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Management of Environment

Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles


Management of Environment - Essay

JAMNALAL BAJAJ INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES


(University of Mumbai) MFM IIIrd Year Semester VI

Submitted by

Shailesh Gaikar

(Roll No. 28)

Darshan Gangolli (Roll No. 32) Tanmay Nayak (Roll No. 61) Raj Mehta (Roll No. 54) Sachin Holmukhe (Roll No. 40) Naveed Manna (Roll No. 53) Homyar Patel Manasee Patil Gopal Banker (Roll No. 68) (Roll No. 60) (Roll No. 04)

Air pollution in India is a serious issue with the major sources being fuel wood and biomass burning, fuel adulteration, vehicle emission and traffic congestion. India has a low per capita emission of greenhouse gases but the country as a whole is the third largest after China and the United States. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in 1981 to regulate air pollution and there have been some measurable improvements. However, the 2012 Environmental Performance Index ranked India as having the poorest relative air quality out of 132 countries. The purpose of this document is to reconcile the synopsis of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles with the essay requirements. By the end of the document, the reader should be in a position to understand the causes and effects of air pollution in India caused by motor vehicles.

Contents
1 Air Pollution ............................................................................................ 4
1.1 1.2 1.3 What is Air Pollution and how does it happen?................................................................ 4 Types of Air Pollutants ................................................................................................... 6 Effects of Air Pollutants .................................................................................................. 7

Motor Vehicle Emissions ...........................................................................10


2.1 2.2 2.3 Technical Measures for controlling vehicular pollution - Indian Perspective .....................10 Major Pollutants from Cars............................................................................................11 Indian Emission Standards ............................................................................................13

Current Conditions in India ........................................................................17


3.1 3.2 3.3 Air Quality Management Structure in India ....................................................................17 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 .......................................................17 Technologies available and suppliers - Vehicular Pollution Abatements ...........................19

4 5

Measures taken to control Air Pollution in India ..............................................22 Case Studies............................................................................................23


5.1 5.2 Air Pollution and Management in Delhi, India ...............................................................23 Air Pollution and Management in Hong Kong................................................................25

Conclusion / Recommendations ..................................................................27

Bibliography ..................................................................................................28

1 Air Pollution
1.1 What is Air Pollution and how does it happen?

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter. The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and industry places can release significant quantities of soot into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.

Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources of air pollution. Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal. Smog hanging over cities is the most familiar and obvious form of air pollution. But there are different kinds of pollutionsome visible, some invisiblethat contribute to global warming. Generally any substance that people introduce into the atmosphere that has damaging effects on living things and the environment is considered air pollution. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is the main pollutant that is warming Earth. Though living things emit carbon dioxide when they breathe, carbon dioxide is widely considered to be a pollutant when associated with cars, planes, power plants, and other human activities that involve the burning of fossil fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. In the past 150 years, such activities have pumped enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to raise its levels higher than they have been for hundreds of thousands of years. Other greenhouse gases include methanewhich comes from such sources as swamps and gas emitted by livestockand chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants until they were banned because of their deteriorating effect on Earth's ozone layer. Another pollutant associated with climate change is sulfur dioxide, a component of smog. Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicals are known primarily as a cause of acid rain. But they also reflect light when released in the atmosphere, which keeps sunlight out and causes Earth to cool. Volcanic eruptions can spew massive amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, sometimes causing cooling that lasts for years. In fact, volcanoes used to be the main source of atmospheric sulfur dioxide; today people are. Industrialized countries have worked to reduce levels of sulfur dioxide, smog, and smoke in order to improve people's health. But a result, not predicted until recently, is that the lower sulfur dioxide levels may actually make global warming worse. Just as sulfur dioxide from volcanoes can cool the planet by blocking sunlight, cutting the amount of the compound in the atmosphere lets more sunlight through, warming the Earth. This effect is exaggerated when elevated levels of other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap the additional heat. Most people agree that to curb global warming, a variety of measures need to be taken. On a personal level, driving and flying less, recycling, and conservation reduces a persons "carbon footprint"the amount of carbon dioxide a person is responsible for putting into the atmosphere. On a larger scale, governments are taking measures to limit emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One way is through the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement between countries that they will cut back on carbon dioxide emissions. Another method is to put taxes on carbon emissions or higher taxes on gasoline, so that people and companies will have greater incentives to conserve energy and pollute less.

