THE

METHOD of FLUXIONS
AND

INFINITE SERIES;
WITH ITS
of CURVE-LINES. Application to the Geometry
By
the

INVENTOR

Sir

AA C

NEWTON,^
made
publick.

Late Prefident of the Royal Society.

^ranjlated from the

AUTHOR'* LATIN ORIGINAL

not yet

To which

is

fubjoin'd,

A PERPETUAL COMMENT
ANN OTATIONS,

upon the whole Work,

and

Confiding of

ILLU STRATION
In order to

s,

SUPPLEMENTS,

make

this Treatife

Acomplcat Inftitution for

By
Mafter of

the ufe o/'

LEARNERS.

JOHN

CO L SON,

M.

A. andF.R.S.

Sir Jofeph fFilliamfon's free

Mathematical-School at Rochejter.

LONDON:
Printed by

HENRY WOODFALLJ
at the

And

Sold by

JOHN NOURSE,

Lamb

without Temple-Bar.

M.DCC.XXXVI.

'

T O

William Jones Efq; F.R

SIR,

S.

[T was a laudable cuftom among the ancient Geometers, and very worthy to be imitated by
their SuccefTors, to addrefs their of labours, not fo much to

Men

Mathematical eminent rank

and

the world, as to Perfons of diftinguidi'd For they knew merit and proficience in the fame Studies. fuch only could be competent Judges of very well, that
{ration

in

Works, and would receive them with ''the efteem. So far at leaft I can copy after thofe they might deferve.
their
as to chufe a Patron for thefe Speculations, great Originals, whofe known skill and abilities in fuch matters will enable

him
to

and whofe known candor will incline him I have had in the prefent judge favourably, of the fhare
to judge,

performance.

For
I

as

to

the fundamental

part
I

of the

Work, of which

am
;

only the Interpreter,

know

it

it will need no cannot but pleafe you protection, nor ean it receive a greater recommendation, than to bear the name of its illuftrious Author. However, it very naturally

applies

I am fure you, who had the honour (for you think it fo) of the Author's friendship and familiarity in his life-time ; who had his own confent to publifli nil

itfelf to

of fome of his pieces, of a nature not very elegant edition

different

an efteem for, as well as knowledge of, his other moft fublime, moil admirable, andjuftly celebrated Works. But A 2

from

this

and who have

fo

juft

iv

DEDICATION.
\

But befides thefe motives of a publick nature, I had The many perothers that more nearly concern myfelf. fonal obligations I have received from you, and your generous manner of conferring them, require all the teftimonies of gratitude in my power. Among the reft, give me leave to mention one, (tho' it be a privilege I have enjoy 'd in common with many others, who have the hapof your acquaintance,) which is, the free accefs you pinefs have always allow'd me, to -your copious Collection of whatever is choice and excellent in the Mathernaticks. Your judgment and induftry, .in collecting -thofe. valuable

more conspicuous, than the freedom and readinefs with which you communicate them, to all fuch who you know will apply them to their proper ufe,
?tg{^tfcu.,

are not

that

is,

to the general
I

Before

take

my

improvement of Science. leave, permit me, good Sir,

to join

my

wiOies to thofe of the publick, that your own ufeful Lucubrations may fee the light, with all convenie-nt ipeed ;

which, if I rightly conceive of them, will be an excellent methodical Introduction, not only to the mathematical Sciences in general, but alfo to thefe, as well as to the other curious and abftrufe Speculations of our great Author. You
are very well apprized, as all other good Judges muft be, that to illuftrate him is to cultivate real Science, and to make his Difcoveries eafy and familiar, will be no fmall

improvement in Mathernaticks and Philofophy. That you will receive this addrefs with your ufual candor, and with that favour and friendship I have fo long
ind often experienced,
is

the earneil requeft of,

R, Your moft obedient humble Servant^

J.

OLSON.

(*)

THE

PREFACE.
Cannot but very much congratulate with my Mathematical Readers, and think it one of the moft forLife, that I have it in to the prefent publick with a moft valuable power fter in Mathematical and Anecdote, of the greatefl

tunate ciicumftances of

my

my

Ma

the World. And Philofophical Knowledge, of this Anecdote is an element becaufe the much fo more, ry nature, to his other moft arduous and fubh'me and introductory preparatory for the instruction of Novices Speculations, and intended by himfelf and Learners. I therefore gladly embraced the opportunity that was put into my hands, of publishing this pofthumous Work, bethat ever appear 'd in

had been compofed with that view and defign. And that my own Country-men might firft enjoy the benefit of this publication, I refolved upon giving it in an Englijh Translation, I thought it highly with fome additional Remarks of my own. and of the great Author, as reputation injurious to the memory well as invidious to the glory of our own Nation, that fo curious and uleful a piece fhould be any longer fupprels'd, and confined to a few private hands, which ought to be communicated to all the
caufe
I

found

it

learned

time

World for general Inftruction. And more efpecially at a when the Principles of the Method here taught have been

fcrupuloufly fifted and examin'd, have been vigorouily .oppofed and

(we may fay) ignominioufly rejected as infufficient, by fome Mathematical Gentlemen, who feem not to have derived their knowledge of them from their only true Source, that is, from cur Author's

And on the other Treatife wrote exprefsly to explain them. of Method have this been hand, the Principles zealouily and commendably defended by other Mathematical Gentlemen, who yet
own
a

feem

x
fern
to

lie
have been as

PREFACE.

acquainted with this Work, (or at leaft it,) the only genuine and original Fountain of this kind of knowledge. For what has been elfewhere deliver'd by our Author, concerning this Method, was only accidental and oclittle

to have over-look'd

and far from that copioufnefs with which he treats of it and illuftrates it with a here, great variety of choice Examples. The learned and ingenious Dr. Pemberton, as he acquaints us in his View of Sir Tfaac Newton's Philofophy, had once a defign of this with the confent" and under the Work, publishing infpectkm of the Author himfelf; which if he had then accomplim'd, he would certainly have deferved and received the thanks of all lovers of Science,
calional,

The Work would

receiving the
la ft

have then appear'd with a double advantage, as Emendations of its great Author, and likewife in And among the faffing through the hands of fo able an Editor. other good effects of this publication, it poffibly might have prevented all or a great part of thofe Difputes, which have fince been raifed, and which have been fo ftrenuoufly and warmly pnrfued on both fides, concerning the validity of the Principles of this Method. They would doubtlefs have been placed in fo good a light, as would have cleared them from any imputation of being in any wife defective, or not fufficiently demonstrated. But fince the Author's Death, as the Doctor informs us, prevented the execution of that defign, and fince he has not thought fit to refume it hitherto, it became needful that this publication fhould be undertook by another, tho' a much inferior hand.

was now become highly necefTary, that at laft the great himfelf fhould interpofe, fhould produce his genuine MeIjaac thod of Fluxions, and bring it to the teft of all impartial and confiderate Mathematicians ; to mew its evidence and Simplicity, to maintain and defend it in his own way, to convince his Opponents, and to teach his Difciples and Followers upon what grounds they mould proceed in vindication of the Truth and Himfelf. And that this might be done the more eafily and readily, I refolved to accomit with an pany ample Commentary, according to the beft of
For
it

Sir

and (I believe) according to the mind and intention of the Author, wherever I thought it needful ; and particularly with an Eye
fkill,

my

to the fore-mention'd In which I have endeavoui'd to Controverfy. obviate the difficulties that have been raifed, and to explain every thing in fo full a manner, as to remove all the objections of any force, that have been any where made, at leaft fuch as have occtu'd to

my

obfervation.

If

what

is

here advanced, as there

is

good

rea-

fon

PREFACE.

xi

fon to hope, fhall prove to the fatisfadtion of thofe Gentlemen, who ikfl darted thefe objections, and who (I am willing to fuppofe) had of Truth at heart; I fhall be very glad to have cononly the caufe But if tributed any thing, towards the removing of their Scruples. what is here offer'd and fhould not it fhall happen otherwife, appear
to be furricient evidence, conviction, I perfuaded it will be fuch to

yet

am

apply themfelves to it minds; and then I mall not think my labour ill beflow'd. It fhould however be well confider'd by thofe Gentlemen, that the great number of Examples they will find here, to which the Method of Fluxions is fuccefsfuUy apply'd, are fo many vouchers for the truth of the on which that Method is founded. For the Deductions Principles, are always conformable to what has been derived from other uncontroverted Principles, and therefore mufl be acknowledg'd us true. This argument mould have its due weight, even with fuch as cannot, as well as with fuch as will not, enter into the proof of the And the hypothefn that has been advanced to Principles themfelves. one error in reafoning being ilill corrected of this evade conclufion,
fhall

who

and demonflration to them moil other thinking Readers, with unprejudiced and impartial
;

that fo regularly, conftantly, and frequently, as it mufl be fiippos'd to do here ; this bvpothe/is, I not to be ferioufly refuted, becaufe I can hardly think it fay, ought

by another

equal and contrary to

it,

and

is

ferioufly propofed.

chief Principle, upon which the Method of Fluxions is here built, is this very fimple one, taken from the Rational Mechanicks ; which is, That Mathematical Quantity, particularly Extenlion, may be conceived as generated by continued local Motion; and that all Quantities whatever, at leaflby analogy and accommodation, may be con-

The

Confequently there mufl be fuch generations, comparativeVelocitiesofincreafeanddecreafe, during

ceived as generated after a like manner.

and determinable, and may therefore /proThis Problem our Author blematically) be propofed to be found. here folves by the hjip of another Principle, not lefs evident ; which is infinitely divifible, or that it may (menfuppofes that Qnimity

whole Relations

are fixt

fo far continually diminifh, as at lafl, before it tally at leaft) be call'd to arrive at Quantities that

is

totally

extinguifh'd,

whk.li are infinitely little, and Quantities, or Or it funnolcs that we may able Quantity.

vanilhing than any afTignform a Notion, not and of relative but indeed of abioiute, comparative infinity. 'Tis a to the Method of Indivifibles, as aifo to the very jufl exception infiniteiimal Method, that they have rccourfe at once to foreign a 2 infinitely
lefs

may

The
infinitely

PREFACE.

little Quantities, and infinite orders and gradations of thefe, thefe Quantities affume not relatively but absolutely fuch. They without as that Quantities finnd any ceremony, Jewel, actually and

&

and make Computations with them accordingly ; tlie refult of which muft needs be as precarious, as the abfblute exiftence of the Quantities they afiume. And fome late Geometricians have carry 'd thefe Speculations, about real and abfolute Infinity, ftill much farther, and have raifed imaginary Syftems of infinitely great and infinitely little Quantities, and their feveral orders and properties j which, to all fober Inquirers into mathematical Truths, muft certainly appear very notional and vifionary. Thefe will be the inconveniencies that will arife, if we do not Abfolute rightly diftinguifh between abfolute and relative Infinity. can be as the either of our fuch, Infinity, hardly object Conceptions or Calculations, but relative Infinity may, under a proper regulation. Our Author obferves this diftinction very ftrictly, and introduces none but infinitely little Quantities that are relatively fo ; which he arrives at by beginning with finite Quantities, and proceeding by a His Computations gradual and neceffary progrefs of diminution. finite and intelligible commence by Quantities ; and then at always laft he inquires what will be the refult in certain circumftances, when fuch or fuch Quantities are diminim'd in infinitum. This is a conftant practice even in common Algebra and Geometry, and is no more than defcending from a general Propofition, to a particular Cafe which is certainly included in it. And from thefe eafy Principles, managed with a vaft deal of fkill and fagacity, he deduces his Method of Fluxions j which if we confider only fo far as he himfelf has carry'd it, together with the application he has made of it, either
obvioufly exift,

here or elfewhere, directly or indiredly, exprefly or tacitely, to the moft curious Difcoveries in Art and Nature, and to the fublimeft Theories may defervedly efteem it as the greateft Work of nobleft Effort that ever was made by the Hun an and as the Genius, Mind. Indeed it muft be own'd, that many uftful Improvement?, and new Applications, have been fince made by others, and probaFor it is no mean excellence of bly will be ftill made every day.
:

We

this

Method, that it is doubtlefs ftill capable of a greater degree of and will always afford an inexhauftible fund of curious perfection matter, to reward the pains of the ingenious and iuduftrious Analyft. As I am defirous to make this as fatisfactory as poffible, efptcially to the very learned and ingenious Author of the Difcourle call'd The Analyjl, whofe eminent Talents I acknowledge myfelf to have a
;

great

The

PREFACE.
my

xlii

for ; I fhall here endeavour to obviate fome of his great veneration to the Method of Fluxions, particularly fuch as principal Objections I have not touch'd upon in Comment, which is foon to follow.

thinks cur Author has not proceeded in a demonftrative and fcientifical matter, in his Princip. lib. 2. km. 2. where he deduces the Moment of a Rectangle, whole Sides are fuppofed to be variable I fhall reprefent the matter Analytically thus, Lines. agreeably (I

He

think) to the

or Quantities, which at different periods of time acquire different values, by flowing or increaor alike inequably. For inflance, let fing continually, either equably

Let

and

mind of the Author. Y be two variable Lines,

there be three periods of time, at

and and

A -+- 7 a

and
;

reflectively

becomes B where A, a, B,

aiTumed

at pleafure.

Then

at

becomes A fa, A, b and B -+f3, B, f fuccefiively b, are any quantities that may be the fame periods of time the variable

which

Produ<ft or Rectangle +- f * x B -+- h, that

XY

will
is,

become A"

fa x B

f4,
ab,

AB -+- f^B -f- 7$ A -f- ^ab.

AB Now

T <?B
in

fM.

-f-

AB, and AB, and

period

the interval from the

firft

of time to the fecond, in which X from being A fa is become A, the is become Product XY and in which Y from being B B, 7^ AB that becomes from being AB -f- ^ab is, f^B by Subis f#B -+traction, its whole Increment during that interval of time to the in the fecond interval from the And ^ab. period in which Y from and X A in becomes which A-f-ftZ, third, being frcm being B becomes B -hf^, the Product XY from being AB becomes AB-f- ffiB -f f 4A -+- -^ab that is, by Subtraction, its whole Increment during that interval is 7,76 7^A -+- ^ab. _ Add thefe two Increirents together, and we fhall have <?B -+- bA. for the compleat Increment of the Product XY, during the whole interval of time, while X fk w'd from the value A \a to A -f- ftf or Y flow'd from the value B f to B +7''. Or U might have been found thus: While X f.ows from A tne \a to A, and by Operation, to therce to A -f- ft?, or Y flows f-om B B, and thence to f3 -ithe will Product flow fiom XY AB B f<?B f3A -f- ab f A, to AB, ?nd thence to AB -+- f^B -J'k -f- ^ab > therefore by Subtraction the whole Increment during that interval of time will be tfB-4-M. Q^E. D. This may eafily be illuftrated by Numbers thus: Make A,rf,B,/, equal to 9, 4, i 5, 6, refpeclively; (or any other Numbers to be affumed at pleafure.) Then the three fucceffive values of X will be the three fucceffive values of Y will be 12, 15, 18, 7, 9, ii, and

iA

-,

fA

reipcciivcly.

xiv

The

PREFACE.
But rtB-f-M

Alfo refpeftively. will be 84, 135, 198.

19

the three fucceflive values of the

8_8 4

Produd XY = 4xic-f- 6x9= =

114

Q.E. O.

true of any conceivable finite Increments whatever; and therefore by way of Corollary, it will be true of infinitely little Increments, which are call'd Moments, and which was the thing the Author principally intended here to demonflrate.
15ut in

Thus

the

Lemma

will be

the cafe of

Moments

it is

nitely

ftf,

A, and

A -+-

a, are

And

the fame Quantity ; as alfo Y, the want of this Confutation has occafion'd not a few per-

to be confider'd, that X, or defito be taken indifferently for and definitely B f/;, B, B -+- ~b.

plexities.

Now from hence the reft of our Author's Conclufions, in the fame Lemma, may be thus derived fomething more explicitely. The Moment of the Reclangle AB being found to be Ab -+- ^B, when the contemporary Moments of A and B are reprelented by a and b A, and therefore b a, and then the refpedtively ; make B A .or of x will be Moment Aa -+- aA, or 2aA. Again, A, A*, A a and therefore b-=. zaA, and then the Moment of make B

AxA*, or A', will be 2rfA 4 -f- aA 1 , or 3^A*. Again, make B s 5 and therefore l> , ^aA -, and then the Moment of xA*, or
3 3 3 3<?A -4-rfA , or 4#A Again, make 3 therefore ^ and of then the Moment , 4^A be 4<?A 4 -i-tfA 4 , or 5<zA 4 And fo on in infinitum.

A A

=
the

will be

Ax A

B==A-,
4

and

or A', will , Therefore in

general, afluming reprefent any integer affirmative 1 Moment of A* will be .

m to
x

maA"
ra

Number,

i, (where m is any integer affirmative of Unity, or any other conftant and the becaufe Moment Number,) A* we (hall have x Mom. A~m -f- A~m x Mom. p; quantity, is 110 A- x Mom. A" But Mom. A" o, or Mom. maA m ~*, as found before ; therefore Mom. A"* A~ iw x maA-"-' ma A"-' Therefore the Moment of Am will be ~ m maA , when m is any integer Number, whether affirmative or

Now

becaufe

A*

A^

=
n

A"=

A~"=
.

negative.

And may

or A"=. B" we put A" where m and be any integer Numbers, affirmative or negative ; then we
univerfally, if

=B,

mall have

ma A"-*

;.^B"^'

or

b=

mgA<

-aA

i,

which

is

the

Moment

of B, or of

A"

So that the

Moment

of

A"

will

be

The
be
rtill

P E E F A C
;;/

E.

xv

wtfA"*"

1
,

whether
of

be affirmative or negative, integer or

fraction.

The Moment being </C +- cD

-f- c

AB

being

fuppofe
-+-

=M AB,

-+-

aB, and the Moment of CD and therefore d-=. b& +- aB,

and then by Subftitution the

AB

MC

rfBC -h

l />B"-'A" -fthere is fo near a ments and the Method of Fluxions, that it will be very eafy to pafs from the one to the other. For the Fluxions or Velocities of increafe, are always proportional to the contemporary Moments. Thus if for A, B, C, &c. we write x, y, z, &c. for a, b, c, &c. we may Then the Fluxion of xy will be xy -f- xy, the write x, y, z, &c. m whether m be integer or fraction, will be rnxx*-* Fluxion of x affiimative or negative; the Fluxion of xyz will be xyz -f- xyz -f-

A*B"

will be

Now

Moment of ABC will be bA +- aB xC r AB. And likewife the Moment of ~ m n B maA. And fo of any others. connexion between the Method of Mo.

xjz, and the Fluxion of

fo of the reft. Or the former Inquiry

x my n

will be

mxx m -*y

-J-

nx myy"~ s

And
:

may be placed in another view, thus A-f- a be two fucceflive values of the variable Quantity X, as alfo B and B -+- b be two fucceflive and contemporary values of Y ; then will AB and AB -f- aB-\~ bA+ab be two fucceflive and And while X, contemporary values of the variable Product XY. from A -f- a, or Y flows value to its A by increafing perpetually, flows from B to B -f- b ; XY at the fame time will flow from AB to AB +- aB -+- bA. -f- ab t during which time its whole Increment, Or in as appears by Subtraction, will become aB -h bh. -+- ab. Numbers thus: Let A, a, B, b, be equal to 7, 4, 12, 6, refpectively ; then will the two fucceflive values of X be 7, 1 1 , and the two fucLet

A and

ceflive values

of

the Product

XY
42
it

will be 12, 18. will be 84, 198.

Alib the two fucceflive values of But the Increment aB -+- t>A -J-

ah-

48

-f-

And

thus

1 -+198 84, as before. will be as to all finite Increments : But when the In-

24= 14=

crements become Moments, that

is,

nifh'd, as to become infinitely lefs than ab will become infinitely lefs than either

when a and b are fo far dirniA and B at the fame time aB or ^A, (for aB. ab ::
;

will vanifh in refpect of them. In which cafe the Moment of the Product or Rectangle This perhaps is the more obvious and will be aB -+- bA, as before. in the t relent of direct way proceeding, Inquiry but, as there was room for choice, our Author thought fit to chufe the former way,,

B.

b,

and bA. ab

::

A. a

and therefore

it

as

xvi
as the

The
more

PREFACE.
thofe others.

elegant, and in which he was under no neceflity of having recourfe to that Principle, that quantities arifing in an Equation, which are infinitely lefs than the others, may be neglected or ex-

punged

in

companion of

Now

to

avoid the ufe of

this Principle, this occaiion,

tho' otherwife a true one, was all the Artifice ufed which certainly was a very fair and justifiable one.

on

I fhall conclude my Obfervations with confidering and obviating the Objections that have been made, to the ufual Method of finding the Increment, Moment, or Fluxion of any indefinite power x of

the variable quantity x, by giving that Inveftigation in fuch a manner, as to leave (I think) no room for any juft exceptions to it. And the rather becaufe this is a leading point, and has been ftrangely
perverted and mifreprefented. In order to find the Increment of the variable quantity or power x, (or rather its relation to the Increment of x } confider'd as given ; becaufe Increments and Moments can be known only by comparifon

with other Increments and Moments, as alfo Fluxions by comparifon with other Fluxions ;) let us make x"=y, and let X and Y be any fynchronous Augments of x and y. Then by the hypothefis we
fhall

have the Equation x-fc-X\*

=y

-+-

for in

any Equation

the variable Quantities may always be increafed by their fynchronous Augments, and yet the Equation will flill hold good. Then by

our Author's famous Binomial Theorejn

-+-

we
it

fhall

nx"~'X

-+-

n x

^=-^*X

+ n x *~ x '-^-V^X
x",

have y
3
,

-f-

=
l

xn
re -

moving the equal Quantities y and

ny.
*

will be

So n x ?-^- x ^^x'-'^X 3 , &c. Y will here denote notes the given Increment of the variable quantity the fynchronous Increment of the indefinite power y or x" ; whofe value therefore, in all cafes, may be had from this Series. Now that we may be fure we proceed regularly, we will verify this thus far, by a particular .and familiar instance or two. 2, Suppofe n then Y 2xX -+- X l That is, while x flows or increafes to x +- X, .v* in the fame time, 2xX -+-X 1 will increafe by its Increment Y

^-x"--X

-+-

X +that when X deT

&c. or

nx n ~

A,-,

to

.v

4-

fuppofe

= 2xX =
fl

creafes to

which we otherwife know to be true. Again, -ja 1 3 Or while x in*. 3, then Y 3* X -+- 3*X H- X J a x r+- X, x"> by its Increment Y X X3 -h 3^ 3^X
1
,

=
1

will increafe

to x* -f-

3*

X -+- ^xX

-+- X

= =
3

And

fo

in all ,other
this general

particular cafes,

whereby we may plainly perceive, Conclufion mud be certain and indubitable.

that

This

Tie
This

PREFACE.
X X

xvii

they become Moments, it muft be true alfo, But when and Y are diby virtue of the general Conclufion. minifh'd in infinitum, fo as to become at laft infinitely little, the muft needs vanifli firft, as being relatively of an of
or infinitely little,

pend

and Series therefore will be always true, let the Augments docs not at all defo little for the truth or ever fo ; ever be great, of their when circumftance the on magnitude. Nay, they are

when

So that when they are all expunged, we ihall neceflarily obtain the Equation Y=znx*~'X ; where the remaining Terms are likewife infinitely little, and confeif there were other Terms in the Equation, quently would vanifh, which were (relatively) infinitely greater than themfelves. But as .there are not, we may fecurely retain this Equation, as having an undoubted right fo to do; and efpecially as it gives us anufeful piece of information, that X and Y, tho' themfelves infinitely little, or vanifli in proportion to each other as vanifhing quantities, yet they f have therefore learn 'd at laft, that the Moment by j to nx"~
vali e than the fmaller powers. infinitely lefs
.

greater powers

We

which x increafes, or X, is to the contemporary Moment by which And their Fluxions, or Velox a increafes, or Y, as i is to nx"~ in the fame cities of increafe, being proportion as their fynchronous
s
.

Moments, we

have nx*-'x for the Fluxion of X", when the Fluxion of x is denoted by x. I cannot conceive there can be any pretence to infinuate here, that any unfair artifices, any leger-de-main tricks, or any Ihifting of the hypothefis, that have been fo feverely complain'd of, are at all have legitimately derived made ufe of in this Inveftigation. this general Conclufion in finite Quantities, that in all cafes the refhall

We

lation

of the Increments will be

nx"~

X+

x ~~x*'-1X*, &c.
are fuppofed conti-

of which one particular cafe nually to decreafe, till they

is,

when

and

But by finally terminate in nothing. thus continually decreafing, they approach nearer and nearer to the Ratio of i to nx"~\ which they attain to at ihe very inftant of the'r This therefore is their ultimate Ratio, vanifhing, and not before.
the Ratio of their

Moments, Fluxions,
increafe

and x n continually
general
tine

or decreafe.

or Velocities, by which x to argue from a

Now

Theorem

of the moft
ufeful

to a particular cafe contain'd under it, is certainly legitimate and logical, as well as one of the mofl ufual

and

in the whole compafs of the Mathemcto ftand we have made and after that object here, for fome quantity, we are not at liberty to make them nothing, or no is not an Objection againft the quantity, or vanishing quantities,

ways of arguing,

ticks.

To

Method

XVlll

Tte

PREFACE.

Method of Fluxions, but againft the common Analyticks. This Method only adopts this way of arguing, as a conftant practice in the vulgar Algebra, and refers us thither for the proof of it. If we have an Equation any how compos'd of the general Numbers a, b, c, &c. it has always been taught, that we may interpret thefe by any particular Numbers at pleafure, or even by o, provided that the
Equation, or the Conditions of the Queftion, do not exprefsly require the contrary.

any
(I

definite

Numbers

For general Numbers, as fuch, may ftand for in the whole Numerical Scale which Scale
;

be thus commodioufly 2> reprefented, &c. 3, &c. where all i, o, i, 2, 3,4, poffible fractional Numbers, intermediate to thefe here exprefs'd, are to be conceived as interpolated. But in this Scale the Term o is as much a Term or Number as any other, and has its analogous properties in common with the refK
think)

may

not give fuch values to general as they could not receive at firft ; which if adafterwards, Symbols mitted is, I think, nothing to the prefent purpofe. It is always moft eafy and natural, as well as moll regular, inftruclive, and elegant, to

We

are likewife told, that

we may

make our

Inquiries as

much

in general

to defcend to particular cafes nearly brought to a conclufion.

and

by degrees, But this is a point of convenience

Terms as may be, when the Problem is

only, and not a point of neceffity.

flead of defcending

Thus

from

finite

Increments

in the prefent cafe, into infinitely little

Mo-

ments, or vanifhing Quantities,

begin our Computation with thofe Moments themfelves, and yet we mould arrive at the As a proof of which we may confult our Aufame Conclufions. thor's ownDemonftration of hisMethod, in oag. 24. of this Treatife. x In fhort, to require this is jufl the fame thing as to infift, that a

we might

Problem, which naturally belongs to Algebra, mould be folved by common Arithmetick ; which tho' poflible to be done, by purluing backwards all the fleps of the general procefs, yet would be very troubkfome and operofe, and not fo inflrudtive, or according to the true Rules of Art But I am apt to fufpedr, that all our doubts and fcruples about Mathematical Inferences and Argumentations, especially when we are fatisfied that they have been juftly and legitimately conducted, may be ultimately refolved into a fpecies of infidelity and diftruft. Not in refpecl of any implicite faith we ought to repofe on meer human
authority, tho' ever fo great, (for that, in Mathematicks, we mould are hardly utterly difclaim,) but in refpedl of the Science itfelf. to that fo Science is the believe, brought perfectly regular and uni-

We

form,

72*

PREFACE.

xix

form, fo infinitely confident, conftant, and accurate, as we mall re&lly find it to be, when after long experience and reflexion we (hall have overcome this prejudice, and {hall learn to purfue it rightly. do not readily admit, or eafily comprehend, that Quantities have an infinite number of curious and fubtile properties, fome near and obvious, others remote and abftrufe, which are all link'd together by a neceffary connexion, or by a perpetual chain, and are then only difcoverable when regularly and clofely purfued ; and require our truft and confidence in the Science, as well as our induftry, application, and obftinate perfeverance, our fagacity and penetration, in That Nature is ever order to their being brought into full light.

We

confiftent

with
in

herfelf,

and never proceeds

is

in thefe Speculations

per
as

faltum, or at random, but

infinitely fcrupulous

and

felicitous,

adhering to Rule and Analogy. That whenever we regular Portions, and purfue them through ever fo great a variety of Operations, according to the ftricT: Rules of Art ; we fhall always proceed through a feries of regular and well- connected tranlmutations, (if we would but attend to 'em,) till at laft we arrive That no properties of Quantity at regular and juft Conclufions. are intirely deftructible, or are totally loft and abolim'd, even tho' profecuted to infinity itfelf j for if we fuppofe fome Quantities to become infinitely great, or infinitely little, or nothing, or lefs than nothing, yet other Quantities that have a certain relation to them

we may

fay,

make any

and often finite alterations, will fymand with conform to 'em in all their changes ; and them, pathize their will always preferve analogical nature, form, or magnitude, which will be faithfully exhibited and difcover'd by the refult. This we may colledl from a great variety of Mathematical Speculations, and more particularly when we adapt Geometry to Analyticks, and
will only undergo proportional,

Curve-lines to Algebraical Equations.

ral

That when we purfue gene-

Inquiries,

refult

Nature is infinitely prolifick in particulars that will from them, whether in a direct rubordination, or whether they

collaterally ; or even in particular Problems, we may often that thefe are only certain cafes of fomething more perceive general, and may afford good hints and afiiftances to a fagacious Analyft, for

branch out

afcending gradually to higher and higher Difquilitions, which may be profecuted more univerfally than was at firft expe<5ted or intended. Thefe are fome of thofe Mathematical Principles, of a higher order,

which we
tice

fully convinced

and

and which we {hall never be or know the whole ufe of, but from much pracof, attentive confideration ; but more efpecially by a diligent b 2 peruial,
find a difficulty to admit,

xx
peruial,
illuftrious

The

R E

A C

E.

and clofe examination, of this and the other Works of our He abounded in thefe fublime views and inAuthor. had acquired an accurate and habitual knowledge of all thefe, quiries, and of many more general Laws, or Mathematical Principles of a not improperly be call'd The Philofophy of fuperior kind, which may aflifted and which, Quantity ; by his great Genius and Sagacity, together with his great natural application, enabled him to become fo compleat a Matter in the higher Geometry, and particularly in the Art of Invention. This Art, which he poflefl in the greateft perfection imaginable, is indeed the fublimeft, as well as the moft difficult of all Arts, if it properly may be call'd fuch ; as not being reducible to any certain Rules, nor can be deliver'd by any Precepts, but
is

wholly owing to a happy fagacity, or rather to a kind of divine Enthufiafm. To improve Inventions already made, to carry them

on, when begun, to farther perfection, is certainly a very ufeful and excellent Talent ; but however is far inferior to the Art of Difcovery, as haying a TIV e^u, or certain data to proceed upon, and where juft method, clofe reasoning, ftrict attention, and the Rules of Analogy, may do very much. But to ftrike out new lights, to adventure where

no

footfteps

had ever been

fet before,

nullius ante trita folo

is

this

is

the nobleft

Endowment
few

that a

human Mind

capable

of,

is

referved

and was the peculiar and diftinguifhing Character of our great Mathematical Philofopher. He had acquired a compleat knowledge of the Philofophy of Quanor of its moft eflential and moft general Laws ; had confider'd it tity, in all views, had purfued it through all its difguifes, and had traced it through all its Labyrinths and Recefles j in a word, it may be faid of him not improperly, that he tortured and tormented Quantities make them confefs their Secrets, and difcover all poflible ways, to
for the chofen
quos Jupiter tequus amavit,
their Properties.

of Fluxions, as it is here deliver'd in this Treatife, is a very pregnant and remarkable inftance of all thefe particulars. To take a cuifory view of which, we may conveniently enough divide The firft will be the Introduction, into thefe three parts. it or the Method of infinite Series. The fecond is the Method of The third is the application of both Fluxions, properly fo culi'd.
thefe

The Method

Methods

to

fome very general and curious Speculations,

chiefly

Geometry of Curve-lines. As to the firft, which is the Method of infinite the Author opens a new kind of Arithrnetick, (new
in the

Series, in this at leaft at the

time of his writing

this,)

or rather he vaftly improves the old.

For
he

The

PREFACE.
;

xxi

he extends the received Notation, making it compleatly universal, and fhews, that as our common Arithmetick of Integers received a
great

Improvement by the introduction of decimal Fractions

fo the

common Algebra or Analyticks, as an univerfal Arithmetick, will receive a like Improvement by the admiffion of his Doctrine of infinite Series,

by which the fame analogy

will be

ftill

carry'd on,
all

and

farther advanced towards perfection.

Then he fhews how

com-

be reduced to fuch Series, as will plicate Algebraical Expreffions may continually converge to the true values of thofe complex quantities, or their Roots, and may therefore be ufed in their ftead : whether
thofe quantities are Fractions having multinomial Denominators, which are therefore to be refolved into fimple Terms by a perpetual Divi-

whether they are Roots of pure Powers, or of affected Equawhich are therefore to be refolved by a perpetual Extraction. And by the way, he teaches us a very general and commodious Method for extracting the Roots of affected Equations in Numbers.
fion
;

or

tions,

next to be deliver'd, which indeed is principally intended, and to which the other is only preparatory and fubfervient. Here the Author difplays his whole fkill, and fhews the great extent of his Genius. The chief difficulties of this he reduces to the Solution of two Problems, belonging to the abftract or Rational Mechanicks. For the direct Method of Fluxions, as it is now call'd, amounts to this Mechanical Problem, tte length of the
ibed being continually given, to find the Velocity of the Modefer Aifo the inverfe Method of Fluxions has, tion at any time propofcd. for a foundation, the Reverfe of this Problem, which is, The Velocity of the Motion being continually given, to find the Space defer ibed at any

And this is chiefly the fubftance of The Method of Fluxions comes

his

Method of

infinite Series.

Space

So that upon the compleat Analytical or Geometritime propofcd. cal Solution of thefe two Problems, in all their varieties, he builds
his

whole Method. His firft Problem, which

to

being given,

He does not propofe this, as is ufualiy done, flowvery generally. ing Quantity being given, to find its Fluxion ; for this gives us too lax and vague an Idea of the thing, and does not fhew
fufficiently

The relation 6J the owing Quantities is, the determine relation of their Fhixiom, he difpatches

that Comparifon, which is here always to be understood. Fluents and Fluxions are things of a relative n.iture, and two at leafr,

fuppofe

whofe

relation or relations

requires therefore that the relation of the flowing Quantities will be

mould always be exprefs'd bv Equations. He all fhould be reduced to Equations, by which

exhibited, and their

comparative

xxii

f/jg

PREFACE.

comparative magnitudes will be more eafily eftimated ; as alfo the And befides, by this comparative magnitudes of their Fluxions. means he has an opportunity of refolving the Problem much more For in the ufual way of generally than is commonly done. taking we are confined to. the Indices of the Powers, which are Fluxions,to be made Coefficients ; whereas the Problem in its full extent will allow us to take any Arithmetical Progreflions whatever. By this means we may have an infinite variety of Solutions, which tho' different in form, will yet all agree in the main ; and we may always chufe the fimpleft, or that which will beft ferve the
prefent purpofe. the given Equation may comprehend feveral variable Quantities, and by that' means the Fluxional Equation maybe found, notwithstanding any furd quantities that may occur, or even any other quantities that are irreducible, or Geometrically irrational.

He

(hews

alfo

how

derived and demonitrated from the properties of Modoes not here proceed to fecond, or higher Orders of Fluxions, for a reafon which will be affign'd in another place. His next Problem is, An Equation being propofed exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions of Quantities, to the relation of find thofe Quantities, or Fluents, to one another ; which is the diredt Converfe of the This indeed is an operofe and difficult foregoing Problem.
all this is

And

ments.

He

Problem,

taking
dreis
;

it

in

its full

which

Series. He firfl teaches how we may return from the Fluxional Equation given, to its correfponding finite Fluential or when be that can done. But when it cannot be Algebraical Equation, or when there is no finiie fuch .done, Algebraical Equation, as is moft commonly the cafe, yet however he finds the Root of that

Method of infinite

extent, and, requires all our Author's fkill and adyet hefolyes very generally, chiefly by the affiftance of his

by an

infinite

converging

Series,

often he mews how to find an infinite number of fuch Series. His proceffes for extracting thefe Roots are peculiar to himfelf, and always contrived with much fubtilty and ingenuity. The reft of his Problems are an application or an exemplification of the foregoing. As when he determines the Maxima and Minima of quantities in all cafes. When he mews the Method of drawing to whether Geometrical or Mechanical ; or howCurves, Tangents ever the nature of the Curve may be defined, or refer'd to right Lines or other Curves. Then he {hews how to find the Center or Radius of Curvature, of any Curve whatever, and that in a fimple but general manner ; which he illuftrates by many curious Examples,

And

which anfwers the fame purpofe. the Root, or Fluent required, by

Equation

and

fbe

PREFACE.

xxiii

and purfues many other ingenious Problems, that offer themfelves by After which he difcufTes another very fubtile and intirely the way. new Problem about Curves, which is, to determine the quality of the Curvity of any Curve, or how its Curvature varies in its progrefs or inequability. through the different parts, in refpect of equability He then applies himfelf to confider the Areas of Curves, and fhews

how we may find as many Quadrable Curves as we pleafe, or fuch whole Areas may be compared with thofe of right-lined Figures. Then he teaches us to find as many Curves as we pleafe, whofe Areas may be compared with that of the Circle, or of the Hyperus
bola, or of any other Curve that (hall be affign'd to Mechanical as well as Geometrical Curves.
;

which he extends
then determines

He

the Area in general of any Curve that may be propofed, chiefly by the help of infinite Series ; and gives many ufeful Rules for afcerAnd by the way he fquares the Areas. taining the Limits of fuch the and and Circle Quadrature of this to the conapplies Hyperbola, of Logarithms. But chiefly he collects veryftructing of a Canon of Quadratures, for readily finding the general and ufeful Tables Areas of Curves, or for comparing them with the Areas of the Conic Sections; which Tables are the fame as. thofe he has publifh'd himThe ufe and application of thefe felf, in his Treatife of Quadratures. he (hews in an ample manner, and derives from them many curious Geometrical Conftructions, with their Demonftrations. Laftly, he applies himfelf to the Rectification of Curves, and mews us how we may find as many Curves as we pleafe,. whofe Curvelines are capable of Rectification ; or whofe Curve-lines, as to length, may be compared with the Curve-lines of any Curves that fha.ll be And concludes in general, with rectifying any Curve-lines affign'd. that may be propofed, either by the aflifbncc of his Tables of QuadraAnd tures, when that can be done, or however. by infinite Series.
this
is

chiefly the fubflance of the prefent

Work.

As

to ,the account

that perhaps"
I

may

be expected, of what

have added in

my Annowhich

the inquifitive Reader to the PrefacCj tations ; will go before that part of the Work.
{hall

refer

THE

THE

CONTENTS.
CT^HE
Prob.
Prob.
i.

Introduction, or the

Method of

refolding complex Quantities

into infinite Series of Jimple Terms.

pag.
p.

From
From

the given Fluents to find the Fluxions. the given Fluxions to find the Fluents.

21

2.

p.

25

Prob. 3.
Prob. 4.

To determine the

Maxima and Minima

to Curves.

of Quantities,

p.

44
46
59

To draw Tangents

p.
Pp.

Prob. Prob.

5.

To find the Quantity of Curvature in any Curve.

6.

To find the Quality cf Curvature in any Curve. To find any number of Quadrable Curves.
To find Curves whofe Areas may be compared
Conic SecJions.
to

75
80

Prob. 7. Prob.
8.

p.
thofe

of the
p. 8
1

Prob. 9.

To find the Quadrature of any Curve

ajjigrid.

p.
p.

86

Prob. 10. To find any number of

Prob.
1 1.

rettifiable Curves.

124

To find Curves whofe Lines may be compared with any Curvelines ajfigrid.

p.

129

Prob. 12. To rectify any Curve-lines ajpgn'd.

p.

134

THE

METHOD

of

FLUXIONS,

AND

INFINITE SERIES.
INTRODUCTION
:

Or, the Refolution of Equations

by Infinite Series.

IAVING

tricians,

obferved that moft of our modern Geome-neglecting the Synthetical Method of the Ancients; have apply'd themfelves chiefly to the the affiftance cultivating of the Analytical Art ; by

of which they have been able to overcome fo many and fo great difficulties, that they feem to have exhaufted all the of Curves, and Speculations of Geometry, excepting the Quadrature Ibme other matters of a like nature, not yet intirely difcufs'd I thought it not amifs, for the fake of young Students in this Science, to compofe the following Treatife, in which I have endeavour'd to enlarge the Boundaries of Analyticks, and to improve the Doctrine of Curve-lines. 2. Since there is a great conformity between the Operations in and the fame Operations in common Numbers; nor do they Species,
:

feem to

differ,

except in the Characters by which they

are re-

prefented,.

'The

Method of FLUXIONS,

firft being general and indefinite, prefented, the I cannot but wonder that nite and particular
:

and the other defino body has thought of accommodating the lately-difcover'd Doctrine of Decimal Fractions in like manner to Species, (unlels you will except the Quadrature of the Hyberbola by Mr. Nicolas Mercator ;) efpecially fince it might have open'd a way to more abftrufe Discoveries. But iince this Doctrine of Species, has the fame relation to Algebra, as the Doctrine of Decimal Numbers has to common Arithmetick ; the Operations of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Divifion, and Extraction of Roots, may eafily be learned from thence,, and the if the Learner be but fk.ill'd in Decimal Arithmetick, and obferves the that obtains beVulgar Algebra, correfpondence and Decimal Fractions Terms continued. tween Algebraick infinitely For as in Numbers, the Places towards the right-hand continually decreafe in a Decimal or Subdecuple Proportion ; fo it is in Species
refpedtively,

the Terms are difpofed, (as is often enjoin 'd in in an uniform Progreflion infinitely continued, acwhat follows,) cording to the Order of the Dimenfions of any Numerator or De-

when

And as the convenience of Decimals is this, that all and Radicals, being reduced to them, in fome meaFractions vulgar fure acquire the nature of Integers, and may be managed as fuch ;
nominator.
it is a convenience attending infinite Series in Species, that all kinds of complicate Terms, ( fuch as Fractions whofe Denominators are compound Quantities, the Roots of compound Quantities, or of affected Equations, and the like,) may be reduced to the Clafs

fo

of fimple Quantities ; that is, to an infinite Series of Fractions, whofe Numerators and Denominators are fimple Terms ; which will no under thofe difficulties, that in the other form feem'd longer labour

almoft infuperable. Firft therefore I mail fhew how thefe Reductions are to be perform'd, or how any compound Quantities may be reduced to fuch fimple Terms, efpecially when the Methods of computing are not obvious. Then I fhall apply this Analyfis to the Solution of Problems. Divifion and Extraction of Roots will be 3. Reduction by plain from the following Examples, when you compare like Methods of Operation in Decimal and in Specious Arithmetick.

Examples

and INFINITE SERIES,

Examples of Reduttion by Dhifwn.
.4.

3
.

..ift

Av

The

Fraction
:

being propofed, divide

faa
"
.

aa by b

+
.

