, computing power is shared between end-users, which
provides economies of scale. Because of virtualisation of computing power and delivery over
the Internet, it is very abstract for end-users, as he or she is unaware of the exact location or
set-up of computers where their current applications are running. Not only mainstream
software are moved to the cloud, like word processing, presentation making or doing
calculations. More and more enterprises are putting major business applications, such like
customer support, sales and marketing as an on-demand online service.
Cloud computing can be divided into three basic service models. Each model has an answer
for a certain business need. If looked at cloud computing from top to bottom, these three
layers can be identified: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). SaaS is the highest layer in the cloud, where the end-user is
purchasing a working application. PaaS is the next layer down, where end-users purchase an
application environment on top of the bare-bone infrastructure. Lastly, at the base of cloud
service models, end-users purchase raw computing, storage and network transfer. The
subject of cloud computing will be elaborated in section 3.4, where academic literature
covering the subject will be presented.
1.1.2 Environmental sustainability

Environmental sustainability has been a subject of increased attention over the last few
decades. Natural resources are slowly being depleted, a reason for the issue of sustainable
development arising. Organisations are more aware of their impact and their ecological
footprint on the planet. If growth continues in line with demand, the world will be using 122
million servers in 2020, up from 18 million today (Smart 2020 Report, 2008).
Virtualisation architectures of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can help

achieve changes in efficiency and eventually on carbon emissions. In data centres, the current
utilisation rate of servers in data centres worldwide is very low (6 % average utilisation). To be
able to overcome this underutilisation of computing power, organisations have the possibility
to engage in outsourcing operations to the cloud. Main cloud providers see virtualisation
along with the renewability and reuse of energy as their core business in making the data
centre as environmental sustainable as possible.
1.1.3 Real options theory

Real-options theory has been developed in the finance field and gained basis over the years
(Boehm, 1991; Kumar, 2002; Kim and Sanders, 2002; Benaroch et al., 2006). Since options
theory was developed to deal with financial options, this concept has been applied in many
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other fields. The theory is especially valuable for projects that involve both a high level of
uncertainty and opportunities to dispel that uncertainty as new information becomes
available (Copeland and Tufano, 2004). The theory has been used in IT investment questions
(like EDI and RFID) as well and can be particularly relevant for examining investments in other
new technologies, such as cloud computing (Saya et al., 2010; Tallon et al., 2002; Benaroch et
al., 2007).
1.2 Structure of the Thesis

In this first section, the reader is introduced into the main topics: cloud computing,
environmental sustainability and real options. This section is aimed at arising readers’ interest
in these topics and the reasons to examine these phenomena.
In Chapter 2, the objectives of the current study are clarified, by stating the problem and the
questions this thesis tries to overcome. Following, in Chapter 3, academic literature will be
reviewed and linked to the current problem situation.
Chapter 4 provides a conceptual framework which links the attributes and where the
hypotheses for this thesis are published. The practical and academic relevance of these
problems and possible answers are explained. In the fifth chapter, the methodology of
research is being treated.
Following, in Chapter 6 the data analysis will be presented along with statistical outcomes. In
the final chapter, conclusions will be made up and limitations, discussion and further research
are described.
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Chapter 2: Problem
Statement and Research
Questions
If I had an hour to solve a problem I'd spend 55 minutes thinking
about the problem and 5 minutes thinking about solutions.
(Albert Einstein)
Based on the previously stated introduction about the thesis topic: cloud computing and
environmental sustainability, the focus will be formulated in this chapter. This study has the
aim to gain an insight on which criteria IT professionals base their decisions concerning the
adoption of cloud computing and in which way their decision is being impacted by
environmental factors.
2.1 Research Objective

The decision to move to cloud computing can be seen as an IT architectural decision.
Architectural IT investments are the foundation of the organisations’ IT portfolio. As with
every new technology, organisations are facing problems concerning the decision process
involving cloud computing adoption. Environmental factors have not yet received much
attention in prior research concerning these problems. The main problem this thesis is trying
to overcome is how environmental factors impact the decision making process to move to
cloud computing. Another fact that has not been covered by much attention is which
environmental factors are specifically influencing this decision. The overall question this thesis
is trying to overcome is how an organisational move to cloud computing is influenced by
environmental factors.
2.2 Research Questions

After having set up the problem definition, it can be formulated in research questions, which
this thesis is trying to answer. The before mentioned problem can be translated into the
following research questions:
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1. How do environmental factors influence the decision to move to cloud
computing?
This question focuses on the impact of environmental factors in addition to key

characteristics of cloud computing and if these variables accelerate adoption of cloud
computing.
2. What kind of environmental factors encourage the investment in cloud

computing?
This question treats which environmental factors are encouraging adopting cloud computing
and influence the decision process.
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Chapter 3: Literature Review
Reading is equivalent to thinking with someone else's head
instead of with one's own.
(Arthur Schopenhauer)
The adoption of new innovations consist of a sequence of stages, where initial knowledge is
being gained, an attitude towards this novelty is formed and eventually let us make a
decision to whether to adopt or reject it (Rogers, 2003). Real Option Analysis (ROA) is a
popular approach that offers different benefits relative to the valuation of capital investments
or in this case, an IT investment. Behavioural decisions are also influenced by external sources,
for example industry standards or regulatory measures. Institutional influences will impact the
perceptions of individuals with regard to technological characteristics of cloud computing
and their reactions.
In this chapter, the literature concerning the problem statement and relevant subjects are
presented. In section 3.1, IT investments and their link to the subject will be clarified
according to existing literature. In section 3.2 Real Options Theory will be introduced, after
which in section 3.3 Institutional Influences are described and finally in section 3.4 the cloud
computing phenomenon will be elaborated.
3.1 IT Investments
Firms are constantly exploring ways to strategically invest in new technologies. Research has
shown that there is a positive relationship between IT investments, economic productivity and
business value across distinct measures (Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1996; Dewan and Min, 1997;
Bharadwaj et al, 1999). Weill (1992) and Broadbent et al. (1999) have developed a framework
which categorises IT investments into a portfolio of four different IT assets with a specific
purpose, being infrastructural, transactional, informational and strategic. The decision to
move to the cloud can be seen as an infrastructural decision. IT infrastructure provides the
foundation of shared IT services used my multiple IT applications (Keen, 1991; Broadbent et
al., 1999). This kind of investments is typically made to provide a flexible base for future
business initiatives and needs (Aral and Weill, 2007). It is a long-term decision where the
disruptive nature of these implementations creates high up-front costs and long benefit time
horizons (Duncan, 1995; Broadbent et al., 1999). However, infrastructure investments enable
new applications and functionalities which lay the groundwork for future operational
performance and higher returns in the long run.
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Architectural IT investments can be compared to other architectural expenditures. Like other
architectural investments, investments in IT architecture consider long-term decisions where
technology is changing rapidly. Environmental sustainability is a factor which has similar
typologies and is constantly under evaluation. The conflicting goals faced by managers and
engineers in developing and managing infrastructure systems, not only in Information
Technology, are the core problem for balancing sustainability with the main goal (Sahely et
al., 2005). In constructing new architecture, three different conflicting factors can be
identified: (1) financial versus technical, (2) short-term versus long-term and (3) network
versus project factors (Vanier, 2001). Similarities with IT infrastructural investments exist as
these have the same conflicting factors. Weill and Ross (2009) recommend the use of options
theory for IT infrastructural investments, which will be introduced in the next section.
3.2 Real Options Theory

Real Options Analysis (ROA) is a method proposed to analyse capital investment value. The
real-options theory was developed in the finance field and gained basis over the years
(Boehm, 1991; Kumar, 2002; Kim and Sanders, 2002; Benaroch et al., 2006). Although options
theory was initially set up to deal with financial options, this concept has been applied in
many other fields. An option is a security which gives its owner the right to trade in a fixed
number of shares of a certain stock at a fixed price at any time on or before a given date (Cox
et al., 1979). A real option refers to the right, but not the obligation to make a managerial
decision to take ownership of a real asset or to engage in a future project (Tallon et al., 2002;
Wu et al., 2010). The theory is especially valuable for projects that involve both a high level of
uncertainty and opportunities to dispel that uncertainty as new information becomes
available (Copeland and Tufano, 2004). The theory has been used in IT investment questions
as well and can be particularly relevant for examining investments in new technologies, such
as Web 2.0 and cloud computing (Saya et al., 2010; Tallon et al., 2002; Benaroch et al., 2007).
Real options are not necessarily pre-existent in IT projects, but they have to be actively
embedded and managed (Benaroch, 2002). ROA is not always seen as being beneficial, since
it reduces organisational commitment to a planned outcome or event (Busby and Pitts, 1997).
Very few decision-makers seemed to be aware of the research in the field of real options but
their intuitions agree with the qualitative prescriptions of earlier research. Some researchers
have questioned assumptions which underlie ROA, such as the tradability and liquidity of a
certain option (Tallon et al., 2002) and risk neutrality on part of the investor (Benaroch et al.,
1999; 2000). If these assumptions are incorrect, this kind of analysis could lead to incorrect
decisions concerning IT investments. Also accurate estimates of future cash flows are very
difficult, just like Net Present Value analysis (Benaroch et al., 1999; 2000; Taudes et al., 2000).
Another limitation might be that real options are too complex to communicate to business
executives. However, Tiwana et al. (2006) found that managers recognise the value of real
options and dedicate a higher value to projects with one or more embedded options than to
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the same project without these embedded options. They were mainly motivated by the
prospect of producing a positive economic return.
Managerial flexibility is an important aspect considering ROA. It refers to the ability of IT

project managers to change the strategy or course of a project in reaction of certain risks.
Flexibility is an important success factor in IT projects as it enables countermeasures to be
able to respond to a risk (Avison et al., 1995; Kim and Chung, 2003). Another factor is that
option theory defines risk as a trait of an IT project that can negatively or positively affect the
degree of variation in the expected outcome (Benaroch et al., 2006).
In this thesis, the approach defined by Benaroch (2002) will be used, where at first the
investments and its risks are defined. For IT investments, such as the adoption of cloud
computing, there are several strategic purposes that may override a negative expectation of
economic value. Sometimes, even though the expected economic value is below zero,
organisations are still willing to push through a certain technology in order to capture future
opportunities where growth opportunities may be the reason for these decisions (Benaroch
et al., 1999). Real options can be classified into six types: defer, stage, switch use, scale down,
abandon and growth (Trigeorgis, 1993; Fichman et al., 2005; Hilhorst et al., 2008). These
different options are described in the following table along with the existing literature.
Option to…
Includes learning and delaying of the investments (Benaroch, 2002;
Benaroch et al., 1999; Hubbard, 1994). The organisation avoids
Defer investing in what is destined to be a losing proposition, while the
chances for making the right decision are increased.
Structuring it as a series of incremental stepping stones that allows
Stage the project owner to decide to stop when it becomes unfavourable.
The project outcome is evaluated at every stage.
Project is used for a different purpose than was originally intended
Switch use (Trigeorgis, 1993).
An organisation decides to allocate resources differently in order to
Scale down change the scope or scale of the application (Kumar, 2002; Pindyck,
1988). Scaling down during unfavourable conditions is possible.
The project is terminated prior to completion and funds are
Abandon redistributed (Hubbard, 1993; Tiwana et al., 2007).
Includes scaling up to engage follow-up investments a step further
than initially anticipated (Tiwana et al., 2007). Over time, the value of
Growth follow-up investments becomes visible and only positive projects are
continued.
Table 1 | Real Options
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These options will be considered in the proposed model and research. This typology is not
exactly the same as the option pricing model, which focuses more on deferring decision-
making in order to obtain a larger expected value than a now-or-never type investment
(Benaroch et al., 1999). From a managerial perspective it may be interesting to find whether IT
professionals follow real options logic in real risk making decisions. Are they really
recognising the value of the different options when facing risk? The decision maker has to
assess the risks upfront when determining the potential real options in a project.
Although real options can represent the value of a certain project, if there is no purpose to
exercise the option, there is no value in having or creating it. Determining the value of the
different real options and their execution minimum is out of the scope for this study.
3.3 Institutional Influences