1.2 Types of Air Pollutants

Different types of outdoor air pollutants Air pollution is changeable and there are many different air pollutants contributing to it. Once pollutants are released into the air, they interact with each other and the environment in complex ways depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental conditions. Pollutants can be categorized into two groups: a) Primary pollutants which come from human processes b) Secondary pollutants which are from the interaction of primary pollutants with the atmosphere Sources of Air Pollutants Human activities are the main sources of air pollution. Using energy in our homes, industrial activities, transport and farming are the main actions that have been directly linked to emissions. Traffic pollutants: Gases and particles released from cars and other vehicles include a complex mixture of many pollutants. The erosion of material on the roads and the wear of tyres and brakes can also produce pollutants. Stationary combustion sources: The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil at both power plants and in the home, is also a major source of air pollution. Other sources: Forest fires and the burning of living, or recently living organisms (biomass), represent a further major source of emissions.

Outdoor air pollutants Ozone and particulate matter - The main pollutants scientists focus their research on are ozone and particulate matter as they present the most widespread health threats. Ozone - Ozone is an odourless, colourless gas that occurs both in the Earths upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and at ground level (troposphere). The ozone found in the troposphere is a major public health concern. Concentrations of ozone are higher in the summer and in the afternoon, as it is formed during sunlight. The highest daily peaks typically occur during hot, dry periods in the summer. Particulate matter - Particulate matter is a mixture of solid bits and liquid droplets floating in the air. It includes particles from: dust, soil, materials from roads, farming, mining, windstorms or volcanoes, stone quarries, as well as sea salts, pollen, mould, spores and other biological material. Fine particles are a sub-group of particulate matter and come from the direct emissions from combustion processes such as gasoline and diesel use in vehicles, wood burning, coal burning for power stations and

industrial processes such as smelters, cement, plants paper mills and steel mills. All types of particulate matter are linked with ill health.

1.3 Effects of Air Pollutants


Air pollution is a real public health and environmental problem that can lead toamong other thingsglobal warming, acid rain, and the deterioration of the ozone layer. This chart names some common pollutants, their sources, and their effect on the environment. Pollutant Ozone. A gas that can be found in two places. Near the ground (the troposphere), it is a major part of smog. The harmful ozone in the lower atmosphere should not be confused with the protective layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere), which screens out harmful ultraviolet rays. Sources Ozone is not created directly, but is formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds mix in sunlight. That is why ozone is mostly found in the summer. Nitrogen oxides come from burning gasoline, coal, or other fossil fuels. There are many types of volatile organic compounds, and they come from sources ranging from factories to trees. Effects Ozone near the ground can cause a number of health problems. Ozone can lead to more frequent asthma attacks in people who have asthma and can cause sore throats, coughs, and breathing difficulty. It may even lead to premature death. Ozone can also hurt plants and crops.

Carbon monoxide. A gas that comes Carbon monoxide is released when from the burning of fossil fuels, mostly engines burn fossil fuels. Emissions in cars. It cannot be seen or smelled. are higher when engines are not tuned properly, and when fuel is not completely burned. Cars emit a lot of the carbon monoxide found outdoors. Furnaces and heaters in the home can emit high concentrations of carbon monoxide, too, if they are not properly maintained. Nitrogen dioxide. A reddish-brown gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels. It has a strong smell at high levels. Nitrogen dioxide mostly comes from power plants and cars. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in two wayswhen nitrogen in the fuel is burned, or when nitrogen in the air reacts with

Carbon monoxide makes it hard for body parts to get the oxygen they need to run correctly. Exposure to carbon monoxide makes people feel dizzy and tired and gives them headaches. In high concentrations it is fatal. Elderly people with heart disease are hospitalized more often when they are exposed to higher amounts of carbon monoxide. High levels of nitrogen dioxide exposure can give people coughs and can make them feel short of breath. People who are exposed to nitrogen dioxide for a long time have a higher

oxygen at very high temperatures. Nitrogen dioxide can also react in the atmosphere to form ozone, acid rain, and particles. Particulate matter. Solid or liquid matter that is suspended in the air. To remain in the air, particles usually must be less than 0.1-mm wide and can be as small as 0.00005 mm. Particulate matter can be divided into two typescoarse particles and fine particles. Coarse particles are formed from sources like road dust, sea spray, and construction. Fine particles are formed when fuel is burned in automobiles and power plants. Sulfur dioxide mostly comes from the burning of coal or oil in power plants. It also comes from factories that make chemicals, paper, or fuel. Like nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain and particles.