IjfM/l^^
x
in the

'* /

following manner

aax

aax 1

a a x*

aax*

aax
O

aax
--7

-f-O

aax*

-+-

^^

flt

~
*
1

+o
**
Jf*

;.
-rr^i_

v *-\ The Quotient

"

i r therefore

is

tf*^ a* x* T _-JT-+ -T_

a* x*
.

rr + T7-, &c.
equivalent
this

a* X+

which
j^.

Series,

being

infinitely

continued,

will

be

to

Or making x
,

the

firft

Term

of the Divifor, in

manner,
~

(the Quotient will be * r~ _ _ , % found as by the foregoing Procefs.

5.
I

+ toaa + o e
x
In like

- - ?4 **

4. n

1^ *
be
^-8

V &c AV
reduced
to

manner the Fraction

'

~be

will

#
6.

-{-

x4

A:*

H- x

And
i 1

or to , &c. 9 v " 2 *
r

x-*

#-* _f. ^-

the Fraction

will

reduced

to

2x^

yx
7.

13**

-j-

34x

T
,

i+x*

3*

2x

&c.

proper to obferve, that I make ufe of x-', - &c. of for &c. i, ;r 7,' x-', x-', x-*, xs, xi, x^, xl, A4, &c. for v/x, v/*S \/ x *> vx , ^x l , &c. and of x'^, x-f. x i &c for **** 1Ui ' * i
it
-

Here

will be

^x

j_^

^ ? >' y-^.'

&c.

And

this

by the Rule of Analogy,

as

may
;

be
x*,

apprehended from fuch Geometrical Progreflions as thefe x> (or i,) a"*,*-',*'*, x, *, &c.

x,

8.

ffie
8.

Method of FLUXIONS,

er for -In the fame manner

',

1^ + 1^!,

&c.

may

be wrote

&c.
>

q.
.and

And
aa

thus inftead
xv|*
3

inftead

xx may be wrote aa of the Square of aa xx; and

of^/aa

xxl^

inftead of v/

So that we may not improperly diftinguim Powers into Affirmative and Negative, Integral and Fractional.
10.

11.

Examples of Reduction by Extraction of Roots. The Quantity aa -+- xx being propofed, you may thus exits

tract

Square-Root.
-4-

- _i_ XX V v (a aa-+^"

2a

Sfl3

4r

x
-

i6*

1287

4- J

'

c*

2560*

aa

xx
4.

a*

~*

x*

a 4

64 64 a

X* sT*
~
i;

64^8
x

"
z$6a'^

_
64^
6
I

256 *

5*
64 a
_1

+ 2^1, &c 7^ _ n-i7R/3 7' +

z8rt 8
/7lt>
1

,__i!_lll, &c.'

4a~\--^^T,&C. Where it may be obferved, that towards the end of the Operation I neglect all thofe Terms, whofe Dimenfions would exceed the Dimenfions of the laft Term, to which I intend only to continue the Root,

Jo that the Root

is

found to be

fuppofe to

*'

,2.

and INFINITE SERIES.

iz. Alfo the

ner

xx
aa

+- aa,

Order of the Terms may be inverted in this manbe in which cafe the Root will be found to
10 A*
iz
A-

13.

Thus

the

Root of aa
of
.

xx
.

is

14. 15.
1

The Root Of -+. i

x
A.

f
<z

xx is #'" ## is a -fi

i**
AT
A.'

A'

6.

And v/r^rr,
i

4it

'-

i a

A-

.Ii*--.4-. ;,,.
becomes
-|- -i/^r

^ -Jj --^7 Tr b*X* -^

'

4-.v*

**, 8cc.
g

Sec.

,'_

3 x- 6

&c-

.c

and more -

over by adually dividing,

-4-

+ |^^4
-f-

T^

T^

^frx H- rV^ x
-+-

6
,

&c.

17.

But thefe Operations, by due preparation,

as in

may

very often

Example to find \/;_***' if the Form of the Numerator and Denominator had not been the bxx, which would fame, I might have multiply'd each by </ 1
be abbreviated;
1

the foregoing

y^i -f-rt*

ab x

have produced

&
I

and the
b

reft

xx

of the work might

have been performed by extracting the Root of the Numerator only, and then dividing by the Denominator. 1 8. From hence I imagine it will fufficiently appear, by what means any other Roots may be extracted, and how any compound Quantities, however entangled with Radicals or Denominators,
(fuch

Vx
as
x">

\fi

xx
A3

V x i! 2x t
;

xi

-}-

^/axx

"
x-{-xx

_.
2X
x.1

-\-

'

may

be reduced to

infinite Series confifting

of iimple Terms.

Of
19.

the ReduStion of offered Equations.

As

ticular in explaining ries as thefe ; becaufe

liver'd

to aftedled Equations, we mufl be fomething more parhow their Roots are to be reduced to fuch Setheir Doctrine
is

Numbers, as hitherto devery perplexed, and incumber'd with fuperfluous Operations, fo as not to afford proper Specimens for performing the Work in Species. I fhall therefore firfl (hew how the Refoluby Mathematicians,

in

Method of FLUXIONS,
Refolutidn of affected Equations may be compendioufly perform'd Numbers, and then I fhall apply the fame to Species. 20. Let this Equation _y l be propofed to be rezy 5 and let 2 be a Number how folved, (any found) which differs from the true Root lefs than by a tenth part of itfelf. Then I make and fubftitute 2 4-/> for y in the given Equation, by 2 -\-p which is produced a new Equation p> 4- 6p l 4- iop i whofe Root is to be fought for, that it may be added to the Quote.
in

=y,

=o,

Thus
the
o,

rejecting
io/>

/>>
i

4-

Equation
truth.
i

6//

becaufe
write

of

its

o,
I

or/>=o,i,
this

fmallnefs, the remaining will approach very near to

Quote, and fuppofe 4- ^ =/>, and fubftitute this fictitious Value of p as before, which produces q* 4- 6,3^ 4- 1 1,23? 4- 0,06 1 =o. And fince 1 1,23^ 4- 0,06 1 is near the truth, or 0,0054 nearly, 1 * (that is, dividing 0,06 by 11,23, many Figures arife as there are places between the firft Figures of this, and of the principal QmDte exclufively, as here there are two places between 2 and
in

Therefore

the

=o

^=

0,0054 negative; and fuppofing

0,005)
before.

write

in the

lower part of the Quote, as being

I

0,0054 4- r=sg,

fubftitute this
I

as

manner

thus I continue the Operation as far as of the following Diagram :

And

in the pleafe,

y~'

zy

=o

and INFINITE SERIES.

21. But the

7
Having

Work may
how

be

much

abbreviated towards the end by

this Method, efpecially in far firft determin'd

Equations of

many

Dimenfions.

you intend to extract the Root, count fo after the firft Figure of the Coefficient of the laft Term many places but one, of the Equations that refult on the right fide of the Diagram, as there remain places to be fill'd up in the Quote, and reject But in the laft Term the Decimals may the Decimals that follow.
be neglected, after
that are
reject
fill'd

up

in the

all

that are

many more places as are the decimal places Quote. And in the antepenultimate Term And fo on, by proafter fo many fewer places.
fo

which

ceeding Arithmetically, according to that Interval of places: Or, is the fame thing, you may cut off every where fo many in as the penultimate Term, fo that their loweft places may Figures be in Arithmetical Progreffion, according to the Series of the Terms, or are to be fuppos'd to be fupply'd with Cyphers, when it happens otherwife. Thus in the prefent Example, if I defired to continue the Quote no farther than to the eighth place of Decimals, when I fubftituted 0,0054 -f- r for q, where four decimal places are compleated in the Quote, and as many remain to be compleated, I might have omitted the Figures in the five inferior places, which therefore I have mark'd or cancell'd by little Lines drawn through them ; and indeed I might alfo have omitted the firft Term r J , Thofe Figures therefore although its Coefficient be 0,99999, for the being expunged, following Operation there arifes the Sum 1 which by Divifion, continued as far as 0,0005416 -f- 1,1 62?%

the Term prefcribed, gives 0,00004852 for r, which compleats Then fubtracting the negative the Quote to the Period required. from of the the affirmative Quote part, there arifes 2,09455148 part for the Root of the propofed Equation. 22. It may likewife be obferved, that at the beginning of the

had doubted whether o, i -f-/> was a fufficient Apto the Root, inftead of i o, I might have iof> proximation i o, and fo have wrote the firft fuppos'd that o/** -f- i op of its Root in the as nearer to And Quote, Figure

Work,

if I

being nothing. be convenient to find the fecond, or even the third Figure of the Quote, when in the fecondarjr Equation, about which you are converfant, the Square of the Coefficient of the penultimate Term is not ten times greater than the Product of the laft Term multiply'd into the Coefficient of the antepenultimate Term. And indeed you will often fave fome
in this

manner

it

may

in Equations of

many

Dimensions,

if

you feek

pains, efpecially for all the Figures

to-

Tie Method of FLUXION'S,

Quote in Root out of the three
this
lafl

to be added to the
lefier

manner

that
its

is,

if

you

extract the
:

Terms of

fecondary Equation

For thus you will obtain, at every time, as many Figures again in the Quote. 23. And now from the Refolution of numeral Equations, I mall proceed to explain the like Operations in Species; concerning which,
neceflary to obferve what follows. 24. Firft, that fome one of the fpecious or literal Coefficients, if there are more than one, fliould be diftinguifh'd from the reft, which
it is

either
all,

is, or may be fuppos'd to be, or neareft to a given Quantity.

much the leaft or greateft of The reafon of which is, that

becaufe of its Dimeniions continually increafing in the Numerators, or the Denominators of the Terms of the Quote, thofe Terms may grow lefs and lefs, and therefore the Qtipte may conftantly approach to the Root required ; as may appear from what is faid before of the Species x, in the Examples of Reduction by Divifion and Extraction of Roots.

And
A:

&c. generally extracted. Radical to be for the Species or furd Quantities, 25. Secondly, when any complex Fractions, or to in to arife afterwards occur the happen propofed Equation,
ufe of
or
in

make

for this Species, in what follows, I z ; as alfo I fliall ufe y, p, q, r, s,

mall

are

the Procefs, they ought to be removed by known to Analyfts. As if fufficiently

1
1 >'

fuch Methods as

y* -+- j

x"=

we mould

have

o,.

duct by*

Kyi'-l-fry*

x, and from the Promultiply by b Or bx^ -+ x*-= o extract the Root y.

we might we mould

fuppofe y x b have i; J -+- &*v* whence extracting the Root v r

in order to obtain y.

x=v,
fax*

and then writing

^~x
6

^hx' -+. x we might divide the Quote by b Affo if the Equation j 3 xy* -f- x$
-\- 3/5***

and fo wrio; -f- z* reftored. For the Root will befound^=2-f-s3_|_5~s 5cc.andrei1:onngjyandA;, we have x^ -f- x -+- 6x^ &c. dien fquaring, y =x^-+- 2X J ~f- 13*", &c.. y* 26. After the fame manner if there mould be found negative Dimenfions ofx and jy, they may be removed by multiplying by the fame '2.x~ x andjy. As if we had the Equation x*-}-T x*-y~ i6y- =o, 1 3 5 and and x arife there would x*y* -+- 3# jy multiply by j , 2_v
z,

were propofed, we might put v, and will arife v 6 for and z* vv for there x, ting y, which Equation being refolved, y and x may be

y?=
5

xj

z=v

=y = =

for

o,. x,,

>

O.

And U

-r

-r-v

tjie

Equation were

aa

2ai

a + ?r y
i

\.

by;

and INFINITE SERIES.

by multiplying
into
}

jy

there

would

arife

xy*-=.a' y*

And

fo

of others.

the Equation is thus prepared, the work be^ of the Quote ; concerning which, as gins by finding the firfr. Term alfo for finding the following Terms, we have this general Rule, when the indefinite Species (x or 2) is fuppofed to be fmall ; to
27. Thirdly,

when

which Caie the other two Cafes are reducible. 28. Of all the Terms, in which the Radical
r,
is

Species

(y,/>, q,

or

not found, chufe the loweft in refpect of the Dimenlions &c.) of the indefinite Species (x or z, &c.) then chufe another Term in which that Radical Species is found, fuch as that the Progreflion of the Dimenfions of each of the fore-mentioned Species, being continued from the Term fir ft afTumed to this Term, may defcend as

much
are

as

may

be,

or

afcend

as

little

as

may

be.

And

if

there

any other Terms, whofe Dimenfions may fall in with this muft be taken in 1 ikeProgreflion continued at pleafure, they thus felected, and made equal to wife. Laftly, from thefe Terms and write nothing, find the Value of the faid Radical Species, the Quote.
29. But that this Rule
it

in

may be more
its

clearly apprehended, I fhall

explain
right

it

farther

by help of the following Diagram.

divide
fides

Making

Angle BAC,

AB, AC,

into

equal parts,

and

Angular Space into equal Squares or Parallelograms, which you may conceive to be denominated from the Dimenfions of the Species x and y,
raifing Perpendiculars, diftribute the
as they are here infcribed.

any Equation

is

Then, when mark fuch of propofed,

A4

the Parallelograms as correfpond to all and let a Ruler be apply'd its Terms, to two, or perhaps more, of the Parallelet one lograms fo mark'd, of which be the loweft in the left-hand Column at AB, the other touching the Ruler towards the right-hand ; and let all the reft, not touching Then felecl: thofe Terms of the Equation the Ruler, lie above it. which are reprefented by the Parallelograms that touch the Ruler, and from them find the Quantity to be put in the Quote. s out of the Equation y 6 30. Thus to extract the Root y 5xy -+1

)'*

ja*x y

+6a

x*-\-&

x4=o, C

mark

the Parallelograms belong-

10

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

ing to the Terms of this Equation with the Mark #, as you fee here Then I apply the Ruler done. to the lower of the Parallelo-

B
*

DE

mark'd in the left-hand Column, and I make it turn round towards the right-hand from the
grams

lower to the upper, till it begins in like manner to touch another, or perhaps more, of the Parallelograms that are mark'd
.
<L

C
;

and

I fee

5 that the places fo touch'd belong to x 3 , x*-y* y Therefore and_y z 6 as if from the Terms y to equal 7a x*-y -}-6a*x*, nothing, (and

o, by making 7^*4of and find it to be four- fold, $=rv'\fitxt ) y, -\-</ax, </ax, -+-</2ax, and ^/2ax, of which I may take any one for the initial Term of the Quote, according as I defign to extract this or that Root of the given Equation. x =o, I chufe 31. Thus having the Equation y* 6y*-i-()&x* the Terms thence and I obtain -\-gbx*-, by4-3* for the initial Term of the Quote. x* 2rt =o, I make choice of 32. And having y">-i-axy-{-aay 2<2 3 and its Root -\-a I write in the Quote. y'-i-a^y
pleafe,
I

moreover,

if

you

reduced to v 6

6=

feek the Value

33. Alfo having x*y

c

^c^xy
the
firft

c I .v a 4-

=o,

I felect

vV

y 4-<r

7
J

which
like

gives

^/

for

Term

of the Quote.

And

the

of others.

is found, if its Power fhould happen the to be negative, I deprefs Equation by the fame Power of the indefinite Species, that there may be no need of depreffing it in the Refolution ; and befides, that the Rule hereafter delivei'd, for the

34.

But when

this

Term

fuppreffion of fuperfluous Terms, Thus the Equation 8z; 6_)i3 4-^2 5>' a

may

be

27^5=0
I deprefs

conveniently apply'd. being propofed, whofe

that
it

Root
tion. 3 5.

is

to begin

by the Term 2ja

!>

^
=o,

by s%
I

may

be-

come Sz+yt-^azy

z~

before

attempt

the Refolu-

The

fubfequent

Terms

of the Quotes are derived by the fame

Work, from their feveral fecondary For the whole affair but lefs trouble. with commonly Equations, the of the loweft Terms affected with the is perform'd by dividing 1 3 Radical Speindefinitely fmall Species, (x, x , x , &c.) without the the radical r with which that } &c.) Species by Quantity (/>, q,
Method,
in the Progrefs of the
i

of

and INFINITE SERIES,

n
by dividing

of one Dimenfion only is affected, without the other indefinite SpeSo in the following cies, and by writing the Refult in the Quote.

Example, the Terms a l x, TrW", TTT-v &c. by ^aa. 36. Thefe things being
}
-

->

~>

&c. are

produced

premifed,

it

remains

now

to exhibit the

Praxis of Refolution. za* xz be

=o

y=-\-a*y

Therefore let the Equation y*-{-a zy-\-axy And from its Terms propofed to be refolved. 2 3 =o, being a fictitious Equation, by the third of the

a=o, and jtherefore I write -{-a in foregoing Premifes, I obtain y the Quote. Then becaufe -\~a is not the compleat Value ofy, I put a+p=y, and inftead of y, in the Terms of the Equation written in the Margin, I fubftitute Terms refulting (/> -{a-\-p, and the 1 from which again, I in the write ; 3rf/ -f-,?,v/>, &c.) Margin again Terms -+-^p the to felect the third of the I Premifes, according
3

-H2 l .v=o

write

Value

for a fictitious ^x, I Equation, which giving in the Quote. is not the becaufe Then accurate ^.v of p, I put in Terms for and the marginal x-\-q=p, p

~x

p=

I fubftitute

3 -^x^+^a^, &c.) ^x-t-q, and the refulting Terms (j I again write in the Margin, out of which, according to the fore_I3-drx*=o for a fictigoing Rule, I again feledl the Terms

tious Equation,

which giving
is

4^ =^> I write
g,
'

-^
I

in

the Quote.
t

Again, fince

not the accurate Value of

fubftitute

make -^--{-r=q

and inftead of a
thus
I

continue

&4 the Procefs at pleafare,

~--\-r in the marginal Terms.

as the following

And

Diagram

exhibits to view.

12

Method of FLUXIONS,

X*

2a'

axp

'

a*-x

643

axq
*-

'31**

509*4

were required to continue the Quote only to a certain 37. If it that x, for inilance, in the laft Term {hould not afcend Period, a beyond given Dimenfion ; as I fubftitute the Terms, I omit fuch as For which this is the Rule, that after I forefee will be of no ufe. the firft Term refulting in the collateral Margin from every QuanTerms are to be added to the right-hand, as the Intity, fo many dex of the higheft Power required in the Quote exceeds the Index
of that
firft

refulting

Term.

38. As in the prefent Example, if I defired that the Quote, (or the Species .v in the Quote,) mould afcend no higher than to four Dimenfions, I omit all the Terms after A-*, and put only one after x=.

Therefore

and INFINITE SERIES.

Therefore the Terms after the

13
be
at laft
/>, q,

Mark

are to be conceived to
till

expunged.
to the

And

thus the

Work being

continued

we come
or

Terms

-^
\

-^--H-rfV

axr,'m which

r,

the Supplement of the Root to be extracted, are only of one Dimenfion ; we may find fo many Terms by Divifion,
reprefenting
131*3 _,
5121.

509*4

as

16384(13 /

we

fl^n

want n g
j

to compleat the Quote.

1.*' 'SI*' 13

So that

at laft

we

... {hall have

y=a

XX

kuyAT 509*4

7*-f"6^-t-^l~*- r^I;

icc -

Example
_^_y

farther Illustration, I mail propofe another 39. For the fake of From the Equation -L_y< .Ly4_f_iy3 iy=. to be refolved.

z=o,

let

the

Quote be found only

to

the fifth Dimenfion,

and the fuperfluous Terms be

rejected after the

Mark,

_!_

5j

&c.

+^

5
,

&c.
Z'p, &C.
6cc.

-L;S 4

2;
s

&c.

% &c.

40. And thus if we propofe the Equation T 4-rjrJ' '+TT|-T )'' 7 J 3 to be refolved only to the ninth Di-rT T ;' -t-TW' -i-r.)' menfion of the Quote ; before the Work begins we may reject the Term -^^y" ; then as we operate we may reject all the Terms 7 beyond 2', beyond s we may admit but one, and two only after

+y

=o,

Y4
z
f

The Method of
;

FLUXIONS,
Quote ought always
to afcerrd

becaufe

we may

obferve,

that the

two Units, in this manner, z, .s , z &c. Then 9 s have ;'=c T_5__ 2; ^_ _^_'T ^_. 3 & C . fs3_j__|_. is difcover'd, by which Equations, 41. And hence an Artifice tho' affected hi injinitum, and confiding of an infinite number of Terms, may however be refolved. And that is, before the Work of begins all the Terms are to be rejected, in which the Dimenfion not the radical affected by the indefinitely fmall Species, Species,
by the
at laft

Interval of
fliall

we

exceeds

the greateft

Dimenfion required

in the

Quote

or from,

which, by fubftituting inftead of the radical Species, the firfl Term, of the Quote found by the Parallelogram as before, none but fuch Terms can arife. Thus in the laft Example I mould have
exceeding omitted all the Terms beyond y>, though they went on ad And fo in this Equation tum.
8 -f-3 1
1
)
j'

injini-

4S 4 -f-92
s 4 -}- z

lS

l6

8
,

&C.

in z*

z*y &c.

that the Cubick I omit all the

Root may be extracted only to four Dimenfions of z, Terms in infinitum beyond -f-j 5 in z, 1 J.-4_|_.L 2 > 1 a 4 -(-.c 6 and all beyond -+-y in .c 1 2z 4 and all beyond y- in z 4 And therefore I aflurr.e this Equation and beyond S-}-;s 42 6 s 6^ 1 -}-^ 4^ 1 be to refolved, -^z y* 2z*y z^y* z*y* -{-?* ;> only
,

tt

'

-i-z'-y

4s4_j_ s

8=0.

Becaufe?.

',(*''-

~^ {

Term

of the Quote,)

being fubflituted inflead

of y

in the reft

of the

Equation deprefs'd

by

z^y gives

every where more than four Dimenfions.

I

42.

What

have

faid

Qi\adraticks.

As

if I

defired

of higher Equations may alib be apply'd to the Root of this Equation

r
.r

A*

A4

h-r-f--;

&c.

as

far

as the

Period x f , I omit
'

all

the

Terms

in infinititm.,

beyond
xy

y
2"

in
\

<?_[-*+

and affume only

I

this

Equation, j*

ay

-y+ &

4-*-*

=0.

This

refolve either in the ufual

manner, by making

and IN FINITE SERIES.

j-^; or more expedition fly by
the

Method of
3

affected Equations deliver'd before,

#>

by which we
vanifhes,

fhall

have _}'=

where the

laft

Term

required

or

becomes equal to nothing. 43. Now after that Roots are extracted to a convenient Period, they may fometimes be continued at pleafure, only by oblerving the Analogy of the Series. So you may for ever continue this z-t-i-z* ^_^.25_j__'_ 2; 4_{_ T i_2;s &c. (which is the Root of the infinite Equaj

tion
l

the laft Term by thefe 5r==)'-f-^ _j_^5_|_y4 j foe.) by dividing Numbers in order 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. And this, z f^-H-rlo-^' yj TB.27-f_ TTy2;9 j &c. may be continued by dividing by thefe Numi
'

'

TrT

bers

2x3, 4x5, 6x7, 8x9, &c.

,

Again, the Series

"-'g

&c.

may
by

be continued at pleafure, by multiplying the

Terms

refpectively fo of others.

thefe Fractions,

f}

7,

-,

TV, &c>

And

44. But in difcovering the firft Term of the Quote, and fometimes of the fecond or third, there may ftill remain a difficulty For its Value, fought for as before, may happen to be overcome. to be furd, or the inextricable Root of an high affected Equation. Which when it happens, provided it be not alfo impoffible, you

and then proceed as if it were known. As in the Example y*-\-axy-{-ii*-y x 3 2a>=o If the Root of this Equation y^^-a'-y 2 =o, had been furd, or unknown, I mould have put any Letter b for it, and then have perform'd the Refolution as follows, fuppofe the Quote found only to the third Dimenfion.

may

reprefent

it

by fome

Letter,

i6
s

fbe Method of
2a3
4jC ft

FLUXIONS,

y -\-aay-\rtxy
,

tf^A-

and INFINITE SERIES,

17

47. Hitherto I have fuppos'd the indefinite Species to be little. But if it be fuppos'd to approach nearly to a given Quantity, for that indefinitely fmall difference I put fome Species, and that being

Equation as before. Thus in the Equation x o, it being known or fupf}-' y* -t-y -\-a ^y* -+- ^y pos'd that x is nearly of the fame Quantity as a, I fuppofe z to be their difference; and then writing a-\-z or a z for x, there will arife y* -fwhich is to be folved y* -{-y jj
fubftituted, I folve the
l

+ z=o,

as before.

its

48. But if that Species be fuppos'd to be indefinitely great, for Reciprocal, which will therefore be indefinitely little, I put fome Species, which being fubflituted, I proceed in the Refolution as
before.

Thus having
and

y* -+-\

-f-jv

x>

=o,

where x
little

is

known

or fuppos'd to be very
-

great,

for the
.v,

reciprocally

Quantity
1

put z,

- for fobflituting
is
.y

~ =o, whofe Root x

being reflored.
if

there will arife y>

-f-.)'

+
H

^
it

^z

z*

-f-

^2', &c. where

- H3

you pleafe, J

will be

y=:x *

9*

8 i**

&c

'

49. If it fhould happen that none of thefe Expedients mould fucceed to your defire, you may have recourfe to another. Thus 1 1 in the Equation y* i whereas -+-fx^y o, xy* Z) 2y -+-

be obtain'd from the Suppofition that ought 2 1 which 0, jy-4_j_2yt y yet admits of no poffible Root; you may try what can be done another way. As you may fuppofe that x is but little different from 2, or that 2-{-z-=x. Then inftead of there will arife 2-{-z A*, fubftituting y*
the
firft

Term

to

2y
>*

-f-

z'-y*

-\zy*

0,

and the Quote

will begin
l

fuppole x

to be indefinitely great, or -

from
z,

-j- i.

Or

if

you

--{--

-+-2y*

2y H-

you

will

have ^ 4

o,

and
,

-f-

for the

initial

Term

of

the Quote.
50. And thus by you may extract and
51. If

proceeding according to feveral Suppofitions, exprefs Roots after various ways.

delire
to

you mould

find

after

how many ways

this

may be done, you mufl try what Quantities, when fubfHtuted for the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will make it divifible fome Quantity, or by^ alone. Which, for Example by_y, -f-or l x> 20 fake, will happen in the Equation y* -}-axy-+-a y o,
3

by

The Method of
fubftituting -f-rf, or
.v.

FLUXIONS,
za,

by
of

And

thus

you may
-j-tf,

differ little

from

or

&c. inftead , the conveniently fuppofe Quantity x to 2a, or za*l^, and thence a, or
a,

or

or

And perhaps many other ways, by fupbe differences to thofe Befides, if you take indefinitely great. poling for the indefinite Quantity this or that of the Species which exprefs
many
ways.
alfo after fo

you may

extract the

Root of the Equation propofed

after

fo

the Root, you

And
finite

your defire after other ways. farther ftill., by fubftituting any fictitious Values for the indebz 1 , -> ~n^> &c. and then proceeding Species, fuch as az

may

perhaps obtain

may be maniand feft ; is, that the Quotes thus extracted, produced ad libi-* turn, approach fb near to the Root of the Equation, as at laft to differ from it by lefs than any afilgnable Quantity, and therefore when infinitely continued, do not at all differ from it You are to confider, that the Quantities in the left-hand Column of the righthand fide of the Diagrams, are the laft Terms of the Equations whofe Roots are p, y, r, s, &c. and that as they vanifh, the Roots p, q, r, s, &c. that is, the differences between the Quote and the Root fought, vanifh at the fame time. So that the Quote will not then differ from the true Root. Wherefore at the beginning of the
that
:

as before in the Equations that will refult. 52. But now that the truth of thefe Conclufions

Work,
ftroy tracted

if

you

fee

that the

Terms

in the faid

Column

will

all

de-

one' another,
is

wife,

you

you may conclude^ that the Quote fo far exBut if it be otherthe perfect Root of the Equation. will fee however, that the Terms in which the indefiis

of few Dimenfions, that is, the greate ft Terms, out of that Column, and that at laft none unlefs fuch as are lefs than any given Quantity, will remain there, and therefore not greater than nothing when the Work is continued ad infinitum. So that the Quote, when infinitely extracted, will at laft be the true Root. fake of perfpieuity I 53. Laftly, altho' the Species, which for the have hitherto fuppos'd to be indefinitely little, fhould however be fuppos'd to be as great as you pleafe, yet the Quotes will ftill be This true, though they may not converge fo faft to the true Root. here the Limits But is manifeft from the Anal'ogy of the thing. of the Roots, or the greateft and leaft Quantities, come to be For thefe Properties are in common both to finite and confider'd. The Root in thefe is then greateft or leaft,. infinite Equations.
nitely fhiall Species are continually taken

when

and INF INITE SERIES.

when
there
Is

19

the greateft or leaft difference between the Sums of the affirmative Terms, and of the negative Terms ; and is limited when the indefinite Quantity, (which therefore not improperly I but that the Magfuppos'd to be fmall,) cannot be taken greater, nitude of the Root will immediately become infinite, that is, will

become
54.

impoffible.
illuftrate this,
let

To

Diameter

MakeAB

AD, = ^,BC=7,AD =
xx

and

BC

be a Semicircle defcribed on the be an Ordinate.

^.

AC D

Then

as

before.

Therefore BC, or y, then becomes greateft

when
it

iax moft exceeds all the Terms " f- V S^x 4- i6a> V S ax &c that la Sax -f- ga*
> -

is >

when *

**

but

will

be terminated

when x
Terms

a.

For

if

we

take x greater than

ax ax> TbTs *S s7 &c. will be infinite. There is another Limit alfo, when x o, ax Radical to which the of reafon of the ; by impoffibility Terms or Limits, the Limits of the Semicircle A, B, and D, are cor^
a t the

Sum

of

all

the

S ax

refpondent.
Tranfttion to the

METHOD

OF FLUXIONS.
,

Now it remains, that mall make frequent ufe in what follows. I mould of an Illuftration the for give fome SpeciAnalytick Art, of the nature Curves will fupmens of Problems, efpecially fuch as But firft it may be obferved, that all the difficulties of thefe ply. be reduced to thefe two Problems only, which I mall propofe
I

55.

And

thus

much

for the

Methods of Computation, of which

may

concerning a Space defcribed by local Motion, any

or retarded.
I.

how

accelerated

'

~
/

The Length of the Space defcribed being continually ( that -*"* 56. at fill ?V, Times) given; to find the Velocity of the Motion at any ffo^ Tune propofed. JbotA.*** if* 57. II. The Velocity of the Motion being continually given ; to find

SJLJ tt

Length of the Space defcribed at any Time propofed. in the Equation xx=y, if y reprefents the Length of 58. Thus the Space t any time defcribed, which (time) another Space x,
the

by increafing with an uniform Celerity #, mea/ures and

exhibits as

defcribed

20
defcribed
y,
:

?%e Method of
the fame

FLUXIONS,
the Celerity

at

Then zxx will reprefent moment of Time,

proceeds

to be defcribed

by which the Space and ;

contrary-wife.

Quantities as

hence it is, that in what follows, I confider if were generated by continual Increafe, after the they

And

manner of a Space, which a Body or Thing in Motion defcribes. 59. But whereas we need not confider the Time here, any
expounded and meafured by an equable local whereas only Quantities of the fame kind can be compared together, and alfo their Velocities of Increafe and Therefore in what follows I fhall have no regard to Time Decreafe formally conficter'd,, but I fhall fiippofe fome one of the Quantities propofed, being of the fame kind, to be increafed by an equable Fluxion, to which the reft may be referr'd, as it were to Time j and therefore, by way of Analogy, it may not improperly receive Whenever therefore the word Time occurs in the name of Time. what follows, (which for the fake of perfpicuity and diftindlion I have fometimes ufed,) by that Word I would not have it underftood as if I meant Time in its formal Acceptation, but only that
farther than
as
it is

Motion

and

befides,

other Quantity, by the equable Increafe or Fluxion whereof, is expounded and meafured.

Time

'60.
2 f

Now

thofe Quantities
I

which

confider as gradually and

T H
_' .i

And the Velocities by which every Fluent Letters a, b, c, &c. is increafed by its generating Motion, (which I may call Fluxions, oi V* ffm***4t*'Qr fimply Velocities or Celerities,) I fhall reprefent by the fame
V*>
i*i~-

>

%f& f'df**

hereafter call Fluents, or indefinitely increafing, Flowing Quantities, and fhall reprefent them by the final Letters of the Alphabet v, x, y, and z ; that I may diftinguifh them from other Quantities, which in Equations are to be confider'd as known and. the initial determinate, and which therefore are reprefented
fhall

by

Letters pointed thus

-y,

x,

y.,

and

z.

That

is,

for the

Celerity

of

t4

JO the Quantity v
Quantities x, y,

I fhall

put v, and fo for the Celerities of the other

id

tti
'(/

and

z, I fhall put x, y,
I

and z

refpeftively.

Thefe things being premifed, to the matter in hand } and firft I

6
1.

mall

now

forthwith proceed
the:

fhall

give the Solution of

two Problems

juft

now

propofed.

PROF,

and INFINITE SERIES.

21

R O

B.

I.

The Relation of the Flowing Quantities to one another being given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions.

SOLUTION.
Difpofe the Equation, by which the given Relation is exprefs'd, according to the Dimenftons of fome one of its flowing Quantities, fuppofe x, and multiply its Terms by any Arithmetical
1.

and then by And perform this Operation feparately for every one of the flowing Quantities. Then make the Sum of all the Products equal to nothing,, aad you will have the Equation
Progreflion,
.

required.
2.

EXAMPLE
ax*--{-

y be X'
to x,
ing,

If the Relation of the flowing Quantities A; and 3 firft axy ^ difpofe the Terms according
i.

=o;
y,

and then according to manner.

Mult.

and multiply them in the follow-

by makes
%xx*

zaxx

-{is

axy

zyy* -f- ayx

*
*

The Sum of

the Produdls
i

which Equation gives For if you take x at

=
7v*

zaxx -k- axy W*-f- ayx=zo, the Relation between the Fluxions x and y. ax 1 -{-axy pleafure, the Equation .v yt
-jx**
.

o will give y.

Which

being determined,

it

will

be x

::

3..

ax Ex.

yx^zax -{- ay.

If the Relation

2.

of the Quantities
3

x,

y,.

and z r be exz''

the Equation preis'd by

2j

-f-

x*y

zcyz +-

yz*

QJ

22

*The

Method of FLUXIONS,
Celerities

Wherefore the Relation of the

Fluxions
.

of Flowing,

or of the

,v, v,

and

z,

is

tyy* -\-

2xxy

$zz

-f-

6zzy
.v,

zczy
y,

4.

But

fince

there are here three

flowing Quantities,

and

z, another Equation ought alfo to be given, by which the Relation among them, as alfo among their Fluxions, may be intirely deter2 0. From whence mined. As if it were fuppofed that x -\-y

o would be z another Relation among the Fluxions AT-HV thefe with the found by this Rule. Now compare foregoing Equaand alfo any of three one the Quantities, tions, by expunging any one of the Fluxions, and then you will obtain an Equation which will intirely determine the Relation of the reft. In the Equation propos'd, whenever there are complex Frac5. I put fo many Letters for each, and fuptions, or furd Quantities, Afto reprefent flowing Quantities, I work as before. them pofing as the afTumed and exterminate terwards I Letters, you fee

fupprefs

done
6.

here.

aa If the Relation of the Quantities .v and y be yy xx I write z, and thence I ## o; for x</aa x\/aa 3 1 2* x4 aa two have the %,=.&., and a -* Equations^' z will give zyy o, as before, for the o, of which the firfl and z, and the latter will give 2<j*xx Relation of the Celerities
Ex.
3.

o, or

a * xx

~ ****

z, for the Relation of the

-

Celerities

x and

z.

o,

and then
g*.>*

Now z being expunged, it will be zyy xx for z, we fhall reftoring x^aa

for

have zyy

-./** 4-

^ aa
quired.
7.

XX

__ 0>
4.

the Relation between

x and xx

y, as

was

re-

Ex.

If

.v

ay*
is

4- j4r
AT

XX \fay
and
v
:

-+-

o,

the Relation

that

between

make

^^

expreffes
5;,

and

^x \/~ay-+-xx=v, from whence I

ay*

+&

-u

fhall
3

o,

az-\-yz
zayy
o,

^ =o,

The

firft

gives

3**'
&

Zy^-yz

2W=

3^

Lave the three Equations x1^=0. and ax*y + x 6 -0=0, the fecond gives az +
gives

and the third

4.axx>y-+-6xx'-i-a}>x*
-y,

o, for the Relations of the Velocities

.v,

y,

and

But
the

and INF NIT E SERIES.

i

23

the Values of & and

i',

found by the fecond and third Equations,

?
iSj
/.

for

and
. ,.

/.

v-.

nrft Equation,

and there anies %xx*

inflead of

11

2a)y-^-~^T.
refloring
their Values
.

7n

vz

o.

Then
-+-

z and v
arife

a f

and
>

XX \/ ay
aa -f-

xx, there will

6*- A- 3

awMf

2^

+ yy
x and y

the Equation fought

^xx*-2ayy
.
.

o.

which the Relation by >

...

or the

Velocities
8.

will be exprefs'd.

After

Cafes, I

propos'd xx} or any other comdicals within Radicals, as v ax -+- \/'aa of Terms the like kind. plicate fhould 9. Furthermore, altho' in the Equation propofed there be Quantities involved, which cannot be determined or exprefs'd by any Geometrical Method, fuch as Curvilinear Areas or the Lengths of Curve-lines ; yet the Relations of their Fluxions may be found,
as will appear

in other is to be performed manifefl believe is from hence j as when in the Equation there are found furd Denominators, Cubick Radicals, Ra-

what manner the Operation

from the following Example.

Preparation for 5* 10. Suppofe BD to be an Ordinate at right Angles to AB, ancL be any Curve, which is defined by that

EXAMPLE

ADH

between AB and BD exhibited Let AB be called A;, and an Equation. by of the Curve the Area ADB, apply 'd to Unity, Then erect the Perpendicular AC be call'd z.
the Relation

equal to Unity, and thro'

to

draw

CE

thefe

two Superficies ADB and ACEB to be generated by the Motion of the right Line BED it is manifeft that their Fluxions, (that is,, the Fluxions of the Quantities i x z and i x v, or of the
;

AB, and meeting

BD

parallel

in

E.

Then

conceiving

Quantities

and

x,) are to each other as the generating Lines

:

BD

and BE.

hence it is, that z may be involved in any Equation, the Relation between .v and expre fling any other flowing'Quantityjv ; and yet the Relation of the Fluxions x and however be dif1

BD. = * And
x
1.

Therefore

::

BD

BE

or

i,

and

therefore

y may

cover'd,

12

<

24
12.

fhe Method
Ex.
5.

<J/"

FLUXION s,
1

the Equation zz -\-axz _y*=r=o were propos'd to exprefs the Relation between x and; as alfo BD, for determining a Curve, which therefore will be a Circle.
if
,

As

\/axxx
2zz-i-

The Equation zz-^-axz

azX
and
-f-

axz

4_y_y

j^=o,
for
it is

as

before, will give

o,

the Relation

z.

And

therefore fince

iubftitute this

Value inftead of

it,

and there
qyy*
y.

2xz -t- axx \/ax-r

Relation of the

xx 4- axz Celerities x and

= x BD =
x
o,

of the Celerities x,y,

or

-x

\/ax

xx

will arife the

Equation

which determines the

DEMONSTRATION
13.

of the Solution.

of flowing Quantities, (that is, their indefithe acceffjon of which, in by indefinitely fmall are of Time, they continually portions increafed,) are as the Velocities of their Flowing or Increafing.
nitely fmall Parts,
14.
t>y the

The Moments

Wherefore
Product of
is,

if
its

the

Moment of any Celerity x into an

y

one, as x, be reprefented indefinitely fmall Quantity

will be

by xo,} the Moments of the others <y, y, z, vot yo, zo ; becaufe vo xo, yo, and zo, are reprefented by
o (that

to each

other as v, x,

y,

and x.

p. /fc, // natti** cttA

,.

15. u tt i e ^cceflions

Now

fince the

Moments,

as

xo and yo, are the indefinitely

.v

of the flowing Quantities

and

y,

by which thofe

any
therefore the Equation, which at all times indifferently exprefles the Relation of the flowing Quantities, will as well exprefs the

And

y-+-yo, as between x and y: So that x -+- xo and y -f- yo may be fubftituted in the fame Equation for thofe Quantities, inftead of x and y. 1 6. Therefore let any Equation #' ax* -+- axy be ^'
Relation between

x -3- xo and

given, and
will arife

fubftitute

x~\-xo

for

x and y
}

-j-

yo for y,

and there

+
ax 1
2axox
axy +- axoy
y:
lyoy-

$x*oox
ax*oo

-f- x*o''

-h ayox

~ yfooy

-h axyoo

and INFINITE SERIES.

17. fore being

25

Now

there will

3 ax--3raxy =o, which thereby Suppofition x the Terms and remaining being divided by o, expunged, remain ^xx* -f- ^ox -+- x>oo zaxx ax 1 o -f- axy -f3
_}'

ayx

_f_

axyo
the

3_vy*
little,

to be infinitely
tities
;

3y*oy that it

y*oo

o.

But whereas
it

o is

may

reprefent the

Moments of

fuppofed Qiian-

Terms
-+-

that are multiply'd by

reject

will be nothing in relbedl

of the

reft.

Therefore I

zaxx
1

-f-

axy

ayx

3_yj*=

o,

them, and there remains $xx* as above in Examp. i.

obferve, that the Terms that are not multiply'd by o will always vaniih, as alfo thole Terms that are multiply'd by o And that the reft of the Terms of more than one Dimenfion.
8.

Here we may

being divided by o, will always acquire the form that they ought Which was the thing to be proved. to have by the foregoing Rule now this fhewn, the other things included in the being 19. And Rule will eafily follow. As that in the propos'd Equation feveral flowing Quantities may be involved ; and that the Terms may be of the Dimenlions of the flowmultiply'd, not only by the Number other but alfo Arithmetical Progreilions ; fo by any ing Quantities, that in the Operation there may be the lame difference of the Terms according to any of the flowing Quantities, and the ProgrefTion be difpos'd according to the fame order of the Dimenlions of each of And thele things being allow'd, what is taught belides in them. Examp. 3, 4, and 5, will be plain enough of itfelf.
:

P R O

B.

II.

An

Equation being propofed, including the Fluxions of O^uantitieS) to find the Relations of tbofe Quantities to
one another.

A PARTICULAR SOLUTION.
i.

As

this

Problem

is

the Converfe of the foregoing,

it

muft be

folved

by

proceeding in a contrary

manner.

That

is,

the

Terms

multiply'd by

being difpofed according to the Dimenfions of

* x
,

x;

they muft be divided by

and then by the number of

their

Di-

menfions, or perhaps by fome other Arithmetical Progreffion. Then the fame work muft be repeated with the Terms multiply'd by v, y,

or

26

The Method of

FLUXIONS,
made
equal to nothing, re-

jeding
2.

or z, and the Sum refulting muft be the Terms that are redundant.

EXAMPLE. Let
4- ayx

=
5 .

the Equation propofed be ^xx*

o.