Organisations are faced with pressures to adjust their behaviour according to shared notions,
for which violations may affect their political power, legitimacy and ability to secure
customers and resources (Scott, 2008). Influences that shape social and organisational
structures, schemes, rules, norms and routines which all have an outcome in the behaviour of
social actors, are part of institutional theory (Scott, 2004). Institutional theory has been
identified as an appropriate theoretical perspective to investigate IT related organisational
changes (Robey and Boudreau, 1999). These factors have also been found to affect the
intentions of organisations to adopt certain technologies, such as Electronic Data Interchange
(Teo et al., 2003) and Radio Frequency Identification (Goswami et al., 2008).
The conceptual model of Scott (1995, 2004) is integrated with the perspective by DiMaggio
and Powell (1983) where it is stated that all organisations are operating within an institutional
framework in a structure called “organisational field”. This organisational field consists of
organisations that “in the aggregate, constitute a recognised area of institutional life: key
suppliers, resource and product consumers, regulatory agencies and other organisations that
produce similar services or products” (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983).
Institutional influences can manifest itself in three different manners: coercive, mimetic and
normative (Scott, 1995; 2004). Coercive influence treats the formal or informal pressure which
is forced by other organisations upon which it is dependent (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983).
These forces can be experienced through coalitions or regulatory bodies that control scarce
and important resources, for instance originating in government departments or other
regulative and legislative matters (Scott, 1995; 2004; Teo et al., 2003).
Mimetic influence refers to the pressure for an organisation to copy behaviour of other
organisations that are perceived more successful, which can be competitors, shareholders,
non-governmental organisations or even society-at-large, (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983).
15
Normative influence arises from professionalism, in which organisations are seeking to define
working conditions and methods (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983). These norms can be
developed and reinforced through educational institutions or professional social networks
that transcend organisational boundaries.
3.4 Cloud Computing

The roots of cloud computing are founded in the advancement of different technologies.
There are different motives that accelerated the upcoming of this new technology. Hardware
virtualisation and the upcoming of multi-core chips has been an important factor. Because of
Internet technologies available and by the rise of many Web services, Service Oriented
Architectures and Web 2.0 with mash-ups, cloud computing was able to evolve. Cluster and
grid computing have accelerated distributing computing power over several machines. In
terms of software and systems management, the main technologies are autonomic
computing and the automation of data centres. These technologies have been branded as
hype in earlier stages, but are widely adopted by many organisations these days.
Computing is delivered as a utility which can be defined as on-demand infrastructure,

applications and business processes, running in a secure, shared and scalable environment in
the cloud. People moved from large mainframes to personal computers (PCs) with the advent
of fast and inexpensive microprocessors. Data centres moved to collections of commodity
servers, but led to servers only running one dedicated process. Also, the unavailability of fast
and reliable networks led to IT infrastructure in the proximity of business processes. Due to
virtualisation, organisations were able to consolidate different dedicated servers to run
different processes. The computing problems resemble the electricity generation stations,
which used to power individual factories and were under-utilised. Now however, electricity is
available hundreds of kilometres off of the generation facilities. The same is seen in the
computing world, where optical fibres make it possible to share computing power at great
speeds over great distances.
Web services have contributed to advances in the domain of software integration. Many Web
services have been glued together where applications run seamlessly, without the user
noticing the different platforms on which it operates. These Web services provided a
common mechanism for delivering services, which made the system ideal for a Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA). The purpose of SOA is to address requirements of loosely
coupled, standards-based, and protocol-independent distributed computing (Voorsluys et al.,
2011). The concept of gluing services together focused initially on enterprise webs, but with
the upcoming of Web 2.0 this concept became available for consumers as well.
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Figure 1 | Cloud Levels
Cloud computing as a form of SOA can be divided into the following three levels, namely
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS).
These levels can be viewed as layered architecture, where services can be composed of both
services of a higher and lower layer.
Cloud infrastructure enables an on-demand provision of server time, running a choice of

operating systems and software. Infrastructure as a Service is the bottom layer of the
architecture, as the upcoming layers are built on top of it.
The cloud platform (Platform as a Service) offers an environment for developers to create and
deploy applications. The most important aspect is that developers are initially not aware of
the amount of processing power or memory that will be used. The platform is very scalable to
build multiple programming models and specialised services.
The applications and software reside on the top layer of the cloud stack (Software as a
Service). These services can be accessed via Web portals, which allow consumers to switch
from offline computer programs to their online equivalents. Traditional desktop applications
as word processing, presentation making and spread sheets calculations can be accessed as a
service over the Internet. Other implementations have been seen by CRM applications and e-
mail applications running on the Web.
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The earlier discussed models mainly concerned public utilities. Cloud computing however is
offered in many different deployment forms. These can be classified as public, private or
hybrid, which is a combination of the aforementioned. The public cloud can be characterised
as a cloud which is available in a pay-as-you-go manner to the general public, where private
clouds are internal data centres of an organisation, which have no connection to the general
public (Armbrust et al., 2009). The other forms of cloud computing can exist in the form of a
community cloud, which is shared by several organisations and supports a specific
community (Mell and Grance, 2009) and a hybrid cloud when a private cloud is supported by
a public one (Sotomayor et al., 2009).
Figure 2 | Different cloud forms
Concerning cloud computing, a few characteristics and features can be defined. In this study,
two fields of interest are being separated. Firstly, economic and operational features will be
discussed with regard to the new way of computing. The other field includes environmental
influence factors of cloud computing will be introduced and elaborated.
3.4.1 Economic and Operational Characteristics

The key characteristics that can be defined from prior research and existing academic
literature are accessibility, scalability and cost effectiveness.
Accessibility is referring to the extent to which cloud computing applications and resources
can be accessed from anywhere through any platform (Baker et al., 2002). All cloud features
can be used using a web browser or at a programme level using Web services standards
(Birman et al., 2009). A very important issue to this feature is that the use of the Internet
enabled the delivery of computing resources available from anywhere and independent of
the IT infrastructure of an organisation (Saya et al., 2010; Rochwerger et al., 2009; Erdogmus,
2009).
The level of scalability deals with the available computing resources that can be dynamically
adjusted to variable loads whenever there is a change in the number of users, required
storage capacity and processing power (Stanoevska-Slabeva et al., 2010). Scalability is
achieved through virtualisation where physical resources appear available to users, however
18
computing, storage and networking hardware and software are abstracted (Foster et al.,
2008). Because of this virtualisation, many programmes are able to run simultaneously as they
are only used on-demand. Cloud computing providers are setting up data centres at different
geographical locations all over the world to serve their users in the best and fastest way
possible. Existing systems however do not support the coordination of computing load to
split between these locations. Also, these providers are unable to predict the geographical
distribution of users loading their services (Buyya et al., 2009). Unfortunately, there is a lack of
testing protocols to do research on the real scalability of existing cloud computing services
(Birman et al., 2009).
Cost effectiveness can be seen as an attribute of cloud computing. It refers to the benefits
which can be derived from a computing resource and if that investment is worth its costs
(Wells et al., 2003). By the shift of IT infrastructure from on-premise to outside the
organisation, cloud computing can help to reduce the costs (Vaquero et al., 2009). Cloud
computing providers have constructed and are operating extremely large-scale, commodity-
computer-based data centres at low-cost locations and mainly leverage economies of scale
to decrease the costs of computing of five to seven percent (Armbrust et al., 2010). Providers
offer these resources at low cost in a pay-per-use manner, where users only pay for resources
they are actually using (De Assuncao et al., 2009).
While cloud computing shows many advantageous features by providing accessible, scalable
and cost-effective computing resources, users are focusing on what the cloud lacks. One of
the main concerns regarding this new technology is security (Dillon et al., 2010; Foster et al.,
2008). This concern refers to the ability to prevent unauthorised access or modification to
information in storage, processing or transit (Joshi et al., 2001). Cloud computing can increase
these risks as sensitive business data and information must be moved off of local server
storage to the cloud provider (Abadi, 2009). As this is one of the most identified risks in
academic literature, it is important to include this risk in this study.
3.4.2 Environmental Influence Factors

While the operational benefits of cloud computing have been widely discussed in earlier
studies, environmental factors have received less attention. Through the use of large shared
servers and storage units, cloud computing can offer energy savings in the provision of
computing and storage services.
There are however also some concerns considering the environment. Because of the
exponential growth of data centres required for cloud services, this raises sustainability
concerns. It will lead to increases in network traffic and associated network energy
consumption. The industry tries to overcome these problems by legislation, the operational
limit of power grids and potential financial benefits. Virtualisation is their primary solution.
19
Data centres exist in different shapes and sizes and will always have a mixture of equipment
and heat loads (Jing et al., 2011). A key concern which plays a significant role in data centre’s
energy efficiency is heat recirculation (Tang et al., 2008; Moore et al., 2005). There has been a
study on data centre cooling by directly reusing generated thermal energy for which the
ultimate aim was a zero-emission data centre (Brunschwiler et al., 2009). Taking advantage of
the environment can also significantly reduce the data centre energy consumption. Therefore,
data centres are mainly located at geographical locations where the climate is ideal for
operations. Also, the management of power consumption has led to a number of substantial
improvements in energy efficiency (Hermenier et al., 2006; Chase et al., 2001). Techniques,
such as virtualisation of computing resources and sleep scheduling improve energy efficiency
(Liu et al., 2009). Cloud computing compared to conventional computing has been evaluated
in previous studies and shown that it is significantly more sustainable (Baliga et al., 2011).
Furthermore, cloud computing providers are aiming at using renewable energy for the
production of its energy, therefore not overloading the grids and trying to be carbon neutral.
Most data centres are equipped with a hydroelectric station to ensure the use of green
energy.
20
Chapter 4: Conceptual Model
A concept is stronger than a fact.
(Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
4.1 Conceptual Framework

Based on the academic literature review on the subjects related to the current study, the
hypotheses have been formulated. To visualise the different attributes of this thesis, a
conceptual model is constructed below.
Figure 3 | Conceptual Framework of the Thesis
The six different risks that have been identified, have an influence on the ranking of real
options in the conceptual model. All options, except from the option to abandon, will have a
positive effect on the further course of adoption, may it be in different ways.
21
4.2 Hypotheses Development
In this section, the hypotheses for the current conceptual framework will be developed and
elaborated. Real options theory concerns managerial flexibility which is dealing with risks.
Flexibility represents the ability to react to a state of resolved risk, where the risk is the key
presence of flexibility (Bräutigam et al., 2003). Real option analysis relies on these risks in a
decision model where real options theory is used for a new IT implementation (Hilhorst,
2009). These risks are mentioned in the conceptual framework and will be discussed in the
following sections along with their hypotheses.
4.2.1 Institutional Influences Risk