chance of getting respiratory infections. Nitrogen dioxide reacts in the atmosphere to form acid rain, which can harm plants and animals. Particulate matter that is small enough can enter the lungs and cause health problems. Some of these problems include more frequent asthma attacks, respiratory problems, and premature death. Sulfur dioxide exposure can affect people who have asthma or emphysema by making it more difficult for them to breathe. It can also irritate people's eyes, noses, and throats. Sulfur dioxide can harm trees and crops, damage buildings, and make it harder for people to see long distances. High amounts of lead can be dangerous for small children and can lead to lower IQs and kidney problems. For adults, exposure to lead can increase the chance of having heart attacks or strokes.

Sulfur dioxide. A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a rotten egg smell at high levels.

Lead. A blue-gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a number of forms and locations.

Outside, lead comes from cars in areas where unleaded gasoline is not used. Lead can also come from power plants and other industrial sources. Inside, lead paint is an important source of lead, especially in houses where paint is peeling. Lead in old pipes can also be a source of lead in drinking water. Each toxic air pollutant comes from a slightly different source, but many are created in chemical plants or are emitted when fossil fuels are burned. Some toxic air pollutants, like asbestos and formaldehyde, can be found in building materials and can lead to indoor air problems. Many toxic air pollutants can also enter the food and water supplies. CFCs are used in air conditioners and refrigerators, since they work well as coolants. They can also be found in aerosol cans and fire extinguishers. Other stratospheric ozone depleters are used as solvents in industry. Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas. It comes from the burning of fossil fuels in cars, power plants, houses, and industry. Methane is released during the processing of fossil fuels, and also

Toxic air pollutants. A large number of chemicals that are known or suspected to cause cancer. Some important pollutants in this category include arsenic, asbestos, benzene, and dioxin.

Toxic air pollutants can cause cancer. Some toxic air pollutants can also cause birth defects. Other effects depend on the pollutant, but can include skin and eye irritation and breathing problems.

Stratospheric ozone depleters. Chemicals that can destroy the ozone in the stratosphere. These chemicals include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other compounds that include chlorine or bromine. Greenhouse gases. Gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping sunlight. This is called the greenhouse effect because the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse. Some of the important

If the ozone in the stratosphere is destroyed, people are exposed to more radiation from the sun (ultraviolet radiation). This can lead to skin cancer and eye problems. Higher ultraviolet radiation can also harm plants and animals. The greenhouse effect can lead to changes in the climate of the planet. Some of these changes might include more temperature extremes, higher sea levels, changes in forest composition, and damage to land

greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.

comes from natural sources like cows near the coast. Human health might and rice paddies. Nitrous oxide comes be affected by diseases that are from industrial sources and decaying related to temperature or by damage plants. to land and water. Source: Jonathan Levy, Harvard School of Public Health. Based on information provided by the Environmental Protection Agency.

2 Motor Vehicle Emissions


Motor vehicle emissions are composed of the by-products that come out of the exhaust systems or other emissions such as gasoline evaporation. These emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. Cold engines During the first couple of minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours, the amount of emissions is very high. This occurs for two main reasons: 1) Rich Air-Fuel ratio requirement in cold engines: Right after starting the engine the walls as well as the fuel are cold. Fuel does not vaporize and it would be difficult to create enough combustible gaseous mixture. Therefore very rich operation is required at the beginning, sometimes even 1:1. The excess of fuel in the chambers is subsequently burned generating great amount of Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon monoxide. 2) Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions: Catalytic converters are very inefficient when cold. When the cold engine is started, it takes several minutes for the converter to reach operating temperature. Before that, gases are emitted directly into the atmosphere. There are many ways of reducing this effect: a. Locating the converter closer to the engine, b. Superinsulation, c. Electric heating, d. Thermal battery, e. Chemical reaction preheating, and f. Flame heating Considering that a substantial amount of trips are short, this is a major issue to improve air quality conditions.