The

Operation will be after this

2axx 4- axy manner

:

Divide

3 ATA?*
3A:

2axx-i-axy

Divide

* -f3 3
5

ayx

Quot. by Divide by

2ax* -\-ayx
2
i.

by

3
A; 5

Quot. Divide by
^.

4- axy
.

2
*

i.

Quote

ax 1
3

-{-ayx

Quote

_y

4- axy

Therefore the

o, will be the required y* axy Relation of the Quantities x and y. Where it is to be obferved, that tho' the Term axy occurs twice, yet I do not put it twice in ax* -+- axy the Sum x'> y* =. o, but I rejed the redundant Term. And fo whenever any Term recurs twice, (or oftener when there are feveral flowing Quantities concern'd,) it muft be wrote only once in the Sum of the Terms. are other Circumftances to be obferved, which I mall/ 3. There leave to the Sagacity of the Artift for it would be needlefs to dwell too long upon this matter, becaufe the Problem cannot always be folved by this Artifice. I mail add however, that after the Rela-

Sum #

ax*

-f-

-,

tion

of the Fluents is obtain'd by this Method, if we can return, by Prob. i. to the propofed Equation involving the Fluxions, then the work is right, otherwife not. Thus in the Example propofed, after I have found the Equation x> ax 1 -{- axy o, if from y*
-

thence

feek the Relation

I

of the Fluxions

x and y by

the

firft

Problem,

mall arrive at the propofed Equation ^xx* 2axx 4o. Whence it is plain, that the Equation i,yy* -faxy 3 o is But if the Equation AT 3 -ax*-+-axy _y rightly found.

ayx=

xx

o were propofed, by the prefcribed Method I xy -\- ay fhould obtain this ^x* o, for the Relation between ay xy be Conclufion would erroneous: Since by Prob. i. x and y ; which

the Equation xx
is

xy

yx -+- ay

= =

o would be produced, which

different

from the former Equation.

4. lhall

.Having therefore premiled this in a perfundory manner, I now undertake the general Solution.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

27

A PREPARATION FOR THE GENERAL SOLUTION.

the propofed Equation the Symbols of the Fluxions, (fince they are Quantities of a different kind from the Quantities of which they are the Fluxions,) to afcend in every Term to the fame number of Dimenfions :
5.

Firft

it

mufl be

obferved,

that in

ought

it happens otherwife, another Fluxion of fome flowing be underflood to be Unity, by which the lower mufl Quantity Terms are fo often to be multiply'd, till the Symbols of the Fluxions As if arife to the fame number of Dimenfions in all the Terms. o were the Fluxion axx z the Equation x -+ x'yx propofed, of fome third flowing Quantity z mufl be underilood to be Unity, by which the firfl Term x mufl be multiply'd once, and the lafl axx twice, that the Fluxions in them may afcend to as many Di-

And when

menfions as in the fecond

Term xyx

As

had been derived from

=
6.

this

xz -{-xyx-

the propofed Equation azzx*o, by putting

if

i.

gine
tities,

Now

thus in the Equation yx =}')'-, you ought to imato be Unity, by which the Term yy is multiply'd. Equations, in which there are only two flowing Quanarife to

And

which every where

the fame

number of Dimenfions,
on one
fide

may

always be reduced to fuch a form,

(as
\
*

as that
,

may be

had the Ratio of the Fluxions,

4
x
.

or y

or ~ and on the x ,&c.)

other fide the Value of that Ratio, exprefs'd

Terms

as

you may

fee here,

4-

by fimple
y.

Algebraic
the

-h 2X

And when

foregoing particular Solution will not take place, it is required that you fhould bring the Equations to this form. of that Ratio any Term is de7. Wherefore when in the Value nominated -by a Compound quantity, or is Radical, or if that Ratio be the Root of an affected the Reduction mufl be per;

Equation form'd either by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots, or by the Refolution of an affected Equation, as has been before fhewn.
8.

As
j

if the
firfl

Equation ya

yx
this

xa

-+-

xx
x

xy

o were pro-

pofed

by Reduction
in

becomes T-=i-f--^-, ax or
the

-==
y

av+y'

And

the

firfl

Cafe, if I reduce

Term ^^.,

deno-

minated by the compound Quantity a

x, to an infinite Series of

fimple

28
fimple

The Method of
Terms j
the
-f-

FLUXIONS,
have -

- -f-

~ ^
-+-

&c. by dividing the Numerator

mall
i

y by

Denominator a

x,

+-

-f-

^ -f.

^
y

-f-

is

7; &c. by the help of which the Relation between to be determined.

x and

9.

So the Equation

_y_y

xy

-j- .XVY.V A:

being given, or ^A-*

4, x

i- xx,

and by a

farther

Reduction

4=4 +V/T
AT

-+- A-*

I extract

the fquare Root out of the Series f -{-x* x* -f- 2X 6

tute for

Terms
5*"

-J

-f-

xr, and obtain the infinite

if I fubfti-

-f-

\/t H- xx,
~

I (hall

have X

=
5*

14*', &c. which

i

-f-

x*

x*

-f-

2x 6
as

&c.
is

or.

=
added

x^-ir-x*
to
-I,

2X 6

-+-

8
,

&c. according
it.

either
10.

or fubtracled

from
-j-

And

thus if the

Equation y*
or
'

axx*y
-f-

-f- a'-x^y
>v 3

x*x">
2rf 3

~ o

2x*a>=o
anfes ~ x
before.
11.
/-

were propofed,

-fA:5

ax
A:

a1x

I extract the
V

Root of the
X 4
it

affected
111*5
a

Cubick
COQi'4

Equation,

and

there.

=a

^__ ^-_|_ 640 5i2

may

XX

4.

16384^3

&c

as

may ^

be feen

look upon thofc Terms only as compounded, which are compounded in refpect of flowing For I efteem thofe as fimple Quantities which are comQuantities. pounded only in refpect of given Quantities. For they may be reduced to fimple Quantities by luppofing them equal to other givea

But here

be obferved, that

Quantities.
-

Thus

" I

eonfider
as

the

Quantities ^^'

->
c

"-TT, rra*4b' ax-\~bx

>

4
L
,

~^,

xi
all

>

v/tfA-

H- bx, &c.

fimple Quantities, becaufe they

may

may

be reduced to the fimple Quantities

i,

-^-,

\/ex (or

x*} &cc. by fuppofing a -f- b =r= e. 12. Moreover, that the flowing Quantities

may

the

more

eafily

be diflinguifh'd from one another, the Fluxion that is put in the Numerator of the Ratio, or the Antecedent of the Ratio, may not improperly be call'd the Relate Quantify, and the other in the Denominator, to which it is compared, the Correlate : Alfo the
flowing

and INFINITE SERIES.

29

be diftinguifli'd by the fame Names refpecflowing Quantities may And for the better understanding of what follows, you may tively. is Time, or rather any other conceive, that the Correlate Quantity

which Time is expounded and Quantity that flows equably, by or the Relate Quantity, is Space, that the And other, meafured.
which the moving Thing, or Point, any how accelerated or retarded, And that it is the Intention of the Problem, defcribes in that Time. the Motion, being given at every Inftant of the that from Velocity of Time, the Space defcribed in the whole Time may be determined.
in refpedt of this 13. But Orders. into three

Problem Equations may be

diftinguifli'd

of

14. Firft: their flowing Quantities are involved.

In which two Fluxions of Quantities,

and only one

Second: In which the two flowing Quantities are involved, their Fluxions. together with Third: In which the Fluxions of more than two Quantities 1 6.
15.

are involved.
17.

With

thefe

Premifes

{hall

attempt

the

Solution of the

Problem,

according to thefe

three Cafes.

SOLUTION OF CASE
1

I.

in which alone is contain Suppofe the flowing Quantity, accordand the be the the Equation, to Correlate, Equation being on one fide to be only the is, making by ingly difpos'd, (that Ratio of the Fluxion of the other to the Fluxion of this, and on the other fide to be the Value of this Ratio in fimple Terms,) mulValue of the Ratio of the Fluxions by the Correlate Quantiply the then divide each of its Terms by the number of Dimenfions tity, with which that Quantity is there afTeded, and what arifes will be
8.

'd

other flowing Quantity. equivalent to the the Equation yy xy -+- xxxx ; I fuppofe x 19. So propofing and the Correlate be the to Quantity, Equation being accordingly

reduced,

we

mall have -

-f-

x1

.v 4

-f-

2X & &c.
,
'

Now I mulxf
-{-

tiply

the Value of
I

into x,

and there

arifes

.v-f-AT

2X\
by
this

&c. which Terms

divide feverally by their

number cf Dimenfions,
I

and the Refult x

+-

fv'

fv'-f-fv

1 ,

&c.

put

=y. And

30
this

77je

Method ^/"FLUXIONS,
x and
'

Equation will be defined the Relation between

--

y, as

was

required.

20. Let the Equation be

will arife

x
'

=
y ZM

a
j-

-46-}<z
'

'* 3

4
OJ.oi.t~

-f-

5i2*

&c.

there

ax
A;

y -+and
y.

-^ &c
v-J

for determining o

the

Relation between
21.
gives

And

thus the Equation

=
|.

*.!

_i_ -, I

x*

-tI

#*,
the
v* X ,

=
*;

^
into

-f-

+
it

*+
Jf^

** -

For
ax^
-

multiply
.

Value of or
A:-

A;,

and

becomes

X -f.

x*

-*-

x' 1 -\-

ax*

x^-i-x^,

which
the

the
fore.

number of Dimenfions,

Value

Terms being divided by of y will arife as be-.

22. After the fame

\- cy,

manner the Equation

-^ 4- S7=5-7=== \/ f
3

1.

A -+-

gives

A-

^_

-}-

H- j,
3

v/^)'

-i-

cy~>

For the
*

Value of

being
or

multiply'd

by

there

arifes

~
4 7

-^

_j_

-{-n'3

2^^-y* -h -~i
refults,

;'

+ v/^ +
And
*

c %y*.

And

thence

-the Value of
lions

by dividing by the number of the Dimen-1

of each Term.

23.
,
3 .

And

fo

=?

=z\ gives y = $z*.

=-

gives

r=

3f^L into

But the Equation . For f multiply'd ; gives 7 f ^ A: makes a, which being divided by the number of Dimen~ an infinite fions, which is o, there arifes Quantity for the Value
, ,
_

24. Wherefore, whenever a like

Term

mail occur in the Value

of

-.

whofe Denominator

involves the Correlate

Quantity of one

inftead of the Correlate ; Quantity, fubftitute the or the Difference between the fame and fome other given Quantity to be affumed at pleafure. For there will be the fame Relation of Flowing, of the Fluents in the Equation fo. produced, as of the Equation at firft and the infinite Relate j

Dimenfion only

Sum

propofed

Quantity

and INFINITE SERIES.

tity

31

by

this

and will number.

means will be diminifh'd by an infinite part of itfelf, become finite, but yet confifting of Terms infinite in

the Equation 4 25. Therefore

write

^4,

=
26.

u-^r~X

x, affuming the Quantity b at pleafure, a^ ax^ fl 11 T^ /* v and by Divifion 4 T rr 4- 77 * &

v O

= =

being propofed,
ax^
-rr b+

if for

there will arife

&c
c

And

At

now the Rule aforegoing will give_}'= j

the Relation between

^ 4-

~p

~j^

&c. for

x and

y.

So

if

you have the Equation

~

4-3
there

xx; becaufe
will
arife

of the
.

Term
(_

->

if

you write
xx.

-f-

for x,

_f

2X

Then

reducing the
2Ar 3

Term ~-^

into an in-

finite Series

4-2
_{_

2x4- 2x l
, 3

4- 2x% &c. you

6cc.

will have 4

y and

=
^

4*
4.x

x*
1

2x 3 4- 2x 4 &c.

And
s

ax 4- fx

|x 4- ^x

then according to the Rule for the Relation of x

y.

27.

And

thus if the Equation -.-=x'^-i-x-

AT*

were pro-

I here obferve the pofed j becaufe I

Term x
x
for

(or ~j
it,

to be found,
arifes

tranfmute x,
.

by
-

fubftituting

and there

_'

_L

__

v/
,

A;".

Now
Term
3 ,

the

Term
x
or
is

l -

x produces

_{_

_|_

x 1 4- x
1

&c. and the

\/i

equivalent
v
.

to
is

j,

.i#

4-x
i

V^S
4I
-i-x

an(^ therefore
1

_ _
3

JL;(

the fame as

4- 4-x 4-

|-x

&c.
i ~f-

So that

when

thefe Values
,6cc.

are fubftituted,

fhall

have 4
X

=
1

2x 4- 4x i 4-4-^-x

And

then by the Rule y

others.

=. x 4-

x 4-

4-x*

4- ri* 4 , &c

An<i

oi

28. Alfo in other Cafes the Equation may fometimes be conveniently reduced, by fuch a Tranfmutation of the flowing Quantity.

As

if this

Equation were propofed 4

= -^

^^. ^_ xi
c

inflead

52 O
of
.v

^
I

Method of FLUXIONS,
i/

write c

AT,

and then

mall have
-f,.

4=

or

~i>

and then by the Rule y

J
^

L.

But the ufe of fuch Tranf-

mutations will appear more plainly in what follows.

SOLUTION OF CASE
29".

II.

And fo much for Equations that involve But when each of them are found in the only one Fluent. Equation, fiift it muft be reduced to the Form prefcribed, by making, that on one fide may be had the Ratio of the Fluxions,
PREPARATION.
equal to an
fide. aggregate of fimple Terms on the other be any fo reduced there 30. And befides, if in the Equations the flowing Quantity, they muft be freed Fractions denominated

by from thofe Denominators, by the above-mentioned Tranfmutation of the flowing Quantity. o being propofed, or aax xxy 31. So the Equation yax f becaufe of the Term -, I afiume b at pleafure, and _{_

=
x
.

i_l
x
a

for

either write b -+- x,

it

or b

write b -+- x,

will

become 4

=
,

x, or
-

- b.

As

if I

fhould

-f-

rrr.

And

then the

Term

into an infinite Series, being converted byDivifion

we

mall have

-1-1
72. J

after

<

&C.

And
..

the fame

manner the Equation

if,

37
-

2x
X

+
2v

being propofed;
i

by reafon of the Terms

i 2 v -

and^.,
X

write

for
-f-

y
1

and
-4I

x
2

for
.

x,

there will

arife
'1

=
by J
^xy

_ o V -4- 2 3/

^-

=-^
y
i

r ~. ZX -\- X*

But the
a

Term
3

infinite Divjfion gives

x -+-y
a
3

xy

-f-_y

xy* -J-_y
2_y

xy* t &c.
2 -i-

and the

Term
6 x *-y

^x
fore
X

_f-

_^2~+ xx by 6x a 4- S* ^
.

like Divifion gives

8x

+ iox*y
y3

IOAT*,
5
,

&c.

There6x*

r-=

3^-i- 3^J

a
'

-f->'

xy* -{-

^y

&c.

-i-

6^^

33-

and INFINITE SERIES.

33.

33

The Equation being thus prepared, when need rethe Terms according to the Dimenfions of the flowquires, difpofe ing Quantities, by fetting down fir ft thofe that are not affected by the Relate Quantity, then thofe that are affected by its lead DimenRULE.
fion,

and

fo on.

In like manner alfo diipofe the

Terms

in

each of

thefe Clafies according to the Dimenfions of the other Correlate Quantity, and thofe in the firft Clafs, (or fuch as are not affected

by the Relate Quantity,) write in a collateral order, proceeding towards the right hand, and the reft in a defcending Series in the lefthand Column, as the following Diagrams indicate. The work being thus prepared, multiply the firft or the loweft of the Terms in the firft Clafs by the Correlate Quantity, and divide by the number of Dimenfions, and put this in the Quote for the initial Term of the Value of the Relate Quantity. Then fubftitute this into the the Terms of Equation that are difpofed in the left-hand Column, inftead of the Relate Quantity, and from the next loweft Terms you will obtain the fecond Term of the Quote, after the fame manner as you obtain'd the firft. And by repeating the Operation you the as continue far as you But this will appear Quote may pleafe.
plainer

by an Example or two.

34.

EXAMP.

i.

Let the Equation 4

T.V -+-

=
A'

^x-\-y-\- x*-{-.vy
are not affected

be propofed, whofe Terms i by the Relate Quantity _v, you

1
,

which

fee

difpos'd collaterally in the

up-

3-4
beino; divid'-d

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

xx for the by the number of Dimenfions 2, gives Then this Term fecund Term of the Value of y in the Quote. afiumed to likewifc the Value of the compleat being Marginals -{-y xx and x and -+- xv, there will arife alfo to be added to the Terms -j-x and -{-xx that were before inferted. Which being done, I again a flume the next loweil Terms -f-xx, xx, and -{-xx, which I collect into one Sum xx, and thence I derive (as before) the third Term -|-.ix ; to be put in the Value of y. Again, taking this Term -i-x 3 into the Values of the marginal Terms, from the 4 x 3 added together, I obtain for next loweft -f-y# 3 and ^-x And fo on in infinitum. the fourth Term of the Value of y. In like manner if it were required to determine 35. Ex AMP. 2.
5 , ,

y the Relation of x and y in this Equation, - -=. <

^

-f-

- -f- --v -fa &*

&*

r'-f-

fuppofed to proceed ad infinitum ; I put I in the beginning, and the other Terms in the left-hand Column, and then purfue the work according to the following Diagram.
,

&c. which

Series

is

and INFINITE SERIES.

35

37.

EXAMP.
3,v -+1

3.

In like

manner
Xj* -t-j
3

if this
3

Equation were propofed

-4-;it

i*y -4-;*
-

.vy

A^
is

6..Y

-f- SA-

_V

8.v

4- \oxy*
as

extract the

Value ot y

IOA-*, &c. and far as feven Dimensions

of x.

intended to I place the

order, according to the following Diagram, and I work as before, only with this exception, that iince in the left-hand Column y is not only of one, but alfo of two and three Dimensions;
in

Terms

(or of

more than
fo
far

three,
x~*
,)

if I
I

beyond
ted

the degree of

intended to produce the Value of y fubjoin the fecond and third Powers of the

Value of y,

by degrees

to the right-hand,

gradually produced, that when they are fubftituin the Values of the Marginals

36

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

it appears Equation required. But whereas this Value is negative, that one of the Quantities x or y decreafes, while the other inAnd the fame thing is allb to be concluded, when one of creafes. the Fluxions is affirmative, and the other negative.

EXAMP. 4. You may proceed in like manner Equation, when the Relate Quantity is affected with
38.

to refolve the
fractional

menfions.
this

As

if it

Equation,

Diwere propofed to extract the Value of x from

iy
1

^y-

-+-

zyx*

-J.v

-f-

77*

-f-

2_y

in

and INFINITE SERIES.

37

38
41.

tte Method of

FLUXIONS,

And
all

thus at
others

laft

and of

moft

difficult

have compleated this moft troublefo'me Problem, when only two flowing
are

Quantities,

together with their Fluxions,

comprehended

in

an

Equation.
in all

befides this general Method, in which I have taken the Difficulties, there are others which are generally fhorter,

But

which the

Work may often be eafed;

by

to

givefome Specimens of which,

ex abundantly perhaps will not be diiagreeable to the Reader. 42. I. If it happen that the Quantity to be refolved has in fome places negative Dimenfions, it is not of ablblute necefllty that therefore the Equation mould be reduced to another form. For thus

the Equation y

propofed, where y is of one negative Dimenfion, I might indeed reduce it to another Form, as by writing i -f- y for y ; but the Refolution will be more expedite as you have it in the following Diagram.

xx being

and INFINITE SERIES,

3.9

The Method

^FLUXIONS,

and INFINITE SERIES,

50. And tion proceeded, I

41

here

it

may
-

be obferved by the way, that as the Operainferted

might have
,

any given Quantity between

the

Terms

4**

and

for the intermediate

Term

that

is

deficient,

fuppofing that Quantity, which is affected by its fractional Dand then by ftibftitutii g menfion, to be equal to any third Fluent
;

and fo the Value of y might have been exhibited an infinite variety of ways. 51. V. If there are befides any fractional Indices of the Dimenfions of the Relate Quantity, they may be reduced to Integers by

Fluxion, ariling from that fictitious Quantity, inftead of the Relate Quantity and its Fluxion. Equation, 52. As if the Equation 3*7* -\- y were propofed, where the Relate Quantity is affected with the fractional Index .1 of its Dimenthat
as

alfo

its

y=

= y=
y

fion; a
z'> ;

Fluent
the
1
.

z, or being afTumed at pleafure, fuppofe y^ be will Relation of the Fluxions, by Prob. i.

=
z*

32Z

Therefore fubftituting ^zz* for

3 and z* for y$, there will arife yzz 1 or z x -\-^z, ^xz*- -+- z where z performs the office of the Relate Quantity. But after the Value of z is extracted, as z &c. inx* -f-J-f-^Q ,
,

v,

as

alfo

=
-

for

y,

ftead of

reftore
v
;

y\ and you
is,

tween x and

that

y?
6

= =

will have the defired Relation

i.v 1
7

be-

+ -V^ H- T-nr*
3

4
;

&c

an(^

Cubing each
53. In

fide,

like

given, or_y

y =.^x -\- T'_.v -+- T Y T X manner if the Equation y

S
>

2^^ -J-

by Prob.

=
1

i.

2zz

-+- {-x^.

-i-v

then by fquaring each fide, v=y>; -+- -|Jf^ Ar-f", , 5 But if you mould defire to have the Value of y exhibited -i- -i-x infinite number of ways, make z =. c -f- x -f- -ytf , aiTuming any an initial Term c, and it will be ss, that is y, c* -{- zcx ^cx*
or y'1
.

=
1

and by confequence 2zz 2z -f- x*z, or Therefore by the firft Cafe of this 'tis z x -fy,

xM
1

^c

^7

make z =)'^

</xy were or zz=y, and thence </^y

-+-

-i.v

-v

-+-

-i-x

-t-

^v

3
.

ing of fuch things as

But perhaps I may feem too minute, will but feldom come into practice.
III.

in treat-

SOLUTION OF CASE

54. The Refolution of the Problem will foon be difpatch'd, the Equation involves three or more Fluxions of Quantities.

when

For between

42

?$

Method of FLUXIONS,

between any two of thofe Quantities any Relation may be afiumed, when it is not determined by the State of the Queftion, and the Relation of their Fluxions may be found from thence ; fo that either of them, together with its Fluxion, may be exterminated. For which reafon if there are found the Fluxions of three Quantities, only one need be two to if there be and fo on j affumedj four, Equation
be transform'd into another And then Equation, in which only two Fluxions may be found. this Equation being refolved as before, the Relations of the other Quantities may be difcover'd.
that the Equation propos'd

may

finally

z -f- yx o ; that I 55. Let the Equation propofed be zx of the obtain Relation the and Quantities x, y, z, whofe Fluxions may and z are in the contained form I a Relation at x, y, Equation ;
pleafure between any a -+- z, or or 2y

two of them,

as

x and y,

fuppofing that
at prefent

x=y,

and thence x

Therefore writing zyy for x, and yy for x, the Equation propofed will be transform'd into this q.yy z-^-yy* o. And thence the Relation between y and z will arife, 2yy-{2yy.

x=yy,

&c.

But fuppofe

x=yy,

=
^y=

In which if x be written for yy, and x* for y~>, we mall z. ~x^ So that among the infinite ways in which have 2X -fx, y, and z, may be related to each other, one of them is here found, which is reprefented by thefe Equations, .v =yy, 2y* +- y* z. z, and 2X -+- ^x*

=.z.

DEMONSTRATION.
56. tion is

may
its

by way of Analyfis. That is, when any Equation is propos'd, after you have finifh'd the work, you may try whether from the derived Equation you can return back to the Equation propos'd, by
fhort,

genuine

thus we have folved the Problem, but the DemonftraAnd in fo great a variety of matters, that we behind. and with too great perplexity, from it not derive fynthetically, foundations, it may be fufficient to point it out thus in

And
ftill

Prob.

And therefore, the Relation of the Quantities in the deI. rived Equation requires the Relation of the Fluxions in the propofed and contrary-wife : which was to be fhewn.
Equation, 57. So
tion
will
if

the Equation propofed were y x, the derived Equal on and the be ; contrary, by Prob. i. we have

y={x
is,

xx, that

y=.x,

becaufe

is

fuppofed Unity.

And

thus

from

and INFINITE SERIES.

from y

x* -f- Lx 1 tf -+-y -f- xx -+- xy is derived _y ! vS > &c i And thence by Prob. i. y 2x -4T' ^v+ -+- ^o x 1 x! Values of Which two &c. ^-x -V y agree %x> -+- ^-x*
I

3*

4.3

with each other, as appears by fubftituting x -^x* xx+^x> ->-J-x , <5cc. inftead of^ in the firft Value. But in the Reduction of Equations I made ufe of an Opera.,8. of which alfo it will be convenient to give fome account. And tion, that is, the Tranfmutation of a flowing Quantity by its connexion Let AE and ae be two Lines indefinitely with a given Quantity.
s

extended each way, along which two moving Things or Points may pafs from afar, and at the fame time E c p E may reach the places A and a, B and and let &c. and B C and d, c, b, ^ ? -4 be the Point, by its diftance from which, or of the the Motion moving thing

A
:

'

is eftimated ; fo that BA, BC, BD, BE, fucceffively, point in the moving thing is in the when be the Quantities, flowing may E. Likewife b be a let like point in the other Line. places A, C, D, BA and ba be will Then contemporaneous Fluents, as alfo if inftead of the BC and be, BD andZv/, BE and be, 6cc. points B and b, be fubftituted A and c, to which, as at reft, the Motions and are refer'd ; then o and ca, AB and cb, AC and o, and will be Therece, cd, contemporaneous flowing Quantities.

AE

Now

AD

AE

fore the flowing Quantities are changed by the Addition and Suband ac ; but they are not changed traclion of the given Quantities as to the Celerity of their Motions, and the mutual refpect of their

AB

Fluxion.

For the contemporaneous parts AB and ab, BC and be, CD and cd, DE and de, are of the fame length in both cafes. And thus in Equations in which thefe Quantities are reprefented, the

contemporaneous parts of Quantities are not therefore changed, notwithftanding their ablblute magnitude maybe increafed or diminimed by fome given Quantity. Hence the thing propofed is manifeft For the only Scope of this Problem is, to determine the contemporaneous Parts, or the contemporary Differences of the abfolute QuanAnd tities f, x, _>', or z, defcribed with a given Rate of Flowing. of what one thofe abfolute magnitude it is all Quantities are, fo that their contemporary or correfpondent Differences may agree with the of the Fluxions. prcpofed Relation reaibn of this matter may alfo be thus explain'd AlThe 59.
:

gebraically.

Let the

Equation

y=xxy
2

be propofed,

and fuppole

44.
pofe

77je

Method of FLUXIONS,
Prob.
i.

x=

-+-Z-

Then by

z.

So that for y =-. xxy

fince ,v=s, it is plain,, that may be wrote y =. xy -h xzy. and z be the not of the fame length, yet that x Quantities though in of y, and that they have equal contemrefpecl: they flow alike therefore may I not reprefent by the fame poraneous parts. in their Rate of Flowing,; and to dethat agree Symbols Quantities

Now

Why

termine,
v

their

=== xy
60..

contemporaneous Differences, of y initead xxy xxy ?

why may

not

uie

appears plainly in what manner the contemporary Lartly be found, from an Equation involving flowing Quantities. parts may ~ -+- x be the Equation, when # Thus if y 2, then _y 24.
it

But when x
2 to 3,
this

=
3

3,

then

=.
and

3.1. 3.1.

will flow

from

time are
1.

2-i to

Therefore while x flows from So that the parts defcribed in

2-i

i,

3-^

=f

This Foundation being

proceed to

thus laid for

what

follows, I fhall

now

more

particular Problems.

PROB.
A
ltijt'1

m.
H^
it

^
1.

determine the

Maxima and Minima of

When

a Quantity
it

at that

moment

is the greateft or the leaft that neither flows backwards or forwards.

can be,
if it

For

flows forwards, or increafes, that proves it was lefs, and will prethan it is. And the contrary if it flows backwards, fently be greater Wherefore find its Fluxion, by Prob. i. and fuppofe or decreafes.
it

to be nothing.
2.

Ex AMP.
Value

i.

If in the

Equation x>
;

ax 1

+ axy

jy

o the

greatefl

of,

x be required

find the Relation of the Fluxions

l 2axx -f- axy of x and y, and you will have 3X.v a %yy -i-ayx 1 Then making x o. o, there will remain yyy -\- ayx=o, the ax. or 3j* help of this you may exterminate either x By

= = may ax =
or
o.
3.

y out of the primary Equation, and by the

determine the other,

refulting

Equation you
3^* -f-

and then both of them by

as
if

you had multiply 'd the Terms of the propofed Equation by the number of the Dimenfions of the other flowing Quantity.^. From whence we may .derive the famous
This Operation
is

the fame,

2.

and INFINITE SERIES.

famous Rule of Huddenius,
leaft

45

that, in order to obtain the greateft or Relate Quantity, the Equation mufl be difpofed according to the Dimenfions of the Correlate Quantity, and then the Terms are to be multiply 'd by any Arithmetical ProgrelTion. But fince neither
this

Rule, nor any other that

know

yet publiihed, extends to

Equaj

tions affected
I fhall give

with

iiird

Quantities, without a previous Reduction

the following Example for that purpofe. If 2. the greatest Quantity 4. EXAMP. y in the Equation x* xx ay ~+" xx ay~ be to be determin'd, feek the

+ 7+-1
I

.Fluxions of xand^y, and there will

^^v)
a1
-\-

+ 2^n5 __ Aaxxy-\-6x\* +
-

zay

+j*

_
ay -\- xx

atx 2
-

= =

arife

0.

the Equation 3^^* zayy-{A j r r r And fince by fuppofition y o,

\

omit the Terms multiply'd by y, (which, to fhorten the labour, might have been done before, in the Operation,) and divide the reft

by xx, and there will remain %x

duction
is

^a"xx

"*"-'**

made, there will arife ^ay-\o, by help of which of either the or y out of the exterminate x quantities you may prothen from and the refulting Equation, which will, pos'd Equation,
be Cubical, you
5.

= %xx =

o.

When

the

Re-

may

From

this

extract the Value of the other. Problem may be had the Solution of thefe

fol-

lowing. In a given .Triangle, or in a Segment of any I. Reftangle. ir.fcribe the greatejl

given Curve,

ft>

II. To draw the greatejl or the leafl right Line, 'which can lie: between a given Point, and a Curve given in pofition. Or, to draw. a Perpendicular to a Curve from a given Point. III. To draw the greatejl or the leajl right Lines, which

pajjin?.-

through a given Point, can lie bet-ween two others, either right Lines or Curves. IV. From a given Point within a Parabola, to draw a rivbt Line, which Jhall cut the Parabola more obliquely than any other. And to do the fame in other Curves.

V. To determine the Vertices of Curves, their greatejl or lealT Breadths, the Points in which revolving parts cut each other, 6cc. VI. To find the Points in Curves, where they hcrce the great ejT or leajl Curvature. VII. To find the Icaft Angle in a given EHi/is, in which the. Ordinates can cut their Diameters.
VIII..

4.6
VIII.

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

that pafs through four given Points, to determine the greateft, or that which approaches neareft to a Circle. IX. 70 determine fuch a part of a Spherical Superficies, which

Of EHipfes

in its farther part, by Light coming from a which is refracted by the nearer Hemijphere. great dijlance, and And many other Problems of a like nature may more eafily be propofed than refolved, becaufe of the labour of Computation.

can be illuminated,

P
To

R O

B.

IV.
to

draw Tangents
Firft

Curves.

Manner.

be varioufly drawn, according to the various And firft let BD be a right Relations of Curves to right Lines. Line, or Ordinate, in a given Angle to another right Line AB, as a Bafe or Abat the Curve ED. fcifs, and terminated
1.

Tangents

may

Let
that
cd,

this

Ordinate
finall

move through an

inde-

finitely
it

may
1

Bb, to

by the Moment ^ A equal and parallel. Let Da be produced till it meets with AB in T, and touch the Curve in D or d ; and the Triangles dcD,
while
is

AB

Space to the place bd, fo be increafed by the Moment

increafed
is

which DC

this

DBT
;

Line will will be

fimilar.

So that

it is

TB

BD

DC

of BD to AB is exhibited by the of the Curve is determined feek for the nature which Equation, by Then take TB to BD of the Prob. i. the Relation Fluxions, by of AB the Fluxion to of the Fluxion in the Ratio of BD, and will touch the Curve in the Point D. Ex. i. Calling AB x, and BD =jy, let their Relation be 3. o. And the Relation of the Fluxions will ax* -h axy x _y
2. Since therefore the Relation

(or

B)

cd.

TD

-,

==
ax

be 3xx-i

2axx-i-axy
-4-

2ax
...

ay

w* ~~

^yy* -+::

BD
BT

ayx-=.
(;-)
:

o.

So that y x Therefore BT.

:

::

BT

^xx

=
4-

f!X

Therefore the Point

and AB,
gent

or v and x, the length

is

being given, and thence will be given, by which the Tan-

DB

TD

determined.

and INFINITE SERIES.

4.

But

this

Method of Operation may be thusconcinnated.

:

47 Make

the Terms of the propofed Equation equal to nothing multiply by the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Ordinate, and put the Then multiply the Terms of the fame Refult in the Numerator Equation by the proper number of the Dimenfions of the Abfcifs, and the Produdl divided by the Abfcifs, in the Denominator of the
:

put Value of BT.

but the contrary

5.

Then way

take

BT
o
3

if that

towards A, if its Value be affirmative, Value be negative.

o

Thus

the

Equation*
3

ax*
z

-f-

axy

13y*=o, 10
3

being multi-

ply'd by the upper

Numbers,

gives axy

3_y

for the

Numerator

and multiply 'd by the lower Numbers, and then divided by x, gives 1 zax -+- ay for the Denominator of the Value of BT. 3-xthe Equation jy 3 o, (which by* cdy -f- bed -\-dxy denotes a Parabola of the fecond kind, by help of which Des Cartes
6.

Thus

confirufted Equations of fix Dimenfions

fee his

Amfterd. Ed. An. 1659.) by Infpeftion gives

^--"fr+'^v

Geometry,

p.
^

42.
Qr

7.

And

thus a 1
is

-x*

y
-

=
,

o,

whofe Center
8.

A,) gives

^ X
1

or

=
xx

(which denotes an

Ellipfis

BT.

And

fo in others.

it matters not of what quantity be. the Angle of Ordination may 9. But as this Rule does not extend to Equations afFefted by furd Quantities, or to mechanical Curves ; in thefe Cafes we mufl have

And you may

take notice, that

ABD

recourfe to the fundamental

10.

Method.
1

Ex.

2.

Let

A;

ay

-+- j-

\/'ay -+-

xx
;

=
-f.
4

o be the

Equation exprefling the Relation between

the Relation of the Fluxions will be

AB and BD
3***

and by Prob. i.
*"*"*

zayy

=0.
fay

*/,.,,,

Therefore
::

it

will be <ixx

+ ~

T^Tp ^^

(y

::)

BD

BT.

II.

48

TJoe

Method of FLUXIONS,

ii. Ex. 3. Let be the Conchoid of Nicomedes, defcribed with the Pole G, the Afymptote AT, and the Diftance and let ;

ED

LD

'GA
lar

LD And becaufe of fimic, AB=.v, andBD=;>. BD DM MG Triangles DEL and DMG, it will be LB
,
:

=
is,

: :

that

=yx.
thus
I

y cc Having got this Equation, I fuppofe yy fliall have two bz andzz Equations ~\-yz =yx,
yy
:
:

v/'cc

b -+- y, and therefore b-\-y ^/cc

= =

yy and z,
yy.

cc

By the help of thefe I find the Fluxions of the Quantities x, y, and From the firft arifes bz -+-yz -\- yz =y'x -+- xy, z, by Prob. i. and from the fecond 2zz o. Out of 2yy, or zz -j- yy

=
-^

thefe if

we

exterminate z, there will

refolved
it

arife

-i-yz
-

=yx
x
:
:

-+ xy,
(y
:

which being
::)

will be
is
-

BD
BT

BT.
is,

But

That
iff

prefixt
12.

to

BL -; where the Sign denotes, that the Point T mufl be taken contrary
!-

BT

as

BD AL -f-

y,

~
J_l

therefore

BT=
(_J

.3-

to

the Point A.

SCHOLIUM.

point of the

And hence it appears by the bye, how that Conchoid may be found, which Separates the concave
part.

from the convex

be that point.

For when

Therefore
then v

x
the work, for
is

=
-

make
z
^l!5
>

AT AT
2K

is

the lea ft poffible,

;

D
-

will

and fmce

BT
to

by -\- yv

-+-

-+-

Here
derived
v.

morten

fubftitute
it

w hich
z
-+-

Value
-

is

from what
the

before,

and

will

be

-f.

Whence

Fluxions v, y, and z being found by Prob.

i.

and fuppofing

^=0

and INFINITE SERIES.

-3. there will anfe bvProb. J J

49

.,,

...

iy,

)K Azy-4-zvy ---- ~-t-z --=i; + iy-l-zyy z za

'

jy

o.

Laflly,

fubftituting in this

for z,

and

cc

yy for zz, (which

values of

z and zz

are

had from what goes

before,)

o. -2.be* due Reduction, you will have y'- -+- ^by* By the ConThen thro' ftrudlion of which Equation y or AM, will be given. of fall the Point to it will AB, drawing parallel upon

and making a

MD

contrary Flexure. if the Curve be Mechanical whofe Tangent is to be 13. of the Quantities are to be found, as in Examp.5. Fluxions the drawn, and then i. the reft is to be perform'd as before. of Prob. and Ex. 4. Let be two Curves, which are cut in

Now

14.

AC

AD

the Points

and

apply 'd Let given Angle.

BCD,

by the right Line in a to the Abfcifs

and

-=
let

AB
5.)

x,

AB BD

z.

Then
it

(by Prob.

Preparat. to

Examp.

will be

= z = x
y,
i.
.

~T>

^ ^
;

B~
to deter-

xBC.
15.

Now

AC

be a Circle, or any
let

known Curve
Prob.

and
i.

mine the other Curve AD, z is involved, as zz +- axz

any Equation be propofed, in which

2zz +- axz And writing x x BC for z, it will be zxz x BC -+- axz 4X7*. Therefore 2z x BC -+- ax x BC -{-+- axx x BC H- axz 4)7'. BD BT. So that if the nature of the x ::) :: az (y 4jy Curve AC be given, the Ordinate BC, and the Area ACB or z ; the Point T will be given, through which the Tangent DT will

=
J

=_y 4

Then by

pafs. 1 6.

After the fame manner, if

Curve
(y
:

AD
::)

'twill

be (3.3) 3^ x

= BC =
32

zy be the Equation to the

zy.

So that

3BC

::

BD

BT.

And

fo in others.

Ex. 5. Let AB=,v, BD =y, as before, and let the length 17. of any Curve AC be z. And drawing a Tangent to it, as Cl, 'twill
be Bt
18.
is
:

Ct

::

z, or

x x C/

^-

for determining the other Curve AD, whofe Tangent to be drawn, let there be given any Equation in which z is in-

Now

volved, fuppofe

==)'.
:

Then

it

will be

(y : gent

:}

BD

BT.

But the Point

DT

z=y, fo that Ct T being found, the

Bf

''

Tan19-

may be drawn.

The Method of
19.

FLUXIONS,
be
-f-

Thus fuppofmg xzsssyy,

y->

for
fore

z writing

^
:

'twill

KZ

+ zx = zyj

>,

and

there will arife

: :

xz

^-^ O/

ayy. ''

There-

-I-

f~-'
.

27

BD

DT.
or

20.

any whofe Tangent is Ct, and let AD be any other Curve whofe Tangent DT is to be drawn, and let it be defin'd by afTuming AB to the Arch AC ; and (CE, BD

Ex

6.

Let

AC

be a Circle,

other

known

Curve,

being Ordinates to AB in a given Angle,) let the Relation of BD to CE or be

AE

t.

T and

exprels'd

CE
C7
as

= And AC, AE, = ^= Now = Then = z

v
.

by any Equation. 21. Therefore call AB or

it

AC

x,

BD =y, AE=z,

is

and
i>,

and

are^to

plain that v, x, and z, the Fluxions of CE, each other as CE, Therefore *x Ct, and Et.
z.

.v

22.

let

BD

23.

BT. Or
Ct

any Equation be given to define the Curve AD, and therefore Et ; y Ct :: (v x "' ) K
:
.
I

let

the Equation be r~>T?

TT.

yz+vx,
y-.

and

it

will
-4-

be

And
Ct
24.
:

therefore

CE
it

Et

::

(y

::)

BD

BT.
be ayy

zayy

= (3^ =)
BT.

Or

finally,

let

the Equation
3*1;' x
.

v* y and

will be
::

So that

31;*

CE

BD

2 ay x Ct

be a Circle, which 25. Ex. 7. Let be a and let Curve, which is defined by affuming any Relation of the to the Arch FC, which is Ordinate

FC

is

FD

touched by

CS

in

C;

DB

intercepted by

DA

Then

letting

fall

drawn to the Center. CE, the Ordinate in

or

the Circle,

call

AC

AF=i, AB
KB

CF
v,

=
and
is

/;

tz=(t^=) tv = (/x -^ =) z. Here I

and
.

it

will be
.

,S

^..

put z negatively, becaufe

AE

dirninifh'd while

EC

is

increafed.

And

befides

AE

EC AB

::
:

and INFINITE SERIES.

AB
tx*
:

51
-f-

BD,
-f-

fo that

26.

= Now
xy.
let

vx

xv.
let

and thence by Prob. i. zy Then exterminating v, z, and v, 'tis yx

zy

vx,

yx

ty*

the Curve
t

DF

be defined by any Equation, from

which the Value of

pofe
it

^=_y,
be
/

will

=
(

derived, to be fubftituted here. Supfirft to the and i. Prob. (an Equation Quadratrix,) by

may be
that
:

y,

fo
:

x
-

::

_x

yx
:)

yy*
:

yx*

xy.

Whence y

x; and

AT

= xx+yy =
z/

BD(;')

BT.
is
.

Therefore

BT

xx
x*

ADa ^/.
//

if 27. After the fame manner, 6r, and thence

=
:

it

AT= x~
/

ly,

there will arife

And

fo

of others.

be taken equal to the Arch FC, the the fame names Curve being then the Spiral of Archimedes ; of the Lines ftill remaining as were put Becaufe of the right Angle afore 'tis xx -{-yy=tf ) and therefore (by Prob. i.)
28.

Ex.

8.

Now

if

AD

ADH

ABD
:

xx +yy DB CE,
:

//.

Tis

alfo
t

AD

AC

tv=y znd thence (by Prob. i.) tv -4- vf =y. Laftly, the Fluxion to the Fluxion of the of the Arch FC to AE, or as AD as Line AC CE, right
fo that
is

to

ix
'tis

=
tv
::

AB,

that
vf.

is,

x,

and thence

Compare

the Equations

now

-+-ix=y, and

thence

xx -\-yy
x
::)

=
:

found, and you will fee

(tt

=)

^^
if
;

And there-

fore

compleating the

Parallelogram

ABDQ^_,
y

QP_
take

(BD

BT
!

::

AP

>

PD

you make
that
is,

QD
if

you

will be perpendicular to the Spiral.

(I

29.