Organisations are constantly responding to other organisations in their environment which
are in turn responding to their environment. These inter-organisational reactions can be
defined as institutional influences. In previous research, institutional influences have been
found positively related to the intention to adopt certain new technologies, such as Electronic
Data Interchange (Teo et al., 2003) and Radio Frequency Identification (Goswami et al., 2008).
There are three isomorphic pressures identified: coercive, mimetic and normative which will
be elaborated in this section (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983).
Regardless of the technical value of a new innovation or product, an organisation tries to

model itself after other organisations to confer status or social fitness (DiMaggio et al., 1983).
Especially with uncertain solutions or technologies, decision makers may resolve to mimetic
pressures from their surroundings to minimise searching costs, experimentation costs or to
avoid first-mover risks (Cyert and March, 1963; Levitt and March, 1988; Lieberman and
Montgomery, 1988). The regulative institutional pillar consists of rules, sanctions and
directives from various institutional organisations, such as governments, industry and trade
associations in the adoption process of cloud computing. The adoption of cloud computing
can be impeded by regulation at local, national and international level. It can range from data
privacy and access to audit requirements and data location requirements. When corporate
data are stored in the cloud, regulations such as Sarbanes-Oxley come into play. These
requirements can engage cloud computing customers into staging their adoption. Coercive
pressures may come mainly from dominant suppliers, customers and the parent corporation.
Prior knowledge or information about cloud computing is likely to generate an initial

awareness of the technology and influence the perceptions about its properties before
adopting (Frambach and Schillewaert, 2002). Managers may also be triggered by the different
influences, for example through connections in different networks, which can be
characterised as normative influences. Others may be forming perceptions by observing
previous adopters or through the persuasion by stakeholders, as mimetic and coercive
influences. Prior research has led to the insights that mimetic and coercive influences have
22
more impact on organisational behaviour than normative influences (Jennings and
Zandbergen, 1995).
Regulations give managers the obligation to move to the cloud, while managers may not be
ready to move all applications to the cloud provider yet. Also because of mimetic influences,
IT professionals may like to move to cloud computing, but not yet with all their applications
and data. Therefore the option to grow gives possibilities to managers to first deploy their
standard applications and later deploy other services to the cloud.
Also the possibility to stage is being enabled by giving the managers options to gradually
start the transition to the cloud.
H1: Institutional influences will lead to a higher valuation of the option to grow and the
option to stage, in comparison with the other options.
4.2.2 Key characteristics of Cloud Computing Risk

The adoption of cloud computing may generate growth options by enabling new business
applications (Saya et al., 2010). Cloud computing generally relies on large data sets which are
hosted in huge data centres with a high availability. Cloud computing resources are scalable
and therefore adjustable to different loads. The cost effectiveness of cloud computing is one
of the factors that steers growth options (Saya et al., 2010). However, the scalability factor of
cloud computing leads generally to an abandoning option (Saya et al., 2010).
The option for growth is highly valued by the decision maker, as this option enables the
organisation to fully exploit its cloud architecture in the future. Scalability makes it possible to
enlarge the computing resources used easily, while accessibility makes sure that users can
access the applications from anywhere on any device, which makes growth possible. Not only
desk workers are able to work with the applications, but people with handhelds will also
benefit from online accessibility. Cost effectiveness ensures that computing resources are
paid on a pay-per-use basis, which can be enhanced later when this growth has taken place.
The option to abandon is another highly valued factor, as it gives managers the freedom to
stop at any given time. Scalability is the main driver for this option, as altering scale of
resources is easily possible and the subscription can be stopped at any time.
H2: Key characteristics of cloud computing will lead to a higher valuation of the option
to grow and the option to abandon, in comparison with the other options.
4.2.3 Perceived Lack of Security Risk

One of the main issues related to cloud computing is the perceived lack of security. Because
all data is stored at the cloud provider, there is a possibility of data loss, due for instance to
23
the incompetence of the IT department of this cloud provider, or because misuse or theft of
data has taken place. Due to failures at the cloud provider, violations of the confidentiality of
the concerned data are a threat. Legal issues are also identified as important in most
industries.
The option to stage enables the decision maker to gradually outsource the data and check-
up at every step. Because of the perceived lack of security, the IT department is able to first
move less critical data to the cloud and after that move other applications, services and data
to the cloud.
The option to scale down will also reduce the risk of having your data off-premise. The
perceived lack of security enables this option, as it gives decision makers the option to slowly
make use of this new technology.
H3: The perceived lack of security will lead to a higher valuation of the option to stage
and the option to scale down, in comparison with the other options.
4.2.4 Perceived Improved CO2 emissions Risk

The awareness in environmental factors such as CO2 emissions and clean renewable energy
has grown through governmental norms and regulations. Organisations are striving for
lowering these emissions of their own IT equipment or looking for a reason to align this with
their social responsibility strategy to align with these regulations and lower impact on the
environment. By switching from on-premise mainframes or servers to the massive data
centres of cloud providers, CO2 emissions improvements can be made, which is likely for
managers to perceive as an advantage.
The most attractive option is to stage the project, which implies to move certain applications
step by step to the cloud. IT professionals cannot throw away their own IT equipment right
away and in order to make these improvements on carbon emissions, they are making a
move to the cloud application per application which leads to removal of one server at a time.
The second most attractive option is to use growth to use more applications in the cloud at
any time possible. IT professionals might see the opportunity to host additional users or
services not on their own equipment, but start these in the cloud. This creates growth options
to later even move more to the cloud, when for instance IT equipment has become obsolete.
H4: The perceived improved CO2 emissions will lead to a higher valuation of the option
to stage and the option to grow, in comparison with the other options.
24
4.2.5 Power Savings Risk
By moving to the cloud, managers can save on their power bill by turning off their on-
premise mainframes or servers because they are no longer in use. Also with expanding
business, it is possible to add cloud solutions to offer a hybrid solution. Because of lowering
power consumption when adopting cloud computing, it is likely for decision makers to
perceive this as an advantage.
The first option is to stage the project to move certain applications to the cloud. The decision
makers are thinking about what to do with their current equipment and are staging their
entrance into the cloud provision market.
The second option is to use growth to be able to make use of more applications in the cloud.
The IT department can choose to host additional services to the current services in the cloud
or add new users in a cloud solution, because of legacy equipment.
H5: Power savings will lead to a higher valuation of the option to stage and option to
grow, in comparison with the other options.
4.2.6 More Sustainable Method of Power Generated Risk

Environmental sustainable energy is promoted by many energy suppliers and governments.
Managers perceive this method of power production in line with their corporate social
responsibility strategy and are likely to engage in this movement. The move to a more
sustainable method of power generated is possible through the closure of renewable energy
contracts with energy providers or by own production of electricity.
The IT department of an organisation is able for the same reasons as mentioned above to
gradually move to the cloud and make use of the staging option.
Cloud providers are highly dependent of their own renewable energy and energy reuse is an
important aspect of their strategy to ensure the least power consumption. Therefore, the
option to grow is valued highly by managers.
H6: A more sustainable method of power generated will lead to a higher valuation of
the option to stage and option to grow, in comparison with the other options.
25
Chapter 5: Methodology
At all times it is better to have a method.
(Mark Caine)
5.1 Research design

In order to answer the research questions and the underlying hypotheses, a field experiment
is conducted with the use of Real Options Analysis. This kind of experiment is most suitable
for modelling real life situations. In case of ROA, hypothetical situations are presented to the
respondents, where they do not have to reveal their own situation. Each respondent is
presented with some scenario descriptions including the different variables and the different
options. The questionnaire was sent to IT professionals, which were at one hand IT managers
from different Dutch Microsoft partner companies and customers of Microsoft products.
Other Dutch IT professionals from different companies and industries were taken to ensure
validity of the sample group. The total number of IT professionals in the Netherlands can be
measured at 250.000 people, where around 80.000 can be counted as IT professionals on
managerial levels (ICT Office, 2012).
During this experiment four control variables were used, similar to Hilhorst et al. (2008) for
rival explanations for the influence of the perceived risk. Firstly, the number of cloud projects
that the respondent has assessed earlier, secondly the respondent’s prior cloud experience
(measured in years), thirdly the respondent’s experience in this sector and lastly, the risk
propensity. This last variable is included to measure the respondent’s tendency to risks, which
is measured using a five-item scale (Keil et al., 2000).
In developing the survey instrument, multiple item constructs were used. The complete
questionnaire is included in Appendix A. For every question, a seven point Likert scale (from
strongly disagree to strongly agree) was used to measure the perceived value.
The survey was produced in an online survey tool, which was then distributed through an e-
mail notification to the entire population. This approach was used to ensure a random sample
of IT professionals in different organisations. To achieve acceptable levels of measurement
reliability and validity, a pilot study was performed along with a pre-test, where the guidelines
suggested by Dillman (1991) were followed. The pre-testing was completed using faculty,
graduate student and practitioner input. Various experts in the field of cloud computing were
contacted for the testing of the different items in the instrument. Items were further clarified
where needed and the completion time of the questionnaire was timed in order to ensure the
instrument fit the potential time constraints of respondents in the final sample.
26
5.2 Data Description
The data which is gathered from the experiment is analysed by using SPSS. To perform an
analysis of the different valuations of options and which option is more preferable, Kruskal-
Wallis H-Test and paired-samples t-tests in the form of the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test
are performed. This form is especially suitable for smaller samples, like in this study. To test
the overall conceptual model, a regression analysis is performed. New variables are
computed by summing the average of the options that influence cloud adoption against the
option to abandon.
5.3 Limitations of Field Experiments

The use of field experiments has several limitations. The first limitation is that the outcomes
are not easily expandable to real life situations. This is because of the proposed real options
are not initially embedded in every cloud adoption project. The second limitation deals with
the assumption that the respondents are decision makers, while in real life they may not be.
Therefore, generalisation of the outcomes of this experiment is risky.
Concerning ROA, four limitations can be identified (Kumar, 2002). Firstly, the economic
valuation of these options and their uncertainty may be poorly estimated. This has been seen
in previous experiments and surveys (Busby and Pitts, 1997; Benaroch et al., 2007). Secondly,
interaction effects within the different real options are possible (Trigeorgis, 1996), but
assessing this is out of scope of this study. The third risk which has been identified is that it
may not always be clear that the most preferred option is actually exercised by the decision
maker (Taudes et al., 2000). The last problem is the uncertainty of when options are valid to
exercise.
5.4 Measurement of Concepts