2.1 Technical Measures for controlling vehicular pollution - Indian Perspective


The Indian Auto Industry is harmonizing both Safety & Emission regulations with International Standards for sustained growth of the Industry for combating the environment and become a global export hub. India has a well established and Regulatory Framework under the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways in which Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) plays a very important role. All the stake holders are part of the regulation formulation setup. The ministry issues the notifications under the Central Motor Vehicle Rules and Motor Vehicles Act. India is harmonizing its Emission Norms for Four Wheelers with the European Regulation and has adopted Euro III, equivalent norms in 11 Metropolitan Cities from Apr 1 2005. For Two Wheelers, which constitutes 70% of the vehicle population unique Indian emission norms, which are one of the tightest in the world have been adopted. The Safety Regulations are being aligned with the ECE regulation and the Road Map prepared by SIAM envisages alignment by 2010.

The In use Vehicle Emission norms have been tightened with effect from 1st October 2004 and computerization model has been developed by SIAM, which is already in place in the Major Metro Cities and would be extended throughout the country in a phased manner. The Lambda Measurement is proposed to be introduced in the city of Delhi for vehicles with close loop three way catalytic Converter. India has joined as an observer in the UNECE-WP29 as an observer and is actively participating in the deliberation for evolving. GTR's which would help in harmonization of standards. The union government enacted a revised Motor Vehicle Act in 1990, making emission regulations a federal government responsibility. India has established limits on carbon monoxide emissions (at idle) for gasoline-fueled cars, motorcycles, and three-wheelers; diesel smoke emissions are limited to 75 Hartridge units at full load. New emission standards for gasoline-fueled cars took effect in 1991. Emissions from diesel vehicles came under control in 1992 based on ECE R49 regulations. These limits are similar to the ECE 15-04 limits but with test procedures tailored to Indian driving conditions. Evaporative emissions are not regulated. Conformity of production tests has also been developed. In addition, deterioration factors and endurance tests have been prescribed. From April 1, 1996, all two-stroke engines in two and three-wheelers would be required to comply with the tighter emission standards shown below: Three-wheelers CO: 6.75 g/km; HC+NOx: 5.41 g/km Two-wheelers CO: 4.50 g/km; HC+NOx: 3.50 g/km

2.2 Major Pollutants from Cars


There are four major pollutants that come from cars: i. A car emits carbon monoxide when the carbon in fuel doesn't burn completely. ii. A car's exhaust emits hydrocarbons, a toxic compound of hydrogen and carbon. iii. When fuel burns, nitrogen and oxygen react with each other and form nitrogen oxides (NOx). iv. Particulate matters -- small particles of foreign substances -- in the air contribute to atmospheric haze and can damage peoples lungs. Technical Measure Evaluation by Emission i. Up gradation of fuel quality & tightening of vehicle emission norms resulted in decreasing trends of pollution in major cities of India. ii. Inspection & Maintenance has definite utility on emission performance. iii. Concentration of lead in traffic intersection shows good downward trends. iv. SO2 shows decreasing trends over the years.

v. vi.

Nox & PM still remain a problem though trends are decreasing. Marginal decrease in RSPM observed at traffic intersections.

Emission Regulations in India - Background - On-Road Vehicles and Engines

2.3 Indian Emission Standards


The first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were soon replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheeled vehicles. On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 - 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Standard India 2000 Bharat Stage II Reference Euro 1 Euro 2 Date 2000 2001 2003.04 2005.04 Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 2010.04 Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 Region Nationwide NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai NCR*, 11 Cies& Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cies& Nationwide NCR*, 11 Cies&

* National Capital Region (Delhi) & Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II is applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III standards come in force from April 1, 2010.

Light Duty Vehicles Emission standards for light-duty vehicles (GVW 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 2. Ranges of emission limits refer to different categories and classes of vehicles; compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats). When three limits are listed, they refer to vehicles category M & N1 Class I, N1 Class II, and N1 Class III, respectively.

The test cycle has been the NEDC for low-powered vehicles (max. speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Through the BS II (Euro II) stage, engines for use in light-duty vehicles could be alternatively emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 3.

OBD Requirements - OBD I is required from 1 April 2010 (except LPG or CNG-fuelled vehicles and those >3500 kg GVW). OBD II is required from 1 April 2013 for all categories.