And from

hence

imagine)

it

will

be fufficiently manifeft,

of all fcrts of Curves are to be by what methods the Tangents be not it However drawn. foreign from the purpofe, if I alfo may be fliew how the Problem may perform'd, when the Curves are reSo that havfer'd to right Lines, after any other manner whatever of feveral Methods, the eafieft and moil fimple may ing the choice
:

always be ufed.

Second

$2

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

Second Manner.

be a point in the Curve, from which the Subtenfe be anOrdinate in any given is drawn to a given Point G, and let AB. the let the to Abfcifs Angle flow for an infinitely fmall fpace Point let Gk be D^/ in the Curve, and in taken equal to Gd, and let the Parallelogram dcBl> be compleated. Then Dk and DC will be the contemporary Mo-

DG

30. Let

DB

Now

GD

--Now
:

ments of

GD

and BD, by which they

are diminifh'd while

~Dd be produced,
the Subtenfe

till it

meets with
like;

GD

let fall

Dcdk and

DBTF will be FD
DB

the right Line to T, and from the Point the perpendicular TF, and then the Trapezia
is

transfer'd to d.

let

AB

in

and therefore

DB

DF

::

DC Dk.
:

the Relation of to is exhibited 31. Since then by the find the Curve the for of Relation the ; determining Fluxions, Equation in the Ratio of the Fluxion of to and take to the Fluxion of BD. Then from F raife the perpendicular FT, which in T, and being drawn will touch the may meet with muft be taken towards G, if it be affirmative, Curve in D. But

BD

GD

GD

AB

DT

DT GD

and the contrary way 32. Ex. i. Call ax 1 -f- axy be x

~,

if negative.

==
x,
y"=

and
o.
-f-

BD
x

Then
ayx
: :

=_>', and let their Relation the Relation of the Fluxions

^yy:)

will be

^xx zax -h ay
~
.'

2axx
:

+-

axy
::

o.
:

Therefore

^xx

^yy
axy
,

ax
.

(y

DB

Then any

Point
x,

D in

(y) the Curve being given,

DF.

So that

and thence
alfo.

BD

and

GD
if

From whence

concourfe

with the
it

the Point F will be given be raifed, from its Perpendicular Abfcifs AB, the Tangent may be
or

y and

the

FT

DT

drawn.

And might appears, 33 For having difpofed all the as in the former Cafe.
.

be derived here, as well Terms of the given of the Ordinatejy, the one Dimensions on fide, multiply by Equation of Numerator a Fraction. Then multiply in the refult the and place of Subtenfe the its Terms feverally by the Dimenfions x, and dividing the refult by that Subtenfe x, place the Quotient in the DenotoAnd take the fame Line minator of the Value of DF. Where otherwile the if it be wards affirmative, contrary way..

hence

that a Rule

DF

you

and IN FINITE SERIES,

you may obferve, that it is from the Abfcifs AB, or
is

53
Point nor what is the
3

no matter how
if
it

far diftant the

be at

all diftant,

J axy 3 for the Numerator, and 3** it axy 3>' gives immediately of DF. -+- ay for the Denominator of the Value
-f-

Angle of Ordination ABD. be as before x* 34. Let the Equation

ax*

2ax
Conick

35. Let alfo a -+Sedtion,)

it

-x~y=o,
y
for the

(which Equation

is

to a

gives

Numerator, and
therefore will be

for the
fly

Denomi-

nator of the Value of

DF, which

Conchoid, (wherein 36. perform'd more expeditioufly than before,) putting

And

thus in the

thefe things will be

GA

b,

cb
is,

= GA =
x

c,
:

GD=x,
GL
(x

and
<:).

BD=^,

it

will be
cy

(5)
o.

Therefore xy

BD =

(;) cb, or xy

DL
-

(c)

::

cy
,

This Equation according to the Rule gives

^-^
that

that

<r=DF.

LG, and at F raife the perpendicular FT meeting the Alymptote AB in T, and DT being drawn will touch the Conchoid. or furd Quantities are found in the 37. But when compound to the general Method, mufl recourfe have except you Equation, you
fliould chufe rather to reduce the Equation.

Therefore prolong

GD

to F,

fo

DF

for the Relation

yy =zyx, were gven the ; (fee foregoing Figure, find the Relation of the Fluxions by Prob. i. As fuppoiing 52.) p. will z have the bz v/ff ) -+- yz yx, and )')' you Equations

38. Ex. 2. If the Equation

between

GD

xv/cr

and

BD

cc

yy=.zz, and
yx
-f-

thence the Relation of the Fluxions bz-\-yx

yx,

and
i

2yy=2Z,z.

And now

z,

and z being
exter-

T&e Method of
exterminated, there will arife
v

FLUXIONS,
yy
.v
::

\/ cc

'Jjl U

\x

=
1

xy.

Therefore y

^/cc

yy

J2^

(y

,v

::)

BD

(ji

DF.

Third Manner.
39. Moreover, if the Curve be refer'd to

two Subtenfes

AD

and

BD, which being drawn from two

meet
at

given Points the Curve: Conceive that Point

little

and B, may

flow on through an infinitely Space Del in the Curve ; and in

to

BD

take

Ak

Ad, and Bc

= AD
Bc/;

and and
-

then kD and cD will be contemporaneous Moments of the Lines and

AD

BD.

Take

therefore

DF
in

to

BD
to

in

the Ratio

of the

Moment D&
the

the

/r

Moment

Ratio of the Fluxion of the Line DC, (that is, to the Fluxion of the LineBD,) and draw BT, FT perpendicular to BD, AD, meeting in T. Then the Trapezia DFTB and DM: will be fimilar, and therefore the will touch the Diagonal

AD

DT

Curve. 40. Therefore from the Equation, by which the Relation is defined between and BD, find the Relation of the Fluxions by Prob. i. and take in the fame Ratio. to

AD

FD

BD

41.

Ex AMP.
a
e

Suppofing

tion be

o. This Equation is to the Ellipfes of y the fecond Order, whofe Properties for Refracting of Light are fhewn by Des Cartes, in the fecond Book of his Geometry. Then the
-f-

AD

x,

andBD=;',

let

their Rela-

e Relation of the Fluxions will be -

y ==o.
if

'Tis therefore e

d ::(>:#
42.
e
:

::)

BD
:

DF.
a

_d

And
: :

for

the fame reafon

^
which

o,

'twill

be

BD
i.

DF.
Hence

In the
if

firft

Cafe take

DF
cafe

towards A, and
the Curve be-

contrary-wife in the other cafe.

43. COROL.

d-=.e,
'twill

(in

comes

DF

= DB.

Conick Section,)

And
and

be therefore the Tribeing equal, be bifected by

v
-K

angles the Angle

DFT

DBT
will

FDB

the Tangent.

A
44.

and INFINITE SERIES.

55

And hence alfo thofe things will be manifeft of 44. COROL. 2. themfelves, which are demonstrated, in a very prolix manner, by Des Cartes concerning the Refraction of thcfe Curves. For as much and DB, (which are in the given Ratio of d to e,) in refpect as

DF

and DTB, of the Radius DT, are the Sines of the Angles that is, of the Ray of Incidence upon the Surface of the Curve, and of its Reflexion or Refraction DB. And there is a like reafon-

DTF

AD

of the Conick Sections, fuppofing ing concerning the Refractions or B be conceived to be at an infinite of the Points that either

diftance.

of the 45. It would be eafy to modify this Rule in the manner Curves of it when and more alfo to As Examples foregoing, give are refer'd to Right lines after any other manner, and cannot commodioufly be reduced to the foregoing, it will be very eafy to find out other Methods in imitation of thefe, as occafion mall require.
:

Fourth Manner.
46.

As

if the right

Line

BCD

B, and one of its Points Point C fhould be the interfection of the right Line BCD, with another
right

mould revolve about a given Point mould defcribe a Curve, and another

Line

AC

given in

pofition. lation of

Then the Re-

BC

and

BD beto

ing exprefs'd by any Equation ; draw BF parallel to

AC,

erect

FT

meet DF, perpendicular perpendicular to DF; and take FT

fo as to

BD,

in F.

Alfo

BC,

that the Fluxion of

BD

fame Ratio to has to the Fluxion of BC. Then DT

in the

being drawn will touch the Curve.

Fifth Manner.

47. But if the Point being given, the Equation ihould exprefs the Relation between and } draw parallel to DF, and in the fame Ratio to BG, that the Fluxion of take has to

A AC

BD

CG

FT

BD

the Fluxion of AC.

Sixth Manner.
again, if the Equation exprefles the Relation between let and meet in and take in the fune ; Ratio to BG, that the Fluxion of has to the Fluxion of AC. A. id

48.

Or

AC

and

CD;

AC

FT

HT

CD

the like in others.

Seventh

*fhe

Method of FLUXION
Manner
:

Seventh

For

Spirals.

not otherwise perform'd, when the Curves 49. are refer'd, not to right Lines, but to other Curve-lines, as is ufiial in Mechanick Curves. Let BG be the Circumference of a Circle, in whole Semidiameter AG, while it revolves be conabout the Center A, let the Point
is

The Problem

ceived to
Spiral

move any how,

fo as to defcribe the

fuppofe ~Dd to be an inof the Curve thro' which finitely part take Ac flows, and in Ad, then cD and Gg will be contemporaneous Moments of the right Line and of the Periphery BG. Therefore draw Af parallel to cd, that is, perpendicular to AD, and let the Tangent meet it in cd then it will be cD ; AT. Alfo let Gt be parallel to the Tangent DT, and it will be cd At. ::) Gg :: (Ad or Therefore 50. any Equation being propofed, by which the Relation is exprefs'd between BG and find the Relation of their ; in the fame Fluxions by Prob. i. and takeAi? Ratio to AD: And then Gt will be parallel to the Tangent. let their Relation be x, and 51. Ex. i. Calling EG 5 A: 3 ax 1 -f- axy and i. Prob. zax-\- ay : 3^* o, by 3^* jy
little

ADE.

And

AD

AD

DT
AD

: :

AD

AG

AT

AD

==
:

AD=^,
Point
/

ax

: :

Gt, and

DT

(y

:)

AD

At.

The

being thus found, draw

to parallel
'tis

it,

which

will touch the Curve.

is

52. Ex. 2. If

y =y>

(which

the Equation to the Spiral

:

: of Archimedes,} 'twill be j y, and therefore a : b (y : x : :) be produced to P, At. Wherefore by the way, if be be AB :: a : b y PD will that it may perpendicular to the Curve.

AD

TA

AP
xx

53.

Ex.

3.

If

by,

A.
ever.

And

thus Tangents

then 2XX b :: by, and 2x be to drawn eafily may any Spirals what:

AD

Eighth

and INFINITE SERIES.

57

Eighth Manner : For Quad ratr ices. CA. Now if the Curve be fuch, that any Line AGD, being drawn from the Center A, may meet the Circular Arch inG, and the Curve in D; and if the Relation between the Arch BG, and the right Line DH, which is an Ordinate to the Bafe
in a given Angle, be determin'd by any Equation to whatever Conceive the Point infinitean move in the Curve for

or Abfcifs

AH

to d, ly {mail Interval

and the Pa-

rallelogram
ed,

dhHk

being compleatto
c,

Jf

and D/' will be contemporaneous Moments of and of the Ordinate DH. Now produce Dd ftrait the on to T, where it may meet with AB, and from thence let fall Then the Trapezia Dkdc and DHTF the Perpendicular TF on DcF. therefore and D/fc DF. And befides DC :: will be fimilar; if Gf be raifed perpendicular to AG, and meets AF in f; becaufe of the Parallels DF and Gf, it will be DC Gg :: DF Gf. There-

Ac

AD = Arch BG
produce
;

Ad

fo

that

then

Gg

DH

fore ex aquo,

'tis

and BG. Fluxions of the Lines the Equation which exprefies the Relation of 55. Therefore by BG to DH, find the Relation of the Fluxions (by Prob. i.) and inDraw that Ratio take Gf, the Tangent of the Circle BG, to DH.

DH

G^

: :

DH

Gf, that

is,

as the

Moments

or

DF
F

Line

perpendicular FT, meeting AB in T; and the right being drawn, will touch the Quadratrix. i. Making Ex. x, and DH=;', let it be xx fy; 56. b :: Therefore x 2.x : then (by Prob. i.)2xx (y by. ::) and the Pointy being found, the reft will be determin'd as above.

parallel creel the

to Gf,

which may meet A/* produced

in

F.

And

at

DT

EG

DH

GJ; But perhaps this Rule may be thus made fomething neater Make x :y :: AB AL. Then AL AD :: AT, and then the For Curve. touch becaufe of DT will equal Triangles AFD and AT x DH, and therefore AT AD (DF or ATD, 'tis AD x
: : :

AD

DF=

JB

x
57.

Gf

DH

or 1 G/::)

AD

fis

AG

or)

AL.

Ex.2. Let

of the Ancients,) then

x=y, (which the Equation to the Quadratrix #=v. Therefore AB AD AD AT.

:

::

8.

58
58.
3;-*
:

*fhe

Method

^FLUXIONS,
zaxx=sMy*.
: : :

Ex.

3.
:

Let
:

axx=y*,
:

then

Therefore make

zax

(x

:)

AB AL. Then AL AD
:

AD

AT.

And

thus you may determine expeditioufly the Tangents of any other howfoever Quadratrices, compounded.

Ninth Manner.

ABF be any given Curve, which Line and Bt a part BD of ; right the right Line BC, (being an Or59. Laftly, if

is

touch'd by the

dinate in any given Angle to the Abfcifs AC,) intercepted between

Tangent DT to the other Curve, by taking (in the Tangent of this Curve,) BT in the fame Ratio to BD, as the Fluxion of the Curve
right Line 60. Ex.

and another Curve DE, has a Relation to the portion of the Curve AB, which is exprefs'd by any Equation: You may draw a
this

^
AB
:
:

^
t

<f-

hath to the Fluxion of the

let it
:)

BD.
i.

therefore

ax

Calling
zyy.

AB ==x, and BD =yThen a

:

be ax==yy, and
:

zy

(y

BD

BT.

6j. Ex.2. Let

^#==7,

(the Equation to the Trochoid, if

t

ABF

be a Circle,) then

fX=y

and a

::

BD

BT.

62. And with the fame eafe may Tangents be drawn, when the Relation of to AC, or toBC, is exprefs'd by any Equation; or when the Curves are refer 'd to right Lines, or to any other Curves, after any other manner whatever.

BD

63. There are alfo many other Problems, whofe Solutions are to be derived from the fame Principles ; fuch as thefe following. I. To find a Point of a Curve, where the Tangent is parallel to the or to any other Abfcife, right Line given in pofition ; or is perpendicular to it, or inclined to it in any given

Angle.

To find the Point where the Tangent is moft or leajl inclined to the Abfcifs, or to any other right Line given in That is, to find 'pofition. the confine of contrary Flexure. Of this I have already given a Specimen, in the Conchoid. III. From any given Point without the Perimeter of a Curve, to draw a right Line, which with the Perimeter may make an Angle of
II.

Contact.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

59

that is, from Contaft, or a right Angle, or any other given Angle, or to draw or a given Point, right Lines 'Tangents, Perpendiculars^ that Jhall have any other Inclination to a Curve-line.
IV. From any given Point within a Parabola, to draw a right Line, which may make with the Perimeter the greateji or leaft Angle And Jb of all Curves whatever. poj/ible. V. To draw a right Line which may touch two Curves given in or the fame Curve in two Points, when that can be done.
pojition,

VI. To draw any Curve with given Conditions, which may touch another Curve given in pojition, in a given Point. VII. To determine the RefraSlion of any Ray of Light, that falls
upon any Curve Superficies. The Refolution of thefe, or of any other the like Problems, will not be fo difficult, abating the tedioufnefs of Computation, as that And I imagine if there is any occalion to dwell upon them here have mention 'd to Geometricians more to be barely may agreeable
:

them.
;

P
At any given
1.

R O

B.

V.
to

Point of a given Curve^ Quantity of Curvature.

find the

There are few Problems concerning Curves more elegant than c that give a greater Infight into their nature. In order to its or this, Refolution, I mufl: premife thefe following general Confederations. 2. L The fame Circle has every where trie fame Curvature, and
it is reciprocally proportional to their Diameters. If the Diameter of any Circle is as little again as the Diameter of If another, the Curvature of its Periphery will be as great again. be of the will be the one-third Curvature thrice the Diameter other,

in different Circles

as

much, &c.
3.
II.

If a Circle touches
if
it

any Curve on

its

concave

fide,

in

any

be of fuch magnitude, that no other tangent be interleribed in the Angles of Contact near that Point ; can Circle that Circle will be of the lame Curvature as the Curve is of, in that
given Point, and

For the Circle that conies between the Curve Point of Contact. and another Circle at the Point of Contact, varies lefs from the Curve, and makes a nearer approach to its Curvature, than that
other Circle does.

And

therefore that Circle approaches nea'-eil to its I 2 Curvature,

60
tervene.
4. III.

*fbe

Method of FLUXIONS,
Circle can
in-

Curvature, between

which and the Curve no other

Curve,
dius

is

or

Therefore the Center of Curvature to any Point of a the Center of a Circle equally curved. And thus the Raof the Perpendicular Semidiameter of Curvature is part

to the Curve,

is terminated at that Center. the 5. proportion of Curvature at different Points will be known from the proportion of Curvature of aequi-curve Circles, or from the reciprocal proportion of the Radii of Curvature. 6. Therefore the Problem is reduced to this, that the Radius, or

which

IV.

And

Center of Curvature

may

be found.
<f ,

the Curve 7. Imagine therefore that at three Points of Peipendkulars are drawn, of which thofe that are
at

D, and

d,

D and ^ meet in H, and thofe that are at D and d meet in h And the Point D being in the
:

middle, Curyity at the part Dj^ But than at DJ, then will be lefs than db. are and how much the dh /H by Perpendiculars nearer the intermediate Perpendicular, fo much the lefs will the diftance be of the Points and h : And at laft when the Perpendiculars meet, thofe Points will coincide. Let them coincide in the Point C, then will C be the Center of Curvature, at the
if there is a greater

DH

of the Curve, on which the Perpendiculars ftand ; which is manifeft of itfelf. 8. But there are feveral Symptoms or Properties of this Point C', which may be of ufe to its determination. 9. I. That it is the Concourfe of Perpendiculars that are on each lide at an infinitely little diftance from DC. 10. II. That the Interfeftions of Perpendiculars, at any little finite diftance on each fide, are feparated and divided by it ; fo that thofe which are on the more curved fide D,f fooner meet at H, and thofe which are on the other iefs curved fide -Dd meet more remotely
Point
at h.

be conceived to move, while it infifts perpendicularly on the Curve, that point of it C, (if you except the motion of approaching to or receding from the Point of Influence C,) will be leaft moved, but will be as it were the Center of Motion. 12. IV. If a Circle be defcribed with the Center C, and the diftance DC, no other Circle can be defcribed, that can lie between
11. III. If
at the Contact.

DC

and INFINITE SERIES.

n. V.
Laftly,
'it

61

then any of the points in which that Circle mall with the point of Contact D. cut the Curve, of each thefe Properties may fupply the means of folving 14. And But we fliall here make choice of the the Problem different ways
incides with
;

approaches by

the Center II or b of any other touching Circle degrees to C the Center of this, till at la it it coif

will coincide

being the moit fimple. At any Point D of the Curve let DT be a Tangent, DC a 15. and C the Center of Curvature, as before. And let Perpendicular, AB be the Abfcifs, to which let DB be apply 'd at right Angles, and which DC meets in P. Draw DG parallel to AB, and CG perin which take pendicular to it, Cg of any given Magnitude, and draw gb perpendicular to it, which
firlt,

as

meets
:

DC
: :

in

<T.
:

Then
:

it

will

be

Cg gf

(TB BD

the Fluxion :)

of the Ablcifs, to the Fluxion of Likewife imagine the Ordinate. to move in the Curve the Point an infinitely little diftance Dd, and

drawing de perpendicular to DG, and Cd perpendicular to the Curve, let Cd meet DG in F, and $g in/ Then will De be the Momentum of the Abfcifs, de the Momentum of the Ordinate, and J/ the contemporaneous Momentum of the right Line g. Therefore DF

Having therefore the Ratio's of thefe Moments, or, which is the fame thing, of their generating Fluxions, you will have the Ratio of CG to the given Line C^, (which is the fame as that of DF to Sf,) and thence the Point C will be determined. z 16. Therefore let AB x, BD =y, Cgi, and g
.

-De^.^t
LJC

'

=
x

then

it

will

be

y, or

z
is,

r-

Now

let

the

Mo-

S-f of z be zxo, (that of an and infinitely fmall Quantity

mentum

o,}

the Product of the Velocity and therefore the Momenta

Dt'==xxo, de=yx.o, and

'tisQ-(r)
xx
\y
:

thence
zo

DF
:

.\o

-f-

Therefore

CG

::

(Jf

DF

::)

xo

+^

That

is,

CG=
J

7-

62
17.

Velocity of the Abfcifs x, (to which, as to an Fluxion the pleafe the reft may be referr'd j) make x i, and equable Fluxion, z -^. ' And thence and then J and z, ' } y

7%e Method of FLUXIONS, And whereas we are at liberty to afcribe whatever

to

we

CG

'-^

DG

any Equation being propofed, in which the Relation of BD to AB is exprefs'd for denning the Curve ; firft find the Relation betwixt x and y t by Prob. r. and at the fame time fubThen from the Equation that arifes, ftitute i for ,v, and z for y.
18. Therefore

by the fame Prob.

i.

find the Relation

i

between

#, y,

and z, and

at

for x, and z for y, as before. And thus the will obtain Value former of z, and by operation you by the the latter you will have the Value of z ; which being obtain'd, pro-

the fame time fubftitute

duce

DB

may

be

DH =
TM-T
i.

to

H, towards
-

the concave part

of the Curve,

that

it

and draw
j

HC

parallel to

AB, and meet-

ing the Perpendicular vature at the Point

DC in C D of the
'

then will C be the Center of CurOr fince it is i -|- r.y. -7 Curve.

PT

make
19.

DH==
Thus
is

PT

or

Tk/->

DP
z

Ex.

pofed, (which
is

1 the Equation ax^-hx* y being proan Equation to the Hyperbola whofe Latus redtum

=;o
i.)

a,

and Tranfverfum 2
o,

there will arife (by Prob.

a +. zbx

2zy

(writing

for x,

and z

for

in the refulting Equation,

which otherwife would have been ax -+ 2&xx

hence again there arifes wrote for ,v and y.) By the
latter

zb

2zz
firft

2zy

we have

=
if

^^

= z z= L^L
zyy
o, (i
C

;)

and

and

being again
an( j

by tne

Therefore any Point

D of the Curve being given,

and confequently xand y, from thence z and z will be given, which 7 GC or DH, and draw HC. being known, make
Z

20.

As

definitely

you make

3,

and
9

b=i,

fo that

xx=yy may aliume x=i, ^11^

be the condition of the Hyperbola.

3#-fif

And

2,

z=, z=

li being found, raife the Perpendicular

HC

T T , and

DH=

you
gL.
cular

meeting the Perpendi-

and IN FINITE SERIES.

cular

63
:

DC
::

before
:

drawn
i
:

HC
ture.

(i

::)

or, which is the fame thing, make HD Then draw DC the Radius of Curva-

21.

When you think the

CG.
Thus

Computation

will not

be too perplex, you

into
,

may

fabfHtute the indefinite Values of

in the prefent
4
'

z and z

the

Example, by a due Reduction Yet the Value of DH by -jyou will have Calculation conies out negative, as may be feen in the numeral Exmufl be taken towards B ample. But this only fhews, that for if it had come out affirmative, it ought to have been drawn the
Value of

DH

=y

r*

DH

contrary way. 22. COROL.

Hence
it

let

changed, that
Ellipfis,)

may

be

ax

the Sign prefixt to the Symbol -\-b be -bxx yy=zo, (an Equation to the
.

then

23. But

yy

--

o,

Equation (an Equation to the Parabola,) then

DH=;--f- ilLll^: fuppofing b=. o, that the

\a
-f-

may become ax

thence

DG

DH

-f-

and

2X.
it

24. From that the Radius

aa

thefe feveral Exprefilons

may

eafily

be concluded,
is

of Curvature of any

Conick Seftion

always

2. If xy- be propofed, (which is the Equa25. Ex. x l =.2azy tion to the CiiToid of Diodes,") by Prob. i. it will be firft T > 2xzz 6x zxzy 2azy-+-2azz -2zy y-t and then

x*=ay*
3*x zay

zxzy 2Z\ J So
:

that

z=

-4- yy

3-^. and
2.vy'

z=

T.X

a%z
ay

^ 2cv+ *~~
-4-

n-.!
.

xj

Therey,

fore

= CG.
=
i>,

thence .v and any Point of the Ciflbid being given, and there will be given alfo & and z, ; which being known, make

26. Ex.

3.

If b-jf-y^/cc
hi) -+-

_
yy

=.vy

were given, (which

is

the

make \/cc Equation to the Conchoid, inpag.48;)

there will arife

yv

xy.

Now
2yz

y\=zv, and
_vv v

Prob. i.) vv,) will latter and the give l>v -+-yv
will give (by

the

firft

of thele, (cc

zv

=y

2vv, (writing ;) thefe And from xz. -{-

for

Equations rightly difpofed may alfo be found; out of the

v and z
laft

will be determined.

But

that

Equation exterminate the Fluxion

arife
7
-I- ~"^

by

fubilituting

and there will

=
^2*

Method of FLUXIONS,

y -f- xz, an Equation that comprehends the flowing Quantities, without any of their Fluxions, as the Refolution of the firft Problem requires. Hence therefore by Prob. i. we mall have
byz

Ijzv

2)zs

)?

\vzv "

+-

ZV

2Z +- XZ.

This Equation being reduced, and difpofed zz But when z and z are known, make +
'

in order,

will give z.

CG.
then
-i;

27. If

we had
i
.

divided the

laft

Equation but one by z,

by Prob.
2 ^,
;

we mould have had

a

-f-

-f-

---

-f.

which would have been

more fimple Equation than the

former, for determining z. 28. I have given this Example, that it may appear, how the operation is to be perform'd in furd Equations: But the Curvature of the Conchoid may be thus found a fhorter of the The

Equation b -\-y ^/cc

there arifes

v\'
*"

=
i.

way.

parts

-f.

xy being fquared, and divided by yy, x*, and thence by Prob. i. 2by y*

=
or
y/9

And
the

hence again by J Prob. *^

firft

^^
y4

-f-

...

1
z,

zz

By

determined, and z by the latter. be a Trochoid [or Cycloid] belonging to 4. Let the Circle ALE, whofe Diameter is and making the Ordinate j BD to cut the
refult
is

29. Ex.

ADF

AE

Circle

in

L,

AB=x, BD
and the Arch AL=/, and
the Fluxion of the fame Arch

=
the

/.

And

firfl

(drawing Semidia-

meterPL,)the Fluxion ofthe

Bafe or Abfcifs

AB

will be to the

Fluxion of the Arch AL,

as

BL
to

and INFINITE SERIES.

to

65

PL

that

is, A*

or

: :

~a.

And

therefore

from the nature of the Circle ax

Prob.
i.

2X

2-yy, or

-~~*

xx
v.

=
)

/.

Then

-y-y,

and therefore by

nature of the Trochoid, 'tis 30. Moreover from the And thence (by Prob. i AL, and therefore -y

LD= Arch
v -h / =z.
be lubftii.)
is

-M =y.
a

of the Fluxions Laftly, inftead

tuted,

v and

/ let

their Values

and there

will arife

rived

*ut/

-f-

*v

=
'

-^ =z.
z.

Whence

(by Prob.

de-

And

thefe being found,

make
z,

==

and raife the perpendicular HC. i. Now it follows from hence, that COR. 2BL, and 31. CH 2BE, or that EF bifeds the radius of Curvature CO in N. And this will appear by fubftituting the values of z and z now

DH,

DH

found, in the Equation

the
refult.

**= DH,

and by a proper reduction of

defcribed indefinitely

32. COR, 2.

Hence the Curve FCK,

is

by the

another Trochoid equal to this, ADF, whofe Vertices at I and F adjoin to the Cufpids of this. For let the Circle FA, equal and alike pofited to ALE, be defcribed, and

Center of Curvature of

let

C/3 be

Arch right Line CD, which is at right Angles to the 33. COR. 3. Trochoid IAF, will touch the Trochoid IKF in the point C. in verted Trochoids,) if at theCufpid K 34. COR. 4. Hence (in the be a a Thread the at the diof Weight hung by upper Trochoid, the while ilance KA or 2EA, and Weight vibrates, the Thread be to apply itfelf to the parts of the Trcchoid KF and KI, fuppos'd which refift it on each fide, that it may not be extended into a right Line, but compel it (as it departs from the Perpendicular) to
will

FA = The

drawn

(Arch EL= NF =) CA.

parallel

to

EF, meeting the

Circle in

Then

be by degrees inflected above, into the Figure of the Trochoid, while the lower part CD, from the loweft Point of Contact, ftill remains a right Line The Weight will move in the Perimeter of the lower Trochoid, becaufe the Thread CD will always be perpen:

dicular to

it.

35. COR.

5.

Therefore the whole Length of the Thread

KA
CD

is
is

equal to the Perimeter of the Trochoid equal to the part of the Perimeter CF.

KCF, and

its

part

36.

66
36.

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

COR. 6. Since the Thread by its ofcillating Motion revolves moveable Point C, as a Center ; the Superficies through the about which the whole Line continually pafles, will be to the Superabove the right Line IF pafles at ficies through whichjthe part Therefore the the fame time, as CD* to CN*, that is, as 4 to i. and the Area Area of the is a fourth Area ; part

CD

CN

CFN

CFD

KCNE

of the Area AKCD. fubtenfe EL is equal and parallel to 37. COR. 7. Alfo fince the CN, and is converted about the immoveable Center E, juft as moves about the moveable Center C ; the Superficies will be equal through which they pafs in the fame time, that is, the Area CFN, and the Segment of the Circle EL. And thence the Area will will be the triple of that Segment, and the whole area be the triple of the Semicircle. arrives at the point F, the 38. COR. 8. When the Weight whole Thread will be wound about the Perimeter of the Trochoid KCF, and the Radius of Curvature will there be nothing. Wherefore the Trochoid IAF is more curved, at its Cufpid F, than any Circle ; and makes an Angle of Contact, with the Tangent /3F produa right Line. ced, infinitely greater than a Circle can make with that are of Contact are there But infinitely greater Angles 39. than Trochoidal ones, and others infinitely greater than thefe, and fo on in infinitum ; and yet the greateft of them all are infinitely 3 Thus xx lefs than right-lined Angles. y, x* ==ry 5 , ay, x &cc. denote a Series of Curves, of which every fucceeding x*
is

a fourth part

CN

NFD

EADF

dy+,

one makes an Angle of Contact with its Abfciis, which is infinitely And the the preceding can make with the fame Abfcifs. greater than firft xx=ay makes, is of the fame kind Angle of Contact which the which the fecond x*-=by z makes, is of that and Circular with ones; And tho' the Angles of the fucceedthe fame kind with Trochoidals. in Curves do always infinitely exceed the Angles of the preceding, yet of a right-lined Angle. they can never arrive at the magnitude 1 x fame manner the After ==y, xx=ay, x*=l> y, x4 c*y, 40. &c. denote a Series of Lines, of which the Angles of the fubfequents,

made with

their Abfcifs's at the Vertices, are always infinitely lefs than the Angles of the preceding. Moreover, between the Angles of Contact of any two of thefe kinds, other Angles of Contact may be found ad infwitum, that mall infinitely exceed each other. that Angles of Contact of one kind are in41. Now it appears, of another kind ; fince a Curve of one than thofe finitely greater it may be, cannot, at the Point of Contact, kind, however great he I

and INFINITE SERIES.

lie

67

between the Tangent and a Curve of another kind, however fmall Or an Angle of Contacl of one kind cannot that Curve may be. an Angle of Contact of another kind, as the whole necefTarily contain Thus the Angle of Contaft of the Curve x* contains a part. cy*, or the Angle which it makes with its Abfcifs, neceflarfly includes the i and can never be contain'd Angle of Contacl of the Curve x~' that it. For can exceed each other are of the by Angles mutually fame kind, as it happens with the aforefaid Angles of the Trochoid, and of this Curve x> by*. And hence it 42. appears, that Curves, in fome Points, may be more infinitely ftraight, or infinitely more curved, than any Circle, and on that But all account, lofe the form of Curve-lines. yet not,

=^y

by the way only. 43. Ex. 5. Let ED be the Quadratrix from Center A; and letting fall DB
this

to

the Circle, defcribed

BD =y,
be yx

perpendicular to

AE, make AB and AE Then i.

=
i.

x,

'twill

yy*

yx*

=xy,

as before.

Then

i for x, and z for l becomes zx Equation zy y ; and thence, by Prob.

writing

y, the

zx*

zx
zzyy

zy*

zx*

-fi

zx
for

zzxx
x
and z

=
=

again writing

for y,
'

there

Then arifes z

reducing, and

But z and
above.

&

being found,

make

J, **

xxxjy

DH,

and draw

HC

as

44. If you defire a Conftrudtion of the Problem, you will find it Thus draw in P, very mort. perpendicular to DT, meeting

and make
and zy
into
"PT* r 1

aAP

AE

::

DP PT

AT

=
f.

CH.

For *

=r
AP, and -_^_..
it is
nrfr

g. AE

=
z -

-BP; and;ey
into

+x=
j
i
. 1

zy-\-x-=.
/i

AP=2.
TAT I a
1

Moreover
I

i-4-zz
T3T r 1

BTy
T> P\

BT

= DH.
way
as

** U r BlJq := i-{- rrTT =-T-:T " and tnereiore Bl? BI? DH CH==^^. BT BD Laftly,
I
\

-j:

,)

2-

it

is

::

Here

the negative Value only

mews,

that

CH

mufl be taken the fame

AB

from

DH.

other 45. In the fame manner the Curvature of Spirals, or of any Curves whatever, may be determined by a very mort Calculation. 2 46.

68

7&e Method of

FLUXIONS,

to determine the Curvature without any pre46. Furthermore, vious reduction, when the Curves are refer'd to right Lines in any other manner, this Method might have been apply'd, as has beer* done already for drawing Tangents. But as all Geometrical Curves, as alfo Mechanical, (efpecially when the defining conditions are reduced to infinite Equations, as I mail mew hereafter,) may be refer'd to rectangular Ordinates, I think I have done enough in this matter. He that defires more, may eafily fupply it by his own inilluflration I mall add the Method duftry ; efpecially if for a farther
for Spirals.

be a Circle, 47. Let its Circumference. Let

BK
C

its

Center, and

ADd

a given Point in

be a

Spiral,

DC

its

Perpen-

dicular,

and

Curvature at

the Center of the Point D.

Then drawing the right Line

ADK,

and

CG

equal to

AK,

parallel and as alfo the Per-

pendicular

GF
z.
.

meeting
or

CD

inF: Make AB
and
Drf',

AK

=
GF

i=CG, BK=#, AD==y,

GF

ceive the Point

and

in/

the Spiral for an infinitely little Spree and then through rfdraw the Semidiameter A/, and Cg parallel to gC, fo that G/ cuts gf equal to it, draw gf perpendicular to <p, fo that in P; produce and /, and draw

Then conD to move in

GF

de perpendicular to

AK,

and produce

it till it

meets

G p= CD
<

at I.

the contemporaneous

Moments of BK, AD, and Fa, which therefore may be call'd xo, yo, and zo. Ae (AD) :: kK Je=yo, where I 48. Now it is AK x=i, as above. Alfo CG GF :: de eD oyz, and
G<p, will
:

and

be Kk,

Then De

CF de Befides CG oy x y becaufe x d\ Z_PC<p CF?. Moreover, oy the Triangles L. - eSQ -f- Red.) LCdl and /.CPp :: thence and AD Dd (CF) CP<p and AD</ are fimilar, take F<p and there will remain PF From whence o x CFq.
fore

= (= = = oxCF^
yz
f

: :

= dD CF dD = = LDAd, =(=Z-GG?) ADJ, CP

:
: : :

aflurne

there:

P<p

ex z.
:

Laftly, letting

'tis

PF

dl

::

CG eH or DH
be

=
ya!g

fall

CH
.

perpendicular

to

AD

for

CFa,

'twill

DH

LlHf CFyx

Or
it

fubftituting

i+zz
that

Here

may

be obferved,

and IN FINITE SERIES.

69

and that in this kind of Computations, I take thofe Quantities (AD from little differs but the Ratio of which infinitely Ae) for equal, of Ratio the Equality. from hence arifes the following Rule. The Relation 49. exhibited of x and any Equation, find the Relation of

Now

by y being and fubftitute i for x, and yz x and Prob. the Fluxions i.) y, (by Then from the refulting Equation find again, (by Prob. i.) for y.

the Relation between x, y, and z, and again fubftitute i for x. The firft refult by due reduction will give y and z, and the latter
will eive

which being known, make

1

-f-

Z.X.Z.

= DH,

and

raife

the Perpendicular HC, meeting the Perpendicular to the Spiral Or before drawn in C, and C will be the Center of Curvature. :: z and : i, which comes to the fame thing, take

DC

CH

HD

draw CD.
the Equation be ax=y, (which will belong to 50. Ex. i. If or (writing i the Spiral at Archimedes,) then (by Prob. i.) y
7

ax=y

and yz for_y,) ^ =yz. And hence again (by Prob i.) o Point D of the Spiral being given,, and yz+y'z. Wherefore any or y, there will be given z and thence the length ,
for x,

=
:

AD
.

z=

3 -

or)

Which
:

being

known,
i
:

H-iz
And

deduce the following Conftrucftion. AB that fo Arch BK :: Arch BK to AB Produce Q, BC^, :: a AB HC. and make -+- AQ^: AQj: 1 2. If ax =_)" be the Equation that determines the Re51. Ex. lation between BK and AD; (by Prob. i.) you will have 2axx=.
eafily
: :

:: (y) hence you will

DA

DH.

And

make i-t-zz-z z :: DH CH.

:

DA

DH

3Jy,-*,

or

2ax= 3y.
z

therefore

= ^7
:

Thence again 2a'x= ^zy -+- gsiyy*. 'Tis ' a~ 9 ~ z and z Thefe being known, make
s

=
1

'-

i-\-zz

i-t-zz

DA DH.
:

Or, the
-f-

work being reduced

to a better form,

make gxx

-f-

10

gxx

::

DA

DH.
'

Ex. 3. After the lame manner, if ax* determines bxy=yi 52. ~ to there will arife I"* and the Relation of ; z,,

BK

AD

g
.

*~

9 *'-

*7~^;~
Point C,
is

bxy

-f- $)*.

g.

From which

DH/

and thence

the.

determined as before.
i5q

yo

I'he

Method of FLUXIONS,

thus you will eafily determine the Curvature of any53. And other Spirals ; or invent Rules for any other kinds of Curves, in imitation of thefe already given. 4. And now I have finim'd the Problem ; but having made ufe

of a

Method which
and
as

is

pretty different

from the common ways of

of the number of thofe operation, which are not very frequent among Geometricians : For the illuflration and confirmation of the Solution here given, I mall not think
the

Problem

itfelf is

much

to give a hint of another, which is more obvious, and has a nearer relation to the ufual Methods of drawing Tangents. Thus if
Circle be conceived to
feveral Points
;

from any Center, and with any Radius, a be defcribed, which may cut any Curve in

if that

approach fuppos'd from, the Point of Contadt, till the third Point of interfedtion fhall meet with the former in the Point of Contadt ; then will that Circle be cequicurved with the Curve in that Point of Contadt In like manner as I infmuated before, in the laft of the five Properties of the Center of Curvature, by the help of each of which I affirm'd the Problem might be folved in a different manner. a Circle be 55. Therefore with Center C, and Radius CD, let
:

Circle be fuppos'd to be contracted, or enlarged, till two of the And Points of interfeclion coincide, it will there touch the Curve. to towards, or recede befides, if its Center be

defcribed, that cuts the Curve in the Points d, D, and <f ;

and letting fall the Perpendiculars DB, db, <T/3, and CF,

AB AB = AF = = BD Then
to the Abfcifs x,
;

call

y,

v,

FC=/,andDC=J.

BF=vx,
=_>>-{-/.

and DB-f-FC The fum of the

the Squares of thefe is equal to 1 that is, -D ; Square of

DC

2VX

-+-

=ss.
ate this,

X* -f- )" -h 2yt -+- / If you would abbrevi-

make
1

v* -f-/ 1
1

=f,

2vx -f-jy -f- zfy -+becomes x r 1 /, y, and q*, you will have s-=\/ v -+- 1* q*. for defining the Curve, 56. Now let any Equation be propofed the quantity of whofe Curvature is to be found. By the help of the of this Equation you may exterminate either Quantities x or y, and

(any Symbol at pleafure,) and it o. After you have found q

1

and INFINITE SERIES.

and there
will arife

71

an Equation, the Roots of which, (db, DB, <f/g, &c. if y u exterminate x ; or A/>, AB, A/3, &c. if you exterminate Wherefore fince are "at the Points of interfedtion d, D, J\ &c. _y,) the Circle become both them the Curve, touches of "three equal, of be fame of the Curvature as the Curve, in and will alfo degree But they will become equal by comparing the point of Contact the Equation with another fictitious Equation of the fame number of Dimenfions, which has three equal Roots ; as Des Cartes has Or more expeditioufly by multiplying its Terms twice by fhew'd. an Arithmetical Progreflion. Let the Equation be ax =yy, (which is an 57. EXAMPLE. the Parabola,) and exterminating x, (that is, fubftituEquation to
ting
its

Value

--

in the forego-

ing Equation,) there will arife Three of whofe Roots ^ are to be made equal. And for this purpofe I multiply the Terms twice by an
Arithmetical Progrellion, as you fee done here j and there arifes

*
_j_

^~y*_

-+

zty -f- ?

o.

4*2
*
i

yi
I

o
i

o
1

Or

-J

2J X

=
BF
PF

+ \a.
DP
FC

Whence

it is

eafily infer'd,

that

= 2x

-{-

\a, as before.
58.

of the Parabola being given, draw the to the 2AB, Curve, and in the Axis take Perpendicular in then will to and erect C; FA, meeting Perpendicular

Wherefore any Point

DP

be the Center of Curvity defired. in the Ellipfis and Hyperbola, 59. The fame may be perform'd but the Calculation will be troublefome enough, and in other Curves
generally very tedious.

Of

^uefiions that have fome Affinity to the preceding Problem.

60. From the Refolution of the preceding Problem fome others may be perform'd ; fuch are, I. To find the Point where the Curve has a given degree of Curvature. if the Point be required 6 1. Thus in the Parabola, whofe Radius of Curvature is of a given length f: From the Cen-

ax=yy,
you

ter

of Curvature,

found

as before,

will

determine die Radius

72
to be

7%e Method of

FLUXIONS,
to f.