In the development of the questionnaire, academic literature was searched for tests or scales
that were already developed, used and tested. Each measuring construct was generated from
existing measures (Moore and Benbasat, 1991). Construct definition played an important role
in the operationalisation of the research. A distinction was made between reflective and
formative constructs (Saya et al., 2010). Reflective constructs have indicators that are affected
by an underlying latent, unobservable construct (Jarvis et al, 2003). Changes in the underlying
constructs cause changes in the indicators and dropping an indicator should not harm the
conceptual domain of this study. Formative constructs are composites of multiple indicators,
where changes in the underlying construct are caused by changes in the indicators and may
alter the conceptual domain (Jarvis et al., 2003).
27
The first part of the study focuses on the respondents’ view on cloud computing, in regard of
institutional influences and some characteristics. These dimensions are measured my multiple
items for larger reliability and on a 7 point Likert scale. Concerning institutional influences, a
column was added in case a property was unknown to the respondent.
The second part consists of some scenarios where the respondent is asked to rank the
different options. The scenarios that are presented to the respondents are the following, at
one hand a substitute for the current e-mail, agenda en contacts application and at the other
hand a substitute for the current CRM application for customer accounts. These applications
were chosen because of their contrasts. The CRM application is designed for a specific group
within the organisation, while the e-mail, calendar and contacts application is used by
everyone and used familiar concepts.
Respondents were presented either the CRM or e-mail scenario with the information that the
provider used clean energy, CO2 neutral hardware and saves energy.
The third part consisted of demographics of the respondents. Their gender, age group, years
of experience with cloud computing and number of cloud projects were asked. Furthermore,
their experience in the IT industry was asked along with a risk propensity scale.
28
Chapter 6: Analysis &
Discussion
Although we often hear that data speak for themselves,
their voices can be soft and sly.
(Frederick Mostelle)
In this chapter, the analysis of the gathered data will be discussed. At first, some general
remarks will be made about the data and its characteristics. Then, each option type for all
scenarios is being evaluated along with their control variables. The data is analysed to test
the hypotheses and the total conceptual model is measured.
6.1 Demographics and General Characteristics

In this section, general demographics concerning the respondents are given. Of all
respondents to the survey (N = 155), there were 134 males (~ 86 %) and 21 females (~ 14 %),
which seems representative for the IT industry in the Netherlands. The most represented
group of IT professionals are between 36 and 45 years old (~ 48 %), followed by the age
group of more than 46 years old (~ 28 %). The least common age group are the IT
professionals under 25 (~ 4 %).
Most IT professionals had one or more years of experience with cloud projects, where most
of them had one to three years of experience with the cloud (~ 50 %) and done one to three
different cloud projects (~ 55%). The sample group was quite experienced, where more than
50 percent (~ 57 %) had ten or more years of working experience in the IT industry.
The different characteristics are captured in the graphs depicted below. These characteristics
hold for the whole sample of 155 respondents.
29
Gender Age
7 < 25
21 15
43
15 26-30
Female
31-35
Male
36-45
134
75 > 46
Years of Experience # Cloud computing

with Cloud implementations
Computing
6
41 Never
11 10
0-1
1-3
1-3
23 85 3-5
57
3-5
77 >5
>5
Years working in IT industry
7 5
<1
21
1-3
3-5
88 5-10
34
> 10
Figure 4 | Demographic data on sample (N = 155)
30
The experiment is conducted with two different scenarios in order to make a distinction in
risks between respondents. The overall risk propensity of the respondents has a mean of 3,44
on a 5-item scale with a standard deviation of 0,806. Interesting is to know if experience in IT
functions influences risk propensity of the different IT professionals. As shown in the figure
below, risk propensity shows a high willingness for risks when experience is gained, while
inexperienced IT professionals only show average willingness. This could be explained by the
fact that these people have not yet been in a position with real responsibilities to make this
kind of decisions yet. This has been evaluated in multiple studies, where experience of
decision makers and the evidence of overcoming their prior obstacles leads to undertake
risks that less experienced decision makers would not take (March & Shapira, 1987; Sitkin &
Pablo, 1992).
Willingness in
Risk Taking
High willingness
Fairly high willingness
Average willingness
Fairly low willingness
Low willingness
0-1 1-3 3-5 5-10 >10

Years of IT Experience
Figure 5 | Willingness ranked on experience
6.2 Scales Reliability

Some of the scales measuring institutional influences, accessibility, scalability, cost
effectiveness, lack of security and the different environmental factors have been tested and
validated in other studies. The reliability of multiple item scales refers to establishing whether
the items within a scale measure a single concept.
A Cronbach’s Alpha test can be carried out on all scales in the current study to determine
their internal reliability. In general, it is accepted for Cronbach’s Alphas to have a value higher
than 0,7 in order for the scale to be considered reliable in measuring the concept. However,
occasionally it may be accepted for values that are higher than 0,5, especially for exploratory
31
research (Lewis et al., 2005). Deleting an item from any of the concepts could only provide a
very minor increase in Cronbach’s Alpha; therefore no items have been deleted. They provide
valuable data for an analysis of the concepts for this study and no Cronbach’s Alpha is below
0,7.
Construct # Items Cronbach’s Alpha

Institutional influences 6 0,817
Accessibility 3 0,758
Scalability 3 0,924
Cost effectiveness 3 0,793
Lack of security 3 0,895
Environmental factors 3 0,891
Table 2 | Cronbach's Alpha for Constructs
6.3 Means, Variances & Medians

The following sections discuss the means and variances for all variables which were measured
in the experiment, such as the institutional influences, key attributes and finally each option
of the different scenarios. The means and variances show the most preferred real option for
each scenario in ranked order. Furthermore the medians are calculated to show if the data is
distributed along normal distribution.
6.3.1 Means and Variances for Institutional Influences

The first section of the questionnaire consists of six items used to measure the respondents’
vision on adoption of cloud computing in the institutional atmosphere. Respondents
specified the extent to which the suggested institutions were using cloud computing.
Responses were measured on a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 denotes “Is not used at all” and
7 “Is used solely” and a eighth factor where respondents could fill in that they did not know.
The “do not know” answers were filtered out of the responses.
32
2 3 4 5 6
Suppliers Customers Strategic Partners Competition Industry Government
Figure 6 | Institutional influences ranking (1 = Not used at all; 7 = Used solely); N = 138
Concerning the adoption by suppliers, the mean was 4,49 (standard deviation 1,326) where
33 % scored 3 and 36 % scored 6. Sixteen respondents were unaware of cloud adoption by
their suppliers. For the cloud adoption by customers, respondents indicated a mean of 4,07
(standard deviation 1,264) where 35 % scored a 4. Strategic partners were considered more
progressive towards cloud adoption (mean 4,89; standard deviation 1,149), as 42 % scored a
6, while competition was seen neutrally (43 % scored a 4; mean 4,04; standard deviation
0,924). Also industry was highly valued concerning the adoption of cloud (40 % scored a 5;
mean 4,50; standard deviation 1,01), while institutions like governmental organisations
seemed to lack in cloud adoption (mean 3,23; standard deviation 0,902).
6.3.2 Means and Variances for Key attributes of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing were measured through different questions which
were used in earlier studies. Environmental questions were added to include this in the
current study. Cloud computing was assessed quite positive by respondents with all means
higher than the score of 4.
33
Mean Std.
Deviation
I have access to my data everywhere (independent of location)
5,34 1,70
I have access to my data with any system (independent of system)

4,35 2,01
Cloud computing is not sensitive for errors.

4,79 1,40
Cloud computing is able to adapt to needs due to scalable

5,40 1,53
resources.
Cloud computing is able to work on different loads.
4,99 1,89
Cloud computing is able to adapt to easily scale resources.

5,37 1,56
Cloud computing applications are well priced.

4,37 1,12
Cloud computing offers value for money.

4,75 1,59
Cloud computing is a good product for the current price.

4,39 1,28
Cloud computing is able to save my critical data.

5,03 1,51
Cloud computing is able to perform monetary transactions.

5,10 1,39
Cloud computing is able to download my company critical data

5,16 1,46
and software.
Cloud computing uses renewable energy.
4,30 1,52
Cloud computing ensures lowering of carbon emissions.

4,81 1,70
Cloud computing ensures less usage of power.

4,95 1,68
Table 3 | Means & Variances of Survey Results
6.4 Scenario Validation

Respondents were presented a random selection of two different scenarios. Scenario 1 dealt
with the Mail, Calendar and Contacts Application with Environmental Information stating that
the cloud provider makes use of sustainable energy, uses hardware that is carbon neutral and
saves energy and the CRM Application without this information. Scenario 2 was vice versa
and the order of presentation was randomly selected.
34
The first scenario was distributed to 66 respondents where the option to stage and the option
to grow are most preferred. The means and variances show the most preferred real option for
each scenario and how much the other options deviate from the mean. Also the mean
differences are presented, using Wilcoxon ranking method also stating the significance of this
ranking.
Mail, Contacts CRM Application Mean Z Sig.

and Calendar Without Difference
Application With Environmental
Environmental Information
Information
Stage 5,26 / 0,900 5,48 / 0,881 -0,220 -1,481 0,139
Growth 4,62 / 1,423 4,36 / 1,495 0,260 -1,036 0,300
Scale 3,53 / 1,026 0,380 -2,780 0,005

3,91 / 0,818
down
Switch -1,413 0,158
3,86 / 1,122 3,61 / 0,909 0,250
use
Defer 2,20 / 0,789 2,44 / 1,360 -0,240 -0,952 0,341
Abandon 1,15 / 0,588 1,58 / 1,164 -0,430 -2,937 0,003

Table 4 | Means and Variances for Scenario 1 (N = 66)
The second scenario was presented to 89 respondents, where the option to stage and the
option to grow were the most valued options. The means and variances show the most
preferred real option for each scenario and how much the other options deviate from the
mean. Also the mean differences are presented, using Wilcoxon ranking method also stating
the significance of this ranking.
35
CRM Application Mail, Contacts Mean Z Sig.
With and Calendar Difference
Environmental Application
Information Without
Environmental
Information
Stage 5,19 / 0,890 5,55 / 0,784 -0,360 -3,561 0,000
Growth 4,12 / 1,601 4,39 / 1,411 -0,270 -1,889 0,059
Scale -2,771 0,006

3,90 / 1,108 3,55 / 0,942 0,350
down
Switch -2,169 0,030
3,83 / 1,100 4,03 / 0,935 -0,200
Use
Defer 2,21 / 1,071 2,08 / 0,787 0,130 -1,337 0,181
Abandon 1,74 / 1,549 1,39 / 0,912 0,350 -1,991 0,047

Table 5 | Means and Variances for Scenario 2 (N = 89)
6.5 Hypotheses Validation

This section focuses on the validation of the different hypotheses with the use of multiple
comparisons. Furthermore the variables of the hypotheses are tested on their significance.
The outcomes and the acceptance or rejection of the different hypotheses are discussed.
Using Kruskal-Wallis H test, the different valuations for the options have been found (Krusal
and Wallis, 1952). It is the non-parametric equivalent of the parametric One Way Analysis of
Variance (One-way ANOVA) where the Kruskal-Wallis H test is a variant where ranks are used.
All ranks have been summed where a mean rank value is calculated. The higher this mean
rank value, the higher the option has been ranked with regard to the score on that variable.
The scale is linear. The significance of these findings are computed and mentioned in the
tables.
6.5.1 Institutional influences

The first hypothesis tests the real options valuation under conditions of institutional
influences. In the hypothesis the option to grow and the option to stage are proposed to be
more favourable than the others.
Table 7 shows the comparison between the different mean ranks for the real options in this
study. The table has been ordered along the score which respondents gave to the different
36
institutional influences combined. The most highly valuated options are the option to
abandon and the option to switch use. The differences between the different options are
however not very large, especially between the top three rated options.
Score 2 3 4 5 6 Sig. Normalised

N 1 2 49 68 35 values
Real Options Mean Rank
Abandon 154,5 144,00 79,53 89,06 77,21 0,036 12651,08
Switch use 92,50 78,75 54,33 89,06 89,20 0,000 12063,72
Stage 1,00 64,50 73,98 69,20 103,70 0,001 12038,82
Scale Down 69,50 52,75 97,41 67,85 72,24 0,006 11557,45