Truck and Bus Engines Emission standards for new heavy-duty enginesapplicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kgare listed in Table 4.

More details on Euro I-IV regulations (including testing requirements for heavy-duty gas engines) can be found in the EU heavy-duty engine standards page. 2- And 3-Wheel Vehicles Emission standards for 2- and 3-wheel vehicles are listed in the following table.

3 Current Conditions in India


3.1 Air Quality Management Structure in India

Central Pollution Control Board Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is a statutory organization under the Ministry of Environment and Forests. It was established in 1974 under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the Ministry of Environment and Forests of the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.There are also State Pollution Control Boards in states for assist CPCB and they consistently send reports to CPCB.

3.2 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981


The Government of India enacted the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, in 1981 to arrest the deterioration in air quality. The act prescribes various functions for CPCB at the apex level and SPCB at the state level. The main functions of CPCB are as follows: i. To advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of air quality and the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution. ii. To plan and cause to be executed a nationwide program for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution. iii. To provide technical assistance and guidance to SPCB. iv. To carry out and sponsor investigations and research related to air pollution prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution. v. To collect, compile, and publish technical and statistical data related to air pollution; and

vi.

To lay down standards for the quality of air and emission quantities.

Environmental regulation/standards/Legislation The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 provides for the control and abatement of air pollution. It entrusts the power of enforcing this act to the CPCB The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 states that all hazardous waste is to be properly packaged, labeled, and then transported National Air Quality Monitoring Programme Ambient Air Quality Standards Vehicular Emission Norms Fuel Quality Specifications National Biofuels Policy, 2008 The salient features of the National Biofuel Policy are listed as under: i. An indicative target of 20% by 2017 for the blending of biofuels bioethanol and bio-diesel has been proposed. ii. Bio-diesel plantations on community/ Government/forest wastelands would be encouraged while plantation in fertile irrigated and would not be encouraged. iii. The National Biofuel Policy envisages that bio-fuels, namely, biodiesel and bio-ethanol may be brought under the ambit of Declared Goods by the Government to ensure unrestricted movement of biofuels within and outside the States. It is also stated in the Policy that no taxes and duties should be levied on biodiesel. Increasing Vehicular Pollution problems in Urban India are mainly due to High vehicle density in Indian urban centers. Older vehicles predominant in vehicle vintage Predominance of private vehicles especially cars and two wheelers Absence of adequate land use planning in development of urban areas Inadequate inspection & maintenance facilities. Adulteration of fuel & fuel products Improper traffic management system & road conditions Absence of effective Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS) & intra-city railway networks High population exodus to the urban centers

India has been adopting regulations for fuels and vehicle emissions that are based on European standards. New requirements are first introduced in Delhi and other major cities, following nationwide implementation. The evolution of diesel fuel quality is summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Diesel Fuel Quality in India Date 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2005 2010 2011 Particulars Cetane number: 45; Sulfur: 1% Sulfur: 0.5% (Delhi + selected cities) Sulfur: 0.25% (Delhi) Sulfur: 0.05% (Delhi, limited supply) Cetane number: 48; Sulfur: 0.25% (Nationwide) Sulfur: 0.05% (Delhi + selected cities) Sulfur: 350 ppm (BS III/Euro 3; selected areas) Sulfur: 350 ppm (BS III/Euro 3; nationwide) Sulfur: 50 ppm (BS IV/Euro 4; selected areas)