-~^ \/aa -+- ^.ax,

arifes

which muft be made equal

fame Point Determination But another Determination, and that not I have exhibited before. from this Problem. derived be Which is, the inelegant, may fo of Flexure much the lefs the Angle DCJ is, longer the Radius
this

1/^aff. To find the Point of ReElitude. 62. I call that the Point of ReEiitude, in which Flexure becomes infinite, or its Center at an infinite it is at the Vertex of the Parabola a*x=y*. And of Limit is the contrary Flexure, whole commonly
II.

by reduction there

Then

^a

-f-

the Radius of
diftance
:

Such

diminim'd along with it, and by the of Therefore find the Infinitude that Radius, altogether vanimes. Fluxion z, and fuppofe it to become nothing. 63. As if we would determine the Limit of contrary Flexure in the Parabola of the fecond kind, by the help of which Cartefius conftructed Equations of fix Dimenfions ; the Equation to that Curve is AT o. And hence bx* cdx -+- bed 4- dxy (by Prob. i .) arifes
is
3

(Fig.pag.6i.) becomes, Fluxion of the Quantity

and

alfo

the

Moment

<F/j

fo that

the

3***

2bxx
for y,
it

cdx

-4-

dxy
a

-f-

and z

becomes
i,) 6xx

3-v

dxy zbx

o.

Now

writing

for

again (by Prob.

writing
o.

for x,

&

zbx -+ dy dxz +- dxz for y, and o for z, it becomes

putting b

cd-{- dy

-f- dxz=.o

o.

(>x

3* for exterminating z, by dxz there will cd -+- dy -fzbx o, Equation 3^,v this being fubftituted in the o) cd-$-dy

And

whence ; Here again zb -+- zdz dz in the bx arife

ory=c-{-^;

room
}

of y in the Equation of the Curve, we fhall have x* which will determine the Confine of contrary Flexure. 64. By a like Method you may determine the Points of Rectitude, which do not come between parts of contrary Flexure. As if the
Equation x*
o exhave firfl, prefs'd the nature of a Curve ; you i2a*x faz=o, i2ax*-+(byProb. i.)4^3

+- bcd-=z. Q

4<w 3

-}-

ba^x*

b>y

and hence again 12X* =o. Here fuppofe z

tion there will
arife

= =

24^7^ -f- 12^'

o,
a.

b*z

and by ReducWherefore take

ABi=fl, and
Curve

erect

the

perpendicular

BDj

this

will

meet
III.

in the Point of

Re&itude D, as was required.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

III.

73

To find the Point of infinite Flexure.

65. Find the Radius of Curvature, and fuppofe it to be nothing. Thus to the Parabola of the fecond kind, whole Equation is A;*
a

<7y

that Radius will be

comes nothing when x

CD
o.

4"

q*

6a

\/q.ax-\- gxx

which be-

IV. To determine the Point of the greatefl or leaft Flexure. 66. At thefe Points the Radius of Curvature becomes either the Wherefore the Center of Curvature, at that moor leaft. greateft ment of Time, neither moves towards the point of Contact, nor Therefore let the Fluxion the contrary way, but is intirely at reft. be found; or more exof the Radius let the Fluxion of either of the peditioufly, be found, and let it be or Lines

CD

BH

AK

made

equal to nothing.

if the Queftion were propofed con67. As the Parabola of the fecond kind cerning firft to determine the Center of xl o*y ;

Curvature

you

will

find
6 ^'
"-

and therefore

BH

=
to

DH =
;

aa

9X

ox

->

?AV

make

BH
But

Hence (by Prob. i.)

Fluxion of
A"'

_j_

^y

==

t}.

now

fuppofe

-y,

or the

1 rf .y,

be nothing ; and belides, lince by and thence (by Prob. i.) yxx 1 =<?*.}', putting
v,

BH,

x=

Hypothecs
i,

fub-

ftitute

for

and there will

^

arife

4.5x4=0+.

Take

therefore

AB ==a

and raifrng the perpendicular BD, it will" meet the Curve in the Point of the greateft Curvature. Or, which is the fame BD I. thing, make AB 3^/5 68. After the fame manner the Hyperbola of the lecond kind l 3 will be reprefented by the Equation xy , moft inflected in the points and d, which you may determine by taking in the Abfcifs AQ== r, and erecting the Perpendicular QP_=z= v/5, and it on the other fide. to Then drawQ^/> equal and AP will meet the Curve in the ing A/>, they D and d required. points
y'^j, :
: :

=<7 x45|

V,

74

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

V. To determine the Locus of the Center of Curvature, or to defcribe the Curve, in which tbaf* Center is always found, have already {hewn, that the Center of Curvature of the 69. Trochoid is always found in another Trochoid. And thus the Center of Curvature of the Parabola is found in another Parabola of the fecond kind, reprefented by the Equation axx=y*, as will

We

eafily

appear from Calculation.

VI. Light falling upon any Curve, to find its Focus, or the Conrafted at any of its Points. courje of the Rays that are ref 70. Find the Curvature at that Point of the Curve, and defcribe a Circle from the Center, and with-the Radius of Curvature. Then find the Concourfe of the Rays, when they are refracted by a Circle about that Point For the fame is the Concourfe of the refrac:

ted

Rays

in the propofed Curve.

be added a particular Invention of the Curvawhere they cut their Abfcifles at right For in which the Perpendicular to the Curve, the Point Angles. with the it cuts Abfcifs, ultimately, is the Center of its meeting So that having the relation between the Abfcifs x, Curvature. and the rectangular Ordinate y, and thence (by Prob. i.) the relation between the Fluxions x and y ; the Value yy, if you fubftitute
71.
thefe

To

may

ture at the Vertices of Curves,

for

into

it,

and make y

o,

will be the

Radius of Curva-*
"

ture.

72.

Thus

in the Ellipfis
if

ax

xX=yy,

it is

/>, confequently x And a of Curvature. fo Radius for the i for x, becomes ^writing at the Vertices of the Hyperbola and Parabola, the Radius of Curvature will be always half of the Latus rectum.

which Value of yy,

we fuppofe^=o, and

= =

yy ;

73-

and INFINITE SERIES.

73.

75

And
zicc

in like

manner
zbx

for the Conchoid, defined

cc

~T

bb

xx

yy,

by the Equation the Value of yy (found by

t

Prob.

i.)

will be

and thence #
2(5 -f- f,

=
C

^
c or
:

""*

IT

^ "~~ *
mail have

Now

fuppofing y

o,

f,

we
::

zb

c,

or
:

for the

Radius of Curvature.

Therefore

make

AE EG

::

EG

EC, and he
and

eG
at

of Curvature Conchoids.

c,

and you the Vertices E and

:

eG

ec,

will

have the Centers e of the Conjugate

PROB.
I.

VI.

To determine the Quality of the Curvature, at a given Point of any Curve.

By

or

lefs

the Quality of Curvature I mean inequable, or as it is varied more or

its

Form,
in
its

as

it

is

more

lefs,

progrefs thro'

were demanded, what is the Quality of the Curvature of the Circle ? it might be anfwer'd, that
different parts of the Curve.
it
is

So

if

it

uniform, or invariable.
if it
is

And thus
what

were demand-

the Quality of the ed, Curvature of the Spiral, which is described by the motion of

the point D, proceeding from

in

with an accelerated while the right velocity, Line AK moves with an uniform rotation about the Center A ; the acceleration of

AD

which

76

7&? Method of FLUXIONS,

has the fame ratio right Line a given point B, as a Number has

which Velocity is fuch, that the to the Arch BK, defcribed from
to
its

AD

be afk'd, What is the Quality of the Curvature of this Spiral 1 It may be anfwer'd, that it is uniformly And thus other Curves, in varied, or that it is equably inequable. their feveral Points, may be denominated inequably inequable, according to the variation of their Curvature. 2. Therefore the Inequability or Variation of Curvature is reConcerning which it may be obquired at any Point of a Curve.

Logarithm

fay,

if

it

ferved,
3.
I.

That

at

Points placed alike in like Curves, there

is

a like

Inequability or Variation of Curvature. 4. II. And that the Moments of the Radii of Curvature, at thofe Points, are proportional to the contemporaneous Moments of the

Curves, and the Fluxions to the Fluxions. III. And therefore, that where thofe Fluxions are not propor5. For tional, the Inequability of the Curvature will be unlike.
there will be a greater Inequability, where the Ratio of the Fluxion of the Radius of Curvature to the Fluxion of the Curve is And therefore that ratio of the Fluxions may not improgreater.

perly be call'd

the Index of the Inequability

or of the Variation
to each other, in the

of Curvature.

drawn the Radii of Curvature DC and dc , and D</ of the Curve, Cc being the Moment
will be the

and the points be let there Curve AD^,

6.

At

d,

infinitely near

of the

contemporaneous Radius of Curvature,

Moment
and

-^
>

will be the

Index of the Inequability of

For the Inequability may Curvature. be call'd fuch and fo great, as the quantity j

of that ratio

mews 7^ Ja

it

to be

the Curvature may be faid to be fo much the more unlike to the uniform

Or

Curvature of a Circle.
7.

II

Now
line

letting fall

the

to

any

AB

meeting DC in P and thence B&

perpendicular

Ordinates
will be
,

=
j

make AB
it

xo,

-1

T^

= DBBD = = = =
#,

and dbt
y\

Cc

vo; and
i.

making x

Wherefore

and IN FINITE SERIES.

77

Wherefore the relation between x and y being exhibited by any and 5.) the PerpendicuEquation, and thence, (according to Prob. 4. of Curvature i and the lar DP or /, being found, and the Radius
1

of that Radius, (by Prob. i.) the Index '^ of the Inequabiof Curvature will be given alfo. lity 8. Ex. i. Let the Equation to the Parabola tax vy be given therefore then (by Prob. 4.) BP and a -\-\y=^t. a, Alfo (by Prob. 5.) BF a -+- 2X, and BP DP BF "i)C
Fluxion
<y

= =

DP=
:

=
:

=1;.

Now

the Equations
i.)

t-~
at

=v,

(by Prob.

give

2ax

2ax =}'}', aa-\-yy=tt,

2jvy,

-and

and zyy

=
v

ztt,

and

Z fx

+ 2fx __ ^

Which
y

being reduced to order,

-, /

and putting

.v

i,

there will arife

t,

= = r^ =

- > an<^ )
f

v=

And

thus y,

and v being found, there will be had ^ the Index

of the Inequability of Curvature. 9. As if in Numbers it were determin'd,

that^=j

or
a

2#==n

>

and

x= 4
3,

then y (==

+ 7 "=

3v /2.

So that

j^=
10.
/

which
if it
f

therefore

is

the Index of Inequability.

A:

But

v/5,

= </,

were determin'd, that

and
-17

=2,

then y

2,

^'=T>

3^/5.

So that

^-=) 6 will be here

the Index of Inequability. 11. Wherefore the Inequability of Curvature at the Point of the Curve, from whence an Ordinate, equal to the Latus reftum of the Parabola, being drawn perpendicular to the Axis, will-be double to the fo drawn is half Inequability at that Point, from whence the Ordinate the Latus rectum ; that is, the Curvature at the firft Point is as unlike again to the Curvature of the Circle, as the Curvature at the fecond Point. 12. Ex. 2. Let the Equation be zax bxx-=.yy, and (by Prob. 4.)
it

will be

a
byy

&v=BP,
-yy
yy.

and thence

tf=(aa
5.)
//
U1
it
is

2a6x-lrb

=)
f.ll

na

Alfo (by Prob.

DH =}'

-{

where,

if for

byy
:

you
::

fubftitute
:

aa, there ariies

DH

=
give

Tis

alfo

BD DP

DH

DC= - =v.
aa

Now (hv Prob.i.)

and

the Equations

zaxbxx^yy,

byy-\-y\-=^t!,

78
give a

77je

Method of FLUXIONS,
byy

bx =}')', and yy

/'/,

and

~=

v.

And

thus

being found, the Index

aJib

^ of
2X
r,

the

Inequability of Curvature,

will

be known.

13.

Thus

in
it

the Ellipfis
is

=}'}', where
if

a
*

3 ATA:
;

and b=-.^
" L a 3

we make

x=-,
*
v

rthen S

~~

~"

and therefore
;

=|,

which

is

the In-

dex of the Inequability

of Curvature.

Hence
this
fign'd,

it

appears, that the Curvature of

at the Point

Ellipfis,
is

here af-

(or 'by vature of the Circle,) than the Curvature of the Parabola, at that Point of
its

by two times left inequable, two times more like to the Cur-

Jl

V
is

Curve, from whence an Ordinate

14. If

let fall

upon the Axis

to half the Latus rectum.

equaj
in

we have

mind

to

compare the Conclufions derived

Examples, in the Parabola 2ax=yy arifes (~ V ' s Index of Inequability j and in the Ellipfis zax bxx=yy,
(^7-

thefe

=
-+-

> v for the )^ a

arifes

=J

BP

and

fo in the

Hyperbola 2ax

bxx

=yy,

any Conic Section conn'der'd apart, the Inequability of Curvature is as the Rectangle BD x BP. And that, at the feveral Points of the Paraboh, it is as the Ordinate BD. 15. Now as the Parabola is the moft fimple Figure of thofe that are curved with inequable Curvature, and as the Inequability of its
Curvature
is

y+3b the analogy being obferved, there arifes the Index ("2^ && J \. t x BP. Whence it is evident, that at the different Points of

fo

eafily

determined, (for

its

Index

is

t h er e6x^ll^i,) ..
.

fore the Curvatures

to the Curvature

of other Curves

may

As if Ellipfis 2X
1

6.

it

of this. were inquired,

at

not improperly be compared

$xx=yy,

determined by affuming x it might be anfwer'd, that

=
it

that Point
:

what may be the Curvature of the of the Perimeter which is

Becaufe its Index is 4., as before, like the Curvature of the Parabola
6.v

is

and IN FINITE SERIES.

of the Curve, between =)')', at that Point the perpendicular Odinate is equal to |. Thus, as the Fluxion of the Spiral
6.v

79
the Axis

which and
is

17.

ADE

to

the Fluxion

of the Subtenfe
fuppofe as

AD,
x

AP
AP
1J

=y
-

to e;
ee

in a certain given Ratio, on its concave fide erect

dd

AD

perpendicular to

AD,
and

and P

will be the Center of Curvature,

t

or

r=?

will be the

a.i

ee

Index of Inequa-

So that this Spiral has every where its Curvature alike inequable, as the Parabola 6x yy has in that Point of its Curve, from whence to its Abfcifs a perpendicular Ordibility.

=
8.

nate

is

let

fall,

which

is

equal

to

the

And

thus the Index of Inequability at any Point

in

of the

Trochoid,
fore
its

(fee Fig.

Art. 29. pag. 64.)

is
is

found to be
as inequable,

AB

Whereyy
is

Curvature at the fame Point

or as unlike
-

to that of a Circle, as the Curvature of

the Point where the Ordinate

19.
I

is

^a x -^

any Parabola AB

ax

at

And from

thefe Confiderations the Senfe

of the Problem,

as

conceive, mufl be plain enough; which being well underftood, it will not be difficult for any one, who obferves the Series of the to furnifh himfelf with more Examples, and things above deliver'd, of other Methods as occafion to contrive many operation, may rethat he will be able to manage Problems of a like nature, So quire. (where he is not difcouraged by tedious and perplex Calculations,) Such are thefe following ; with little or no difficulty.

To find the Point of any Curve, where there is either no Inequabior infinite, or tie grcatej?, or the leajl. lity of Curvature, the Vertices of the Conic Sections, there is no Inat 20. Thus of Curvature; at the Cuf] id of the 1 rcchoid it is infiequability nite ; and it is greatefl at thofe Points of the Ellif.fis, where the
I.

Rectangle BD x BP is greatefl, that is, where the Diagor.al-Lines of the circumfcribed Parallelogram cut the Elliriis, whofe Sides
touch
II.
it

in their principal Vertices.

1o determine a Curve of fame definite Species, l'nfp rje a Section, liioje Curvature at any Point may be cqiu:l and Jiitiilar Curvature of any other Curve, at a given P./:./ of it.

C.n:c
r

to the

8o
III.

"The

Method of FLUXIONS,

ri?//i7V

to the

To iL-termine a Conk Sctfion, at any Point of which, the Curand Pojition of the tangent, (in refpeSt of the AxisJ) may be like Curvature and Pofition of the Tangent, at a Point ajfigrid of

any other Curir. 21. The ufe of which Problem is this, that inftead of Ellipfes of the fecond kind, whofe Properties of refradling Light are explain'd by Des Cartes in his Geometry, Conic Sections may be fubftituted, which mall perform the fame thing, very nearly, as to their ReAnd the fame may be underfhood of other Curves. fractions.

P
To find as

R O
as

B.

VII.
pleafe y
ivbofe

many Curves

you

Areas may

be exhibited by finite Equations.

be the Abfcifs of a Curve, at whofe Vertex be raifed, and let CE be i perpendicular drawn parallel to AB. Let alfo DB be a rectanI.

Let

AB

AC

let
D

the

and

gular Ordinate, meeting the right Line the Curve in D. And conceive

CE

in

E,

Areas

be generated by the right Lines BE and BD, as they move along the Line AB, Then their Increments or Fluxions will be always as the defcribing Lines BE and BD. Wherefore
to

AD ACEB and ADB

thefe

make

the Parallelogram

Curve

ADB
fo that

call z.

ACEB, And

BD;

BD. BE, then z be a/Turned at any Equation pleafure, for determining the relation of z and x, from thence, (by Prob. i.) may z be deAnd thus there will be two Equations, the 'latter of which rived. will determine the Curve, and the former its Area.
2.

Now

making x

= =
i

or AB x i, =.v, and the Area of the the Fluxions x and z will be as BE and

if

EXAMPLES.
3.

Aflume ##:=:, and thence (by Prob.

i.)

2xx=s
=;s
?

or

2x=c:,

becaufe
4.

x=,

i.

Aflame

^=z,

and thence will

f a'

arife

an Equation

to the Parabola.
5.

A flume ax* =zz, or

or ^(?x

x*=z, and there

will arife \a^x'

=^^,
6.

zz, an Equation again to the Parabola.

i

and INFINITE SERIES.

f

81

a*x * Affume a 6 x~ 1 =zz,or a*x-' =z, and there arifes z, Here the negative Value of z only infinuates, o. or a'' -j-2xx that BD is to be taken the contrary way from BE. 1 z 1 , you will have zc*x if you affume c'-a -+- c^x*
6.

=
z

7.

Again 2zz and

;

being eliminated, there will

aa-^-xx -

arife
aa
-J-.VA<z

'Z.

8.

Or

if

you affume
will be
-f-

\/aa --+- xx

z, ,

make

-}- ATA-

=
if

v,

and

it

^ =s,and then (by Prob.i.) ^p

the Equation aa

xx
<u,

=
it

011;

gives

2X

=
3

Alfo

zvv, by the help of which

you exterminate
9.

will

become

-j^-

= =
z

j-

\/ aa-^-xx.

Laftly,

32;

firflieek
tion.

you affume 8 3^2 -f- ^&=. zz, you will obtain Wherefore 2Z&. 3x2; -f- $z by the affumed Equation the Area z, and then the Ordinate z by the reiulting Equaif

10.

may

thus from the Areas, however they may be feign'd, you always determine the Ordinates to which they belong.

And

P
To fad as

R O
as

B.

VIII.

many Curves
to the

have a relation

you pleafe, -wbofe Areas fiall Area of any given Curve, a/fign-

able by finite Equations.

i. Let be a given Curve, and GEI the Curve required, and conceive their Ordinatss and EC to move at right Angles upon

FDH

DB

A
.11

C
G,

/V

their Abfciffes or Bafes

AB and

AC.

Then

of the Areas which they defcribe,

will be as

the Increments or Fluxions thofe Ordinates drawn

into

82
Abfcifles.

fhe Method of
moving, that
Therefore
the Area

FLUXIONS,
is,

into their Velocities of

make

CE =y,
Therefore

AFDB

the Fluxions of the Areas be

if

we

zy

=
2.

fuppofe x
-

= =
s

AB
j,

=
t
:

into the Fluxions of their

x,

BD
it

and the Area

AC AGEC
v,

= =
/,
:

z,

and and let

: :

and
i,

And

will be

xv zy
it

t.

and

v=s,

as before;

will be

t,

and thence
let

=y.
;

Therefore

any two Equations be affumed

one of which

may exprefs the relation of the Areas s and t, and the other the relation of their Abfciffes x and z, and thence, (by Prob. let the i.)
Fluxions
3.
t
i.

and

z
xx

be found, and then

make

=>'.

Ex.

Equation ax
Areas

may

be a Circle, exprefs'd by the other Curves be fought, whofe be equal to that of the Circle. Therefore by the Hy-

Let the given Curve

= w,

FDH

and

let

pothefis

s=:f, and thence

f,

and y

=^-.

It

remains

to determine z, x and z.
4.

by afluming

fome

relation

between the Abfciffes

a

As

if

you fuppofe
:

ax=zz;
z,

then (by Prob. "

that fubflituting

for

then y
s.s,

= =
;

i.)

=. 2zz:
it

But

is

v
is

=
the

So

(\/ax

xx

=)

'

\/ aa

therefore

aa \/

aa

zz

y *

Equation to the Curve, whofe Area is equal to that of the Circle. After the fame manner if you fuppofe xx =. z, there will 5.
ariie

2x

=s,

and thence _)'=

;

(==] ~
I

whence

-j

and x being

exterminated,
6.

it

will be

y=cc
,

7"-'
2Z 2
-

Or

if
T-V

thence
7.

-- =
2

you fuppofe
y

= -y

=
/
'-

xz,

there arifes o
cc.

=z +

xz, and

(5

v az
+-

2^3

Again, fuppofing

ax

=
if

z, (by Prob. i.) \t'isa

a

+ s=:z,

-^and thence
8.

?>

which denotes

mechanical Curve.

Let the Circle ax Curves be fought, whofe Areas As to the Area of the Circle.

Ex.

2.

be given again, and let xx have any other aflumed relation may

=w
c

pofe alfo

ax

you
i.)

afliime

cx
s

ZZ.

(By Prob.

'tis

t,

and fup-

t,

and a

Therefore

and INFINITE SERIES.

Therefore y
5

83

= = ~~;
2

and fubftituting

^ ax
z,

xx

for

j,

and f
9.
s

for x,
if

'tis;'=
j

4-

^ v'^
=/,
and x
Therefore

But

you affume and

i

=
K

you will have

2!2L
'

^! =/,
i;
.

z.

y-

=j

Oi

fl

= =

Now
i.)

for

exterminating v,

the Equation

ax
'tis

xx

iJ'u,
.

(by Prob.
if

gives

2x= 2vv,
A;

and therefore

y=.

Where

you expunge v and

there will arile
ss

by

fubftituting their values

\/ ax
10.

xx and
But
if
i

2;,

you affume

2w=r^, and
5

_)=-"

f,

and x
_y

2zz; and

therefore

= = V = 4^zz,

\/tf;s

there

will

arife

Anc

xx and &z, it will become y and x fubftituting \/ ax \Sa-zz;, which is an Equation to a mechanical Curve. be found, which 1 1. Ex. 3. After the fame manner Figures may have an aflumed relation to any other given Figure. Let the Hyperbola cc -{- xx and wu be given ; then if you affume s /,

xx=cz,

you

will have

and

2X =

cz;
j,

and thence

_)'

=
it

.r=
s;

-.

Then

fubftituting v/cc -+-{-

xx

for

and C-z^

for x,

will be y *
12.

=: 2Z

i/cz

zz.

And

thus if you affume

will have

v-^-vx
Therefore

= =
vx
for
-u,

xv s=t, and 2X

i.

y= %
'tis it

1?^ gives

x=^-ui;, and
for x,

= =^
~.
***

s=zf, and xx cz, you But and thence cz. v=.s,

But

now

(by Prob.

i.)

cc-\-xx

Then
~
,

fubftituting \/i<,-t-xx

and c*z*
Ex.
4.

becomes y =.
if

^c
-

^
=1;
and
-

13.

Moreover

the Ciffoid

^-^^_-

were given,

to

which other
you affume
and
its

related Figures are to be found,

^/ax
/'
-,

xx

+-

- s

for that purpofe

Fluxion

therefore h +- -

=
2

fuppofe
/.

*/ ax

xx

h,

***

But the Equation

=M

84
=/j/j gives
3

7%e Method of
*A
^

FLUXIONS,
if
it

.V.

==2.^, where
bcfides
t.

you exterminate
is

/&,

it

will be

And

fuice

- s
3

xx ,

=
\/ aa

Now

to
i

determine
.)

z and

z,

afTume

ax

=z

then (by Prob.

2zz, or z
a

V..

Jaxxx

A;

'

Equation belongs to the Circle, we mall have the relation of the Areas of the Circle and of the Ciflbid.
v/tftf

~.

And

as this

14.

And

thus

if

and x

you had aflumed

">/

ax

xx -h ~

fy

Equation

z, there would have been again to the Circle.

derived

y-=.\/as>

.22-,

an

like manner if 15. In any mechanical Curve were given, other mechanical Curves related to it might be found. But to derive it will be of that convenient, geometrical Curves, right Lines deon each other, fome one may be taken for pending Geometrically and that the Area which compleats the Parallethe Bafe or Abfcifs logram be fought, by fuppofing its Fluxion to be equivalent to the Abfcifs, drawn into the Fluxion of the Ordinate.
;

6.

Ex.

5.

Thus

the Trochoid

ADF

being propofed, I refer

it

to the Abfcifs

ABj

and the

Parallelogram being

ABDG

compleated, I leek for the

complemental

Superficies
it

ADG,byfuppofing
the
to

be

defcribed

by Motion of
and therefore
into the
is

the right Line

GD,
as

drawn

AL

Fluxion to be equivalent to the Line Now whereVelocity of the Motion ; that is, x*v.
its

GD
BL

parallel

to the

Tangent DT,

therefore

AB

will be to

as the

Fluxion of the fame

AB

to the

Fluxion of the Ordinate

BD,
that

and INFINITE SERIES.

that
is,

85

as

to

-j.

So that

<u

Therefore the Area

ADG

Ah

and therefore xv

is

therefore the circular Area they will be equal.

17.

ALB

described by the Fluxion is defcribed by the fame Fluxion,

;

== BL. BL fince

manner if you conceive to be a Figure of or of verfed is that Ordinate whole Arches, Sines, is, equal to Arch the lince the Fluxion of the Arch is to the Fluxion ;
In like

ADF
v
:

BD
:

AL
2

AL
i

of the Abfcifs
then
-y

AB,

as
.

PL

to

BL,
vx,
if

that

is,

::

\/ ax

.v.v,

--/

v ax

xx

Then

the Fluxion of the Area

a right

ADG,
.

will be 2V

7=^=. xx
<,*

Wherefore

--.' Line equal to ly .x

ATV

be conceived to be apply 'd as a rectangular Ordinate at B, a point of the Line AB, it will be terminated at a certain geometrical Curve, whole Area, adjoining to the Abfcifs AB, is equal to the Area

ADG.
thus geometrical Figures may be found equal to other Figures, made by the application (in any Angle) of Arches of a Circle, of an Hyperbola, or of any other Curve, to the Sines
1

8.

And

right

or verfed of thole Arches, or to any other right Lines that Geometrically determin'd.
19.

may

be

the matter will be very fliort For from the the Arch being defcribed, with any Radius AG, cutting the right Line in G, and the Spiral in D ; fince that Arch, as a Line moving upon the Abfcifs AG, delcribes the Area of the Spiral fo that the Fluxion of that Area is
to Spirals,

As

Center of Rotation A,

DG

AF

AHDG,

to the Fluxion of the Rectangle i x AG, as to i ; if you raife the perpenthe Arch dicular right Line equal to that Arch,

GD

GL

by moving Line AC, it

equal to

in

like

manner upon the fame

the Area

will defcribe

A/LG
:

The And

the Area of the Spiral Curve A/L being a geometrical Curve.

fartlirr,

AHDG

xGL

= |AGx GD =
ADH

if

the Subtenfe

Sector

Segments

will alfo be equal. AL/ and And this not only agrees to the Spiral of Archimedes^ (in which cafe A/L becomes the Parabola of Apoliomus,) but to any other whatever; fo that all of them

AL be drawn, then A ALG | AGDj therefore the complernental

may
20.

be converted into equal geometrical Curves with the fame

eale.

86

tte Method of

FLUXIONS,

20. I might have produced more Specimens of the Conftruction of this Problem, but thefe may fuffice; as being fo general, that whatever as yet has been found out concerning the Areas of Curves, or (I believe) can be found out, is in fome manner contain'd herein, and is here determined for the moil part with lefs trouble, and with-

out the ufual perplexities. 21. But the chief ufe of this and the foregoing Problem is, that nffuming the Conic Sections, or any other Curves of a known magnitude, other Curves may be found out that may be compared with

Equations may be difpofed orderly in a Catalogue or Table. And when fuch a Table is contracted, when the Area of any Curve is to be found, if its defining Equation be either immediately found in the Table, or may be transformed into another that is contain'd in the Table, then its Area may be known. Moreover fuch a Catalogue or Table may be apply'd to the determining of the Lengths of Curves, to the finding of their Centers of Gravity, their Solids generated by their rotation, the Suand to the finding of any other flowing perficies of thofe Solids, Fluxion a analogous to it. quantity produced by
thefe,

and that

their defining

P R O

B.

IX.

To determine the Area of any Curve propofed.

1.

The

refolution of the

Problem depends upon

this,

that

from

the relation of the Fluxions being given, the relation of the Fluents may be found, (as in Prob. 2.) And firft, if the right Line BD, by the motion of which the Area required is defcribed, move upright upon an Abfcifs the Paralgiven in pofition, conceive (as before) mean time to be defcribed in the

AFDB AB

lelogram

ABEC

on the other

And BE
required.
2.

a line equal to unity. Fluxion of the Pathe being fuppos'd will be the Fluxion of the Area rallelogram,
fide

AB, by

BD

Therefore

and

BE

make

AB

x.

Call alfo

and then alfo the Area AFDB

x,

ABEC=i \x=x,
z,

and

it

will be

BD=z,

as alfo

=~, X

becaufe

x=i.

Therefore by the Equaratio

tion expreffing

BD,

at the

fame time the

of the Fluions

IS

and INFINITE SERIES.

is exprefs'd, and thence (by Prob. 2. Cafe relation of the flowing quantities x and z.

87
may
be found the

i.)

3.

Ex.

i.

When BD,

or z,

is

4.

Let there be given

=
=

equal to fome fimple quantity.

z,
r
,

(the Equation to the Paa

rabola,)

and (Prob.
x

or

-L

AB

BD,

2.)

there will arife

z.

Therefore ^>
Parabola of

Area of the Parabola

aa z,

AFDB.

c. J

Let there be ^ eiven

fan

to a Equation *

the fecond kind,) and there will arife

-^

z, that

is,

~ AB

BD

Area

AFDB.

Let there be given z' XX ~ 1 or a^x x-:, (an Equation to an Hyperbola of the fecond kind,) and there will arife a3 x 1 z
6.

or

7
Area

z.

That

is,

AB x BD
length, lying

HDBH,
BD,
thus
Z.

of an

infinite

on the other
z, there

fide

of

the Ordinate
j.

as its negative value insinuates.

if there

And

were given

would

arife

2XX
8.

Moreover,

let

ax

zz, or a*x*
will
arife

z,

to the Parabola,) and there

BD
9
.

~a^x^

=
x

(an Equation again z,, that is, i-AB

Area

AFDB.
t

Let

~=zz-

then

za*x

10.
1 1.

Let

=zz',

then
;

Let ax*
Ex.
2.

=
,

z~>

then

And

= ^= fV =
f

s, or 2

s, or 2
z, or

= AFDH. AB BD = HDBH. i AB xBD = AFDH.

AB x BD
z>

fo in others.

12. 13.
14.

Where z

is

equ.il to

an Aggregate of fuch Quantities.

*-

LetAT-H^ij then^-h ~ then ax Let -{- ^

<z

= =

&>

15.
1

6.

2r Let 3*i 4** z ; then 2x^ x ^ Ex. 3. Where a previous reduction by Divifion is required.
-

+-

Let there be given j~, =.& (an Equation to the Apollonian in injinittun, it will be Hyperbola,) and the divifion being performed
17.

l%e Method of x __
in
"x a

FLUXION s
And
thence,
11
1.

_ ^ 4.
U~A ^
A/4
*

?f

^l

5
,

&c.

as (by Prob. 2.)

the fecond Set of Examples,

/.

you

will obtain

z= -y
it

a*x

^^
--^
will be

5^/3
1

8.

Let there be given ^

x*-{-x*

~J

^ XX

==*, and by

divifion

"

~=i
2

x 6 , &c. or

thence (by Prob. 2.) 2

or

=
-

elfe

s=
-f-^

-^ 1 X
r

' X4 -f- -., A.

&c.

And

x
&c.
L
,

1#

7
,

&c.

=AFDBi
it

-i

H- ^3X*

5,

=HDBH.
A

SA.''

19. Let there be given

be z

~!Li X
1

=z,
-fis

and by
6cc.
8

divifion

will

2x^

x' -fProb. 2.) z T3x3 $x* yx* 20. Ex. 4. Where a previous reduction of Roots.
'

2X

+ 7^
given

I3AT

34*%

And + V A<^ &c

-

thence (by

required by Extraction

xx, (an Equation to the an infinite multitude Hyperbola,) and the Root being extracted to
21. Let there be
-\-

=
*
ft

\/ aa

of terms,
*
.

it

will be
.

z=i a 4manner

~\ Q f,9.*if. f ,l

7-

I I
-7

r, fit*

&c. whence
^x

as in the foregoing ss

= ax+
if

X
6

X
,

-h

77^

22. In the fame

given,
b

(which
^Oi.J

is

to the Circle,) there

the Equation z \/aa would be produced

TT^

&c

xx were

z=ax

ii2a s

23.
alfo

And
the
f x'

fo if there
Circle,)

to

were given z-=\/x xx, (an Equation there would arife Root the by extracting
-r'-g-x^,

x*
Vz
.

4-**

24.
cle,)
,

TT ___ Thus s === v//z<* -^- AV

_
-,

6cc.

And

therefore

=
.\

.ix*

xx, (an Equation again to the Cirbx x

by extraction of the Root it ^* Jf3 whence 2; <7Ar -f-

-- --4

gives
24^

z=a-\,

gjs

occ.

/'*v3
I

&c.

25.

And

thus v^~ZT7~

6<

^, by a due reduction gives

z=i-+- T^-V*
H-irf

-h 43^4, &c.

-f^
T

then 2

AT -f-

_l_^

^ + V^ V^
3

-f-

T
T

S &c.

'

- Vo^

26.

and INFINITE SERIES.

26.

89

Thus

finally

z=l/a*
-+-

Root, gives

z=a
C

*=** + -~,
''

gfr

~ ~ w &c. and then (by Prob. T> &c. = AFDB. Or *=

-+elfe A And
1

-t-A'

5
,

by the extraction of the Cubic

2.)

thence

&c.
567*

= HDBH.
5.

=7
is

**

27.

Ex.

Where

a previous reduction
this

required,

by the
a*z

refo-

lution of an affected Equation. 28. If a Curve be defined

2a"'

x
_j_

=
zaa

by

Equation z>

o,

extradl the Root, and there will arife

x
.

j_

!4^-. &c.
5
i

whence

will be

obtain'd as before

z-=ax

64.2

29.
either

But

if z~'

cz*
f?

2x*z

c *z -f-

2x ?

-+- c*

o were the

Equation

or

= + s=
c
tb,e

to the Curve, the refolution will afford a three-fold

.v
A

V
2"

+
f

&c. or S Jl, 1
32'

=
z

Root;

.v-f- !i'
<-

-,
arife

2rc

--(_

At T

&c.

And

hence will

the

values
-fA

of

three
2;
.,S

T^t,
X4
8.

&c.
!

-1

correfponding Areas,
i.v 1

ex

+
x

x*

r^

+^

^0,

&e. and

ex

6c

24^'

flrr CCC>

30. I add

their reduction to the

nothing here concerning mechanical Carves, becaufe form of geometrical Curves will be taught af-

terwards.

But whereas the values of z thus found belong to Areas are fituate, fometimes to a finite part AB of the Abfcifs, fometimes to a part BH produced infinitely towards H, and fometimes to both parts, according to their different terms: That the due value of the Area may be alTign'd, adjacent to any portion of the Abfcifs, that Area is always to be made equal to the difference of the values of z, which belong to the parts of the Abfci/s, that are terminated at the beginning and end of the Area.
31.

which

32.

For Inflance

to the

Curve exnrefs'd bv the Equation

i-^-'xx
'

m^^ JTC-

fhe Method of
~,
it

FLUXIONS,

_l_ 4_,vS

found that Now that &c.

is

z=x
I

^x

may

de-

termine the quantity of the Area MDll, adjacent to the part of the Abfcifs /'B; from the value of z,

which

arifes

I take the value of

by putting AB z, which

x,

arifes

remains x that Area

-Lx*

^-x',

&c.

+
is

by putting
x>

Ab=x,

and there

-J-x',

&c. the value of

WDB.

Whence

be jqere will
33.
5**
I
1

had the whole

if A*, or x, be put equal to nothing, x' -+- -^x', &c. x Area

AFDB

=
I
'

To

the fame Curve

there

alfo

found

z,

==.

- -+

L, &c.
]V\T\

Whence
1

again, according to
1
,_

what
^""1

is

before, the Area

*

__

_.

--

oCC

'-

"

'
-

-)

&/~f* OCC.

*"T

J.

ppr^TOt'f ijCl CIUI C

AB, or x, be fuppofed infinite, the adjoining Area bdH H, which is alfo infinitely long, will be equivalent to
if
-f.

toward

^
will
Z,^
it

&c.

For the
its

latter

Series

CA

vanifh, becaufe of

^-35
-

-f-

~, &c.

infinite

denominators.

34.
:s
i

To

the Curve reprefented by the Equation a-\-

=
X

found, that

z=.ax
But

-4-

=
is

-. X
this

Whence
becomes

it

is

that

ax

Area &/DB.

infinite,

whether x be fup-

pofed nothing, or x infinite

&/H

infinitely great,

and therefore each Area AFDB and ; and the intermediate parts alone, fuch as

&/DB, can be fcifs x is found

always happens when the Abwell in the numerators of fome of the terms, as in the denominators of others, of the value of z. But when x is in the numerators, as in the firft found the value of only
exhibited.
as
this

And

Example,

z,

And belongs to the Area fituate at AB, on this fide the Ordinate. when it is only in the denominators, as in the fecond Example, that value, when the figns of all the terms are changed, belongs to the whole Area infinitely produced beyond the Ordinate. 35. If at any time the Curve-line cuts the Abfcifs, between the
b and B, fuppofe in E, inftead points of the Area will be had the difference of the Areas at the diffe&/E*

BDE

rent parts of the Abfcifs ; to which if here be added the Rectangle

he Area
t

dEDG

will be obtain'd.

and INFINITE SERIES.

36. But
it is

chiefly to be regarded,

the Area corre; term belongs to the Conical Hyperbola ; and thereAs is done in fore is to be exhibited by it felf, in an infinite Series

any term fponding

is

divided by

that when x of only one dimension

in the value

of

&

to that

what

follows.
fl3

~ glA
-f-

77. Let ax J
it

becomes

xx

'= z, be an
-f-

Equation to a Curve
_

and by divifion J

2a +- 2X
2X>
l
'

h^
aa

&c.
y

and thence

=
-

X*
To*
aa

l^

2ax

x1

^T

&c.

And

the Area

&/DB
,

2*5

,&*.

zax
I

xx

Where by
to the

the

Marks
1-1 aa
1

and

denote the

little

Areas belonging

Terms

aa

and
that |^

38.

Now

and

|j|

may

be found, I

make Kb,

or

to

be definite, and bE indefinite, or a flowing Line, which therefore I

call
;' ;

fo that

it

will be

-^;

to that Hyperbolical
it

Area adjoin-

ing to

B, that

is,
j

Divifion But by J
therefore,
.

will be x

or x

A4
-*

WDB

'

'

and therefore the whole Area required

X
21 3 2A3
.

xx H

-,

&c.

the fame manner, 39. After

AB,

or x,

might have been ufed

for

definite Line,

and then

it

would have been

40. Moreover,

if Z>B

be bifefted in C, and

AC
;

=
-{-

of a definite length,
i>,

and Cb and
=_)',
'twill

CB
be

indefinite

be affumed to be then making AC

'

and

or

CB

bd= -^ s=-\-

-)-

_i- ^-^-'

&c. and therefore the Hyperbolical Area adjacent

to

'A Mt&od
to the Part of the Abfcifs
.&c.

of

FLUXIONS,
a
V
r
I

Twill be

alfo

DB
1

= -~ = ? - ~ + ~ - ^ +
CB
st^

&C

will be

&c.

And
"
1

therefore the Area adjacent to the other part of the Abfcifs 11 7*

2f
l
,

Areas

7-

-\~

+ ~r

4
-

Si"*-

'

'

Jf

4'

-f5'

&c.

And

the

Sum

of thefe -|

~r,

&c. will be

equivalent to

41.

Thus

in the

3 Equation a

-f- z,* ~$-

x~=

nature of a Curve,

its

Root

will be

=o,

denoting the
8
J

,v

&c.
6cc.

Whence

there arifes

z,

=-.

Lxx

-x
ox

_1

_
Six'

_!_
/^r^ '

And

the Area

Y TA
'

KC

T, &c.
&c.

that

is,=:|.v

.'X TA

^'
Six

_ ^
-

&c.

for the moft pnrt, may be very 42. But this Hyperbolical term, the avoided, by altering commodioufly beginning of the Abfcifs, it or that is, by increafing diminiihing by fome gi\ en quantity. As

the Equation to the Curve, if I fhould make beginning of the Ablcifs* determinate of to be Al> and fuppofmg any length 4/7, for the renow write fliall x I Abfcifs Thst is, if I dimiB, mainder of the x a -finftead of it will nifti the Abfcifs a, by writing
v vv

in the

former Example, where

z was

b to be the

by

-become

^~^,.
&
j
.

x,

~> and

_!!
273

Ci

whence

arifes

= \ax =z
-2
.V

'

-' &c. ^ z 4--^' bia

Area
43.

thus by affuming another and another point for the beArea of any Curve may be exr-ivib'd an ginning of the Abfcifs, the

And

infinite variety

of ways.

44. Alfo the Equation

into the

rj-p

might have been refolved

"

two

infinite Series z,

--

-+- "-^ X }

&c.

a -f

.v

**--}-;

&c. where there

is

found no
2

Term

divided b} the

fir ft

Power

and INFINITE SERIES.

Power of
x.

93

But fuch kind of Series, where the Powers of A* afcend in the numerators of the one, and in the denominators infinitely of the other, are not fo proper to derive the value of z from, by
Arithmetical computation,
to

when

the Species are to be changed in-

Numbers.

difficult can occur to any one, who is to un45. Hardly any thing in fuch a after value of the Area the dertake Numbers, computation Yet for in the more is obtain'd Species. compleat illufhation of the I mall add an Example or two. foregoing Doctrine, be propofed, the Let Hyperbola 46. whofe Equation is \/x-+-xx=z; its Vertex be-

AD
is

ing at A, and each of

1
"

its

Axes

equal to Unity.

From what goes before, its Area ADB=-i.v> A*' -+- T'T* ? -+T^P*'"' &c that j'^
'

is

s x* into Lx -+- x* T T .v T4T V y T .v &c. which Series may be infinitely produced by

'

'

>

multiplying thelaft term continually by the fucceeding terms of this ~~'" q J 5 That is &c. Proereffion i- #. .v x Xi A 2 S 8.-n 10.15*. 47 6-9 3 1 the firft term I_ x x makes the fecond term -L.v* : Which

^^r

^^'v

^..v

'

2 -5

"

multiply 'd by
tiply'd
tuin.