Defer 150,50 145,00 83,83 83,75 52,77 0,000 11431,68
Growth 6,00 3,00 70,97 74,24 79,03 0,020 11155,60

Table 6 | Mean ranks between real options and Institutional Influences
The hypothesis that institutional influences lead to a higher valuation of the option to grow is
not supported (Hypothesis 1a). It has been rated the lowest of all options. However the
option to stage has been highly valuated and this option has been found significant.
Therefore, the hypothesis that institutional influences lead to a higher valuation of the option
to stage is supported (Hypothesis 1b).
6.5.2 Key characteristics of cloud computing

The second hypothesis treats the valuation of real options concerning the identified key
characteristics of cloud computing. The option to grow and the option to abandon are
proposed to be more highly valued than the other options.
Table 8 shows the comparison between the different mean ranks for the real options in this
analysis, influenced by the key characteristics of cloud computing: accessibility, scalability and
cost effectiveness. The option to stage and the option to grow are the most highly valued
options. Valuations between the different options is very close and all results were considered
significant.
37
Score 2 3 4 5 6 Sig. Normalised
N 14 7 47 77 10 values
Stage 69,71 43,79 56,54 98,02 60,25 0,000 10970,74

Growth 78,25 33,71 78,61 74,11 135,75 0,000 10870,99
Switch use 42,29 43,29 101,89 76,02 55,25 0,000 10766,25
Scale Down 108,07 21,50 64,38 87,51 66,25 0,000 10649,45
Abandon 79,00 128,21 91,98 68,62 48,00 0,000 10299,07
Defer 98,89 136,00 83,04 66,18 75,50 0,000 10249,15
Table 7 | Mean ranks between real options and the key characteristics of cloud computing
Therefore, the hypothesis that the key characteristics of cloud computing lead to a higher
valuation of the option to stage (Hypothesis 2a), is supported. However, the option to
abandon is the penultimate valuated option, and therefore Hypothesis 2b is not supported.
6.5.3 Perceived Lack of Security

The third hypothesis tests the valuation of the different real options in the light of the
perceived lack of security. The options to stage and the options to scale down are proposed
to be more highly valued than the others.
Table 9 shows the ranking of the different means along the axis of the perceived lack of
security. The options to scale down and the option to switch use are the most highly valuated
options.
38
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sig. Normalised
N 78 21 26 1 10 2 values
Scale down 59,12 82,57 73,85 60,00 120,3 31,50 0,000 4018,92
Switch use 61,51 61,81 105,6 37,00 62,35 44,75 0,000 3779,22
Abandon 61,91 77,55 68,17 127,00 95,90 137,50 0,001 3741,27
Defer 73,22 45,90 77,96 132,50 48,30 136,50 0,000 3332,97
Stage 74,89 103,98 47,67 3,50 31,85 2,25 0,000 3106,67
Growth 86,99 51,60 51,10 19,00 36,60 4,50 0,000 2968,84
Table 8 | Mean ranks between real options and the perceived lack of security
The option to stage is not highly valuated and therefore Hypothesis 3a is not supported. The
perceived lack of security has an influence on the valuation of the option to scale down and
led to a higher valuation of that option. Therefore, Hypothesis 3b is supported.
6.5.4 Improved CO2 Emissions

The fourth hypothesis deals with the perceived improved CO2 emissions and real options. The
option to stage and the option to grow are proposed to be more highly valued than the
other options.
In Table 10, the ranking is shown of the different real options along the axis of improved CO2
emissions. The option to grow and the option to scale down are the most highly valuated
options.
39
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sig. Normalised
N 2 10 22 51 9 19 42 values
Real Mean Rank

Options
Growth 4,50 39,90 70,55 69,9 90,44 55,42 111,86 0,000 8999,63
Scale 0,002
down 36,25 73,50 89,66 74,78 50,50 113,03 68,90 8304,24
Stage 2,50 62,60 82,95 91,44 78,22 67,74 70,94 0,020 8212,01
Abandon 154,5 80,75 82,82 74,51 78,61 77,79 75,38 0,194 8165,34
Defer 152,25 111,80 76,02 78,65 82,83 56,87 75,19 0,003 7988,40
Switch 0,000
use 55,25 140,00 70,75 83,31 88,33 73,66 61,42 7857,83
Table 9 | Mean ranks between real options and Improved CO2 Emissions
Hypothesis 4a is not supported as the option to stage is not highly valued as a real option
concerning CO2 emissions. The option to grow however is the most highly valued option and
therefore Hypothesis 4b is supported.
6.5.5 Power Savings

The fifth hypothesis that was set up, tests the link between the perceived power savings when
moving to the cloud and the different real options. The option to stage and the option to
grow are proposed to be more highly valued than the others.
Table 11 shows the ranking of the different options. The most highly valuated options are the
option to grow and the option to stage.
40
N 7 10 21 63 15 24 15 values
Real Mean Rank

Options
Growth 37,71 39,90 73,00 78,25 59,20 121,92 76,67 0,000 7918,11
Stage 50,50 62,60 86,71 68,16 121,67 75,65 90,33 0,000 7678,29
Scale 0,003
down 22,43 73,50 90,62 80,46 118,03 65,44 59,00 7440,37
Abandon 128,21 80,75 80,14 73,21 71,17 72,56 85,37 0,022 7251,49
Switch 0,000
use 53,93 140,00 71,86 84,87 53,50 71,44 62,67 7138,88
Defer 135,5 111,8 72,76 78,47 54,83 53,38 96,57 0,000 7068,81
Table 10 | Mean ranks between real options and Power Savings
Hypothesis 5a is supported, because the option to stage is one of the highest valued options.
Also Hypothesis 5b is supported, as the option to grow is the most highly valued option.
6.5.6 Method of Power Generated

The sixth hypothesis scores the different options and their relationship with a more
sustainable method of power generated. The option to stage and the option to grow are
proposed to be more highly valued than the other options.
In Table 12, the ranking is shown of the different real options along the axis of a more
sustainable method of power generated. The option to stage and the option to grow are the
most highly valuated options.
41
N 2 10 14 55 3 28 43 values
Real Mean Rank

Options
Growth 4,50 39,9 65,04 83,77 43,83 46,09 110,28 0,000 9080,42
Scale 0,000
down 36,25 73,50 48,50 69,67 67,33 133,50 65,85 8880,81
Abandon 154,5 80,75 85,43 67,45 111,33 80,63 80,84 0,029 8557,10
Stage 2,50 62,60 108,93 81,98 68,00 86,14 65,33 0,000 8431,93
Switch 0,000
use 55,25 140,00 114,07 72,28 80,00 58,82 72,56 8075,05
Defer 152,25 111,8 62,61 91,99 122,17 51,79 67,79 0,000 8049,43
Table 11 | Mean ranks between real options and Sustainable Method of Power Generated
Hypothesis 6a is not supported, as the option to stage is not one of the most highly valued
options. Hypothesis 6b is however supported as the option to grow is the most highly valued
option concerning a greener method of power generated.
6.6 Conceptual Model Validation

In order to test the relationships within the conceptual model and thus the main research
question, a regression analysis is conducted. This analysis measures the influence of the
independent variables on the dependent variable, in this case real options on the investment
in cloud computing influenced by institutional influences, key characteristics, perceived lack
of security and the different environmental factors.
The dependent variable was not directly asked in the survey, but had to be constructed from
the different options. The adoption decision is defined as the adoption of cloud computing
by the respondents if they prefer the option to grow, the option to stage, the option to scale
down, the option to switch use or the option to defer. The option to abandon is left out,
because this is the option to not invest in cloud computing.
The regression analysis shows the Betas for each variable which indicates how much the
decision is influenced by this particular variable. These calculated Betas indicate a causal
relation between the different risks in the conceptual model as the independent variables and
the investment in cloud projects as the dependent variable.
42
6.6.1 Scenarios without Environmental Information
In the regression analysis on the investments where no environmental information was given,
the following results were found. There seemed to be a difference between the two different
applications.
In the CRM application, the most influential variables were gender, the years of experience in
an IT function and the power generated variable, followed by accessibility. Accessibility was
also considered a highly significant value (p = 0,014), as well as Years in IT Function and
Gender. The most significant environmental value was the Method of Power Generated
variable, which was significant at the p < 0,10 level.
The e-mail, calendar and contacts application seemed more positively influenced by years of
cloud experience and power savings and negatively on CO2 improvements. The Power
Savings variable was also highly significant (p = 0,000) and had a high Beta outcome (1,146).
The overall models had an adjusted R Square, or descriptive value of 65,7 % (CRM) and 53,8
% (Mail).
In Figure 7 all Betas are shown, where the different variables are in order of highest average
value. In Table 12 all variables are ranked in the same order and their T-value and significance
is presented.
43
1,220
1,146
0,649
BETAS IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS
0,570
0,539
0,462
0,427
0,412
0,396
0,315
0,306
0,298
0,296
0,250
0,225
0,199
0,111
0,093
0,078
0,037
0,023
-0,068
-0,095
-0,146
-0,151
-0,168
-0,261
-0,269
-0,297
-0,314
-0,332
-0,348
-0,349
-0,357
-0,386
-0,425
-0,446
-0,452
-0,588
-0,602
-0,984
-1,030
YEARS OF CLOUD EXPERIENCE
ACCESSIBILITY
CO2 IMPROVEMENTS
PERCEIVED LACK OF SECURITY
CLOUD PROJECTS EXPERIENCE

COST EFFECTIVENESS
METHOD OF POWER GENERATED
SCALABILITY
RISK PROPENSITY
INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES
POWER SAVINGS
YEARS IN IT FUNCTION
AGE
GENDER
CRM Without EI Mail Without EI Average
Figure 7 | Regression results of Scenarios without Environmental Information (N = 155)
CRM Without EI Mail Without EI

Beta T-value Sig. Beta T-value Sig.
Years of Cloud Experience 0,078 0,383 0,704 1,220 6,444 0,000
Power Savings -0,068 -0,328 0,744 1,146 5,263 0,000
Risk Propensity 0,315 2,105 0,040 0,296 1,699 0,094
Accessibility 0,396 2,538 0,014 0,199 1,706 0,092
Years in IT Function 0,462 2,365 0,022 0,037 0,223 0,824
Cost Effectiveness 0,023 0,143 0,886 0,427 3,426 0,001
Gender 0,570 2,835 0,007 -0,348 -3,377 0,001
Method of Power Generated 0,412 1,921 0,060 -0,602 -2,964 0,004
Perceived Lack of Security -0,386 -2,675 0,010 -0,151 -1,066 0,290
Scalability -0,425 -2,254 0,028 -0,168 -1,382 0,171
CO2 Improvements -0,349 -1,497 0,140 -0,314 -1,382 0,171
Age -0,452 -1,811 0,076 -0,261 -1,27 0,208
Institutional Influences -0,984 -5,549 0,000 0,093 0,638 0,526
Cloud Projects Experience -0,146 -0,710 0,481 -1,030 -5,454 0,000
Table 12 | Regression Results in Scenarios without Environmental Information (N = 155)
44
6.6.2 Scenarios with Environmental Information
Concerning scenarios where environmental information about the certain applications were
given, the following results were found.
In the CRM substitute, the most important variables influencing the cloud investment
decision seemed to be the perceived power savings, risk propensity, accessibility and the
years in an IT function. These values were also significant (p < 0,10). Scalability and the Power
Generated variable seemed to negatively influence the adoption of cloud computing
significantly (p = 0,001).
With regard to the e-mail, calendar and contacts application, the most important variables
seemed to be risk propensity, accessibility, cost effectiveness and the perceived lack of
security. Overall these variables were less significant as their CRM equivalent, but risk
propensity is also highly significant and seemed to have a great influence in the adoption
decision.
The overall adjusted R Squares of both models were 40,3 % (CRM) and 41,8 % (Mail). The
Betas are shown in Figure 8, where the different variables are in order of highest average
value. In Table 13 all variables are ranked in the same order and their T-value and significance
is presented.
45
0,914
0,627
0,581
0,465
0,456
0,446
0,388
0,368
0,339
BETAS IN REGRESSION ANALYSIS
0,274
0,273
0,200
0,179
0,176
0,16
0,106
0,097
0,078
0,067
0,063
0,052
0,044
0,025
0,021
-0,008
-0,011
-0,025
-0,041
-0,09
-0,139
-0,173
-0,177
-0,181
-0,186
-0,281
-0,316
-0,346
-0,451
-0,458
-0,474
-0,626
-0,777
CLOUD PROJECTS EXPERIENCE
COST EFFECTIVENESS
SCALABILITY
RISK PROPENSITY