3.3 Technologies available and suppliers - Vehicular Pollution Abatements


Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Natural gases are compressed to a range of 200-250 kg/cm3 and this compressed state of natural gas is known as CNG. The reason why natural gas is compressed is that it takes occupies lesser space and provides adequate pressure while entering the combustion chamber of the engine. As CNG is another form of natural gas so it has the same chemical composition as of natural gas. Just like natural gas, even CNG is colorless, odourless and without any poison. It is slightly lighter than air. The key benefits of using CNG are as follows: This gas is considered more eco-friendly. As compared to petrol & diesel, it releases lesser carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other harmful gases. Thus it plays a supporting role in keeping environment clean. It involves less expenditure as compared to petrol & diesel so considered economical Biodiesel Biodiesel, derived from the oils and fats of plants like sunflower, rape seeds, Canola or Jatropha Curcas, can be used as a substitute or an additive to diesel. As an alternative fuel biodiesel can provide power similar to conventional diesel fuel and thus can be used in diesel engines. Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel that can be produced locally thus helping reduce the countrys dependence on imported crude. Market Options The air pollution control market was worth US$423 million in 2004, and was estimated to be growing at 15 per cent per annum. Vehicular pollution control was estimated at US$.0.6 billion in 2004. There has been rapid growth in the market due to strict emission standards in the transport sector. The Indian alternate fuel vehicles kit market has seen a definite upswing in the last two years with more and more cities opting to promote alternate fuel vehicles and also with many vehicle manufacturers beginning to offer alternate fuel as an option in their vehicles. Government regulations and legislations have been one of the key drivers and these regulations mostly focus on public transport vehicles.

CNG/LPG - Overall, the total market for LPG kits in India in 2006 was 180,000 units and that of CNG kits at 92,400 units. Passenger cars and utility vehicles accounted for 40 percent of the total market and three wheelers accounted for the remaining. "By 2012, the number of vehicles with LPG kits is expected to be approximately 1,015,296 units and the demand for CNG kits is likely to be 878,555 units," says the analyst. "LPG will continue to be the more widely available fuel with distribution companies working towards making LPG available throughout the country. The usage of LPG as compared to that of CNG is expected to be more due to the easy availability of LPG." Flue Gas Desulphurization - Domestic supply mostly features equipment for dust collection in stationary air pollution control. There is some interest in Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) for industrial air pollution to simulate removal of SO2 but so far only one scrubber has been installed, and expertise is limited for other gaseous pollutants. There are 30 domestic producers of air pollution control equipment in India supplying 60 per cent of equipment. Opportunities exist for advanced air pollution control, stack air quality monitoring equipment, clean coal technologies and mercury control. Biofuels - According to a recent research report on the Indian biofuel industry, Emerging Biofuel Market in India, a recent research report: Ethanol dominates the world bio fuel market and its production is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 6% during 2008-2017. Worldwide bio diesel production is expected to grow at a CAGR of over 5% from 2008 to 2017. Ethanol production of India is likely to attain a CAGR of slightly over 2% during the period 2008-2017. Increased ethanol use is expected to supersede the production during the forecasted period. Domestic ethanol consumption in India is projected to expand at a CAGR of around 6.5% during 20082017. Indias total bio diesel requirement is projected to grow to 3.6 Million Metric Tons in 2011-12, with the positive performance of the domestic automobile industry. Similar to Brazil and the US, the Indian automobile industry has huge potential for the flex-fuel vehicles.

Organizations /institutes

Other Government bodies/Research Institutes which are working on Air Pollution are: Ministry of Environment and Forests-www.envfor.nic.in Central Road Research Institute- www.crridom.gov.in/ The Energy Research Institute- www.teriin.org Central Pollution Control Board- www.cpcb.nic.in National Environmental Engineering Research Institute-http://www.neeri.res.in Central Institute of Research Institute-http://www.cirtindia.com National Physical Laboratory- www.nplindia.org

4 Measures taken to control Air Pollution in India


Some of the non-technical measures taken which are seen in practice across Indian cities are i. Emission warranty ii. Scraping old polluting vehicles iii. Toll tax for commercial vehicles iv. Subsidies for clean vehicles v. Parking charges and fine vi. Encouraging car pool vii. Awareness campaigns This also includes some of the measures taken by the local government as below i. Auto Fuel Policy up to 2010 - what next? ii. Strengthening of Mass Transportation System iii. Incorporation of adequate land use planning instruments in transport policy iv. Progressive improvement in the fuel quality and vehicular technology v. Zero Emission Vehicles and Cleaner Fuels vi. Improved PUC programme and development of Inspection and Maintenance (I&M) system for In-Use vehicles vii. Old vehicles phase-out programme and development of guidelines for scrap page of old vehicles viii. Bus Rapid Transit System Major initiatives taken for air pollution control in India i. The Union Government enacted a revised Motor Vehicle Act in 1990, making emission regulations a federal government responsibility. ii. Emissions from diesel vehicles came under control in 1992 based on ECE R49 regulations. iii. New emission standards for gasoline-fueled cars took effect in 1991 iv. Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate for all vehicles v. All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG in Delhi vi. Gasoline -lead phased-out throughout the country since 2000 vii. National ambient air quality standards based on health impact evolved (1982, 1994). viii. Emission standards for air polluting industries developed for major industries ix. Action plan implementation and pollution control in identified problem areas. x. Improvement in vehicular technology (Bharat-1, Bharat-2, CNG vehicles, 4 stroke engines, etc.) xi. Improvement in fuel quality -diesel with low sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05 in metro cities) xii. Coal beneficiation/clean coal technology notification regarding use of beneficiated coal in T.P.P. xiii. Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295 stations spread over 93 cities) xiv. Air Quality Index for public Information xv. Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily news papers for public awareness

