QUESTION 2 A) Characteristics of iron are

I. II.

Uniformly : Purity

B) I) Pig iron in term of their content

Pig iron is produced from iron ore, coke and limestone. These materials are heated in a blast furnace with the aid of hot air and oxygen: this process creates iron.

The molten iron is heavy and falls to the bottom, while the limestone forms a slag that floats on its surface. This slag purifies the iron. At this stage, the iron still has a high content of carbon and impurities.

II) The application on how to produce a new product The product of blast furnaces weighed less than the raw material inputs, so that furnace location tended to be near raw materials rather than consumers. Depending on time and place, production varied by the fuel used, the quality of ore and fuel, the product produced, and the degree of vertical integration. Early colonial blast furnaces used charcoal as fuel, giving land-abundant America an advantage over deforested Europe. American charcoal iron producers integrated fuel and iron production, often on plantations of extensive acreage. Early blast furnaces were strong in local markets, but national industrial concentration was low. Early furnaces were tied to ore deposits, which were relatively abundant especially in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the bogs of New Jersey. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin's 1810 report on manufactures counted 530 furnaces and forges and noted that iron ore was found in every state.

C) Characteristic of the corrosion resistant steel

The stainless steel is a family of ferrous alloys containing at least 11% chromium. The effect of this amount of chromium in steel in reducing corrosion is dramatic. The stainless steels exhibit two potential states:

Active Passive

The passive state is substantially catholic to the active state. It is this potential difference that drives non-uniform attack, such as pitting and crevice corrosion on these alloys.

For purposes of evaluating possible galvanic corrosion between the stainless steels grades and other alloys, the potential of the passive state should be used.

As these alloys polarize readily, their potentials can have a wide range in some conditions and may be of little value in assessing galvanic corrosion problems based on field measurements.

D) The characteristic of the corrosion resistance steel

I)

Ferrite

Ferrite, also known as -ferrite (-Fe) or alpha iron is a materials science term for pure iron, with a body-centered cubic crystal structure. It is this crystalline structure which gives steel and cast iron their magnetic properties, and is the classic example of a ferromagnetic material It has strength of 280 N/mm2 [citation needed] and a hardness of approximately 80 Brunel.

II)

Austenite Austenite, also known as gamma phase iron (-Fe), is a metallic, non-magnetic allotrope of iron or a solid solution of iron, with an alloying element. In plain-carbon steel, austenite exists above the critical eutectoid temperature of 1,000 K (1,300 F); other alloys of steel have different eutectoid temperatures. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (18431902).

III)

Pearlite Pearlite is often said to be a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of alpha-ferrite (88 wt.%) and cementite (12 wt.%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. In fact, the lamellar appearance is misleading since the individual lamellae within a colony are connected in three dimensions; a single colony is therefore an interpenetrating crystal of ferrite and cementite. In an iron-carbon alloy, during slow cooling pearlite forms by a eutectoid reaction as austenite cools below 727 C (1,341 F) (the eutectoid temperature). Pearlite is a common microstructure occurring in many grades of steels.