ACCESSIBILITY
INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES
POWER SAVINGS
CO2 IMPROVEMENTS

AGE
GENDER
CRM With EI Mail With EI Average
Figure 8 | Regression results of Scenarios with Environmental Information (N = 155)
CRM With EI Mail With EI

Beta T-value Sig. Beta T-value Sig.
Risk Propensity 0,339 1,710 0,091 0,914 5,940 0,000
Accessibility 0,465 3,513 0,001 0,446 2,781 0,008
Power Savings 0,581 2,352 0,021 -0,181 -0,841 0,404
Years of Cloud Experience 0,368 1,710 0,091 -0,011 -0,052 0,958
Cost Effectiveness 0,078 0,550 0,584 0,274 1,669 0,101
Gender 0,160 1,371 0,175 0,052 0,252 0,802
Years in IT Function 0,273 1,461 0,148 -0,139 -0,691 0,493
Institutional Influences 0,063 0,380 0,705 0,025 0,110 0,913
Perceived Lack of Security -0,346 -2,149 0,035 0,388 2,612 0,012
CO2 Improvements -0,008 -0,033 0,974 -0,041 -0,170 0,866
Age -0,451 -1,931 0,057 0,097 0,378 0,707
Cloud Projects Experience -0,090 -0,420 0,676 -0,281 -1,332 0,189
Scalability -0,458 -3,311 0,001 -0,173 -0,890 0,378
Method of Power Generated -0,777 -3,369 0,001 -0,474 -2,149 0,036
Table 13 | Regression Results in Scenarios with Environmental Information (N = 155)
46
6.6.3 CRM Application
In order to compare the different results between the scenarios with and without
environmental information, these have been plotted in Figure 9. Few variables seem to be
consistent with each other. Power savings has a positive influence on the adoption of the
CRM application and also highly significant (p = 0,021). Accessibility as one of the key
characteristics of cloud computing is also viewed as a positive factor in the adoption of the
CRM application, where these results are in both cases highly significant (p < 0,05). Risk
Propensity is also a constant factor in both scenarios. In the CRM application there can be
found a positive relation when environmental information is given with regard to the
recognition of that variable and its influence. Power savings and CO2 improvements lead to a
higher valuation, while the method of power generated has a very high negative impact on
the use of this CRM application in the cloud.
0,8
0,6
Beta of Regression Analysis
0,4
0,2
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1
Without Environmental Information With Environmental Information Average
Figure 9 | Regression analysis on CRM Application With and Without Environmental Information (N = 155)
6.6.4 E-mail, Calendar and Contacts Application

Also in the adoption of the E-mail, Calendar and Contacts application, risk propensity has a
significant positive role in the adoption, as well as accessibility. The environmental factor
power savings plays a highly significant and very positive role in the adoption of the e-mail
application where no environmental information is given. Cost effectiveness in the adoption
of this application is also seen as an important variable. For a visual presentation of the
differences between the two scenarios, the Betas have been plotted in Figure 10. In contrast
to the CRM application, where environmental information is given, power savings have a
47
lower impact on the use of this application than in the situation with this information. CO 2
improvements, however have a positive effect.
1,5
1
Beta of Regression Analysis
0,5
-0,5
-1
-1,5
Without Environmental Information With Environmental Information Average
Figure 10 | Regression analysis on CRM Application With and Without Environmental Information (N =
155)
6.7 Main Findings

This section discusses the main findings from the experiment conducted to give an overall
description of the study and its outcomes.
Table 14 shows that under different conditions, one without environmental information and
one with environmental information, the chosen options are similar. IT professionals choose
to stage the project or use growth options to later make full use of the cloud. A Wilcoxon test
of mean rankings was performed to rank the different means. The results of the option to
stage and the option to scale down were found significant.
48
Without With Mean Z Sig.
Environmental Environmental Difference
Information Information
Stage 5,52 / 0,824 5,22 / 0,892 0,30 -3,628 0,000
Growth 4,38 / 1,443 4,34 / 1,543 0,04 -0,824 0,410
Switch -0,304 0,761

3,85 / 0,945 3,85 / 1,106 0,00
Use
Scale -3,886 0,000
3,54 / 0,975 3,90 / 0,992 -0,36
Down
Defer 2,23 / 1,080 2,21 / 0,958 -0,02 -0,306 0,759
Abandon 1,47 / 1,028 1,49 / 1,266 -0,02 -0,188 0,851

Table 14 | Ranking of the real options with and without environmental information
In the light of the IT investment that IT professionals were asked to make, the overall
influence of the different variables is analysed using regression analysis. The outcomes of this
analysis can be found in Figure 11. The overall analysis can be identified as significant (p =
0,000), where the adjusted R Square is 38,3 %.
0,6
0,4
0,2
BETAS
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
CO2 IMPROVEMENTS *
INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES *
AGE
CLOUD PROJECTS EXPERIENCE *
GENDER

POWER SAVINGS

RISK PROPENSITY
COST EFFECTIVENESS
SCALABILITY
ACCESSIBILITY
Figure 11 | Influences on Cloud Investment (N = 155); Variables marked with * are not significant at p =0,1
49
As can be derived from Figure 11, accessibility has the highest influence on the investment in
cloud computing, which is also highly significant (See Table 14). These results are in line with
previous studies (Saya et al., 2010; Erdogmus, 2008). Risk Propensity was another very
significant variable found to be influential in the decision to adopt cloud computing, which is
supported in another research done on the adoption of IaaS (Heinle & Strebel, 2010). The
experience an IT decision maker has in his or her IT function also positive influenced the
adoption of cloud computing. The influence of experience has been studied previously and
results in this study are according to prior research (March & Shapira, 1987; Sitkin & Pablo,
1992).
Power savings is the first environmental variable that has a significant positive influence on
the adoption of cloud computing, which is also found in previous studies (Berl et al., 2009).
Gender influenced the adoption of cloud computing in a way that males were more
progressive toward the concept than females. The improvements in carbon emissions seem
to have a low impact and also did not significantly influence the model, as well as institutional
influences and number of cloud projects an IT professional had assessed.
The perceived lack of security has a negative effect on the adoption of cloud computing,
which is according to prior research (Saya et al., 2010; Foster et al., 2008). Scalability had a
quite negative influence on the decision to move to the cloud which was highly significant
and in line with prior study results (Saya et al., 2010). The method of Power Generated also
impeded the adoption of cloud computing where managers did not perceive these as
beneficial. Lastly, age had the most negative influence of all variables, where the older
generations perceived the move to cloud computing less attractive than younger IT
professionals.
Beta T-value Sig.

Accessibility 0,525 5,055 0,000
Risk Propensity 0,392 2,984 0,003
Years in IT Function 0,312 2,596 0,010
Power Savings 0,277 2,073 0,040
Gender 0,277 2,467 0,015
Years of Cloud Experience 0,225 1,716 0,088
Cost Effectiveness 0,188 1,767 0,079
CO2 Improvements 0,026 0,176 0,861
Institutional Influences -0,031 -0,279 0,781
Cloud Projects Experience -0,133 -0,948 0,345
Perceived Lack of Security -0,279 -2,894 0,004
Scalability -0,447 -4,512 0,000
Method of Power Generated -0,469 -3,302 0,001
Age -0,489 -3,146 0,002
Table 15 | Results from Regression Analysis on Adoption of Cloud Computing (N = 155)
50
6.8 Discussion
In this section the acceptance or rejection of the different hypotheses will be discussed based
from the available data.
Hypothesis 1a is supported because the option to grow was ranked third. Respondents
valuated the option to switch use more highly, the normalised values however do not show a
giant gap between the two options and the option to stage received a higher mean rank
where respondents scored the option to stage most highly and was only ranked with the
value 2 once. The option to stage has been valuated higher than other options and therefore
Hypothesis 1b is supported. These options have been characterised in prior research (Cyert
and March, 1963; Levitt and March; 1988; Lieberman and Montgomery, 1988). Therefore the
results in this study are according to other studies and can therefore be generalised.
Hypothesis 2a was supported, because the option to grow was the second highest valuated
option, with little difference with the most highly valuated option. Accessibility and cost
effectiveness led to the higher valuation of this option in comparison with the others, which is
line with prior research (Saya et al., 2010). The second hypothesis (2b) however was not
supported. The option to abandon was the least valuated option. The key characteristics cost
effectiveness and accessibility were more influential in the decision the IT professionals were
assessing than the scalability of cloud computing. It is assumed that IT professionals are more
aware of these variables as these have come to mind in previous adoptions. Therefore the
option to abandon received less attention and was valued lower.
Because of the low valuation of the option to stage, Hypothesis 3a is not supported. IT
professionals did not want to grasp the opportunities of growth options concerning the
perceived lack of security. The option to scale down and switch use were valued higher. This
might be explained by the fact that IT professionals perceive the lack of security as a higher
risk than was expected and try other strategies to pursue the adoption of cloud computing.
Hypothesis 3b however is supported, as it receives the highest valuation of all options.
Scaling down was perceived an attractive option where IT professionals were able to alter the
51
scale of their cloud computing applications easily, which is in line with prior studies
(Erdogmus, 2008).
Hypothesis 4a is not supported, because the option to stage is not valued very highly and the
difference between the different ranks is significant and quite large. IT professionals did not
perceive the improved carbon emissions to be beneficial to stage the project. This could be
explained by the fact that IT professionals are more aware of growth options to grasp future
opportunities. Also staging might not have the effect of a beneficial factor to IT professionals.
Hypothesis 4b is supported, because the option to grow is the most highly valuated option.
Carbon emissions led to a high valuation of this option where the decision maker was able to
use growth options to enable cloud computing in the future.
Both hypotheses concerning power savings were supported (5a and 5b). The option to grow
and the option to stage are highly valuated concerning this variable. The results were also
significant, which leads to the conclusion that these are correct. IT professionals consider that
power savings will positively influence the adoption of cloud computing and use growth and
staging options to do so. This could be explained by the fact that IT professionals
immediately see the results of their actions when their own IT equipment is moved to the
cloud. Not only in terms of power savings and protecting the environment, but also in costs.
Hypothesis 6a is not supported, as the option to stage is not highly valued. The option to
scale down and the option to abandon were considered more highly, although the option to
abandon was less significant. IT professionals do not see a greener way of power generated
to be beneficially for using staging options, which could be explained that IT professionals
would like to take profit of green energy from the start and enlarge their influence on the
cloud provider.
Growth options however are the highest valued options, which leads to the acceptance of
Hypothesis 6b. Respondents rated the option to grow highly to capitalise on the future
possibilities of the cloud and a greener method of energy. An explanation might be that IT
professionals are aware of the greener method of energy and through growth options can
grasp on using future applications and not using traditional energy supply.
52
Chapter 7: Conclusions
In the dime stores and bus stations, people talk of situations,
read books, repeat quotations, draw conclusions on the wall.
(Bob Dylan)
This final thesis chapter answers the research questions, which were stated in section 2.2. The
answers are based on the data analysis from the field experiment by means of an online
survey. In this chapter, we will first look at the effects of environmental sustainable factors
and the implications on the research questions. This chapter concludes with the limitations of
the research, academic relevance, practical relevance and ideas for future research on this
topic.
7.1 The organisational move to cloud computing