5 Case Studies
5.1 Air Pollution and Management in Delhi, India
On September 26th, 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a compilation of air quality data from 1100 cities across the world and estimated the corresponding health impacts on premature mortality and morbidity Delhi is among the top 10 for cities with the worst air quality. The National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi grew rapidly in the past two decades. As a rapidly expanding city, demands for transportation, energy generation, construction, waste generation, domestic cooking and heating, and industrial activity grew significantly in the last decades, contributing to air pollution across the city borders and resulting in premature mortality and respiratory impacts. In March, 2009, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India declared Delhi as Indias Asthma Capital. The city now covers an estimated area of ~900 Sq. km, including new townships and satellite centers such as Noida and Gurgaon. In 2010, population of NCR was estimated at ~18 million. This figure is expected to reach ~22.5 million in 2025 (See Interactive Urbanization Map on BBC, 2005). This page presents a summary of information on air quality in Delhi and its management.

What are the sources of air pollution in Delhi? There is no single sector is responsible for Delhis air pollution. Rather, it is a combination of factors including industries, power plants, domestic combustion of coal and biomass, and transport (direct vehicle exhaust and indirect road dust) that contribute to air pollution. Seasonal changes in demand for fuel and natural pollution result in differing sources of air pollution in summer and winter. These need to be taken into account to maximize the effectiveness of anti-pollution initiatives. Apart from biomass burning and ambient dust, transportation and industries are major contributors to air pollution in Delhi. With a growing city, the corresponding transportation needs are fueling a rise in private vehicles (2 and 4 wheelers) and taxis and auto rickshaws. As a result, operating traffic speeds have reduced for all vehicles, thus increasing idling time and pollution. The efforts to address this by building flyovers that connect and bypass major junctions in the city have not yielded results as expected. For one, this solution addresses only the supply side of the equation and does not influence demand management. In fact, as it becomes easier to take a private vehicle, the

numbers of vehicles have increased (about 1000 new registrations per day in 2011) thus negating many of the planned improvements.

Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi - CPCB and the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) operate Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAMS) at ~10 stations and manually at some other stations. What is the role of Metro Rail in controlling air pollution in Delhi? In 2002, a much awaited 65 km metro rail system was introduced in Delhi. The Phase II metro system is also operational for most part, expanded also to the satellite cities of Noida and Gurgaon, including an express line from the central Delhi to the international airport, with an estimated additional coverage of 130 km. The Metro has proved itself to be a popular and efficient public transport system and has already contributed towards changing peoples mode of transport from private to public. From the two phases, the estimated ridership is approximately 2 million passengers a day, which is substantial, compared to the on road transport in Delhi and the congestion levels on the roads.

5.2 Air Pollution and Management in Hong Kong


Hong Kong has been facing two air pollution issues. One is local street-level pollution. Diesel vehicles are the main source of street-level pollution. The other is the regional smog problem. Smog is caused by a combination of pollutants from motor vehicles, industry and power plants both in Hong Kong and in the Pearl River Delta region. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government gives high priority to controlling both street-level air pollution and smog. The main strategies which include implementing a wide range of measures to control emissions from motor vehicles, power plants, and industrial and commercial processes locally and working with Guangdong Provincial Authorities to implement a joint plan to tackle the regional smog problem. Structure within Government for air policy development and provision of services in air quality management

Reducing Emissions from Vehicles i. The levels of respirable suspended particulates (RSP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the roadside in Hong Kong have been exceeding the Air Quality Objectives over the years. Motor vehicles, especially diesel vehicles, are the main sources of these pollutants at street level in Hong Kong. The incentive programme to replace diesel taxis/light buses with liquefied petroleum gas vehicles The adoption of tighter fuel and vehicle emission standards whenever practicable

ii. iii.