-~ x makes the
l

third

term

TV-vl

Which mulfo

by

Now let AB
Number
x T>
for
.v,

^x

makes T T .v ? the fourth term; and

'

ad

hifini-

this

or

being

be affumed of any length, fuppofe ^, and writing and its Root 4 for x*, and the firft term ^x^ reduced to a decimal Fraction, it becomes

-^3333333>

&c
v

This into

'- ^

makeso.oo625 the fecond term.

third term.

'

This
fo

into
4-7 4

makes

0.0002790178, &c. the

And

But the term?, which I thus deduce by degrees, I in one, and the negadifpole in two Tables; the affirmative terms tive in another, and I add them up as you fee here.

on

for ever.

-i-o.

94

"The

Method of FLUXIONS,
00002790178571429
34679066051 834^65027 26285354 961296
3 86 7 6

0.0833333333333333 62500000000000 271267361111 5135169396 144628917 4954581 190948 7963

35 2
1

1663

75

_
-f-

0.0002825719389575 0.0896109885646518

4- 0.0896109885640518

"0^3284166257043

fum of the Affirmatives I take the fum of the neand there remains 0.0893284166257043 for the quantity gatives, which was to be found. of the Hyperbolic Area ADB

Then from

the

47.

Now

let

the Circle

AdF

be

propofed,

which
that
is,

isexpreffed by the equation

will

\/x

xx

=z

>

whofe Diameter is its Area AdB goes before

'

unity, and from what

be -!#*

..#*

I n which Series, fince c> T T xi -fT^i from differ the terms of the Sethe terms do not which above exprefs'd the Hyperbolical Area, unlefs in the ries, ; nothing elfe remains to be done, than to Signs -4- and terms with other fignsj that is, by numeral fame conned: the of both the afore -mention'd tables, fubtracting the connected fumsfrom the firft term doubled 1 6 0.1666666666666, 93 0.08989 3 560 503 &c. and the remainder 0.0767731061630473 will be the portion A^B of the ciicular Area, fuppoiing AB to be a fourth part of the And hence we may obferve, that tho' the Areas of the diameter. Circle and Hyperbola are not compared in a Geometrical confideration, yet each of them is dilcover'd by the fame Arithmetical com-

&

putation.

48.

The

whole Area
s-Vs/3'
or

portion of the circle A^/B being found, from thence the may be derived. For the Radius dC being drawn,
Ulto

multiply Ed, or -^v/S?

-54 12 ^5 8 773^5

-^C, 2 75

or i,

w '"

and half of the product

^e

^e

va ^ ue

cWB;
Sector

which added

ACd

to

the

Area AdB,

there

will

f the Triangle be had the

0.1308996938995747, whole Area.

the fextuple

of

which

49.

And

and INFINITE SERIES.

95

49- And hence by the way the length of the Circumference will be 3.1415926535897928, by dividing the Area by a fourth part of the Diameter. 50. To thefe we mail add the calculation of the Area comprehended between the Hyperbola dfD and its Afymptote CA. Let C be the Center of the Hyperbola, and putting
'twill

be -^

a+x =BD,

and -^

-=.bd; whence
- -

the Area

AFDB

bx

4-

"

-*,

&c. and the Area

4-

&c. and the fum 0aL>&=. 2ox-\

?
,

4or

numbers

i.i ; and fubftituting thefe being 0.9, and CB for a, b, and x, the firft term of the Series becomes 0.2, the fecond 0.0006666666, &c. the third 0.000004 ; and fo on, as

~ 4- ^ AB = Cb
TL.,

AB

/'/.<

&c.

Now

let

us fuppofe

CA

= AF=i,

and

Kb

you

fee in this Table.

O.2OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 6666666666666 40000000000 285714286 2222222 l8l82

The fum

be defired feparately, 51. If the parts of this Area Ad and fubtract the lefler from the greater dA, and there will remain

0.200670695462151

1= Area bdDB.
AD
i

BA

3-+ -^4and
-jig.

h --

&c.

Where

if

be wrote for a and

b,

for x,

the terms being reduced to decimals will

O.O

iland

thus;

IOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

500000000000 3333333333 25000000 2OOOOO

1667

The fum

o.

= A^

AD,
52-

96
52.

The Method of

FLUXIO N

s,

of the Areas be added to, and fubtracted from,their fum before found, half the aggregate o. 1053605156578263 be the greater Area hd, will and half or the remainder will be the lefler Area AD. 0.0953101798043248
if this difference

Now

53.
alfo,

d>
as

o.gg, if the numbers are but duly transferr'd to lower places, may be here feen. O O2OOOOOOOOOOOOOC0 O.O30ICOOOOOOOO3OO 66666666666 50020000 4000000

By the fame tables thofe Areas AD and hd will be obtain'd when AB and Ab are fuppos'd T ~, or CB=i.oi, and

3^

28

Sum

Sum

o 020000(5667066(195

0.0001000050003333

AJ

AD.

==AD.
54.

0^

and

A
or

and i) putting 55. In the fame manner (if fe Areas will arife, o.2, or 0.02, or 0.002, the

= AD = =

fo putting 0.999, there will be obtain'd

o. 0009995003330835.

And

AB andA=-~o-> orCB=i.oor,

and'

Ad= 0.0010005003335835,

CA

AF=

AB

and

or

A^=o.223 1435513 142097, and ADz=o. 1823215567939546, 0.0 19802 627296 1797, A</= 0.0202027073 175194, and AD o.ooi AW=o.oo2oo2 andAp

= =

56.

From

thefe Areas thus

found

it

will be eafy to derive others,

I

f '

2.

by addition and fubtradtion alone.

the

For

as

it

is

into

-^

2,

fum of
2

the Areas 0.693

(that
is,

47 I ^5599453 belonging

to the Ratio's

o 8 upon the parts of the Abfcifs 1.2 and 1.2 2, as is known. o.9,)will be the Area AFcPjS, C/3 being the fum 1.0986122886681097 of the Again, fince ^ into 2 3,

^|and

^-

infifting

=
5,

Area's belonging to and 2, ^-|

Again, as
Areas
will

it

is

~=
and
it is

will be the

Area AFcT/3, C/3 being

3..

and 2

x5=
and

10,

by a due addition of

be

And

c /3=5;
thus,

and

AF^/3, 1.6093379124341004 when C/3 T/3, 2.3025850929940457

obtain'd

=AF
and

=
x
'

<

when =
10.

fince

x 10 xo.98
-

10x10=100,
lox
plain,
i.i
;

7,

= n,

10x100=1000,
'
.'

and
I

^5
and

^)

=499

that the Area

the compofition of the Areas found before,

AF^/3 may be found by when C/3 i oo i ooo

7>

and IN FIN ITE SERIES,

of the above-mention'd numbers, AB BF being 7; or any other I to method was a This that llill infinuate, willing might unity. be derived from hence, very proper for the conftrudtion of a Canon

97

which determines the Hyperbolical Areas, (from which the Logarithms may ealily be derived,) correfponding to fo many Prime numbers, as it were by two operations only, which are But whereas that Canon feems to be derivanot very troublefome. ble from this fountain more commodioufly than from any other, what if I mould point out its contraction here, to compleat the whole ?
of Logarithms,

number
rally

of the 57. Firfl therefore having affumed o for the Logarithm is as for the of and i number the 10, genei, Logarithm

by 2.3025850929940457, Or which is the fame thing, by mulThus for Inftance, its reciprocal 0.4342944819032518. tiplying by if 0.69314718, &c. the Area correfponding to the number 2, were multiply'd by 0.43429, &c. it makes 0.3010299956639812 the Lorefponding to the number 10:

done, the Logarithms of the Prime numbers 2, 3, 5, 7, 1 1, the Hyperbolical 13, 17, 37, are to be inveftigated, by dividing which is the Area corAreas now found

garithm of the number 2. 58. Then the Logarithms of

all

the numbers in the Canon,

which

are made by the multiplication of thefe, are to be found And the void the addition of their Logarithms, as is ufual. by be the are to help of this interpolated afterwards, by places

Theorem.
be a Number to which a Logarithm is to be adapted, A59. Let the difference between that and the two neareft numbers equally
diflant

on each

fide,

whofe Logarithms

are already found,

and

let

be half the difference of the Logarithms.

Then

the required Loga-

rithm of the
are

n will be obtain'd by adding d-\+- gr^, &c. to the Logarithm of the leffer number. For if the numbers
;

Number

expounded by C/>, C/3, and CP, the rectangle CBD or C,&T=i, if n be wrote as before, and the Ordinates pq and PQ^being raifed for C/3, and x for p or /3P, the Area pgQP or ~, -+-

~ +
}

&c. will be to the Area pq}$ or +-f&c. as the diffe^, rence between the Logarithms of the extream numbers or 2(i, to the difference between the Logarithms of the leffer and of the middle
*-

one;

g8

Tie Method of
dx

FLUXIONS,
dx*
dx*

-+. A' 3

-fA"*

&C.
,

one: which therefore will be x

that

is,

when the

+i

-4-

&c.

divifion

is

perform'd, d-\firft

2n

-4-

Zfj s

&c.
I
2n

60.
rate

The two

terms of this Series d-\-

think to be accu-

enough for the construction of a Canon of Logarithms, even tho' they were to be produced to fourteen or fifteen figures; provided the number, whofe Logarithm is to be found, be not lefs
little trouble in the calculation, beor the number 2. Yet it is not necefunit, all the the of this For the Rule. places by help fary to interpolate are of numbers which the produced by Logarithms multiplication or divifion of the number laft found, may be obtain'd the numbers

than 1000.

And

this

can give

caufe

is

generally an

by whofe Logarithms were had before, by the addition or fubtraction Moreover by the differences of the Logaof their Logarithms. rithms, and by their fecond and third differences, if there be occalion, the void places may be more expeditioufly fupply'd ; the foregoing Rule being to be apply'd only, when the continuation of fome
wanted, in order to obtain thofe differences. 6 1. By the fame method rules may be found for the intercalation of Logarithms, when of three numbers the Logarithms of the leffer and of the middle number are given, or of the middle number and of the greater; and this although the numbers mould not be in
full places is

Arithmetical progreffion. 62. Alfo by purfuing the fteps of this method, rules might be for the conftruction of the tables of artificial Sines eafily difcover'd, and Tangents, without the affiftance of the natural Tables. But of thefe things only by the bye. 63. Hitherto we have treated of the Quadrature of Curves, which
are exprefs'd

by Equations confirming of complicate terms ; and that by means of their reduction to Equations, which confift of an infiBut whereas fuch Curves may fomenite number of fimple terms. times be fquared by finite Equations alfo, or however may be comother Curves, whofe Areas in a manner may be confipared with der'd as known ; of which kind are the Conic Sections For this
:

reafon

to adjoin the two following catalogues or tables thought of Theorems, according to of promife, conflructed by the
I
fit

my

help

the jtb and Bth aforegoing Propofitions.

64.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

64.

99

firft of thefe exhibits the Areas of fuch Curves as can be the fecond contains fuch Curves, whole Areas may be and fquared compared with the Areas of the Conic Sections. In each of thefe, the letters d, e, f, g, and h, denote any given quantities, x and z the Abfcifles of Curves, v and y parallel Ordinares, and s and t The letters and 6, annex'd to the quantity z, Areas, as before. denote the number of the dimenfions of the fame z, whether it be

The
;

integer or fractional,

affirmative or negative.

JZ1ZZZ2 3 , z

"=z

s
,

z-=z-~>

or-'
3

&+'

As

if

=3,

then

z*, and z*-'

=z*.

is

in the values of the Areas, for the fake of brevity, 65. Moreover inftead of this Radical \Se-{-f& t or </e-t-fzi-\-gz**>, written

and/

inflead of </b-t-iz* t

by which the value of the Ordinate^

is

affected.

10O

"fhe

Method of FLUXIONS,

t
CO rt

I
I

ii

n
en

'5

e*

i
s

CO

U 3

1
I
u

*
N v, S
1 1 1

Curve

+
T
1

'

*~
*J-

V
CO

^
~

and INFINITE SERIES.

T*
T*

101

II

II

II

II

II

II

CO

s
bo

o G

**

c
t

X
T

II

OJ

01

a f
o u

^
O iM
""*

\
ol

X"

\O
I

i
v
*
H-

X X s
CO
s:

1
cno

I
N
*?>

oa'j j?

cr>

M M
-f'

?r
M

x"

IO2
fhall

jff>e

Method

-o^

FLUXIONS,
may

67. Other things of the fame kind might have been added ; but I now pafs on to another fort .of Curves, which be com-

And in this Table or Catalogue pared with the Conic Sections. you have the propofed Curve reprefented by the Line QE^R, the beginning of whole Abfcifs is A, the Abfcifs AC, the Ordinate CE, the beginning of the Area and the Area
defcribed

Area,

a^, But the beginning of this or the initial term, (which com-

a^EC.

commences at the beginning of the Abfcifs A, or recedes to an infinite diftance,) is found by feeking the length of the Abfcifs Aa, when the value of the Area is nothing, and by eredling the per-

monly

either

pendicular a^/. 68. After the fame manner you have the Conic Sedlion reprefented by the Line PDG, whofe Center is A, Vertex a, rectangular

the beginning of the Abfcifs A, or a, or a, the Abfcifs AB, or aB, or aB, the Ordinate BD, the Tangent meeting AB in T, the Subtenfe aD, and the Re&angle infcribed or adfcribed ABDO. the letters before defined, it will be 69. Therefore retaining or aB and t, x, i;, z, a.%EC

Semidiameters

Aa and AP,

DT

AC ABDP

or

aGDB=j. And

CE=y,

AB

BD

befides,

when two Conic

Sections are

of any Area, the Area of the latter required, for the determination mall be call'd <r, the Abfcifs |, and the Ordinate T. Put p for

and INFINITE
Tl
.

103
.V3
>*,

+
BL,

i?

Q O
rt

S
u o
en

Q O
14

Q O
rt

ea

Q O

M OH Q
pa

_2

O Q
oa

>s| =
CO

O
eg Q

Q O

rt

-y

CO

**

I
4-

o
U.

--V-

104

Method of FLUXIONS,
.<v
fa.

Q O a
c O
OJ

o Q
O

c
h

O
rt

o
.5
cj

Q
Pi

Q O
2

O Q
rt

o o n

m 3

O
B

(LI

^1^

X
15

"T
dina

fr

ed

4 I

SJ

t 3|

K +
I

s
II
II

3
+

a
-

3
-

ji

V
^

I o
fe

4-

4-

-V"

and INFINITE SERIES.

< Q
CO

u
13

+
5

+
)

$ N
4-

+
I.Hf
Tf-

Mj
1

s-

O
U
S)

^ ^

u O

*-

It

tt

<5

+
b<j

4
I?

U
<J-.

'

o
4-

-V
t.

H-| ^i

1=

io6

Method of FLUXIONS,

J*

to

_u

U
t/>

+
v.

o
fa

and INFINITE SERIES,

71. Before
I

107

go on

to illuftrate

by Examples the Theorems that

of Curves, I think it proper to obferve, in the whereas Equations reprefenting Curves, I have 72. I. That all along fuppofed all the figns of the quantities d, e, f\ g, />, and i to be affirmative ; whenever it fhall happen that they are negative, Abfcifs and Orthey muft be changed in the fubfequent values of the alfo of and the Area ninate of the Conic Section, required. numeral II. Alfo the of the Symbols and 0, when they figns 73. Moreare negative, muft be changed in the values of the Areas.
are deliver'd in thefe claffes

over their Signs being changed, the Thus in the 4th quire a new form.

Theorems themfclvcs may

ac'

being changed, the 3d

Theorem

Form of Table 2, the Sign ot d ~~~' becomes -;_ iv,.-j~~^ ,-^

I

-}>

x &c.
,

that

is,

=}', *"==*, 7=^= cz -f-/a

'

into

2.w
III.

3^===^.

And

the fame

is

to be obferved in others.

of each order, excepting the 2d of the ift Taeach way ad infinitum. For in the Series of ble, may be continued the numeral cf co-efficients of the Table Order and the -;d i, 4th are fonn'd by multiinitial terms, (2, 96, 768, Sec.) 4, 16, 6, 8, ro, &c. continually 2, 4, plying the numbers and the co-efficients of the fubfequcnt terms are deinto each other
74.
feries
;

The

rived

from the
A, *

initials in
,
,

1
of'

>

4-, plying by the denominators

i,

the 3d Order, by multiplying gradually by -Li, &rc. or in the 4th Order by multiBut the co-efficients -rV. &C. T> f,

&c. a rife by multiplying the i, 3, 15, 105, numbers i, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c. gradually into each other. d ft h and the ad Table, the Series of the i , 2 3'', 4 c; ", 75. But in Thus having io th Orders are produced in infinitum by diviiion alone.
1 , ,

t/x

.4--1-'

v,

in the ift Order, if

you perform the

diviiion to a con-

venient period,

there will arifo

j~

~z

'j

^
Order of

==.)'.

The

firft

three terms belong to the

to the ift Species d Jc 3n
is
-

ift

Table

i,

and the fourth term belongs

it

cf

this Order.
~

Whence
__
is

appears,
s

that

the

Area

--4

7^-

1^f

<:

?r

_il
*'

putting
,

for the Area of the Conic Section, whofe Abfcifi

x=r

and Ordinate v

d - r--.
g

io8

7&e Method of

FLUXIONS,

the Series of the ^th and 6th Orders may be infinitely 76. But the continued, by help of the two Theorems in the 5th Order of As alib the 7th and 8th Table i. by a due addition or fubtraction means of the Theorems in the 6th Order of Table i. and Scries, by the Series of the nth, by the Theorem in the roth Order of Table i. For inftance, if the Series of the 3d Order of Table 2. beto be farther continued, fuppofe 6 and the ift Theorem of the 4>j,
:

jth Order

of Table

i.

wll become

8fts~

4l|

~~ 1
.

3>1

5/b~

into

=.
this Series

-^-=^f.

But according to the 4th Theorem of

^

to be

produced, writing

for

</,

it is

~
ize

f%>

<x=v,
'

and 'Qfr'-'S/*'
/,

__

So that fubtrafting the former values of / and RS a J- 1 4J Ii;/?} 10/1/3 /

qnez

there will remain

v/^-h/ 2
;

=/>

I2e

ft

Thefe being mul-

_,,

tiplied

by

and,

(if you

pleafe) for

-~

ij j

writing xv*, there will arife

a 5th

Theorem of

the Series to be produced,'

,
1

v,

and

-r!

f.

77. IV.
others.

Some of thefe Orders may As in the 2d Table, the 5th,

:

alfo

be otherwife derived from

8th; and the 9th from the loth but that they may be of fome ufe, tho' not altogether necefftry. Yet I have omitted fome Orders, which I might have derived from the ifr, and 2d, as alfo from the 9th and loth, becaufe they were affected by Denominators that were more complicate, and therefore can hardly be
of any ufe.
the defining Equation of any Curve is compounded of 78. V. If feveral Equations of different Orders, or of different Species of the Afame Order, its Area mufl be compounded of the
reas
;

6th, 7th, and nth, from the So that I might have omitted them,

correlponding taking care however, that they may be rightly connected with For we mufl not always add or fubtra<fl at the their proper Signs. fame time Ordinates to or -from Ordinates, or correfponding Areas to or from correfponding Areas ; but fometimes the fum of thefe, and the difference of thofe, is to be taken for a new Ordinate, or to And this muft be done, when the conftitute a correfponding Area. constituent Areas are pofited on the contrary fide of the Ordinate.

Huf that the cautious Geometrician

may

the

more

readily avoid this in-

and INFINITE SERIES.

109

d their proper Signs to the feveral Vainconveniency, I have prefix' lues of the Areas, tho' ibmetimes negative, as is done in the jth and yth Order of Table 2. It is farther to be obferved, about the Signs of the Areas, 70. VI. that -f- * denotes, either that the Area of the Conic Section, adjoinis to be added to the other quantities in the value ing to the Abfcifs, or that the Area on the other the ifl fee of t , ( Example following ;) be s is to fubtracled. on the contrary, And fide of the Ordinate denotes ambiguoufly, either that the Area adjacent to the Abfcifs is
to be fubtradled, or that the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate Alfo the Value of f, if is to be added, as it may feem convenient.
it

comes out

affirmative, denotes the

Area of the Curve propoled ad-

: And contrariwife, if it be negative, it reprejoining to its Abfcifs fents the Area on the other fide of the Ordinate. 80. VII. But that this Area may be more certainly defined, we mull enquire after its Limits. And as to its Limit at the Abfcifs, at the Ordinate, and at the Perimeter of the Curve, there can be no unBut its initial Limit, or the beginning from whence its de-

certainty:
fcription

commences, may obtain various pofitions. In the following Examples it is either at the beginning of the Abfcifs, or at an infinite But it diftance, or in the concourfe of the Curve with its Abfcifs.

And wherever it is, it may be found, by be placed elfewhere. of the Abfcifs, at which the value of f becomes ieeking that length an Ordinate. For the Ordinate fo raifed nothing, and there erecting will be the Limit required. 8 1. VIII. If any part of the Area is pofited below the Abfcifs, / will denote the difference of that, and of the part above the Abmay
fcifs.

the dimenfions of the terms in the values of too high, or defcend too low, they may be afcend .v, i;, and /, .reduced to a juft degree, by dividing or multiplying fo often by any be fuppos'd to perform the office of Unigiven quantity, which may as often as thole dimenfions mail be either too high or too low. 82. IX.

Whenever
(hall

ty,

83. X. Befides the foregoing Catalogues, or Tables, we might allb conftrucT: Tables of Curves related_tp_ other Curves, which may be the

moftfimple intheirkind; as to <Ja-\-fx* =v, ortox</e-t-fx* =v, So that we might at all times derive the or to ^/e-\-Jx* y, &c. Area of any propoled Curve from the fimpleft original, and know But now let us illuitrute by Exto what Curves it llands related. delivered. been already what has amples.

<

84-

no
Semicircle

The Method

^FLUXIONS,

be a 84. EXAMPLE I. Let Conchoidal of fuch a kind, that the Q

being creeled perpendicular to A Q^_ if the Parallelobe gram QACI compleated, the Diabe AI drawn, meeting the Segonal
the Diameter
micircle in

QER

AC

QH A being defcribed, and

R

pendicular Curve, whole Area

HE

H, and from
be

H the'per1C
;

let fall to

then the Point

will defcribe

ACEQJs

fought.

make AQ^==a, AC=z, ^.Therefore

CE=y,

and becaufe of the

continual Proportionals AI, 'twill be ECor_>'= AQ^, AH, EC, 86. that this may acquire the Form of the Equations in the make and for z~- in the denominator write z*, and Tables,

Now
for

--^

=2,

a*z~-*

or

;]-'

in the numerator,
ift

and there

will arife_y

flf a -\-x,

>

an Equation of the

Species of the ad Order of Table 2,

it

and the Terms being compared,

/

will
3

be^
tf

f=
t.

.fo

that 4/ v

.J''
ii

T-<

x,

1
.*;

= =
^x

rf

3
,

a*,

and
2s

-u,

and xv

87.

Now that the values found of x and v may be reduced to a number of dimen lions, choofe any given quantity, as a, by
as unity,

which,
this

a*

in the value

of v, a>

may be may be

multiplied once in the value of x, and 1 divided once, and And by twice.
l

1 .v =1', and xv s/"^niTr =^,^/a t: of which the conllradion is thus. 2s, 88. Center A, and Radius AQ^_ defcribe the Qigadrahtal Arch raiie the perpendicular BD meeting ; QDP ; in AC take AB Then the double of the Scclof that Arch in D, and draw AD.

means you

will obtain

= AH

ADP
or

will be equal to the

'

Area fought
;

ACEQ^

For

2*A

AB.?=) BD, or-y and .vj ADB'-f- aBDP, that is, either
values the affirmative

2s= 2 A ADB 2 aOAD, or=2DAP:

Of which
on
this

aDAP

RE R

fide EC, and the negative extended ad infi.ritum beyond EC. 'of Problems thus found 89. The folutions

belongs to the Area ACEQ, aC^AD belongs to the Area

made more

elegant.

Thus

in the prefent cafe,

drawing RH

may fometimes

be

the le-

midiameter

and INFINITE SERIES.

midiameter of the Circle
the Sector

in
QH

QRH

is

becaufe of equal Arches and DP, half the Sector DAP, and therefore a fourth part

QH A,

of the Surface
90.

ACEQ^
II.

is defcribed by the whilft one of of the Norma AEF, the Legs AE, the interminate, continually through given point A, being paffes and the other CE, of a given length,

EXAMPLE Angular point E

upon the
to

Let

AGE be a

Curve, which

flides

right Line

ven in pofition.

Let

fall

AF giEH per-

r,

and compleat pendicular and the Parallelogram AHEC ; CE AC z, calling =_y, and EF rf, becaufe of HF, HE,

AF,

HA

continual Proportionals,

it

will be

HAor
91.
or 2

y=
Now
,

that the

Area
it

AGEC may
tr-i
'

be known, fuppofe

=
z

*,

and thence
is

will be

j== ~z^
a
1

=}'

Here

fl

"ce

in the

numerator
viding by

of a fraded dimenfion, deprefs the value of/ by di~ V)

z&, and

it

will be

ya

7=7= ~
*
i

=
;

S> an

Equation

of the

ad Species of the ;th Order of Table 2. And the terms being comSo that z 1 a*. i, and pared, it is </= i,
/'

__ N A
)

.i

\*~
*

jV/^i

e=
.v
1

-u,

an Equation to a : with the Center A, and diftancq a or Circle EF let the Circle PDQ^be defcribed, which CE meets in D, and let then will AC ^, the' Parallelogram ACDI be compleated ; ACDP xv ^ CD=<u, and the Area fought AGEC

and z

and fince is a Diameter whofe

are equal,

^a-x*

_=
and
5

/=
xv
v

/.

Therefore fince

is

92.

Ex-

112
92. Circle

The Method of

FLUXIONS,
the

EXAMPLE

III.

ADQj

defcribed

the diameter

AQ..

Let AGE be the Ciflbid belonging to with Let DCE

be drawn perpendicular to the and meeting the diameter, and E. And naCurves in

ming AC

D =
;

CE =.y,
of

and

AQj== CA, CE
nals,
it
:,

becaufe

CD,
y

continual Proportiowill be CE or

=
'tis

and dividing by z,
X

=
'

~~
I

Therefore zr~ l
i

az

== ^, or
y

=V
is

,and thence

aai-i

an Equation or

The the 3d Species of the 4th Order of Table 2. 'tis d-=. I, e and i, being compared,

%
it

= *AC =
firft

x,

</ax

xx

ACEGA. Or, which is the fame thing, 3 Area AHDEGA. ADEGA, or 4 Segments ADHA IV. Let PE EXAMPLE 93.

3ACDH

CD 4AADC
x,

= =

Terms
/.

therefore

v,

and 3^
thence

v,
3*

and

2xv

Area of the Ciflbid Area Segments ADHA

= ACDH = =
2x1;

f=a.

Therefore

Wherefore
s
;

fo

that

be the

Conchoid of the Ancients, defcribed from Center G, with the Afymptote AL,. and diftance LE. Draw its Axis GAP, and let fall the OrThen calling AC dinate EC. CE a, and =: z, =.y, GA

Ap

becaufe of the Pro-

portionals

A C CE
:

AL
CE

GC

CE,
*

it

will be

or

y
be found from hence,
the

And if the Ordinate CE are to be confider'd feparately. paits'of , divided in D, that it is v/^ the Ordinate CE is fo

04.

Now

that

its

Area

PEC may

CD

and

and INFINITE SERIES.

and

DE

= *\/V
it

^ CD
;

will be

the Ordinate of a Circle de-

from Center A, and with the Radius AP. Therefore the the Area PDC is known, and there will remain the other of part DPED to be found. Therefore fince DE, the part of the Orfcribcd

part

dinate

by which

is

defcribed,

is

equivalent to -\/e*

z*

pofe 2

=
1

w,

and

it

becomes

-^/e*
f

z*

= DE,
2.

fup-

the

ift

Species

of the 3d Order of Table

being compared, itisd=t>,

1 Z
.

x,

\/

1 -+- c* x

= =
~

an Equation of The terms therefore

i; and therefore

t
,

and/=
zbc l s

v, and

--

t.

Z.

reduce them to a juft number of 95. Thefe things being found, and dimenfions, by multiplying the terms that are too deprefs'd, fome given Quantity. If this dividing thofe that are too high, by

be done by

c,

there will arife

x,

</
is

c * -t-

x%

v,

and

-c

ex

The

Conflruclion of which

in this

manner.

96. With the Center A, principal Vertex P, and Parameter aAP, defcnbe the Hyperbola PK. Then from the point C draw the right And it will be, as Line CK, that may touch the Parabola in

AP
G,

to

2AG,

fo

is

the Area
5.

CKPC

to the

97.

EXAMPLE
its

Let the

Norma

GFE

Area required
fo revolve
flide

DPED.

about the Pole

upon the right continually angular point Curve PE to be dein conceive the then given pofition ; fcribed by any Point E in the Now that the other Leg EF. Area of this Curve may be
as that

Line

AF

F may

found,

let fall

GA

and

EH per-

pendicular to the right Line AF, and compleating the Parallelogram

and 2, CE=j, AG EF=; and becaufe of the AG Proportionals HF EH

,

=
Va
,

AHEC,
:

call

AC

: :

AF,
bz

we
.

mall

have

Therefore

AF CE or

=
y

zz
b

But whereas </cc

c
;

zz

is

the Ordinate

of a Circle defcribed with the Semidiameter

about the Center

A
let

*fhe
let

fuch a Circle
;

Method of FLUXIONS, PDQ_be defcribed, which CE produced

meets ia

then

it

will be

DE

= ^=rS
G=^
3

B?
or

the hel P of

which EqUa ~

tion

there remains the Area

PDEP

DERQ^to
it

be determin'd.

Suppofe therefore

=:2, and

and

will be

DE= V
i.

i^~
ft

>

sn Equation of the ift Species of the 4th Order of Table the Terms being compared, it will be b-= d, cc =e, and
fo that

And
j

of t is negative, and therefore the Area 98. that its initial Limit / lies ; beyond the Line reprefented by t becomes nowhich for of at feek that z, length may be found, to Therefore continue thing, and you will find it to be c. Q^> that it may be AQ==c, and erect the Ordinate QR.; and

bV cc zz Now as the value

==/;

l>R=f.

DE

AC

DQRED

will be the

Area whofe value

fhould define quantity of the Area 99. If you the at co-extended Abfcifs with it, without and AC, PDE, pofited determine thus it. the Limit QR, you may knowing 100. From the Value which / obtains at the length of the Abfcifs AC, fubtract its value at the beginning of the Abfcifs ; that is,

now found is to know the

b\/cc

zz.

from

b\/ cc

zz
b\/ LC

fubtract

&, and

there will arife the defired

quantity A:

PAGK,
in

Therefore compleat the Parallelogram fall and let perpendicular to AP, which meets will be equal to the Area and the Parallelogram
zz.

DM

GK

PKML

PDE.
the Equation defining the nature of the Curve cannot be found in the Tables, nor can be reduced to limpler terms be transform'd into by divifion, nor by any other means ; it muft of Curves related to it, in the manner fhewn in other
101.

Whenever

Equations

Prob. 8. till at laft one is produced, whofe Area may be known by And when all endeavours are ufed, and yet no fuch the Tables. can be found, it may be certainly concluded, that the Curve probe compared, either with rectilinear Figures, or with pofed cannot Sedions. Conic the 102. In the fame manner when mechanical Curves are concern'd, they muft fir ft be transform'd into equal Geometrical Figures, as is fhewn in the fame Prob. 8. and then the Areas of fuch Geometrical

Curves are to be found from the Tables.

Of

this

matter take

the following Example.

103.

and IN FINITE SERIES.

103.

115

Let it be propofed to determine the Area of Arches of any Conic Section, when they aie the Figure of the made Ordinates on their Right Sines. As let A be the Center of the Conic Section, "
6.

EXAMPLE

AQ_and AR

the

.'

^\

the Semiaxes, Ordinate to the Axis AR, and PD a Perpendicular at the Alfo let point D. AE be the fa id

CD

mechanical

Curve

meeting CD in E; and from its nature

before defined, will be equal to the

CE

Arch QD.
fore the
is

ThereArea A EC

fought, or comthe parallelogram ACEF, the excefs is To required. pleating which purpole let a be the Latus rectum of the Conic Section, and b its Latus tranfverfum, or and CD=_>'; 2AQ^_ Alfo let

AEF

AC=z,

then
as
is

it

will be

V ^bb
Alfo
as

-f-

-zz

=y,

an Equation to a Conic Section,

known.

PC= -z, and thence PD = v/^H ~- zz.

PD
to

104. the Abfcifs

pos'd
i,

Now

is to the fluxion of Arch the fluxion of the Abfcifs be fupthe Fluxion of the Arch QD, or of the Ordinate CE,

fince the fluxion of the

AC,

CD

QD

if

**+"-*~~
will be i/
4
.

Draw

this

into

FE,

or z, and there

will

arife

z /
in

for

the

fluxion of the

Area

AEF.
-

If

therefore

the

Ordinate

CD

you
is

take

CG
by

-zz

the

Area

AGC, which
Area

defcribed

CG

-zz
will be equal to the

moving upon AC,

AEF,

and the Curve

AG

n6
AG
<

77je
will be

Method of FLUXIONS,

fought.

To

this

Geometrical Curve. Therefore the Area let z* be fubflituted for z* in the purpofe

AGC

is

laft

Equation, and
i;

it

becomes &*-*
\/^-j-,

j-^
M

= CG,
-f-

an Equa.a

ad Species of the comparifon of terms it is d

tion of the

ith Order of Table 2.

i,

And from

e-=.i-bb
'

=,/=
Afl

~
r,

and

$=
~s

a
t.

: *

fo that

\/ ^bb *
is,

~]

That

CD

zz=x. x, DP
now

\/
v,

and

Jj

a
/.

xx

i>.
/

and

And

this is

the Conftruction of
105.

what

is

found.

perpendicular and equal to QA, and thro* draw HI parallel to it, but equal to DP. And the the point Line KI, at which HI is terminated, will be a Conic Section, and the comprehended Area HIKQ^will be to the Area fought

At Q^ erect

QK

as b to a, or as

PC

to

AC.

AEF,

Here obferve, that if you change the fign of b, the Conic Section, to whofe Arch the right Line CE is equal, will become an if you make b the Ellipfis becomesEllipfis; and befides, And in this cafe the line KI becomes a right line parallel a Circle.
106.

the Area of any Curve has been thus found and con107. After confider about the demonftration of the conwe fhould ftrucled,
ftruction
;

that laying afide

for publick view.

all

may

be, the
fit

Theorem may be

become

Algebraical calculation, as much as adorn'd, and made elegant,, fo as to And there is a general method of de-iiluftrate

monftrating, which I mail

ing Examples.

endeavour to

by the follow-

Demonftration of the Conjlruflion in Example 5.

1

08. In

the

(Figure p. and meeting of the Area ment

DM

Arch PQ^take a point d indefinitely near 113.) and draw de and dm parallel to DE and

to

D,

AP

in

p and

/.

Then

will

PDEP, and

LM//
it

will be

the

DE^/ be the momoment of the

DM,

Area

LMKP.

Draw

the femidiameter

fmall arch ~Dd to be as finitely

angles -D/^/

But

it is

and ALD will be like, HF EH AG AF that

:

AD, and conceive the indewere a right line, and the triand therefore D/> pd:: AL LD.
: :

::

therefore Dj>

pd

: :

ML

is,

AL LD
:

::

ML

DE.

Wherefore

Dp DE
x

DE; = pd ML
:

and

That

and IN FINITE SERIES,

That
is,

the
is

moment DEed

is

equal to the

moment

LM;;//.

117 And

demonflrated indeterminately of any contemporaneous it is plain, that all the moments of the Area all the to are PDEP contemporaneous moments of the Area equal whole Areas compofed of thofe moments the therefore PLMK, and are equal to each other. C^JE. D.
fince this

moments whatever,

Demonftration of the ConftruSfion in Example

3.

be the momentum of the fuperficies 109. Let DEed A</DA be the contemporary moment of the Segment ADH. Draw the femidiameter DK,

AHDE,

and

and
it

let de

meet
:
:

AK

in c
:

-,

and
: :

is

Cc
:

Befides

it is

Dd :: CD DK. DC QA (aDK)
:

AC
Cc
:

AC

zDd-x.

DE. And therefore 2Dd :: DC aDK :: DE, and Cc x DE AC. Now to the mo-

ment of the

periphery Dd that is, to the tanproduced, the of Circle, let fall the gent and AI will perpendicular AI,

So that AI x zDd 4 moment that 4 Triangles So AD</. Triangles is DE^/. Therefore every moment of the fpace quadruple and the therefore moment of of the contemporary Segment ADH, whole that whole fpace is quadruple of the Segment. Q^E. D.

be equal to zDd x AC

AC.

AD^/=C^xDE= AHDE

Bemvnftratwn

iiS

"The

Method of FLUXIONS,

Demonftration of the ConftruRion in Example 4.

no. Draw
from
it,

ce

parallel to

CE, and

at

an indefinitely fmall diflance

and the tangent of the Hyperbola ck t and let fall

KM

AP. Now perpendicular from the nature of the Hyperbola it will be AC A? ::

to
:

AP AM, and therefore AC? GLq AC?: LE? (or AP V ::

:

::

')

AP?

AM?
DE

and
;

divlfim*

AG/

AL? (DE?) ::.AP?: AM? AP?(MK?) And invent, AG:

AP

::

MK.
is

But the

little

Area

DEed

to the Tri-

angle CKr, as the altitude as to -LAP. Wherefore to are all the contemporaneous

AG

DE

is

to half the altitude

KM

that

is,

to 4-AP.

And

all the moments of the Space PDE moments of the Space PKC, as therefore thofe whole Spaces are in the fame ratio.

AG

Demonjlration of the Conjlruftion in Example

6.

in. Draw c*/ parallel and

meeting the Curve

AE

in

e,

infinitely near to and draw hi and

CD,

(Fig. in p. 115-)

and

q.

Then by
of the
(

the Hypothefis

~Dd=

fe meeting DCJ in p Eg, and from the fimiit

litude

Eq

::

P
:

Dp

E ? xCP

EF/e) :: fince PC and AC EyxAC :: CP are in the given ratio of the latus tranlverfum to the Jatus rectum of the Conic Section QD, and fince the moments HI//) and EFfe of the Areas HIKQ^and AEF are in that ratio, the Areas themfelves will be in the fame ratio. Q-^E. D.
(the
HI/'/.)):
:

HI

Triangles Ddp and DCP, (PD) HI, fo that Dp x HI

moment

(the Eg x AC. Wherefore

= Eg xCPj AC moment

will

be

D/>

(Dd)

and thence

112. In this kind of demonilrations it is to be obferved, that I affume fuch quantities for equal, whofe ratio is that of equality And that is to be efteem'd a ratio of equality, which differs lefs from equality than by any unequal ratio that can be Thus
:

affign'd.

fuppos'd the rectangle E^xAC, or FE?/, to be equal to the fpace FEt/j becaufe (by realon of the difference lefs than them, or nothing in comparifon of Eqe infinitely them,)
I

in the laft

demon ftration

they

and INFINITE SERIES.

made

119

of inequality. And for the fame reafon I they have not a ratio HI//6 ; and fo in others. DP x HI here made ufe of this method of proving the Areas 1 13. I have of Curves to be equal, or to have a given ratio, by the equality, or by the given ratio, of their moments ; becaufe it has an affinity to

But that feems more natural the ufual methods in thefe matters. which depends upon the generation of Superficies, by Motion or Fluxion. Thus if the Confbuclion in Example 2. was to be demonftrated
line
:

From
1

ID

(Fig. p.i
it is

ID

and
;

AI

the nature of the Circle, the fluxion of the right is to the fluxion of the 1.) right line IP, as AI to ID ID from the nature of the Curve CE,
: :
: :

ID x IP. But CE x ID to and therefore CE x ID And therefore thofe Areas, being gethe fluxion of the Area PDI. nerated by equal fluxion, muft be equal. Q^E. D. fake of farther the 1 For illustration, I fliall add the demon14. flration of the Confrruc~r.ion, by which the Area of the Ciffoid is Let the lines mark'd with points in the determin'd, in Example 3. and the Afymptote fcheme be expunged; draw the Chord from of the Ciffoid. the nature of the Circle, it Is Then, QR and AQ_x CQ^, DQj-

AGE

DQ^

thence (by Prob.

i.)

Fluxion of

And

DQj= AQjcCQ.
AQ_:

therefore

Alfo from the it is of the Ciffoid nature

2DQj CX^
::

ED

AD
fore

AQ^:
:
:

DQ^
:

There-

ED AD

and
or

EDxCC^=ADx2DQ^,
is

perpendicular at the end of AD, revolving about

DQ__
;

4xiADxDQ^ Nowfmce
and i AD x QD
quadruple alfo

A
its

to the fluxion

generating the Area

ED x CQ^== fluxion generating the Ciffoidal Area Wherefore that Area QREDO QREDO. infinitely long, is geneof the other rated quadruple ADOQ^ Q^E. D.
SCHOLIUM.

120

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

SCHOLIUM.
the foregoing Tables not only the Areas of Curves, but of any other kind, that are generated by an analogous quantities of flowing, may be derived from their Fluxions, and that by way
115.

By

the affiftance of this Theorem That a quantity of any kind is to an unit of the lame kind, as the Area of a Curve is to a fuperficial unity ; if fo be that the fluxion generating that quantity be to an unit of its kind, as the fluxion generating the Area is to an unit of its kind alfo ; that is, as the right Line moving perpendicularly upon the Abfcifs (or the Ordinate) by which the Area is defcribed, to a
:

linear Unit.

Wherefore if any fluxion whatever is expounded by fuch a moving Ordinate, the quantity generated by that fluxion will be expounded by the Area defcribed by fuch Ordinate ; or if the Fluxion be expounded by the fame Algebraic terms as the Ordinate, the generated quantity will be expounded by the fame as the deTherefore the Equation, which exhibits a Fluxion of fcribed Area. any kind, is to be fought for in the firft Column of the Tables, and the value of t in the laft Column will mow the generated Quantity.
1 1 6.

As

if

\/

_
1

-h

and that equal to y,

it

exhibited a Fluxion of any kind, make it may be reduced to the form of the Equations

in the Tables, fubftitute z* for z,

and

it

will be

z~

'

</

-+-

z
43
i.
>

7y,
And

an Equation of the

firft

Species of the
will
-id
-p.

3d Order of Table
i,

comparing the
8a

terms,

it

be

</=

e=i,f=2.
_
it

and thence
Z

+ -i8z

,~
\S
i

+-

gz a

==

R>
is

=/.

_,

Therefore

is

the

quantity
4"
3 17,

^~

1/1

-4-

which

generated

by the Fluxion

And

thus if v'l -f- J^l- reprefents a Fluxion, by a due re7

duftion, (or by extracting

for

&
z

out of the radical, and writing

2~^) there will be had

-or,

*/s&--!
ga*

=7,

an

Equation

of
the

the ad Species of the 5th Order of Table 2.

Then comparing

terms,

and INFINITE SERIES.

terms,
it is

121

d=.

i,

and/=
*

i.