The study performed in this thesis was triggered by the problem statement which was
introduced in an earlier section. The problem statement about how an organisational move
to cloud computing was influenced by environmental factors, resulted in two different
research questions. How do environmental factors influence the decision to move to the
cloud and which environmental factors encourage this investment in cloud computing.
Institutional influences were considered important in the move to adopting cloud computing.
These concern the influences IT professionals perceive from their environment, being
suppliers, customers, industry or governmental institutions and in forms of mimetic, coercive
or normative influences (Scott, 1995; 2004). In prior research these were found to affect
organisations in adopting Electronic Data Interchange and Radio Frequency Identification
(Teo et al., 2003; Goswami et al., 2008). The recognition of institutional influences led to IT
decision makers preferring the option to stage and the option to grow, where these IT
professionals could gradually start with using cloud computing and later fully exploiting the
power of the cloud. In this study however these influences did not seem significant nor of
great importance in the overall adoption of cloud computing.
The key characteristics of cloud computing, which were captured in scalability, accessibility
and cost effectiveness were introduced as being influential on a cloud computing investment.
The characteristics together were proposed to lead to higher valuation of the option to grow
and the option to abandon. The option to grow was highly valued by respondents, but the
option to abandon was not recognised. Overall accessibility and cost effectiveness were more
influential than scalability. Scalability is perceived in the overall model to be negatively
53
influencing the adoption of cloud computing, while accessibility is the strongest factor in this
adoption. Cost effectiveness is also viewed as a positive factor in adopting the cloud.
The perceived lack of security was a risk which was identified in prior research (Foster et al.,
2008). The option to scale down is highly valued, where IT professionals are easily able to
alter the scale of their cloud projects. Overall, the perceived lack of security has a negative
influence on the adoption of cloud computing, which is in line with prior research.
In this study a few environmental variables were proposed, which were improved carbon
emissions, power savings and a more sustainable method of power generated. Concerning
improved CO2 emissions, it was hypothesised that this variable will lead to a higher valuation
of the option to grow. This variable was unfortunately not significant in the results of the
regression analysis. Power savings were considered more influential in the overall adoption of
cloud computing where the option to stage and the option to grow were most highly valued
by IT professionals to adopt cloud computing. A more sustainable method of power
generated led to a negative outcome concerning the adoption of cloud computing, although
growth options were identified.
7.2 Overall conclusion

The most highly valued options overall were the option to stage and the option to grow the
cloud project. These two options were the most popular actions for respondents to take
together with the option to switch use. The other real options to mitigate the different risks;
the option to abandon, defer or scale down were perceived less interesting by the
respondents.
To answer the research questions, all variables seem to have a different impact on the
decision to move to the cloud. The variables which were perceived most influential were the
key characteristic accessibility, the risk the decision maker took and his or her experience in
IT. The first environmental factor of substantial positive impact on the cloud project was
power savings. Another environmental factor with a slight positive impact on the decision to
move to the cloud was the improved carbon emissions. The more sustainable method of
power generated had a very high negative impact on the decision. Overall, environmental
information seems to have a positive impact on the adoption of cloud computing. Especially
power savings are the enabling factor in the environmental side of cloud computing.
All variables affect the investment in the cloud project through managerial flexibility and real
options. Although the risk propensity of the respondents was rated slightly above average,
they still are not willing to take the risk to immediately start the investment.
54
The option to stage is a move of decision makers to mitigate the risks and gradually make a
move to the cloud. The same can be said of the option to grow, although in this case growth
options give the opportunity for the decision maker to increase the scale of the cloud project.
7.3 Limitations
The research questions and their answers only discuss how the risks affect the move to the
cloud and what variables are influencing this move. However why the risks affect the
investment is not taken into account. Respondents were only presented a few questions
about cloud computing and could not reflect their own opinion. Also the environmental
variables could be elaborated more and by trying different angles.
That the research only took two different applications into account could also be a limitation
of the research. Furthermore, there could be more general risks included into the research
which could have an effect on the investment in cloud projects. The survey could have some
external influences which affected the outcome, where respondents might be influenced.
Interaction effects between the different options have not been taken into account in this
study. Other problems may exist in the distribution of respondents, as they might not be
from every industry or in every level of the organisation.
Generalisation to real life situations may also be a problem. Hilhorst (2009) identified that
managers have to deal with complex situations in IT projects where several types of risks exist
and the different real options are not easily identifiable or embedded. Other literature also
proves the difficulty of assessing real options and risks in practice (Busby and Pitts, 1997;
Howell and Jägle, 1997). Also Benaroch et al. (2006) identify that assessment of real options
cannot rely on perceptions as this may lead to sub-optimal decisions.
The last limitation might be that managers were excluded from one important option: the
option to do nothing and simply start the cloud project without assessing any risks. Although
this is not included in Real Option Analysis, this option might still be realistic to some
managers.
7.4 Academic Relevance

Real Option Analysis has been performed before with regard to IT project valuations
(Benaroch, 2001; 2002; 2006; Tiwana et al., 2006; Hilhorst, 2009). But little or no research has
been done on the valuation of cloud projects and how environmental factors influence the
move to the cloud. Also real options have not been used extensively in the light of these
variables. This Master thesis makes three contributions to academic literature, where it is
trying to fill the gap to answer the extent to which environmental variables influence the
55
move to the cloud by organisations and which environmental variables are responsible for
this decision.
The research is much in line with the dissertation of Hilhorst (2009). She studied the valuation
of managerial flexibility in IT projects with the use of ROA. The difference between her study
and this thesis is that that this thesis covers the risks in cloud computing projects.
Furthermore, an experiment by means of an online survey has been performed to measure
respondents’ behaviour and intentions to move to the cloud.
In addition to general IT risks, cloud projects have to deal with certain risks that are related to
cloud computing. Other research on the institutional influences on real options done by Saya
et al. (2010) seems to find similar evidence of the different options that have been valued.
However institutional influences have not been found significant in this study. As one of the
first studies on environmental factors and their relation with cloud computing, this thesis
makes the contribution to engage in future research to further investigate the role of
environmental variables in the adoption of cloud computing and other technologies.
7.5 Practical Relevance

In light of practical relevance to IT decision makers or cloud vendors, this section is trying to
cover the outcomes of this study and their managerial implications. The findings of this
Master thesis show that certain environmental factors influence the choice to move to the
cloud.
Cloud providers could use this hook to elaborate on their green character and advertise with
the fact that “green” factors exist with cloud providers. Another aspect they could use is
explain how the data centres are helping in CO2 improvements, power savings and show that
renewable energy is being used. Cloud providers could also engage in evangelising the
environmental sustainable purposes of the use of cloud to engage customers in the move to
the cloud.
7.6 Future Research

This study mainly focuses on what effect the different risks have on cloud projects, rather
than why they have this effect. Also this research mainly elaborates on the environmental side
of cloud computing. Future research could focus more on the why of these risks and
investigate these reasons.
Furthermore, interaction effects between the different options were out of the scope of this
study. Moreover, future research could use other applications to get more data and
56
investigate deeper into the risks involved. Also general risks identified in IT projects could be
studied in the light of cloud project investments.
In regard of the survey done, in future research the scenarios could be elaborated more and a
larger sample group could be gathered. With this larger group, also the pricing of the
different real options could be taken into account. The price factor might be an important
factor to influence the behaviour of IT decision makers when deciding to move to the cloud.
57
Glossary
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing and storage
Cloud Computing capacity as a service. Cloud computing is delivered over the
Internet.
Customer Relationship Management software to capture
CRM
customer data.
On-premise software is installed and run on computers in the
On-premise building of an organisation using the software, rather than at a
remote facility, such as somewhere on the Internet.
Real options analysis applies option valuation techniques to
ROA investment decisions. A real option itself, is the right (but not the
obligation) to undertake some business decision.
Factors that influence the environment, such as carbon
Environmental factors
emissions, energy usage and the method of power generated.
Service-oriented architecture is a group of services that
communicate with each other. The process of communication
involves either simple data-passing or two or more services
SOA
coordinating some activity. Intercommunication implies the need
for some means of connecting two or more services to each
other.
Refers to the Cloud infrastructure which enables an on-demand
IaaS provision of server time, running a choice of operating systems
and software. It is the bottom layer of the architecture.
The cloud platform offers an environment for developers to
PaaS create and deploy applications. The platform is very scalable to
build multiple programming models and specialised services.
These services can be accessed via Web portals, which allow
consumers to switch from offline computer programs to their
SaaS online equivalents. Traditional desktop applications as word
processing, presentation making and spread sheets calculations
can be accessed as a service over the Internet.
58
List of Figures & Tables
Table 1 | Real Options ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1 | Cloud Levels.......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2 | Different cloud forms ........................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3 | Conceptual Framework of the Thesis.......................................................................................... 21
Figure 4 | Demographic data on sample (N = 155) ................................................................................... 30
Figure 5 | Willingness ranked on experience ............................................................................................... 31
Table 2 | Cronbach's Alpha for Constructs .................................................................................................... 32
Figure 6 | Institutional influences ranking (1 = Not used at all; 7 = Used solely); N = 138 ....... 33
Table 3 | Means & Variances of Survey Results .......................................................................................... 34
Table 4 | Means and Variances for Scenario 1 (N = 66) ........................................................................... 35
Table 5 | Means and Variances for Scenario 2 (N = 89) ........................................................................... 36
Table 6 | Mean ranks between real options and Institutional Influences .......................................... 37
Table 7 | Mean ranks between real options and the key characteristics of cloud computing .. 38
Table 8 | Mean ranks between real options and the perceived lack of security ............................. 39
Table 9 | Mean ranks between real options and Improved CO2 Emissions ...................................... 40
Table 10 | Mean ranks between real options and Power Savings ........................................................ 41
Table 11 | Mean ranks between real options and Sustainable Method of Power Generated ... 42
Figure 7 | Regression results of Scenarios without Environmental Information (N = 155) ........ 44
Table 12 | Regression Results in Scenarios without Environmental Information (N = 155) ....... 44
Figure 8 | Regression results of Scenarios with Environmental Information (N = 155) ............... 46
Table 13 | Regression Results in Scenarios with Environmental Information (N = 155).............. 46
Figure 9 | Regression analysis on CRM Application With and Without Environmental
Information (N = 155) ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 10 | Regression analysis on CRM Application With and Without Environmental
Information (N = 155) ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Table 14 | Ranking of the real options with and without environmental information ................. 49
Figure 11 | Influences on Cloud Investment (N = 155); Variables marked with * are not
significant at p =0,1 ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Table 15 | Results from Regression Analysis on Adoption of Cloud Computing (N = 155) ...... 50
59
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Appendix A: Survey
Welkom! Het invullen van deze vragenlijst neemt ongeveer 10 minuten in beslag.
De vragenlijst heeft betrekking op cloud computing en duurzaamheid en maakt deel uit van
een onderzoek opgezet door Microsoft Nederland in samenwerking met de RSM Erasmus
Universiteit. Het doel van het onderzoek is het in kaart brengen van duurzame motieven bij
het maken van een cloud adoptie beslissing.
Ter introductie zullen de begrippen "cloud computing" en "duurzaamheid" worden

