MSE 412 Abstract

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

We conducted tensile test using united machine. First of all, we gave two specimens steel and copper. Secondly, we took thickness of these specimens and the distance from the top clamp to the bottom clamp. Thirdly, we marked the specimens with pencil. Fourthly, we install the Steel specimen on the united machine. Finally, we ran the machine and obtained the stress-strain data for the steel. We repeated the same procedures with the cooper. Furthermore, we processed stress-strain data for both steel and cooper using excel program in order to have stress-strain charts. Moreover, Stress-Strain charts gave us the materials properties such as engineering stress and engineering strain.

Introduction Tension test is the most common test for determine the strength-deformation characteristics of Material. It involves the preparation of a test specimen according to American Society for Testing and material standards, and testing it in tension on any of a variety of available testing equipment. Typical result from a tension test is shown in Figure.1. The engineering stress, or nominal stress, is defined as the ratio of the applied load to the original area of the specimen. = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in2 or psi) P = load (lbs) For tension or compression, the engineering strain, or nominal strain, is defined as = (lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain Where lf= final gage length (in) lo= original gage length (in)

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

Figure 1: Engineering Stress- Strain Curve (Udomphol.2007)

True Stress- True Strain True Stress- strain curve gives a true indication of deformation characteristics because it is based on instantaneous dimension of the specimen. (Udomphol.2007)

True Stress defined as =s(e+1) Where S= engineering stress (psi) e=engineering strain True Strain defined as =Ln(e+1) Where e=engineering strain Elastic limit is the greatest stress the material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain after unloading. Yield strength is the stress required to offset the stress 0.2%. Ultimate tensile strength known as maximum stress and modulus of elasticity is defined as the liner relationship between stress and strain also known as Hookes law.

MSE 412 Experimental Procedure

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

First of all, we gave two specimens steel and copper. Secondly, we took thickness and the distance from the top clamp to the bottom clamp using ruler. Thirdly, we marked the specimens with pencil. Fourthly, we install the Steel specimen on the united machine. Finally, we ran the machine until the fracture point. The machine recorded all the pressure and the elongation on floppy disk. We processed these data on excel sheet. We reran the same procedures on the cooper specimen. Furthermore, we processed stress-strain data for both steel and cooper using excel program in order to have stress-strain charts. Moreover, after we draw Stress-Strain curves we calculate the materials properties. First we started with yield strength by offsetting the stress curve 0.2%. Second, we draw a line at the curve peak to obtain ultimate tensile stress. Third, we draw a line at the fracture point to show the fracture strength. Fourth, we calculate the youngs modulus by measuring the curve slop. Fifth, we draw the true stress-true strain curve using the equation =s(e+1). Sixth, we calculate the materials properties based on the true stress- true strain data. Finally, we made two tables to compare engineering stress-engineering strain with true stress- true strain.

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

Results and Discussion

1) Steel: engineering stress - engineering strain curve

70000 60000 50000 Stress psi 40000

Steel Stress Strain Curve

30000
20000 10000 0

00.2 0.4 0.6 0.811.2 1.4 1.6 1.822.2 2.4 2.6 Strain 2.833.2 In/in 3.4 3.6 3.844.2 4.4 4.6 4.855.2 5.4 5.6 5.866.2
Figure 2: Engineering stress-strain curve

From the figure above: Yield Strength = 49762.43 Psi Ultimate tensile stress = 63205 Psi Stress at Rupture = 47414.92 Psi Strain at rupture =5.742 in/in

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

2) Steel: true stress-strain curve

9000 8000 7000 True Stress 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 True strain 3 4 True steel stress curves

Figure 3: True stress - strain curve

Elastic Modulus
70000 60000 50000 Stress Psi 40000 y = 551.28x + 0.002 R = 0.81

30000
20000

Stress Linear (Stress)

10000
0 0.040461144 0.074502248 0.111678715 0.146018426 0.179611608 0.213802004 0.251874389 0.293380499 0.324136852 0.361462854 0.39550391 0.429694282 0.467020039 0.500613148 0.538536168 0.569143206 0.599601173 0.637673509 0.671117302 0

Figure 4: Elastic Modulus

True stress at rupture = 319709 Psi True strain at rupture = 1.909 in/in

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

Comparison of engineering and true strains in steel tension

True strain

Strain

0 0 0.00119371 0.001194 0.00921421 0.009257 0.01702412 0.01717 0.02506476 0.025382 3) Copper: engineering stress- engineering strain curve

Copper Stress Strain Curve

40000 35000 30000 Stress Psi 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 0.180358113 0.36250782 0.544358993 0.72606085 0.907762708 1.089613881 1.271315738 1.45376393 1.635466031 1.81731696 1.999018817 2.180870235 2.362721163 2.545168622 2.726871945 2.908572825 3.090273705 3.2721261 3.453826979 3.636576246 3.81872434 4.000427664 4.182277615 4.420865103 4.690207722 4.989560117

Stress

Figure 5: Copper engineering stress - engineering strain curve

From the figure above: Yield strength = 31076 Psi Ultimate tensile stress =34844 Psi Stress at rapture = 30339 Psi 6

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

4) Copper: True stress- strain curve

True Copper stress strain curve

40000 35000 30000 True Stress Psi 25000 20000

15000
True Stress 10000

5000
0

Figure 6: Copper True stress strain curve

True stress at rupture = 15174 Psi True Strain at rupture = 1.835 in/in

0 0.178387509 0.331113504 0.463480998 0.580274403 0.684993058 0.779640726 0.866225371 0.94584887 1.019543426 1.088278531 1.152544218 1.212750516 1.26970494 1.323549603 1.374680257 1.423323247 1.469709449 1.514071817 1.556581427 1.597326744 1.636447653 1.680401861 1.734750259 1.790017973
True Strain

MSE 412

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

Comparison of engineering and true strains in copper tension

True strain 0 0.001193712 0.005509011 0.009362133 0.013053107 0.01717089 0.021417936

Strain 0 0.001194 0.005524 0.009406 0.013139 0.017319 0.021649

Discussion: The engineering and true strains are very near and, further, either one can be used in calculations. Thus, for the large strains measurements, the true strain should be used because it is the true measure of strain.

Conclusions In brief, in this experiment we learned about mechanical behavior of steel and copper. We generate a graphic chart for steel and copper which gives more information about stress and strain. We understand the elastic region and plastic region. Furthermore, Steel metal has its special stress-strain curve which easy to understand. Moreover, we compared between engineering stress and true stress as well as true strain. Also, we learned about ultimate tensile stress of material and fracture point. This is very important information in metal test. As a result, we found engineering stress is higher than true stress; however, the true strain is very close to engineering stain.

MSE 412 References

Testing of Material in Tension

Albarakah, Raed

1) SEROPE KALPAKJIAN, STEVEN R. SCHMID, 2008 ,MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR ENGINEERING MATERIALS, PRENTICE HALL , NEW JERSEY 2) TAPANY UDOMPHOL CHAPTER 8, 2007 , SURANAREE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 3) R.D.CONNER , MSE412 LAP HANDOUT , 2013 , CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE