Professional Documents
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Yi-Pai Huang()
Reference
1. Nonoru Ohta and Alan R. Robertson Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications. 2. Peter Kaiser, The Joy of Visual Perception. 3. Roy S. Berns, Principle of Color Technology. 4. Mark D. Fairchild, Color Appearance Models.
Outline
1. Thinking About Vision, Color and Displays 2. Fundamentals of Vision and Color
Anatomy of the eye
Basic colorimetry
Colorimetry, in its strict sense, is a tool used to making a prediction on whether two lights (visual stimuli) of different spectral power distributions will match in colour for certain given conditions of observation. The prediction is made by determining the tristimulus values of the two visual stimuli. If the tristimulus values of a stimulus are identical to those of the other stimulus, a colour match will be observed by an average observer with normal colour vision. Wyszeckis (1973)
Advanced colorimetry
Colorimetry in its broader sense includes methods of assessing the appearance of colour stimuli presented to the observer in complicated surroundings as they may occur in everyday life. This is considered the ultimate goal of colorimetry, but because of its enormous complexity, this goal is far from being reached. Wyszeckis (1973)
Wyszeckis (1973)
Human Vision !?
1. Vision is an interpretive, inferential process. 2. Light signals from the physical world are subject to an enormous amount of visual computation 3. Context and experience determine our perceptions of the physical world 4. Physical measurements alone can not predict our visual experience 5. Illusions can help us understand the rules of visual perception and illustrate how our experience departs from physical reality
Human Vision !?
Color Induction
Figure/Background Decoupling
Illusory Motion
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Major optical components of the eye Optical power of cornea @40 diopters Optical power of lens @20 diopters Accommodative power of lens @6-8 diopterscontrolled by ciliarymuscle Wavelength dependence chromatic aberration
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Attribute of Color
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Color-defective vision
Missing a kind of cones
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Luminous Efficacy
Spectral luminous efficacy (lm/W)
The retina has four types of photoreceptors separated by morphology into two classes: Rods and Cones (Long, Medium, and Short cones). Relative population L:M:S = 12:6:1 (with reasonable estimated 40:20:1) The rod system mediates vision in dim lighting or night vision (scotopic conditions), rod vision is essentially color blind.
The cone system mediates color in bright or day lighting (photopic conditions), different cone systems correspond to different spectral sensitivity, thus provide color vision. The region between scotopic and photopic vision is mesopic vision.
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R-absent
G-absent
B-absent
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Trichomatic theory is able to properly explain color deficiency but fails to explain afterimage and reddish green color.
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Opponent-Color Theory
E.H. Hering
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Opponent-Color Theory
Black-White Red-Green Yellow-Blue
Stage Theory
Adams, Goth ect.
Scotopic vision Photopic vision
CYB
CRG
V1
V2
B Y
Rod
Cone
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Vision
To brain
receptor
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Summary
Vision is an interpretive, inferential process Light signals from the physical world are subject to an enormous amount of visual computation. Context and experience determine our perception of the physical world Physical measurement alone cannot predict our visual experience Understanding the difference psychophysics and perception Psychophysics: quantitatively study of the relationship between physical stimuli and sensory experience Perception (Psychology): the processing of selecting, organization and interpreting information gained through the senses
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*J.L. Schnapf, T.W. Kraft, and D.A. Baylor, Spectral sensitivity of human cone photoreceptors, Nature, 325, 439441, 1987.
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Example
The reference stimuli [R], [G] and [B] are monochromatic lights of wavelength R = 700 nm, G = 546.1 nm and B = 435.8 nm, respectively. (CIE 1931) The basic stimulus is the white color stimulus of the equi-energy spectrum. The amounts of reference stimuli [R], [G] and [B], required to match the basic stimulus are in the ratio 1.0000 : 4.5907 : 0.0601 when expressed in photometric units (lm for example) and 72.0966 : 1.3791 : 1.0000 when expressed in radiometric units (watt for example).
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RGB CMFs
[C] + R[R] = G[G] + B[B] [C] = -R[R] + G[G] + B[B] negative value!!
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XYZ CMFs
Tristimulus values
reflectance
source
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Metamerism
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Chromaticity coordinates
In order to specify the attributes of a color stimulus independent of its radiant power, we would like to define quantities called chromaticity coordinates. Let X, Y, and Z be the tristimulus values of a given color, then its chromaticity coordinates (x, y, z) are defined as:
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Chromaticity diagram
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X10Y10Z10 System
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Color Stimulus
Three dimension: (XYZ) (x,y,Y)
with individual CMFs
One dimension: Tc
simple and approximation
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Black Body
A black body is an object that absorbs all electromagnetic radiation. No radiation passes through it and none is reflected. These properties make black bodies ideal sources of thermal radiation. That is, the amount and wavelength (color) of electromagnetic radiation they emit is directly related to their temperature K = 273 +T. Black bodies below around 700K (430 C) produce very little radiation at visible wavelengths and appear black (hence the name).
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determining the nearest point to the Planckian locus on a uniform chromaticity space is current. In 1937, MacAdam suggested a "modified uniform chromaticity scale diagram", based on certain simplifying geometrical considerations:
This (u,v) chromaticity space became the CIE 1960 color space, which is still used to calculate the CCT (even though MacAdam did not devise it with this purpose in mind).Using other chromaticity spaces, such as u'v', leads to non-standard results that may nevertheless be perceptually meaningful. 53
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Y= 87
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CIE 1960
CIE 1976
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Chroma
Original image
Chroma is the colorfulness relative to the brightness of another color that appears white under similar viewing conditions
Hue
Hue is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically, as "the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow
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CIE Lab
CIE Luv
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*Usually, KL, KC, and KH are set as 1 Only for some special applications, they will has different values 71
Target image
Reproduced image
CIEDE2000
min max ave std
30.26
1.78
1.69
Spatial filter
XYZ
min
S-CIEDE2000
max ave std
CIEDE2000
Ref: G. M. Johnson, Color Research and Appl.03
5.92
0.22
0.17
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The Contrast sensitivity curve is not only depended on contrast, but also on luminance
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Transformation flow
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R ( R0 ) R , G ( G0 ) G , B ( B0 ) B
What is Gamma () ?
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Display Gamma
Our eyes do not perceive light the way cameras do. Camera Linear, Eyes Nonlinear A gamma encoded image has to have "gamma correction" applied when it is viewed which effectively converts it back into light from the original scene. The display gamma is to compensate for a file's gamma
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Display Gamma
LCD Display has similar but slightly different Gamma of RGB colors
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: sRGBMsRGBMsRGB-1
sRGB[R][G][B]xy (xR, yR) = (0.6391,0.3392), (xG, yG) = (0.2718, 0.6145), (xB, yB) = (0.1453, 0.0585) 6500Kcd/m280cd/m2 [W]x, y, Y(xW0, yW0, YW0)(0.3127, 0.3290, 80.0) [K]x, y, Y(xK0, yK0, YK0)(0.3127, 0.3290, 0.0)
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