So that x 7

= =
-

**, the

'

_j_

^ 7

-u,

and 4 J

=- =A
j

Which

being
ill

found,

the fluxion v/ quantity generated by

+ L^Z

be known,
is

by
to

making

it

to be to an Unit of
;

its

own

kind, as the Area j*

fuperficial unity
t

or

which comes

no longer to reprefent a quantity other kind, which is to an unit of

to fuperficial unity.
1 1

8.

Thus fuppofing \/i 4t

_ ~
l

to the fame,

by

fuppofing the

Superficies, but a quantity of anits own kind, as that fuperficies

to reprefent a linear Fluxion,

imagine
for

no longer inftance, which

to fignify a Superficies, but a Line ; that Line, is to a linear unit, as the Area: which (accord-

is to a fuperficial unit, or ing to the Tables) is reprefented by t, On that which is produced by applying that Area to a linear unit. which account, if that linear unit be made e, the length generated

by the foregoing
thofe Tables

fluxion will be

And upon

this

foundation

be apply'd to the determining the Lengths of Curve-lines, the Contents of their Solids, and any other quantities whatever, as well as the Areas of Curves.

may

Of
I.

^uejlions that are related hereto.

to the

To approximate

this, right119. The lined Figures may be fo compounded together, that they may very the value of the Curvilinear Area required. nearly conftitute
is

method

Areas of Curves mechanically, that the values of two or more

120.
.v

tion } having found the value of ** #* the Area AFDB, viz. /,** of values fome the &c. Rectangles are to J-x*,
r

Thus xx

= zz
is

for the Circle

AFD

which

is

denoted by the Equa-

be fought, fuch

xx, or x* of the z* T#* rectangle the value of AD x and or BD x AB, x^/x, #', be are to thefe values AB. Then multiply'd by

the value

x\/x
-

TV#% & c

any

different letters,

that

ftand for

numbers

indefinitely,

and then
to

122
to be

2^2 Method of

FLUXIONS,

added together, and the terms of the fum are to be compared with the correfponding terms of the value of the Area AFDB, that As if thofe Paralleloas far as is poffible they may become equal. \ex^ grams were multiply'd by e and f, the fum would be ex*

{$$, &c. the terms of which being compared with

thefe terms

^x
or

= = AB
e

,^x
,

TV*% &c. there arifes

and % Area AFDB very

to .!#*

/=

equivalent
tracted

+/=-!, and 4., 4 that So x AB x AD -fTr TT ^-BD * For AB is x AD AB x -f. T T nearly. ^-BD &c. which _^.v* _L.,v*, 4.** being fube

i^=

from the Area

AFDB,

leaves the error only

in

T'-#

-j-

TV#*,

&c.
121.

Thus

if

AB

were bifected

E, the value of the rectangle

AB x DE
-2-#*
128

will be
1024

-Area
-\

x\/x

x*, &c.

the rectangle

AB
560

AD

x AB, gives
the

-^x* %xx, or x* with this And compared r 8DE + zAD

into

AFDB,

error
is

J-x*
TJ^JTJ.

-5760

x*

&c. which

being only always lefs than

even tho' part of the whole Area, But this Theorem may be thus of a Circle. were a quadrant prois the fo into DE, added to a rectangle pounded. As 3 to 2, and DE, to the Area AFDB, fifth part of the difference between

AFDB
AB

AD

very nearly. and 122. And thus by compounding two rectangles AB x BD, or all the three rectangles together, or by taking in ftill other Rules may be invented, which will be fo more

ABxED

rectangles,

much the more exacT:, as there are more Rectangles made ufe of. And the fame is to be understood of the Area of the Hyperbola, or of any other Curves. Nay, by one only rectangle the Area may
by taking BE to AB to the Area AFDB,
often be very

commodioufly exhibited,

as in the foregoing Circle, to the as v/io x will be 5, rectangle as 3 to 2, the error being only T TAT* -fr-

AB

ED

The Area being g hen, to determine the Abfcifs and Ordinate. 123. When the Area is exprefs'd by a finite Equation, there can But when it is exprefs'd by an infinite Series, the be no difficulty affected root is to be extracted, which denotes the Abfcifs. So for
II.
:

the

W^^

**

and INFINITE SERIES.

the Hyperbola, defined by the Equation

123
z, after

found

&c. that from the given Area , -^ -+the Abfcifs x may be known, extract the affedled Root, and there - 4will arife x &c. And ,

we

have

bx

^
.5

-JjjL

moreover,
that
is,

if

the Ordinate
-f-

by a

} -+

-^

-f-

~
s

were required, divide ab by /z 4- AT, &c. and there will arife z=l>> ,

124.

Thus

as

ax
1 i

-xx
I

to the Ellipfis
after the

which
is

is

exprefs'd

zz,

Area
,

found z

by the Equation
a%x *

^a?x*
,

^!^

Hf_, &c. write

t*

x
,

i;'

for

and

for x*,

and

it

becomes

=
is

^
And
a

-i-j,

&c. and extracting the root

/=
x
in

&c.

equal to x.

this value

the Equation
arifes

ax

-xx
3

= **. ^L
5<:

being fubflituted inftead of

zz, and the root being extracted, there

38*' __
'7Sf*

Q7^
225018

5c c>

So that from
will be

z, the given Area,

and thence v or ./"I, the Abfcifs # f za*

All which things may be accommogiven, and the Ordinate z. dated to the Hyperbola, if the flgn of the quantity c be changed, only wherever it is found of odd dimenfions.

RO

B.

124-

*The

Method of FLUXIONS,

P R O
1o find as

B.

X.

many Curves as we pleafe, vohofe Lengths may be exprcfsd by finite Equations.

way
for

1.

The
I.

following pofitions prepare the

the

foltirion

of

this

Problem.

If the right Line DC, ftanding perpendicularly Curve AD, be conceived thus to move,
2.
all
its points G, g, r, &c. will defcribe other Curves, which are equidiftant, and perpendicular to that line : As GK, gk,

upon

any.

rs,

&c.
3.
II.

Line is continued each its extremities will indefinitely way, move contrary ways, and therefore there will be a Point between, which will have no motion, but may therefore be call'd the Center of Motion. This Point will be the fame as the Center of Curvature, hath at the point D, which the Curve Let that point as is mention'd before.
If that right

AD

beC.
not fuppofe the line but circular, unequably curved, fuppofe more curved towards <T, and lefs toward A; that Center will continually change its place, approaching nearer to the parts more curved, as in K, and going farther off at the parts lefs curved, as in.
4. III. If

we

AD

to

be

kt and by that means will defcribe fome line, as KG. IV. The right Line DC will continually touch the line de5. fcribed by the Center of Curvature. For if the Point of this line moves towards ^, its point G, which in the mean time pafTes to K, and is fituate on the fame fide of the Center C, will move the fame way, by pofition 2. moves Again, if the fame point towards A, the point g, which in the mean time paffes to k, and k fituate on the contrary fide of the Center C, will move the conmoved in the former cafe, trary way, that is, the fame way that Wherefore K and k lie on the fame fide of while it pafs'd to K. the right Line DC. But as K and k are taken indefinitely f :>r any

points,

and INFINITE SERIES.

points, right line
it is

125

Curvature D, then the right line DC will cut the Curve KC ; but yet in an angle that is lefs than any right-lined angle, which is the fame thing as if it were faid to touch it. Nay, the point C in or which the two parts of the at the is cafe Limit, this Cufpid, moft in the oblique concourfe, touch each other ; Curve, finishing and therefore may more juftly be faid to be touch'd, than to be cut, which divides the Angle of contact. by the right line DC, V. The right Line CG is equal to the Curve CK. For conis

the whole Curve lies on the fame fide of the plain that is not cut, but therefore and only touch'd by it. DC, the line <rDA is continually more 6. Here it is fuppos'd, that for if its greateft or leaft ; curved towards <T, and lefs towards

in

the points r, 2r, 3;-, ^.r, &c. of that right Line to defcribe the arches of Curves rs, 2r2s, 3^3;, &c. in the mean time that they the motion of that right line ; and approach to the Curve CK, by fmce thofe arches, (by polition i.) are perpendicular to the right
all

7. ceive

lines that

touch the Curve

CK, (by

pofition 4.)

will be alfo perpendicular to that Curve. the line CK, intercepted between thofe arches, which by reafon of their infinite fmallnefs may be confider'd as right lines, are equal to the intervals of the fame arches ; that is, (by polition i.) are equal And equals being added to fo many parts of the right line CG. will be equal to the whole Line to equals, the whole Line

follows that they Wherefore the parts of

it

CK

CG.
thing would appear by conceiving, that every part of the right Line CG, as it moves along, will apply itfelf fuccefof the Curve CK, and thereby will meafure fively to every part them ; juft as the Circumference of a wheel, as it moves forward by revolving upon a Plain, will meafure the diflance that the point of
8.

The fame

ContacT; continually defcribes.

hence it appears, that the Problem may be refolved, by afiuming any Curve at pleaflue A/'DA, and thence by determining the other Curve KC, in which the Center of Curvature of the aftumed Curve is always found. Therefore letting fall the perpendiculars DB and CL, to a right Line AB given in pofition, and in .v and BD v to AB taking any point A, and calling AB be affumed AD let relation between x and v, define the Curve any and then by Prob 5. the point C may be found, by which may be determined both the Curve KC, and its Length GC.
9.

And

10.

126
10.

Method of FLUXIONS,
EXAMPLE. Let ax
found

=yy
-+.

which
will be

therefore will be the Apollonian Parabola.

be the Equation to the Curve, And, by Prob. 5.

^
is

* ,

and DC

= 2if
a

AL=|

ax.

Which

being obtain'd, the Curve determin'd by AL and LC, and

KC
its

Length by DC.

For

as

we

are at

and liberty to aflume the points let us in where the Curve KC, anf
Curvature of the Parabola at its Vertex ; and putting therefore AB and BD, or x and y, to be nothing, it will be
fuppofe
to be the Center of

DC

-irf.

And

this

is

the Length
fubtracted

AK,
DC,
its

or

DG, which being

from the former

leaves

indefinite value of

11.

and

=
j

zt Length, without any relation to the Parabola ; call KL and or AL and it will be &==. LC AT, v, \a 3 x, ^z ' S! == or Therefore CL ax =yy. v, 4v

GC or KC -^- V aa +. ax Now if you defire to know what Curve

\a.
this
is,

and what

'''

/27

= = = = =
aa

is

27 #

u*

which fhews the Curve

for
its

KC

to be a Parabola of the fecond kind.

And

Length there
>r

arifes

llil

^/^aa

-f-

az

a,

by

writing
12.

~z

for

in the value
alfo

of CG.

be refolved by taking an Equation, which fhall exprefs the relation between AP and PD, fuppofing P to be the interfeclion of the Abfcifs and

The Problem

may

CPD to move and PD =/, an infinitely fmall fpace, fuppofe to the place Cpd and in CD and Cd taking CA and CeT both of the fame r, and to given length, fuppofe CL let fall the perpendiculars A^ and fy of which Ag, (which call may meet Cd inf. Then compleat the Parallelogram gyfe, and making
conceive
}

Perpendicular.

For

calling

AP=,v,

=z)

x,y, and

the fluxions of the quantities

,v,

y,

and x,

as

before
it

and IN FINITE SERIES.

it

127
1

will be

Ae
P/>

A/

:t

A?P
C

'

All*

"
?

Q"P
a>quo t

CA]

::

TT

'

And A/:

::

CA

P.

Then

Ae:Pp

::

^11

CP.

But P/> is the moment of the Abfcifs AP, by the acceiTion of which it becomes Ap ; and Ae is the contemporaneous moment of the perthe decreafe of which it becomes fy. pendicular Ag-, by fore Ae and Pp are as the fluxions of the lines Ag (z) and
that
is
is,
*

There-

AP

Cgl

CP_=

= ~*

as

z and x. Wherefore a i CAI AgT

2,

::

~-

(x),
it

CP.

&&, and

CA

And
i ;

fmce

it

will be

z
.

Moreover fmce we may aflume any one of the

for

three x,y, and

referr'd, if

an uniform fluxion, to which the reft are to be be that fluxion, and its value is unity, then CP

=
=
Cg

13. Befides

it

is
:

CA

(i)
;

Ag

(z}

::

CP

zz )
~z
j

: :

CP CL

therefore

it is

PL; alfo 2Z PL
:

CA
,

(i)

and

CL

Z z.

Laftly,

drawing /^parallel to the

infinitely fmall

Arch D</, or perpendicular to DC, P^- will be the momentum of DP, by the acceflion of which it becomes dp, at the fame time that AP becomes A/>. Therefore Pp and Pg are as the fluxions of AP
(x)

and

PD

(;'),

that

is,

as

and

triangles

Ppq and CAg, fmce

it

fame
14.

ratio,

will be

CA
.

y.

Therefore becaufe of fimilar

or
i

and Ag,

and z,

are

in

the

Whence we

have

this folution

of

the Problem.

the propofed Equation, which exprefles the relation between x and^x, find the relation of the fluxions x and y, (by Prob. i.) be had the value of _)-, to which z and putting x i, there will

From

Then fubftituting z for/, by the help of the lafl Equaequal. tion find the relation of the Fluxions x,y, and z, (by Prob. i.) and Thefe fubftituting i for x, there will be had the value of z.
is

again

being found

make

^21= CP,
Z

zx

CP

PL, and

CP

x v/

= CL;
KG
is

yy

be a Point in the Curve, any part of which Line CG, which is the difference of the to the Curve \)d from the points tangents, drawn perpendicularly

and

will

equal to the right

C and K,

I2 8
15.

7%e Method of
Ex. Let
i.)
it

FLUXIONS,
rela-

tion

between

AP

ax=yy
firft

be the Equation which exprefles the and PD ; and (by

Trob.

=
y

will be

ax= 2yy,

2yz.

Then zyz -f- zyz

z.

or

o, or

Thence
l_J

it

is

CP

=
aa.

yy

4-vv

And from CP and PL

and
and
x.

taking

there remains

AL

?a

CD ~ Now
.

away y
aa I
,

take

away y and

x, becaufe

when CP and

PL

have affirmative values, they fall on the fide of the point P toand A, and they ought to be diminiihed, by taking away wards the affirmative quantities PD and AP. But when they have negative will the fide fall on of the point P, and then values, they contrary they muft be encreafed, which is alfo done by taking away the affirmative quantities PD and AP. in which the point 1 6. Now to know the Length of the Curve, of between two its and C ; we rauft ieek C is found, any points the length of the Tangent at the point K, and fubtradt it from CD.

As

K were the point, at which the Tangent is terminated, when and CA Ag, or i and z, are made equal, which therefore is fituate in the Abicifs itfelf AP ; write i for z in the Equation 2yz,
if

a=

whence
that
is

a=2y.
in
,

Therefore for y write ^a in the value of CD, and it comes out And this is the length a.

the difference between of the Tangent at the point K, or of ; which and the foregoing indefinite value of CD, is -i#> that

DG

--

is

GC,

to

which the
that
it

may appear what Curve this is, from AL (hav17. firft its ing changed fign, that it may become affirmative,) take AK, which will be ^a, and there will remain KL %a, which

Now

part of the Curve

KC

is

equal.

=
or

call /,

and in the value of the

line

CL, which

call

v, write

for

aa anc
->

^ere

a "fe

\/^at

vv,

which
i a,

is

an Equation to a Parabola of the fecond kind, as was found before.

and INFINITE SERIES.

1

129

the relation between t and v cannot conveniently be reduced to an Equation, it may be fufficient only to find the lengths PC and PL. As if for the relation between AP and PD the Equa3 were affumed; from hence (by Prob. i.) tion
8.

When

^x-^-^y
it

_}'

=o

firft

there arifes a

4-^*2

and therefore
given

is

z
,

y*z
yy

=
, '

o,

then

aaz
aa

aa

and

z=

zyyz
.

y*z=o,
Whence
are

PC

""'-

and

PL

yy

2rxPC, by which

the point

is

And the length of the Curve, determined, which is in the Curve. be known will fuch between two points, by the difference of the

two correfponding Tangents, DC or PC y. i, and in order to determine 19. For Example, if we make fome point C of the Curve, we take y 2 then AP or x becomes

a=
if

.y

3"'.v_ _

Zaa

T' to

-_. T> z z

T>

PC "1V
we

2>

and rLl PI ana

^'

Then

determine another point,

AP=6,

ioi. 84, >ir, Which being had, if y be taken from PC, there will remain 4 in the firil cafe, and the j 87 in the fecond, for the lengths difference of which 83 is the length of the Curve, between the two

=i, z

take

PC=

?
will be

3,

it

andPL=

DC

points found C and c. 20. Thefe are to be thus underftood, when the Curve is contiand C, withnued between the two points C and c, or between For when out that Term or Limit, which we call'd its Cufpid.

one or more fuch terms come between thofe points, (which terms are found by the determination of the greateft or leaft PC or DC,) the lengths of each of the parts of the Curve, between them and the muft be feparately found, and then added together. points C or K,

PROB.

XI.

To find as many Curves as you pie of e, whofe Lengths may be compared with the Length of any Curve propofed, or with its Area applied to a given Line y by the help of
finite Equations.

performed by involving the Length, or the Area of the in the Equation which is affumed in the foregoing propofed Curve, the relation between AP and PD (Figure to determine Problem, Eut that z, and z may be thence derived, (by Art. 12. pjg. 126.)
i.

It

is

Prob.

130

7%4 Method of

FtuxioNS,

Prob. i.) the fluxion of the Length, or of the Area, muft be firft difcowr'd. 2. The fluxion of the Length is determin'd by putting it" equal to the fquare-root of the fum of the fquares of the fluxion of the Abbe the perpendicular OrdiFor let fcifs and of the Ordinate. the Abfcifs and MN, nate, moving upon be the propofed Curve, at which let

RN

=
nr
fall

QR RN terminated. NR=/, and

is
s,

Then calling QR='i>, and

MN

their

Fluxions
ceive the

s,

/,

and

<u

Line

NR to move

refpeclively ; coninto the place

infinitely near the former,

RJ perpendicular

and letting to nr, then RJ, sr,

and Rr will be the contemporaneous moments of the lines MN, NR, and QR, by the accetfion of which they become nr, and And as thefe are to each other as the fluxions of the fame

_
M"

N"

M,

lines,

and becaufe of the right Angle Rsr,

Rr, or

\/V

-f- f-

it

will be

>/R/

-f-Tr*

<v.

But to determine the fluxions s and t there are two Equationsand NR,. required; one of which is to define the relation between or s and /, from whence the relation between the fluxions s and tis to be derived ; and another which may define the relation beor in the given Figure, and of AP or x in that retween
3.

MN

MN

NR

quired, x or i
4.

from whence the

be difcover'd.
<u

relation of the fluxion s or t to the fluxion

being found, the fluxions y and z are to be fought by a third aflumed Equation, by which the length PD or y may be
defined.

may Then

Then we
y,

are to take

PC

DC

= PC
2ss

= '-^,

PL

=y x PC,

and

as in the

foregoing Problem.

ss=tt be an Equation to the given Curve Ex. i. Let as 5. be a Circle; xx as the relation between the which will QR, and the relation between the length of lines AP and MN, Lv=.y, the Curve given QR, and the right Line PD. By the firft it will

be as

~
zt

2tt, or
it

's=i.
as,

And

thence

zt

=v

s*-i-t* ==: v.

By

the fecond

is

2X
is,

third

u=y,

that

= ^=

and therefore t

=. v.

And by

the

z } and hence

^'=2;.

Which
being

and INFINITE SERIES.

muft take being found, you

131
and

PC

= -^.
1

PL=/x PC,

DC

== PC

y,

or

PC

the given Curve muft be known, and from thence the length of the right Line and fo on the is found ; length of the Curve, in which the point C

QR

of appears, that the length cannot be found, but at the fame time 'the

QR-

Where

it

DC

contrary.
6.

Ex.2. The Equation

irv

as

ss

=
s,

ff

remaining,

make #

an d

^ax-=.^ay.

And by

the
i

firft

there will be found

as above.

But by the fecond

by the

third

2iw
"

4^

=
,

and therefore ^
-y)

= ^=
i

j,

-y,

v.

And

407,

or (eliminating

z.

Then from hence

j.

3L

== z

st, a + Let there be fuppos'd three Equations, aa denotes an which the Then firft, *s by x, and A: -f- v =}' and therefore '-V" 4- " ', Hyperbola, it is o=rf+/i, or 7

Ex.

3.

V/M
- v/w
3'
3'

-f- tf

-+-

= =
or

v.

v.

By the fecond it And by the third

it is

is

3*
is

=
i

i,
-u

and therefore

it

== y
is,
it

or

+
w

</ss-4-tt=:z; then
for the

from hence
-^

w =s,

that

putting

Fluxion of the radical

iv,

</"

-t-

^, which

if

be

made

equal to

^=

-f-

7C'i;,

there will arife

~ for
iv

from thence
then
z.
1.

^
s,

2W7i;.

And

firft

fubftituting

/',

for

and

dividing by aw, there will arife

P^

= =

Now

_>'

and

being found, the

in the fivft Example. perform'd as is 8. Now if from any point Q_of a Curve, a perpendicular let fall on MN, and a Curve is to be found whofe length may be
reft
is

QV

known from
which

the length
;

which

to any given Line

is

let that

by applying the Area given Line be call'd E, the length

arifes

QRNV

And
E,

Area of a

QRNV reiTtangular parallelogram made upon VN, as the Ordinate or moving line NR by which
is

produced by fuch application be fince the fluxion of the Area

call'd

<y,

and

its

fluxion v.

to the

Fluxion of the with the height

this
is

t,

dcin

fcribed, to the

moving Line E, by which the other

S 2

is

deicribcd

the

132

tte Method of

FLUXION

s,

the fame time ; and the fluxions v and } of the lines v and or of the lengths which arife (or s,) by applying thofe Areas to the

MN,

given Line E, are in the fame ratio

it

will be

v= ~
s

Therefore
reft to

by

this

Rule the value of v

as in the
4.

is

to

be inquired, and the

is

be

perform'd
9.

Ex.

Let

QR

Examples aforegoing. be an Hyperbola which

Equation, aa -+
or

defined by this
I.)

//

and thence
other
i

arifes

(by Prob.
are

=tf,

and y

= =v
t.

Then
;

if for the

two Equations
j,

aflumed

x=s
}

the

firft

will give
v,

the latter will give y

=
ft

or
t,

= z =

whence v

= =
^
.

and
,

-g,

then from hence

z= ^
y

and fubftituting
being found,

or
ct

for

it

becomes

=~

hit

Now
as

and z

make -r~

=== CP, and_y x

CP =n PL,

beforehand

thence the Point C will be determin'd, and the Curve in which all fuch points are fituated The length of which Curve will be known from the length DC, which is equivalent to CP v, as is fuffifliewn before. ciently 10. There is alfo another method, by which the Problem may be refolved ; and that is by finding Curves whofe fluxions are either equal to the fluxion of the propofed Curve, or are compounded of the fluxion of that, and of other Lines. And this may fometimes be of ufe, in converting mechanical Curves into equable Geometri:

cal

Curves
1

of which thing there

a right

is

a remarkable

Example

in fpiral

lines.
1.

Let

ing upon
taining

AB be AB as

Line given in pofition, an Abfcifs, and yet re-

BD

an Arch mov-<

as its Center,
is

AD^

Spiral,

at

which

continually terminated, bd an arch indefinitely near it, or the place into which the arch by its motion next

that arch

BD

dG

a perpendicular to the arch bdt the difference of the arches, another Curve equal to the Spiral AD, a
arrives,

DC

AH

BH

right Line moving perpendicularly upon AB, and terminated at the Curve AH, bh the

^
andHK

~B~<T
perpendicular to
bb.

next place into which that right lane moves,

bb.

And

in the

and INFINITE SERIES. and HK, infinitely little triangles DG/

133
lince

DC

are equal to the fame third Line Bb, and therefore equal and to each other, and Dd and Hh (by hypothecs) are correfpondent and therefore equal, as alfo the angles at G parts of equal Curves, third fides dC and hK will be equal and K are angles ; the

HK

right

alfb.

Moreover

fince
j

it

is

AB BD
:

bC

BD

(CG)

therefore - A B

::

Ab bC CG. If
:

::

hb

AB

(Qb)

this

be taken
/6K.

from dG,
therefore
z, v,

there will

remain

dG

&

= dC =
and
are the

away
Call

AB=*, BD=-y, andBH=>',

y refpedtively,

their

fluxions

contemporaneous moments of the fame, by the acceflion pf which they become to each other as the fluxions. A, bd and bb, and therefore are lafl in the moments Equation let the fluxions be Therefore for the and there will arife-y as alfo the letters for the Lines,

and
t

fince

B,

dG, and /jK

fubftituted,
"

^ == ~

-.y. *'

Now

of thefe fluxions,
reft are refer'd,

if

z be

fuppos'd equable, or the

i;

unit to
12.

which the

the Equation will be

^=)'-

z Wherefore the relation between AB the Spiral is defined, which and v,) being given by any Equation, by the fluxion v will be given, (by Prob. i.) and thence alfo the fluxion
and BD, (or between
;',

by putting
y,

it

equal to

v.

And

(by Prob. 2.) this will give

the line
i?.
Spiral

or
i.

BH,

of which

it is

the fluxion.
is

Ex.

If the

Equation jzrzr-u were given, which

2

to the

of Archimedes,
,

thence (by Prob.

will

i.) -^

v.

From hence

take 2U

or -

and there

remain -

2?_-r.

Which fhews

the Curve

=y, and thence (by Prob. 2.) AH, to which the Spiral AD
is

i is

to be the Parabola of Apollonius, whofe Latus reclum equal, is or whole Ordinate always equal to half the Arch BD. If 2. the Ex. Spiral be propofed which is defined 14.

2??;

BH
,

by
}_

the

3 Equation a

=a'v
if

or

=;^ T
~fl

there arifes (by Prob. i.)

I

2^ T

=-r,
ano

_l_

from which

you take ^, or
2.)

there will remain

i

2i T

=
;
;

v,

thence (by Prob.

will be

produced ^l

v.

That

i.

-BD

nrr
t

EU,

AH

3^
being a Parabola of the fecond kind,
>

134
15.

tte Method of
Ex.
3.

FLUXIONS,

If the Equation to the Spiral be

2

a
,
.

Prob. (by '

i.)

V ac -\- cz

?.~-

z</"^ =-y,

thence
""-

from whence
, ~..
-

if

you take away

^/- ?,

there will remain

or

y.

Now

fince the quantity

generated by this fluxion y cannot be found by Prob. 2. unlefs it be refolved into an infinite Series; according to the tenor of the Scholium to Prob. 9. I reduce it to the form of the Equations in the firft

column of the Tables, by

fubftituting z*

for

z,

then

it

becomes

=.y, which Equation belongs

Orderof Table
i.

to the 26. Species of the 4th

And by comparing the

terms,

it is

d=,e=:ac,
Equation

andf=c,
Spiral

fo

that

-~

ac

-f-

cz

== f=y.
is

Which

belongs to a Geometrical Curve

AH, which

equal in length to the

AD.

PROB.
1.

XII.

To determine the Lengths of Curves.

In the foregoing Problem we have fhewn, that the Fluxion of is equal to the fquare-root of the fum of the fquares of of the Abfcifs and of the perpendicular Ordinate. the Fluxions Wherefore if we take the Fluxion of the Abfcifs for an uniform and

a Curve-line

determinate meafure, or for an Unit to which the other Fluxions are to be refer'd, and alfo if from the Equation which defines the we mall have the Curve, we find the Fluxion of the Ordinate, Fluxion of the Curve-line, from whence (by Problem 2.) its Length may be deduced. be propofed, which is defined by 2. Ex. i. Let the Curve

FDH
;

the Equation

--

-f-

'-

=_y

making the

Abfcifs

AB

=
v-

s, and the
Jr

moving Ordinate DB from the Equation

(by \ s Prob.
3

=y.
will
12Z.S.

Then
be had,
-/ '

i.) '

aa

y,

the

^
X~

fluxion of

z being

i,

and y being

Then adding the the fluxion of y. of the fluxions, the fum fquares
v/ill

be

-h |-f-

-^ ==

it,

and extracting the

root,

and INFINITE SERIES.

135

= t and thence (by Prob. 2.) ^ Here / ftands for the fluxion of the Curve, and / for its Length. if the length </D of any portion of this Curve were 3. Therefore d and D let fall the perpendiculars db and required, from the points DB to AB, and in the value of t fubftitute the quantities Ab and AB feverally for z, and the difference of the refults will be JD the a, writing La for #, Length required. As if Ab === ?a, and AB
t,
:
.

it

becomes

from whence

if

then writing a for #, it becomes / the firfl value be taken away, there will remain
;

=
2ft

for the length </D.

Or

if

only h.b be determin'd to be ^a, and

1

be look'd upon as indefinite, there will remain aa for the value of

4.

AB

_i_ -1 24

you would know the portion of the Curve which is reprefented by /, fuppofe the value of / to be equal to nothing, and there
If
arifes

z*

and
t

eredT:

or

aa

Therefore if you take AB=-^- > V*z y, 2 the perpendicular bdt the length of the Arch ^D will be And the fame is to be underflood of all Curves
,

or

z= --

..

12

11%

in general.
5.

After the fame

manner by which we have determin'd

the

if the Equation be propofed, -flength of this Curve, for defining the nature of another Curve ; there will be deduced

-^L

=y
*

_lL -=.t\ or 1

if this

3"

Equation be propofed,
t.

La*y?~*. "*
it

there will arife

*

5 ^ -f-i^ '=

2_

Or

in

general,

if

is

cz* -{-

_
6.

.-

=_>', where

or Fraction, Integer o

we

u fed for reprefenting any number, either ,-8" (hall have cz* /.
is
4&Qi
od<r

Ex.2. Let the Curve be propofed which is defined by this "" + \/ #a -t=t^,V; then (by Prob. i.) will be had Equation
_y

= ^^-r

^f*-*

^ +

4*
^

or exterminating y t
i.

y=
i

'-'</~aa-{- zz.
-J-

To the

fquare of

which add

and the fum will be

~
aa

4- a*

4 4
.

and

136
and
tain'd
its

ttt Method of
Root
* i

FLUXIONS,
will 2.) /

-f-

aa

t.

Hence (by Prob. * *

be ob-

+
3.
is

7.

Ex.

Let a Parabola of the fecond kind be propofed, whofe

z*

Equation

ay

or

~ =_y, and

thence

.by Prob.

i. is

derived

2a a

r==y.

Therefore

<

-+- 2f:
4<*

=
1
1

i -+-

yy

ss

Now fmce the

length of the Curve generated by the Fluxion / cannot be found by Prob. 2. without a reduction to an infinite Series of fimple Terms, I confult the Tables in Prob. 9. and according to the Scholium belonging to
it,

have

'

v/

-t-

the lengths of thefe Parabolas

And

thus you
ay*,

may

ay*, 2?

r=

z>

find
ay*,
*

&c.
8.

Ex.
3
,

4.

Let the Parabola be propofed, whofe Equation 4

*

is

rfy

or

^=:^;
"

and thence (by Prob.

i.)

will arife

1^

_y.

Therefore v/

-f-

i^ 7
ga

=
and

</yy

-+- i

t.

This being found,

confult the Tables according to the aforefaid Scholium, and by comthe 5th Order of Table 2, I have paring with the 2d Theorem of

sF

x,

v/i

-f9

^ = v,
7

and
s

|j=?.

Where x

denotes the

Ab-

the Area of the Hyperbola, and / the by applying the Area %s to linear unity. length which the fame manner the lengths of the Parabolas z 6 =ay', 9. After 7 z* :z=y , z' =ay', &c. may alfo be reduced to the Area of the
fcifs,

the Ordinate,
arifes

Hyperbola.
jo.

Ex.

5.
is

Equation

^T^jL"
and

Let the CuToid of the Ancients be propofed, whole __ ; an d thence (by Prob. i.) ' 22,* V az. 2.Z.
.

v/ az

zz=y,

therefore

-^

^/"^

=^
'

yy

-f-

which by writing 2?

for

or

z~\ becomes

v/ az"

-f- 3

= =

/,

an Equation of the ift Species of the 3d Order of Table 2 ; then fo that is d, 3 =. e, and ^ comparing the Terms, it ^

=^5
i3
2iA?

'u,

and

6;

/:

___.l_into
AT

20;'

4</c

s=f.
And

My

and INFINITE SERIES.

And
taking

37
or Divifion

a for Unity,

by

the

Multiplication
to a juft

Of

which, thefe Quantities may xx, menfions, it becomes az

=
its

be reduced
<

number of Div,

and

ax

1 1.

Which are thus conftructed. The Ciflbid being VD, AV

it
is

the Diameter of the Circle to

and taking AC a mean AB and AV, at C between Proportional drawn perpendiVK and let CA and V

adapted, Afymptotc, and in Curve with the the ; AV, cutting and the AF Semiaxis AV, Semiparalet the meter Hyperbola

which

AF

DB

= AG = jAV,
;

perpendicular to

YkK be defcribed
cular
to

the Hyperbola in , right Lines kt and in touch it in thofe points, and cut the let at and /and T; Rectangle

AV,

<:ut

and K, and

let

KT AV

AV

VD

be defcribed, equal to the Space TK&. Then the length of the Ciflbid will be fextuple of the Altitude VN. 12. Ex. 6. Suppofing Ad to be an Ellipfis, which the Equation

AVNM

i/az

2zz

cal Curve propofed of fuch a nature, that if B</, or_)', be produced till it meets this Curve at D, let BD be equal to the Elliptical Arch &d. that the length of this may be deter-

AD

=y be

reprefents

let

the mechani-

v ''

Now

2.zz=. y will give min'd, the Equation \/ az to the fquare of which if i be added, there ariies zy az aa 4 of the fluxion of the arch A.J. To which , the fquare

=y,

02

Szz

if

be added again, there will

arife

-^

^ ^AD.

whofe fquare-root

=.*
/ 2y az

__ 2ZZ
"
'

is

the fluxion of the Curve-line

Where

if

z be ex-

tracted out of the radical,

and

for

be written c", there will be

Species of the 4th Order of
arife

--

Fluxion of the

ift

Table
e

2.

Therefore the terms being collated, there will

2,

=rt;

fo

that

z=

d=.^a,

x,

\/ ux

_.v.v

<

and

-1 + ,=

into,

J3 8
i-i.

Method of FLUXION
The Conftruaion of which
to

s.

being drawn

made upon AC,

14.

is thus; that the right line </G be the center of the Ellipfis, a parallelogram may double of the and its equal to the fedlor AC/,

the Curve height will be the length of

AD.
i.)

Ex. 7. Making A/3= tp, (Fig, a -+ whofe bola, Equation is v/ let the Curve being drawn be propofed, whofe

%=

and

being an Hyper$&, and its tangent <TT

CL

WD

Abfcifs

is

and

its
is

per-

pendicular
length

Ordinate

the

BD, which

arifes

by
to

applying the Area

linear unity. length of this

a^To.

Now

that the

Curve

VD

may be determin'd, I feek the fluxion of the Areaa<rTa,

when AB
and
'

flows uniformly,
it

find

to

be

-^

v/ b

and
'tis

its

ax, fluxion unity.

putting AB

AT
, '

= =
t>p

=, For
its

</z, and
or v/

fluxion

is

-rV za v z

whofe half drawn

into the altitude

/3<^,

+-

is

the fluxion of the Area

is

defcribed

by the Tangent

<TT.

Therefore that fluxion

-p

v/ b

az, and this apply'd to unity becomes the fluxion of the

Ordinate

BD.

To

the fquare of this

there
arifes

the fluxion

BD, and

</a*b
is

a>z-\- ibfrz*-

a fluxion of the ift

whofe root -^ is the fluxion of the Curve VD. But this 2 and Table of of the Species 7th Order

add ~^~ ^ ^~
fl

i,

the fquare of

^+

l6

ta

the terms being collated, there will be

l and therefore z a*x -fx, and \/a b to one Conic Section, fuppofe HG, (Fig. 2.) whofe (an" Equation v ;) alfo Area EFGH is j, where EF ==%, #, and FG

=g,

</,

aab=e,

a*=f,

and */i6bb

a*%

a&t-

=Y

=
)

*-

(an Equation to another Conic

Section,

Section, (hppofe
g
i

and INFINITE SERIES. ML (Fig. 3.) whofe Area IKLM

*w*

139
is
<r,

where IK
T.2abbs
2
/\

and Kl_/= TiJ

Wherefore
be

T/"T

/XT

2aftbb^f

fl5^Y*tf4y

" Aaabb?

L,aitiy

any portion db perpendicular to AB, and make Kb may z ; and thence, by what is now found, feek the value of t. Then make AB=,s, and thence alfo feek for /. And the difference of thefe two values of / will be the length Dd required. 16. Ex. 8. Let the Hyperbola be propos'd, whofe Equation is

VD

15.

that the length of

let fall

DJ

of the Curve

known,

=)', and
\/aa 4- tzz

thence, (by Prob.

i.)
i,

will be

had^

=-

Or

To
aa -\-

the fquare of this add

and the root of the fum

is

bz.z.

will be ^/

+
"

bits.

=
it
1

/.

Now as this fluxion

;

not to be found
firft

in the Tables, I 'reduce

y

to an infinite Series
/ 3
y

and
*
>

by

divifion

4
'

/ 1
5

it

becomes

the root,

;= </ 1 t ==
t

-f-jaS

^2:4 H-r 2

7*

&c

a d

extracting

a-

&
, *

&c.

A And

hence (by Prob.

2.)

may

be had the length of the Hyperbolical Arch

the Ellipfis \/aa bz,z=.y were propofed, the Sign of 17. If b ought to be every where changed, and there will be had z 41 i ^t_s 7 , &c. for the length of its *-z' -^ _f-

&

Arch.

And
, I

likewife putting Unity for

b,

it

will be

-+-

-^

-f-

Now the of the Circular Arch. &c. for the length 3ii_4_ IJil > O 2V.'' 104 numeral coefficients of this feries may be found adinfinitum t by multhe terms of this Progreflion tiplying continually
S x 9
'

^-

>

10 x

'
i

Ex. 9. Vertex is V,
18.

Laftly, let the Quadratrix being the Center, and

VDE AV

be propofed, whole

the femidiameter of the interior Circle, to which it is adapted, and the Angle

VAE

being

AKD
Circle

a right

Angle.

Now

any right Line

being drawn through A, cutting the in K, and the Quadratrix in D, and

the perpendiculars KG, call AV =.a, to }

DB

AE

AG

being
c;,

let

VK
2

fall

x,

and

BD

y,

and

it

will

The Method of
will be as in the foregoing

FLUXIONS.
=.z 4arife

Example, x

-r~

4-

j; 4-

&c.
,

Extract the root

*7
s

js,

and there will

z= x ^ 44
,

4 "

&c. whofe Square fubtract from AKq. or a l s and the

a

root of the remainder

#
2^j

4:

-^ 9Aa9

; * , *7?r\/j9

&c. will be

Now
and

whereas by the nature of the Quadratrix

it is

'tis

fince

AG GK
:

and there

will arife y
i.)
i
,

(by Prob.

= y=- ^
a
^

::

AB

BD

(y), divide
^

AB VR x, AB x GK by AG,
&c.

= =
^
'-J

GK.

^
^.

-^--,
,

And thence,

&c. to the fquare of

i

which add
_6o4^
1Z /S~S U

and the root of the fum

will be
2.)
/

4-

il il

-f-

&c __

\vhence (by Prob.

;

may

be obtain'd, -f

or the
6 4 v7
'

Arch of the Quadratrix

&c.

viz.

YD

x 4-

^j

895025

THE

THE

METHOD

of

FLUXIONS

AND

INFINITE SERIES;
O
R,

A PERPETUAL
the foregoing

COMMENT
TREATISE,

upon

THE

METHOD

of

FLUXIONS

AND

INFINITE SERIES.
ANNOTATIONS
The

on the Introduction
OR,

Refolution of Equations by

INFINITE SERIES.

SEc

T.

I.

Of

the

Nature and

ConftruElion of Infinite

or Converging Series.
great Author of the foregoing Work begins with a fhort Preface, in which he lays down his main defign very concifely. He is not to be here underftood, as if he would reproach the modern Geometricians with deferting the Ancients, or with abandoning their Synthetical Method of Demonftration, much lefs that he intended to difparage the Analytical Art ; for on the contrary he has very nauch improved both and this he in Treatife Methods, particularly wholly applies himfelf in he which has fucceeded to univerial apto cultivate Analyticks, Not but and admiration. that we mail find here fome explaufe of the Method which are very mafterly likewife, Synthetical amples and elegant. Almoft all that remains of the ancient Geometry is indeed Synthetical, and proceeds by way of demonftrating truths
it

already

known, by mewing

their

dependence upon the Axioms, and

other

144
other

-tb e

Method of FLUXIONS,
either
is

fir ft Principles, hiiinefs of Analyticks

really are, or

may

But the mediately or immediately. fuch Mathematical Truths as be fuppos'd at leaft to be unknown. It afiumes
to invcftiga'te

thofe Truths as granted, and argues from them in a general ner, till after a .fcries of argumentation, in which the -feveral

manfteps

connexion wjth each other, it arrives at the knowof the ledge propofition required, by comparing it with fomething This therefore being the Art of Invention, really known or given. be it deferves to cultivated with the utmoft certainly induftry. Many of our modern Geometricians have been perfuaded, by confidering the intricate and labour'd Demonftrations of the Ancients, that they .were Mailers of an Analyfis purely Geometrical, which they ftudiouily conceal'd, and by the help of which they deduced, in a direct and fcientifical manner, thofe abftrufe Proportions we fo much admire in tome of their writings, and which they afterwards demonftrated Synthetically. But however this may be, the lofs of that
have
a.

neceftary.

Analyfis, if any fuch there were, is amply compenfated, I think, by our prefent Arithmetical or Algebraical Analyfis, especially as it is now improved, I might fay perfected, by our fagacious Author in the Method before us. It is not only render 'd vaftly more univerfal,

and

exterriive

than that other in

likewife a moft
trical

compendious Speculations, and for deriving Conftructions and Synthetical Demonftrations from thence ; as may abundantly appear from the
enfuing Treatife.
2. The conformity or correfpondence, which our Author takes notice of here, between his new-invented Doctrine of infinite Series, and the commonly received Decimal Arithmetick, is a matter of confiderable importance, and well deferves, I think, to be let in 3. fuller

probability could ever be, but is Analyiis for the more abftrufe Geomeall

Light, for the mutual illuftration of both ; which therefore I fhall For Novices in .this Doctrine, tJho' they here attempt to perform. be well inay already acquainted with the Vulgar Arithmetick, and with the Rudiments of the common Algebra, yet are apt to appre-

hend fomething

abftrufe

and

difficult in infinite Series

whereas in-

Decimal Arithmetick, Decimal and the fame or Notation is only Notion Fractions, efpecially ftill farther, and rendered more univerfal. But to mew this tarry'd in fome kind of order, I muft inquire into thefe following particulars. Firft I muft (hew what is the true Nature, and what are the genuine Principles, of our common Scale of Decimal Arithmetick. Secondly what is the nature of other particular Scales, which have been, or
as

deed they have the fame general foundation

may

and INFINITE SERIES.

may
be, occasionally introduced.

145

Thirdly, what is the nature of a which lays the foundation for the Doctrine of infinite general Scale, Scale ot Series. Laftly, I ihall add a word or two concerning that the Root is in which and thcrefoi-e Arithmetick unknown, propofcd to be found ; which gives occafion to the Doctrine of Affected Equations.