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v. vi.

The incentive programme to retrofit old diesel vehicles with particulate reduction devices providing grants to help vehicle owners to replace their old vehicles with ones which comply with the prevailing emission standard for newly registered vehicles stepping up the control on smoky vehicles reduction of first registration tax for environment-friendly vehicles

Additional Controls for Improvements To further improve the air quality at the roadside and tackle the roadside NO2 problem, The Government has embarked on additional control measures to reduce vehicle emissions. A trial of retrofitting Euro II and III franchised buses with selective catalytic reduction (SCR) devices, which, together with the diesel particulate filters installed in these buses, could upgrade their emission performance to the level of Euro IV or V buses Subject to satisfactory trial results, the Government funded the full cost of retrofitting Euro II and III franchised buses with SCR devices They set up a $300 million Pilot Green Transport Fund to support the testing of green and innovative transport technologies applicable to the public transport sector and goods vehicle The Government is consulting stakeholders about a proposal to strengthen the control of emission from petrol and LPG vehicles including the use of roadside remote sensing equipment and chassis dynamometer testing. The outcome - compared with 1999, the roadside concentrations of some of the major air pollutants dropped in 2011: respirable suspended particulates (RSP), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), have been down by 33%, 56% and 28% respectively, and the number of smoky vehicles spotted has also been reduced by about 80%.

6 Conclusion / Recommendations
Ways to Reduce Air Pollution Our recommendations based on the study The use of alternative fuels has to be promoted in India both for energy security and emission reduction. Introduce Biodiesel, Ethanol Gasoline blends in a phased manner and draw up a road map for the same. Formulation of an inspection and maintenance system Cleaner Fuel Quality - adhere to the stringent emission norms, it is imperative that both fuel specification and engine technologies go hand in hand. Ban on commercial vehicles, which are more than 15 years old. Ban on the registration of new auto-rickshaws with front engines. Replacement of all pre-1990 autos and taxis with new vehicles, which use clean fuels. Removal of 8 year old buses from the roads unless they use CNG or some other clean fuel (19). Emission testing for all vehicles at regular intervals should be made mandatory (PUC certificate). Improve Traffic management / flow of traffic on the roads, reducing emissions per vehicle kilometer traveled and enhancing urban mobility. Availability of improved and efficient Public Transport facilities. Most cities have already improved the availability of buses; few have started building Metro networks. Standards are not legally enforceable, unlike in countries like the United States which has the Clean Air Act. India has an Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 which is supposed to be enforced by the Central Pollution Control Board. This act lacks teeth; we need to take big steps to curb pollution.

Cutting down on air pollution is an important step in going green. While transportation is the most obvious generator of air pollution, other aspects of your lifestyle also affect the amount of emissions you create -- everything from the products you buy, your behaviors at home and the way you handle household waste. A number of small changes in different areas of your life can make a difference. The big results come when everyone is making such a contribution. For making India a cleaner and greener place to live, it is the responsibility of every citizen of the country, irrespective of age or socio economic status, to render their efforts and make this mission possible. Adopt and popularize car-pooling. Use Public transport where available. Avoid congested roads and rush hours to the extent possible. Clean fuel filters, air filters and oil filters regularly. Clean carbon deposits from silencers. Maintain recommended tire pressure. Awareness campaigns to help build public awareness and consciousness right from the school level.

Bibliography

Research Publications (White Papers, Research Draft, Working Papers, Case Study): i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. xiii. xiv. xv. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India - Air Pollution United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) World Health Organization (WHO) Natural Resources Defense Council Asian Development Bank Sustainable Development Working Paper Series No. 9 (Transport and Carbon Dioxide Emissions) Ministry of Environment and Forests - www.envfor.nic.in Central Road Research Institute- www.crridom.gov.in The Energy Research Institute- www.teriin.org Central Pollution Control Board- www.cpcb.nic.in National Environmental Engineering Research Institute - http://www.neeri.res.in Central Institute of Research Institute - http://www.cirtindia.com National Physical Laboratory- www.nplindia.org Delhi Pollution Control Committee DieselNet Harvard School of Public Health

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