besproken.
Bij cloud computing draaien de computerprogramma's niet op de computer van de

gebruiker, maar op (één of meerdere) machines in de cloud van een hosting partij. De
gebruiker hoeft op deze manier geen eigenaar meer te zijn van de gebruikte hard- en
software en is niet verantwoordelijk voor het onderhoud. De details van de
informatietechnologische infrastructuur worden aan het oog onttrokken en de gebruiker
beschikt over een eigen, in omvang en mogelijkheden schaalbare, virtuele infrastructuur.
Cloud computing bestaat in meerdere vormen en kan worden gebruikt voor meerdere
verschillende toepassingen.
Duurzaamheid betekent op een maatschappelijk verantwoordelijke manier ondernemen,

waarbij CO2 emissies en groene stroom worden gebruikt. Daarnaast wordt het
energieverbruik geminimaliseerd.
In de vragenlijst worden allereerst een aantal vragen gesteld over uw percepties met
betrekking tot cloud computing. Daarna zullen een aantal scenario’s worden besproken, waar
u wordt gevraagd een aantal projecten te beoordelen voordat deze gestart zijn.
U kunt in de vragenlijst navigeren door de knop Next te gebruiken.
Mocht u naar aanleiding van deze vragenlijst vragen hebben, kunt u mij bereiken via 020-500
1821 of t-dirkz@microsoft.com.
U kunt nu aan de vragenlijst beginnen door op Next te klikken.
66
In dit gedeelte van het onderzoek vragen wij u om uw houding ten opzichte van de
eigenschappen van cloud computing die zijn gedefinieerd in de begrippen toegankelijkheid,
schaalbaarheid en kosten-effectiviteit.
In hoeverre sluiten de volgende beweringen aan bij uw ervaringen.
Helemaal (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Uitsluitend Weet

niet gebruikt niet
gebruikt (7)
(1)
In hoeverre wordt cloud
computing gebruikt door uw
leveranciers?
klanten?
strategische partners?
concurrenten?
computing gebruikt in uw
industrie?
computing gebruikt door
lokale en nationale
overheidsinstanties?
Helemaal niet (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Helemaal mee

mee eens eens
(1) (7)
Cloud computing toepassingen
zijn goed geprijsd.
Cloud computing is een goed
product voor de huidige prijs.
67
Cloud computing biedt waar
voor zijn geld.

mee eens eens
(1) (7)
Cloud computing is gevoelig
voor storingen.
Ik heb met elk systeem toegang
tot mijn data (onafhankelijk van
systeem).
Ik heb overal toegang tot mijn
eigen data (onafhankelijk van
locatie).

mee eens eens
(1) (7)
Cloud computing is in staat zich
aan te passen aan behoeften
door schaalbare inzet van
middelen.
Bij cloud computing is het
mogelijk om de toewijzing van
middelen te vergroten of
verkleinen.
Cloud computing is in staat om
een wisselende belasting te
verwerken.
In dit gedeelte vragen wij u de veiligheid en ecologische duurzaamheid van cloud computing
te beoordelen.
In hoeverre sluiten de volgende beweringen aan bij uw ervaringen.
Helemaal (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Helemaal mee

niet mee eens
(7)
68
eens
(1)
Cloud computing is geschikt
om mijn kritische data te
bewaren.
om mijn geldtransacties uit te
voeren.
om mijn bedrijf kritische
data/software te downloaden.

mee eens eens
(1) (7)
Cloud computing zorgt voor het
verlagen van CO2 emissies.
Cloud computing zorgt voor het
verbruiken van minder stroom.
Bij cloud computing wordt
gebruik gemaakt van duurzame
energie.
Hieronder worden een aantal scenario’s worden gepresenteerd, waarbij u wordt gevraagd
deze te beoordelen naar aanleiding van de verschillende strategieën. Alle scenario’s bevatten
dezelfde functionaliteiten als de huidige applicatie, maar worden geleverd via de cloud.
Gemakshalve kunt u er vanuit gaan dat de kosten van ieder scenario gedekt zijn; de kosten
blijven dan ook buiten beschouwing.
U wordt gevraagd alle investeringsopties die u kunt nemen in volgorde van meest geschikt
naar minst geschikt te ordenen.
Scenario 1:
Dit scenario betreft een project welke een vervanging moeten bieden voor de huidige e-mail,
agenda en contactpersonen applicatie.
Het beschrijft een applicatie die alle functionaliteiten bevat als de bestaande applicatie voor
uw e-mail, agenda en contactpersonen, maar wordt geleverd over het Internet. Uw huidige
gegevens (e-mail, agendapunten en contacten) worden opgeslagen bij de cloud leverancier
69
en dus niet in uw eigen database. Om gebruik te maken van de applicatie kunt u via uw web
browser inloggen met uw persoonlijke gebruikersnaam en wachtwoord.
De leverancier van de cloud diensten gebruikt groene stroom, gebruikt hardware die CO2
neutraal is en energie bespaart.
Ik stel het project uit.
Ik vergroot de schaal van het

project, hierdoor wordt mijn
belang bij de cloud
leverancier groter.
Ik verander het doel van het

project, hierbij wordt het
niet gebruikt ter vervanging,
maar ter uitbreiding van de
huidige applicatie.
Ik verklein de schaal van het

project, hierdoor zal ik niet al
mijn klantgegevens bij de
cloud leverancier opslaan,
maar ook een gedeelte
intern.
Ik stop het project. Het risico

hiervan is mij te hoog.
Ik start het project in
stappen, waarbij ik gefaseerd
cloud leverancier zal
opslaan.
Scenario 2:
Dit scenario betreft een project welke een vervanging moeten bieden voor de huidige CRM
applicatie waarin u alle klantgegevens beheert.
Het beschrijft een applicatie die alle functionaliteiten bevat als de bestaande CRM applicatie
voor uw klantgegevens beheer, maar wordt geleverd over het Internet. Uw klantgegevens
70
worden opgeslagen bij de cloud leverancier en dus niet in uw eigen database. Om gebruik te
maken van de applicatie kunt u via uw web browser inloggen met uw persoonlijke
gebruikersnaam en wachtwoord.
Ik stel het project uit.
Ik vergroot de schaal van het

project, hierdoor wordt mijn
belang bij de cloud
leverancier groter.
Ik verander het doel van het

project, hierbij wordt het
niet gebruikt ter vervanging,
maar ter uitbreiding van de
huidige applicatie.
Ik verklein de schaal van het

project, hierdoor zal ik niet al
cloud leverancier opslaan,
maar ook een gedeelte
intern.
Ik stop het project. Het risico

hiervan is mij te hoog.
Ik start het project in
stappen, waarbij ik gefaseerd
cloud leverancier zal
opslaan.
Wat is uw geslacht:
 Man
 Vrouw
Wat is uw leeftijd:
 <25
 26-30
71
 31-35
 36-45
 46-99
Wat is uw gebruikerservaring met cloud computing uitgedrukt in aantal jaren?

 0-1
 1-3
 3-5
 >5
Hoe vaak bent u betrokken geweest bij cloud computing implementaties?
 Nooit
 1-3 keer
 3-5 keer
 Meer dan 5 keer
Hoe lang bent u reeds werkzaam in de IT industrie?
 1-3
 3-5
 5-10
 >10
Hoe zou u uw bereidheid tot het nemen van risico’s bij investeringsbeslissingen classificeren
op een 5-punts schaal?
Heel laag (2) Neutraal (4) Heel hoog

(1) (3) (5)
Hartelijk dank voor het invullen van de vragenlijst!
72

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Master Thesis

MSc Business Information Management

University Coach: Prof. Dr. Ir. Eric van Heck

By means of an experiment, Dutch IT professionals were presented a cloud computing

Chapter 2: Problem Statement and Research Questions ................................ 10

Chapter 3: Literature Review ....................................................................................... 12

Chapter 4: Conceptual Model ..................................................................................... 21

Chapter 6: Analysis & Discussion .............................................................................. 29

List of Figures & Tables ................................................................................................. 59

Appendix A: Survey ......................................................................................................... 66

1.1.1 Cloud Computing

1.1.2 Environmental sustainability

Virtualisation architectures of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can help

1.1.3 Real options theory

1.2 Structure of the Thesis

2.1 Research Objective

2.2 Research Questions

This question focuses on the impact of environmental factors in addition to key

2. What kind of environmental factors encourage the investment in cloud

3.2 Real Options Theory

Managerial flexibility is an important aspect considering ROA. It refers to the ability of IT

3.3 Institutional Influences

3.4 Cloud Computing

Computing is delivered as a utility which can be defined as on-demand infrastructure,

Cloud infrastructure enables an on-demand provision of server time, running a choice of

Figure 2 | Different cloud forms

3.4.1 Economic and Operational Characteristics

3.4.2 Environmental Influence Factors

4.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 3 | Conceptual Framework of the Thesis

4.2.1 Institutional Influences Risk

Regardless of the technical value of a new innovation or product, an organisation tries to

Prior knowledge or information about cloud computing is likely to generate an initial

4.2.2 Key characteristics of Cloud Computing Risk

4.2.3 Perceived Lack of Security Risk

4.2.4 Perceived Improved CO2 emissions Risk

4.2.6 More Sustainable Method of Power Generated Risk

5.1 Research design

5.3 Limitations of Field Experiments

5.4 Measurement of Concepts

6.1 Demographics and General Characteristics

Years of Experience # Cloud computing

Years working in IT industry

Figure 4 | Demographic data on sample (N = 155)

0-1 1-3 3-5 5-10 >10

Figure 5 | Willingness ranked on experience

6.2 Scales Reliability

Construct # Items Cronbach’s Alpha

6.3 Means, Variances & Medians

6.3.1 Means and Variances for Institutional Influences

6.3.2 Means and Variances for Key attributes of Cloud Computing

I have access to my data with any system (independent of system)

Cloud computing is not sensitive for errors.

Cloud computing is able to adapt to needs due to scalable

Cloud computing is able to adapt to easily scale resources.

Cloud computing applications are well priced.

Cloud computing offers value for money.

Cloud computing is a good product for the current price.

Cloud computing is able to save my critical data.

Cloud computing is able to perform monetary transactions.

Cloud computing is able to download my company critical data

Cloud computing ensures lowering of carbon emissions.

Cloud computing ensures less usage of power.

Table 3 | Means & Variances of Survey Results

Duncan, N.B., 1995. Capturing Flexibility of Information Technology Infrastructure : A Study of

Scott, W.R., 2004. Institutional Theory : Contributing to a Theoretical Research Program. In

Scott, W.R., 2008. Institutions and Organizations : Ideas and Interests,