Firft then as to the

common

Scale of

Decimal Arithmetick,

it is

by with the affiftance of other fmall Integer Numbers, not exceeding Nine, which are the Coefficients of thofe Powers. So that Ten is here the Root of the Scale, which if we denote by the Character X, as in the Roman Notation and its feveral Powers by the help of this 3 Root and Numeral Indexes, (X 1000, ico, X 10, X X4 10000, &c.) as is ufual then by ailuming the Coefficients o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, as occafion (hall require, we may form or Thus for inflance 5X 4 -f- jX 3 -fexprefs any Number in this Scale.
1

that ingenious Artifice of expreffing, in a regular manner, all conceivable Numbers, whether Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd, the feveral Powers of the number Ttv/, and their Reciprocals;

4X

+ 8X
and

-rf-

3X

Scale,

is

the fame
in this,

will be a particular Number exprefs'd by this as 57483 in the common way of Notation.

Where we may
Notation only

from the other way of Powers of X (or Ten) are fupprefs'd, together with the Sign of Addition -f-, and are left For as thofe Powers afcend to be fupply'd by the Underftanding. of Units, (in which is always X, or i, regularly from the place muhiply'd by its Coefficient, which here is 3,) the feveral Powers will ealily be understood, and may therefore be omitted, and the
obferve, that this laft differs that here the feveral

Thus Coefficients only need to be fet down in their proper order. 6 5 3 will oX* (land for the Number 7906538 -+-f-+-6X -f-

yX

gX

^X* -f-3X' -f-3X, when you fupply all that is underftood. And the Number 1736 (by fuppreffing what may be ealiiy -underftood,)
will be equivalent to

-+-

7X

Integer

Numbers whatever,
or Ten.
Artifice
is

of all other exprefs'd by this Scale, or with this

-f-

3X

-f-

and the

like

Root X,

The fame

uniformly carry'd on, for the expreffing of

all Decimal Fractions, by means of the Reciprocals of the ll-vcral c.:c. Powers of Ten, fuch as ^ o, i 0,0 1 ; 0,001 5^1

which Reciprocals may be intimated by negative Indices. Decimal Fraction 0,3172 (lands for 3X~'-j- iX~~ -f-7X and the mixt Number 526,384 (by {applying what is
:

Thus
-{-

the

2\~~4 i
;

underfl

becomes

Method
becomes
9 X^'
-f-

<?/*

FLUXIONS,
and the ; &c. ftands for 0,9999999, & &c. which infi-+- yX~
-f,

X + 2X>
4

-f-

6X

-f- 3 X~' -f4

8X"1

4 X-

infinite or interminate Decimal Fraction

gXis

-4-

9X~

H-

9X~
all

-f-

9 X~

nite Series

equivalent to Unity.

So that by

this

Decimal

Scale, (or
all

by the feveral Powers of

their Coefficients,

Ten and
are

their Reciprocals,

together with

which

the whole

Numbers below Ten,)

conceivable

Numbers may be

fracled, rational or irrational

exprefs'd, whether they are integer or at leaft by admitting of a continual ;

progrefs or approximation ad infinitum, And the like may be done by any other Scale, as well as the Decimal Scale, or by admitting any other Number, befides Ten, to be

the

Root of our Arithmetick. For the Root Ten was an arbitrary Number, and was at firft aflumed by chance, without any previous
Other Numbers perhaps be may affign'd, which would have been more convenient, and which have a better elaim for being the Root of the Vulgar Scale of ArithBut however this may prevail in common affairs, Mathemetick. maticians make frequent life of other Scales ; and therefore in the fecond place I (hall mention fome other particular Scales, which
confideration of the nature of the thing.

have been occafionally introduced into Computations. The moft remarkable of thefe is the Sexagenary or Sexagefimal Scale of Arithmetick, of frequent ufe among Aflronomers, which expreffes
poffible Numbers, Integers or Fractions, Rational or Surd, by the Powers of Sixty, and certain numeral Coefficients not exceeding fiftyThefe Coefficients, for want of peculiar Characters to reprenine. fent them, muit be exprefs'd in the ordinary Decimal Scale. Thus
all

if

bers will be

ftands for 60, as in the Greek Notation, then one of the/e Num53^ -f- 9^' -+- 34!, or in the Sexagenary Scale 53", 9*,
is

Again, equivalent to 191374 in the Decimal Scale. the Sexagefimal Fraclion 53, 9', 34", will be the fame as 53^= -f-

34, which

Decimal Numbers will be 53,159444, &c. infinitum. appears by the way, that fome Numbers may be exprefs'd by a finite number of Terms in one Scale, which in another cannot be exprefs'd but by approximation, or by a pro-

9|f+ 34~

which

in

aa

Whence

it

greffion of

Terms

has been confider'd, and in fome meafure has been admitted into practice, is the Duodecimal Scale,

Another

in infinitum. particular Scale that

all

which

exprefles

mon

affairs

we

fay a

Numbers by the Powers of Twelve. So Dozen, a Dozen of Dozens or a Grofs,

in
a

comDozen

of GrofTes or a great Grofs, Off. And this perhaps would have been the mod convenient Root of all otherSj by the Powers of which
to

and IN FINITE SERIES.

to conftruct the popular Scale of Arithmetick
;

147
not being fo lig

as

but that
to

its
;

memory Number not much

Multiples, and all below it, might be eafily committed and it admits of a greater variety of Divifors than any
greater than
itfelf.

Befides,

it is

not fo fmall,

'but that

Numbers exprefs'd hereby would fufficiently converge, or by a few figures would arrive near enough to the Number required; the contrary of which is an inconvenience, that muft neceflarily
attend the taking too fmall a

Number

for the

Root.

And

to admit

this Scale into practice, only two fingle Characters to denote the Coefficients Ten and Eleven.

would be wanting,

Some have
which
by
TIDO
is

confider'd the Binary Arithmetick, or that Scale in

But this can never it, be a convenient Scale to manage and exprefs large Numbers by, becaufe the Root, and confequently its Powers, are fo very fmall, that they make no difpatch in Computations, or converge exceeding flowly. The only Coefficients that are here necelTary are o and i. Thus i x 2 5 -f- i x 2* -h o x2 3 i x2* -f- i x 2' -f- 0x2 is one of thefe

the Root, and have pretended to and to find considerable advantages in it.

make Computations

Numbers,
tation
is

(or compendioufly 110110,) which in the common Nono more than 54. Mr. Leibnits imngin'd he had found

great Myfteries in this Scale.

See the

Memoirs of

the

Royal Academy

of Paris, Anno 1703. In common affairs

have frequent recourfe, though tacitly, to and other Scales, whofe Roots are certain Millenary Arithmetick, Powers of Ten. As when a large Number, for the convenience of reading, is diftinguifli'd into Periods of three figures: As 382,735,628,490. Here 382, and 735, &c. may be confider'd as Coefficients, and the Root of the Scale is 1000. So when we reckon by Millions, Billions, Trillions, &c. a Million may be conceived as the Root of our Arith-

we

Alfo when we divide a Number into pairs of figures, for metick. the Extraction of the Square-root ; into ternaries of figures for the Extraction of the Cube-root ; &c. we take new Scales in effect, whofe

Roots are 100, 1000, &c.

the

whatever, whether Integer or Fraction, may be made a particular Scale, and all conceivable Numbers may be exprefs'd or computed by that Scale, admitting only of integral and affirmative Coefficients, whofe number (including the Cypher c) need not be greater than the Root. Thus in

Any Number
Root of

(Quinary Arithmetick,

compofed of the Powers of the Root 5, the need be Coefficients only the five Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, and yet all Numbers whatever are expreffible by this Scale, at leaft by approxiin

which the

Scale

is

mation,

j^B

mation, to v/hat would be 4 x 5 4 2827,92 in this Arithmetick

Method of FLUXIONS, Thus the common Number accu-racy we pleafe.

77oe
-+- 2

x 5'

-|- 3

x 5*

-\~

ox5 H-2x5-f-4x5~ H-3x 5~

I

s
;

or if
as

Powers of 5 by the Imagination only,

we may fupply the we do thofe of Ten

in

feveral
in the

common
tick.

Scale, this

Number

will be

42302,43

Quinary Arithme-

All vulgar Fractions and mixt Numbers are, in fome meafure, the a particular Scale, or making the Denoexpreffing of Numbers by be the Root of a new Scale. to Thus Fraction is of the minator 1 is the fame as 8 and 8-fx 5 '-f- 3 x j-'j 2 in effect o x ;
3

and
ther

25-5-

reduced to this Notation will be

-4-

x^"

25x9
of
all

2x9'

7x9

-4-4X9""

And

+ 4x 9'

or ra-

fo

other Fractions and

mixt Numbers.

A Number
to
Scale, Scale.

any other Scale affign'd,

computed by any one of thefe Scales is eafily reduced by fubftituting inftead of the Root in one what is equivalent to it exprefs'd by the Root of the other

60 3 6X ^=2i6X 3 , or|=6X, and therefore | &c. by the fubilitution of thefe you will eafily find the equivalent Decimal Number. And the like in all other Scales.
s
1 ,

Thus 6x10,

to

reduce Sexagenary

Numbers

to Decimals,

becaufe

not neceflarily confin'd to be affirmative integer Numbers lefs than the Root, (tho' they mould be fuch if we would have the Scale to be regular,) but as occafion may
Coefficients in thefe Scales are

The

be any Numbers whatever, affirmative or negative, require they may And indeed they generally come out promiffractions. integers or Nor is it neceflary that the cuoully in the Solution of Problems.
Indices of the

Numbers, but may be any regular Arithmetical Progreffion whatever, and the Powers
integral

Powers mould be always

themielves either rational or irrational. come by degrees to the Notion of what

And
is

thus (thirdly)

we

are

call'd

an univerfal

Series,

For fuppofing the Root of the or an indefinite or infinite Series. or a to be Scale indefinite, general Number, which may therefore be reprefcnted by x, or y, &c. and affuming the general Coefficients are Integers or Fractions, affirmative or negaa, b, c, d, &c. which as it may happen ; we may form fuch a Series as this, ax* -ftive,

lx*

ex* -f- dx -f- ex, which will reprefent fome certain Number, If fuch a Number prothe Scale whofe Root is x. exprefs'd by ceeds in hfif.itum, then it is truly and properly call'd an Infinite x being then fuppos'd greater than Series, or a Converging Series,
l

_j_

Such for example is x \x~ '-\-^.x'--+ ^*~3 , &c. where Unity. the reft of the Terms are underftood ad in/initum, and are iniinuated

and INFINITE SERIES.

bv, oV.
for
its

149
Progreffion
is,

And
thus

it

Indices,

as

may have ~any dcfcending Arithmetical m xm -+- ^v* -+-"*.. \s, Gfc. \x
l

And

we

have been led by proper gradations, (that

is

arguing from what

well

known and commonly

received,

to

by what

difficult and obfcure,) to the knowledge of the Learner will find of which infinite Series, frequent Examples And from hence it will be eafy to in the lequel of this Treatife. make the following general Inferences, and others of a like nature, which will be of good ufe in the farther knowledge and practice of t-hefe Series ; viz. That the firft Term of every regular Series is al-

before appear'd to be

ways the

mo ft

coniiderable,

or that

which approaches nearer

to the

Number

intended, (denoted by the Aggregate of the Series,) than other That the fecond is next in value, and fo on lingle Term any That therefore the Terms of the Series ought always to be difpoled
: :

That when

in this regular defcending order, as is often inculcated by our Author : there is a Progreflion of fuch Terms-/;? infinitum, a few of

the firft Terms, or thofe at the beginning of the Series, are or fhould be a fufficient Approximation to the whole ; and that thefe may come as near to the truth as you pleafe, by taking in ftill more Terms That the fame Number in which one Scale may be exprefs'd by a finite number of Terms, in another cannot be exprefs'd but by
:

an

infinite Series,

or by approximation only,
;

and vice

versei

That

the bigger the Root of the Scale is, by fo much the fafter, cafen'.i for then the Reciprocals of the paribus, the Series will converge Powers will be fo much the lefs, and therefore may the more fafely

be neglected
as

by increafing Powers, fuch bx* -+- ex* -|-</.v , &c. the Root x of the Scale mull be underftood to be a proper Fraction, the lefler the better. Yet whenever a Series can be made to conveige by the Reciprocals of Ten, or its Compounds, it will be more convenient than a Series that converges fafter j becaufe it will more eafily acquire the form of the
:

That

if a Series
4

coir

T os

ax -^

Decimal

Scale, to

which,

in particular Cafes,

all Series

are to be ul-

timately reduced. LafHy, from fuch general Series as thefe, which refill are commonly the t in the higher Problems, we muft pafs (by fubftitution) to particular Scales c; Series, and thofe are finally to be And the Art of finding fuch general reduced to the Decimal Scale. their and then Reduction to -particular Scales, and laft all Series,
to the
j

common

Scale of

Decimal Numbers,
ticks, as

of the prefent TrcuUic.

abrtiull-r pares

Amly

may

ulmoll the whole of be fecn in a good meaiiire'by

is

Method of FLUXIONS,
took notice in the fourth place, that this Doctrine of Scales, and Series, gives us an eafy notion of the nature of affected Equations, or fhews us how they ftand related to fuch Scales of Numbers. In Inflances other of and even of general ones, the particular Scales, the Root of the Scale, the Coefficients, and the Indices, are all fiippos'd to be given, or known, in order to find the Aggregate of the But in affected Equations, on Series, which is here the thing required.
I

the contrary, the Aggregate and the reft are known, and the Re ot of the Scale, by which the Number is computed, is unknown and reThus in the affected Equation $x* -j- 3*2 -f- ox* -+- 7*quired. the Aggregate of the Series is given, viz. the Number 53070,

53070, to find x the Root of the

be 10, or to be a
if

Scale.

This

is

eafily difcern'd to

Number

exprefs'd by the

common

Decimal

Scale,

efpecially fupply the feveral Powers of 10, where they are underftood in the Aggregate, thus 5X 4 -+- 3X 3 -f-oX 1 -4-oX

we

=
I

53070. will not be

Whence by companion
-f-

'tis

fo eafily perceived in other instances.

3 Equation 4^+4- ax

3** -f-ox"

-f-

2x

-f-

Ihould not fo eafily perceive that the Root was 5, or that this is a Number exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick, except I could reduce 3 * it to this form, 4x5* -+- 2x $ 3*5* 0x5' -f- 2 x 5 H- 4x5
-+- 3

+7X' = X=io. As ^x~ ^x~ = x

if I
f

But this had the

-f-

2827,92

would preiently apthe be that Root muft So that fought finding the Root of 5. pear, an affected Equation is nothing elfe, but finding what Scale in Arithjnetick that Number is computed by, whofe Refult or Aggregate is
x
5~~
it

2827,92, when by comparifon

which is a Problem of great ufe and given in the common Scale this is to be done, extent in all parts of the Mathematicks. either in Numeral, Algebraical, or Fluxional Equations, our Author
;

How

will inflruct us in

its due place. difmiis this copious and ufeful Subject of Arithmetical Scales, I fhall here make this farther Observation ; that as all conceivable Numbers whatever may be exprefs'd by any one of theie

Before

Scales,

or by help of an Aggregate or Scries of Powers derived frcm fo likewife Root any any Number whatever may be exprefs'd by fome fingle Power of the fame Root, by affuming a proper Index,
;

integer or fracted, affirmative or negative, as occafion fhall require. Thus in the Decimal Scale, the Root of which is 10, or X, not

that

Numbers i, 10, 100, 1000, &c. or i, o.i, o.oi, o.ooi, &c. the feveral integral Powers of 10 and their Reciprocals, is, may s the fingle Powers of X' , 1 or 10, viz. be exprefs'd , ,
only the
or

X, X- X~%
1

by

X X
,

X--% &c.

but alfo refpectively,

all

the inter-

mediate

and INFINITE SERIES.

151

mediate Numbers, as 2, 3, 4, Gff. u, 12, 13, Gfr. may be exprefs'd or 10, if we aflame Powers of proper Indices. by fuch fingle '477",&c. 4 =__ Xo/o-.o, &e. g^ Qr jj JOI03> &CX X' Thus 2 3

=
'

X*.s89s,&c. And the like of 2=== X'>7i" 8 &e> 456 Thefe Indices are ufually call'd the Logarithms of all other Numbers. Numbers the (or Powers) to which they belong, and are fo many Ordinal Numbers, declaring what Power (in order or fucceflion) any And different Scales of Loof any Root aflign'd given Number is,

_.X''4'3!>.

&C

different Roots of thofe Scales. garithms will be form'd, by afluming thefe how But Indices, Logarithms, or Ordinal Numbers may be conveniently found, our Author will likewife inform us hereafter. All that I intended here was to give a general Notion of them, and to mew their dependance on, and connexion with, the feveral Arith-

metical Scales before defcribed. It is eafy to obferve from the Arenariiu of Archimedes, that he confider'd and difcufs'd this Subject of Arithmetical Scales, had
fully in a particular Treatife

or Principles a'^^tl,

in

which he there quotes, by the name of his which (as it there appears) he had laid the

foundation of an Arithmetick of a like nature, and of as large an It extent, as any of the Scales now in ufe, even the moft univerlal. a he had that notion of the acquired very general appears likewife, But how far he had accommoDodtrine and Ufe of Indices alfo. dated an Algorithm, or Method of Operation, to thofe his Princimuft remain uncertain till that Book can be recover'd, which ples, than expedled. However it may be is a thing more to be wim'd his great Genius and Capacity, that fince he from concluded fairly thought fit to treat on this Subject, the progrefs he had made in it

was very confiderable. But before we proceed

ration with
farther
their nature

infinite Series,

to explain cur Author's methods of it may be expedient to enlarge a

Opelittle

and formation, and to make fome general upon Reflexions on their Convergency, and other circumftances. Now their formation will be beft explain'd by continual Multiplication after the following manner. Let the quantity a -+- bx -{-ex 1 -+- <A' -+- ex 4 6cc. be aflumed as a Multiplier, confming either of a finite or an infinite number of
3 ,

Terms
the
will

and

let alfo - -+-

o be fuch a Multiplier, as will give

Root

x=
3

If thefe

two
a

are multiply'd
a

together,

they

produce *

2Xf?* a

2f_V + "1^5^ +

*i
n

V,

&c.

152
.

The Method of
;

FLUXIONS,
its
dp

o
1

and

if inftead

of x
-

we
q

here fubflitute

value

,
'

the Series
ef+t/f ? -^-^9
"*"

wi

ap become -

fy+"<!
TTT
q

f x -

tp+bq
-f-

&c.
tp

=
x

if
x

f-

x 11*
it

cq -*-

/3 -. -f-

x
aq

p* j*

>

o
p
y

or if
dj>

we
eg

divide

by
ep

-,

and
t*

+ bg

+
j

tranfpofe,
,

will be
:

/*

^
it

+ Jq x -

&c.

,7

which

....
Series,

thus derived,

Series in general.

were

may
,

infight into the nature of infinite plain that this Series, (even though it continued to infinity,) mufl always be equal to a, whatever be fuppofed to be the values of p, q, a, b y c, d} &c. For

may

give us a
is

good

For

the

firft

part of the firflTerm, will always be

removed or deflroy'd

by its equal with a contrary Sign, in the fecond part of the feeond Term. And x- the firfl part of the fecond Term, will be re,

moved by its equal with third Term, and fo on

Aggregate of the whole
that

a contrary Sign, in the fecond part

:

of -the

So

as

-finally to leave

or a, for the

Series.

And

here

it is

likewile to be obferv'd,

pleafe, and yet the Equation will be good, provided we take in the Supplement, or a due part of the next Term. And this will always obtain, whatever the nature of the Series may be, or whether it be converging or diverging. If the

we may

flop whenever we

be diverging, or if the Terms continually increafe in value, then there is a neceflity of taking in that Supplement, to preferve But if the Series be converging, or .the integrity of the Equation. if the Terms continually decreafe in any compound Ratio, and therefore finally vanifh or approach to nothing ; the Supplement may be
Series
as vanishing alfb, and any number of Terms maybe taken, the more the better, as an Approximation to the QiumAnd thus from a due confederation of this fictitious Series, a. tity the nature of all converging or diverging Series may eafily be apprefafely neglected,

hended.
feivice.

Diverging Series indeed, unlefs when the afore-mention'd increafing Supplement can be affign'd and taken in, will be of no

Supplement, in Series that commonly occur, will be generally fo entangled and complicated with the Coefficients of the Terms of the Scries, that altho* it is always to be understood., neverthelef?, ii is often impoffible to be extricated and affign'd. But however, converging Series will always be of excellent ufe, as Affording a convenient Approximation to the quantity required, when In thefe the Supplement aforefaid, it cannot be othei wile exhibited.
this

And

tho'

and INFINIT
tho' generally inextricable

SERIES.

153

and unnflignable, yet continually decreafes the of the with Terms Series, and finally becomes lefs than any along
aflignable Quantity.

The. lame Quantity may often be exhibited or exprefs'd by feveral converging Scries but that Series is to be mod edeem'd that has the Rate of Convergency. The foregoing Series will converge greateft
;

fo

much

the fader, cteteris paribus, as

- is lefs

is

lefs

than q

or as the

Fraction

than Unity.

For

if

it

be equal

to, or greater

than

Unity, it may become a diverging Series, and will diverge fo much the fader, as p is greater than q. The Coefficients will contribute
little

or

nothing to

this

Convergency or Divergency,

if

they are

fuppos'd to increafe or decreafe (as is generally the cafe) rather in a fimple and Arithmetical, than a compound and Geometrical Proportion. To make fome Edimate of the Rate of Convergency in this Series, and by analogy in any other of this kind, let k and / reprefent two Terms indefinitely, which immediately fucceed each other in the progrefTion of the Coefficients of the Multiplier a -+bx -if ex* -f-^x 3 , &c. and let the number n reprefent the order or

place of

k.

Then any Term of the

-fis

Series indefinitely

may

be repre,

fented

by
n
1

l'-Jf-~*- where the Sign

?"

mud

be

-+- or

accori,

ding
k

as a,

=
/>,

an odd or an even Number.

1',

Thus

if
.

==
]f

then

and the
c,

firft

Term

will be -f- *_LlL^Z

then &
fo

= =
l
/,

==2j

and the fecond

if
-f-

of the red.

Alib then

m
?"

be

the
l

Term will next Teim

be

^~p.
be any

And
profuc-

in the aforefaid

grefTion after
cefiive

-^~lp"~
Series.

-f-

^
?"

7 /."

will

two

Terms

in the

fame

Now

in

order to a due Conver-

gency, the former Term abfolutely confider'd, that is fetting afide the Signs, mould be as much greater than the fucceeding Term, as
conveniently
greater

may
'

be.

Let us fuppoie therefore that

or
(

JL^Jp-i
i"

than

"
r

' ~^ ^p",

dividing

all

by the
(

common

factor c"
}

\
'

that ^

t"

/f?

is

greater

than

^
,

or

multiplying both by pq,

that Ipq -f-

mon

IpqJ
fl

than nip* +- Ipq, or (taking away the comkrf is greater 1 that kf is greater than //.y, , or (by a farther Diviiion,)
is

that - x

greater than unity

and

as

much

greater as

may

be.

This

7%e Method of
This
will take effeft

FLUXIONS,

; firft, the greater k is in the is in refpect of p\ of ;;;, and fecondly, greater 5* refpecl: in the Multiplier a -\-bx -f- ex* -\-dx>, &c. if the Coefficients a, b, in any decreafing ProgreiTion, then k will be greater than r, &c. are

on a double account

Now

/,

will be greater than therefore m. Alfo if q be greater than p, and (in a duplicate ratio) is So that be than will (cater faribus) the degree of /*. greater j* from, the Rate according to is here to be eftimated, Convergency

which

is

greater than

fo that a fortiori k

the Coefficients a, b, with the Ratio, (or rather

w hich

&c. continually decreafe, compounded its duplicate,) according to which q fhall be fuppos'd to be greater than />.
c,

The fame
what was

the things obtaining as before,

Term

.j_

A
/

will

be

For if the Series be call'd the Supplement of the Series. continued to a number of Terms denominated by n, then inftead of all the reft of the Terms in itifinitutn, we may introduce this Supvalue of a, inftead of plement, and then we fhall have the accurate Here the firft Sign is to be taken an approximation to that value. Thus if if n is an odd number, and the other when it is even.

n=
*

i,

and confequently

k=a,
and
j

and

/=
bb-^-a-j
i

<,
b

we

== a.
q

Or
.

if

== 2,
7

/=
then
.i

c,

then

lX

c\i

L---a.

Or

if

3,

/=

a,

J-If

ill +
e

fhall

have

tll
i

xt
-

ff->r f-a p _L_L_I x - -41

<{$ -4-

cq

=.$.

And

fo on.

Here the taking

value

in

of the Suppleit

ment always compleats the

of

a,

and

makes

perfect,

whether the Series be converging or diverging ; which will always be the beft way of proceeding, when that Supplement can readily
be known.
happens, in fuch infinite Series as gewe muft have recourfe to infinite converging Series, nerally occur, wherein this Supplement, as well as the Terms of the Series, are

But

as this rarely

diminifh'd ; and therefore after a competent number of them are collected, the reft may be all neglected in infinitum. From this general Series, the better to aflift the Imagination, we will defcend to a few particular Inftances of converging Series in
infinitely

pure Numbers.
<

Let the Coefficients

;

,,

to, refpectively
J
'

then
7

** _
3

a,

/>,

c-,

d,

&c. be expounded by

x ^

^
'

^c!
(XC<
r
.

or

5
'.

L^_fl^ x ^ H_-2^ x ^_^-+5ix 4, f

/

^
5

27

r.x; ?

x 4?

4x55.

3'

&C.
lefs

That the

Series

hence arifmg

may

converge,

make/

than

a?:d IN
than q in any given
ratio,

FINITE SERIES.
-

155
i,

fuppofe
-J.,

computed by Binary Arithmetick, Reciprocals of the Powers of Two, if infinitely continued will Or if we defire to flop at thefe four finally be equal to Unity. and reft inftead of the ad infinitum if we would introduce Terms, the Supplement which is equivalent to them, and which is here
is

Fractions, which

|.x|H-4^x^

TV x

&c.

= =

~, or
i.

/>

2,

then

That

is,

this

Series

of

or by the

known
T'of
1

to be
i,

j
is i,

x T or TV, y,
eafy to
|,
-i,

we
-f,

as

prove.
i,
4f
/
i 3

Hull have 4 -fT | -+Or let the fame Coemdents be ex-

pounded by
3

&c. then

it

will be -

-+-

4iz^
X 47
J*

1f

4 X 5?

&

Thu Series m

ehhei

be continued
exprefs'd

infinitely,

or

may

be fum'd after any number of

Terms
all

by

;?,

by introducing the Supplement

particularly, if
(

~
i,

infteadof

H-IXJ*

the

reft.

Or more
--

we make (jr=

^ &c. i, v/hich is a Number 30X;;!' 20X^4 And this is eafily reduced to the exprefs'd by Quinary Arithmetick. Decimal Scale, by writing for -f, and reducing the Coefficients ; for then it will become if we take thefe i. 0,99999, &c. five Terms, mall have exadly we together with the Supplement,
7-^-. -+-

6x5!

liXjS

-f

$p,

then -2

_f.

Now

2x5

-f-

r 6x,i

11-

+
+

-1212x5}

-f-

20x54
"

+ -~
fhall
<

30x5'

4- ^-, 6x;

=
27

i.

Again,

if

we make

here JJ

77= ioo/^,
40

we
9

have the Series

co

^^-

6
>c

x 3

-iiccoo

~9

X 3

x
i

which converges very

reduce this to the regular Decimal Scale of Arithmetick, (which is always fuppos'd to be done, before any particular Problem can be faid to be coinplcatly
if

4 fa ft.

oooooo -f-

-':

4X 5

locoocooo

And

we would

folved,)

we muit

let

the Terms,

when

decimally reduced, orderly

under one another, that their Amount or Aggregate may be tlifcover'd and then they will ftand as in the Margin. Here the Aggregate of the firfc five Terms is 0,99999999595, 0,985 which is a near Approximation to the Amount of the
;

whole
lake,

infinite Series, or to Unity.

And

if,

for proof'

we add

to

this

the Supplement
.

+/

1L
5
'

,-

'"
|OJ

,/'

0,00000000405, the wh<

be

Unity exaclly.

There

f6 3
There

The Method of
*f

FLUXIONS,
Series,

are alfo other

Methods of forming converging

whe-

mew vergency, be done, in order to make the Series finite ; which of late it can has been call'd the Summing of a Series. Let A, B, C, D, E, &c. and a, />, c, d, e, &c. be any two Progrcffions of Terms, of which is to be exprefs'd by a Series, either finite or infinite, compos'd of itfelf and the other Terms. Suppofe therefore the firft Term of

ther general or particular, which fhall approximate to a known quanand therefore will be very proper to explain the nature of Contity, and to how the Supplement is to be introduced, when

the Series to be a, and that

Then
ment,
as
is

is

-}-/>,

or

is

~a

the fupplement to the value of a.

.

As

this

is

the

whole Supple-

in

order to form a Series,

I fhall
,

denominated by the Fraction -

only take fuch a part of it and put q for the fecond Sup-

plement.
/A q
f

That
a

is,

I will afiimie
b
\

= (p=)
..

xi

R=7
q>

a A x ~~B~
I fhall

value of the Supplement

1S 1S the whole Again, as only aflume fuch a part of it as is de'

....

-XTJ

-\-q, or

.,

nominated by the Fradion

>
.

and
.

for the

= (?=)
x
rrI

next Supplement put

r.

-gx

orr

= (-/A
is
is,

Now

as this

the whole

value of the Supplement r,

only afTume fuch a part of it as is denominated

s.

by the Fraction
x -7 ^
B
as
/;

Bl>

Cc Cc x x
x
I

and for the next Supplement put

A
)
'

That
or
s

~
c

= =
( ^

a
-

D
a r-

x
B
'>

^
r-

- x Cc, -rr-a U -+/;

s,

=
lo
/-

a x -77Ij
as far

7
i

A
at

TJ

Cc
77

T>d
x
.

A j And

on

we

pleafe.

So that

where the Supplement p

inent q

lafr.

we have

the value of A.'=a-\-p,

~l)-\-q, where the fecond Supple-

==
s

where
_,.

=
11
7,

g
A

TT-C -}- r,
B
b

where r

A
g

l>

x
fo

x '^D
A A

That
A
-\-

is

finally
b

TV-

Cc
-jj-

C c D d And -7- x -rr r-e-\- 1. U x H, A a. B A a a -+b .+x ^-c -\

(*.
/;

^~ x -]y

Cc

4C

s,

on ad
a

tnfinitum.
c
,

A
TT\

Eb x
-7

x -jj-

-J7-e,

Kc. where A, B, C, D, E,

-a

r^

-O Of* ere.

and a y

b, r, d, e, 6cc.

be any two Progreffions of Numbers whatever, whether regular or defultory, afcending or defcending. And when

may

it

it

of itfelf, and exhibits the 5cc. then But in other cafes it apvilue of A in a finite number of Terms the value to of But in the cafe of an A. proximates indefinitely faid Progreffions ought to the infinite Approximation, proceed reHated it will be Law. Here to feme eafy to ob"ularlv, according if 1C and k are put to reprefent any two Terms indefifcrvc," that aforefaid Progreffions, whofe places are denoted by the the in nitely number ;/, and if L and / are the Terms immediately following ; then the Term in the Series denoted by n -f- i will be form'd from
___
the Series terminates
:

happens

in

and INFINITE SERIES. thefe Progreffions, that either A

157
a,

or

B=^,

or

the preceding

K
DC
I
i

Term, by multiplying

A, k
/t
r>
j
"

=
',

a,
A

L
*

=
T
f-*

it

B,
17

l=b,
L

As by -^ /. and the fecond

TC
-L

(v

/-

if

i,

Term
u
a

will

t"1~ipn
'

"R

**

k
r

--

"

z c,

and the third

reft.

Term

A
will be

and

fo

of the

And whenever it fhall

at this

== ~tT jr-^* ~7cT happen that L =/,

farther.

a,

f>

~Tr~

r;

then the

Series will

ftop

Term, and proceed no

And
as

the
the

Series

approximates Numbers A, B, C, D, &c. and each other refpedively.

fo

much

the
a,

fafter,
b, c,

catcris paribus,

d, &c. approach nearer to

fome Examples in pure Numbers. Let A, B,C, D, we &c. i, i, i, i, &c- then 2, 2, 2, 2, &c. and a, b, c, d, &c. fo when And c i -h 1 Hfhall have 2 always, T +* -V> Series will be a the of are Ranks the given Progreffions equals, this we would have If G<~ metrical Progrefnon. Progieffion ftop at

Now

to give

&

=
-

the next Term, we to be 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,

may
i,

either fuppofe the or the fecond to be

firft

given
i,
/, ^

Progreilion
i,

i,

one which.

For

in either cafe

we

mall have

L=
TC
-

i, i,

2,
is
p*

'tis

all

that

F ==/,

or i. and therefore the laft Term muft be multiply'dby , I Then the Progreffion or Series becomes 2 Tci +T-r-ir~+"T and 'if A, B, C, D, &c. &c. d, c, a, b, 5, 5, +-TT5, 5, Again, + c & &c. =4, 4> 4, 4, &c then 5 H-H T 4 T *-TT, T TTT &c if Or &c. -ior ^. H- T T -4 T 4, A, B, C, D, T!T> and </, *, f d, &c. then 5, 5, 5, 5, &c. 4, 4, 4, 6cc. - S &c. If A, B, C, D, &c. &c. *- T H- ^Tr, 5, 5, 5, 5, i -4- -fV 6 6, 7, 8, 9, &c. then 5 and tf, ^, c, d, &c. T7-f-4-Xy8 ^-xf x-f-y -h x-fx AX 10, &c. If we would have the Series or if we v/oiud find one more Term, or Supplement, ftop here, which fhculd be equivalent to all the reft ad inftnitum y (which indeed

'

= == + =

= =

4=5

-^-

Method of FLUXIONS,
deed might be deiirable here, and in fuch cafes as this, becaufe of thcllow Convergency, or rather Divergency of the Series,) fuppofe F==/j and therefore ~ T mu ^ be niultiply'd by the la ft
-

= ""7^ ^
'

Term.
^ X

T9

3, 4, 5,

So that the Series becomes 5 * ^ 4 TO * f 3 X '* X> x TJ XT 10 XT v XT Tv Tv Tv Tv &c. and i, 2, b, c, d, &c.

* '
'

=
1

6
Tf r

1.7 -f-

.1.

T-+^x^
=^
i,

2,

13

this general

1-43, 4, &c. then 2 If A,B,C,D,6cc. &c. 3 +|x^xi4-|-|x^xix^5, and ^, b, c, d, &c. 2, 3,4, 5, &c. then i 3, 4, &c. X HT T XT;<i5 T x|4 *T T X T 6 > &c And from Series may infinite other particular Series be eafily de<--,

A R for **> ^ ^> ^> (XU

CD
-

-^-S

fx

..

2>
-->

which fliali perpetually converge to given Quantities the chief ufe of which Speculation, I think, will be, to iliew us the nature
rived,
;

of Convergency in general.

There are many other fuch form'd, which mall converge

confliucl a Series
that
flrali

like general Series that to a given Number.

may
As

be readily

if I
i,

would
toge-

converge to Unity, I fet

down

ther with a

Rank

of Fractions, both negative and affirmative, as

here follows.

&c --"""""'"'
'*

-h

and INFINITE SERIES,

with
both affirmative and negative, which being added together obliquely
it,

159
here below
;

iiich as are feen

as before,

will produce the

following Series.

4-

j6o

*fi>e

Method of FLUXIONS,

In order to obtation of the ufual praxis of Divifion in Numbers. of the comaa or relblve the divided b to tain Quotient by -f- x,

pound Fraction T|Tis

into a Series of fimple

l> }

Terms,

firft

find

the

Quotient of aa divided by

the

firft

which write
fet

in the Quote.

Term of the Then multiply

Divifor.

This

the Divifor by

this

Term, and
it

the Product aa -h

under the Dividend, from

whence

muft be fubtracted, and

find

will leave the

Remainder

Then
the

to

the

next

Remainder by the

firft

the Quotient

"~

for

Term (or Figure) of the Quotient, divide Term of the Divifor, or by b, and put the fecond Term of the Quote. Multiply
Term, and
;

the Divifor by this fecond

fet

the Product
it

^r

orderly under the

find the

laft

Remainder

from whence
"-^bo
.

muft be fubto find the

tracted, to

new Remainder -h

Then

of the Quotient, you are to proceed with th-is new Remainder as with the former ; and fo on in infimtum. The Qupnext

Term
r

a*

K*

c*x*
-+-

a*x3

tient therefore

is

^this

&c.

(or

-j

into

? .+-

6cc.)

So that by
1

Operation the

Number

or

1 from that Scale in , (or a x^-t-*!" ) is reduced Quantity Arithmetick whofe Root is b -+ x, to an equivalent Number, the

Root of whofe
this

Scale,

(or

whofe converging quantity)

is

found, will converge fo the fafter to the truth, as b is greater than x. To- apply this, by way of illustration, to an inftance or two in common Numbers. Suppofe we had the Fraction |, and would jeduce it from the feptenary Scale, in which it now appears, to an Then mall converge by the Powers of 6. equivalent Series, that and therefore in the foregoing general we (hall have j ;

Number, or

infinite Series thus

And much

=^

Fraction
will
Y.

-^x b
-"j~

make a-=.

i,

6,

and

#==1, and
will

the Series

~ become f ^ Or if we would reduce

^, &c. which
it

be equivalent to

of

8,

becaufe

f=

to

a Series converging

make

a=

i,

^=8,

by the Powers and .v i,

then

and IN FINITE SERIES.

then ~

j6r

=
3
;

T +

~*

-+-

&
if

-+-

>

&- c -

which

Series will converge fafter

than the former.

Or

we would reduce it to

the

Decimal)

Scale,

becaufe f

x=

then 7 0,1428, &c. as

-~r-

niake

a=

common Denary (or

i,
l>

10,

and

-rV -4- -4-0- -+-

Wo-o-

-f- -o-Vo-o-

TO-O-^O-S-J <* c '

may

be

eafily collected.

obferve, that this or any other Fraction of ways to infinite Series ; but that Series will converge iafteft riety But that to the truth, in which b mall be greateft in refpect of x.
Series

And hence we may maybe reduced a great va-

reduced to the common Arithmetic^, which converges by the Powers of 10, or its Multiples. If we
will be
eafily

mod

finituniy

or i -f- 6, refolve 7 into the parts 3 -f- 4, or or fuch have of we mould inftead Series, &c. converging diverging be to taken in. as require a Supplement And we may here farther obferve, that as in .Divifion of common Numbers, we may flop the procefs of Divifion whenever we and inftead of all the reft of the Figures (or Terms) ad inpleafe, we may write the Remainder as a Numerator, and the

mould here

2+5,

'Divifor

as the

Denominator of

fame will obtain in the the Supplement to the in Thus the of Divifion prefent Example, if we will flop Species.
at the
firft

a Fraction, Quotient : fo the

which Fraction

will

be

we mall Term of the Quotient, ^

'

have

-^b + X
--r\.

Or

if

we

will

ft

op

at the

fecond

Term, then

= =j
"~
o

a
bX
/;

^L. |- x

"-~r

-f-

Or

if

we

will flop at the third

x
.

Term, then

^- = ^
in

_ ^thefe Supplements

And

fo

in the fucceeding

Terms,

which

in fome of compleat. to the following Speculations, when a complicate Fraction is not to be reduced a to or be intirely refolved, but only to be deprefs'd, commodious form. fimpler and more havhence we Or change Divifion into Multiplication. For may its and of the firft Term Supplement, or Quotient, ing found the *' K ta aax aa i i -i /lit the Equation ^ multiplying it by ? , we fhall x

may

always be introduced, to

make

the Quotient

This Obfervation will be found of good ufe

have IldVC
ant

-^i

-^
, '

-,

T~^3a

fo
it

that fubftituting
Ml

this aa

value of
aaX

_ffL_
.

in

the

firft

Equation,
firft

will

become

^= y
aa

-^

-f-

a>A'*-

where the two

Terms of

the Quotient are

now known.
Multiply

162
Multiply
*
L

The.
this

Method of FLUXIONS*
and
it

by

will

become

aa
r

=.
.

t-^-x

which being fubfthuted in the laft Equation, it will become 1 ra aav a' x*' fi^.v a*** .1 n c -4 1where the four nrlt rb b*

---A.4

b*

-will

I*

--

r-

-.

iS+i*X
rf

. '

Terms of
,-,
,

the Quotient are

now known.
5 .v4

Equation by

^
r

and
,

it

become

^7^ =
x

Again,
fl-.v4
*

---JT+ ~
multiply
a*x*

this a*x 6

'

-p
...
,

r- -,

which being
-

fubftituted
a*x*

in the laft
7 .<3

Equation s
a1x !

it
i

will
6

become 17

aa

=
,

a*

.v

a**4
1

p- 4are

fyihi

^b

i V8
5T-

-4

known. And fucceeding Operation will double the ber of Terms, that were before found in the Quotient. This method of Reduction may be thus very conveniently imitated in Numbers, or we may thus change Divifion into Multipliof the cation. Suppofe (for inftance). I would find the Reciprocal m Decimal Prime Number 29, or the value of the Fraction T T Numbers. I divide 1,0000, Gfc. by 29, in the common way, fo far as to find two or three of the firft Figures, or till the Remainder becomes a fingle Figure, and then I afliime the Supplement to compleat Thus I mail have T ~ =. 0,03448^ for the compleat the Quotient. Quotient, which Equation if I multiply by the Numerator 8, it will
'
.

t9-^-6x fo every

where eight of the

firft

Terms

now num-

give

the in the firft Equation, and I (hall have this initead Again, I multiply this Equation by 6, ^=1:0,0344827586^. * == and it will give T 7 o, 2068965517^, and then by Subftitution T 7 I multiply this Equation by 7, 0,03448275862068965517^. Again, anditbecomes T7? =o,24i3793io3448275862oi|-,andthenbySubfti-

0,275844^., ^ = of Fraction

or rather

^.==0,27586^.

I fubftitute

'

where every Operation

will at

leaft

found by the preceding Operation.

And

double the number of Figures this will be an eafy Expeall

dient for converting Divifion into Multiplication in the Reciprocal of the Divifor being thus found, it into the Dividend to produce the Quotient. ply'd

Cafes.

For

may

be multi**S

Now

as

it is

here found, that

aa

=7

aa

n*x

-**

77 -+ ~jr
;

Z7~>

&c. which Series will converge when b is greater than A* fo when than b, that the it happens to be otherwife, or when x is greater muft have recourfe to Powers of x may be in the Denominators we
the

and INFINITE SERIES,

the other Cafe of Divifion,
i
a
_j_

163
-^-^
is

in

which we

fhall

find

=^

^-

"^

&c.

and where the Divifion

perform 'd as

before.

In thefe Examples of our Author, the Procefs of Divifion exercife of the Learner) may be thus exhibited : (for the
5, 6.

xi
1
AT

+o
.V4

+7 *-

Now
we

order to a due Convergency, in each of thefe Examples, muft fuppofe x to be lefs than Unity; and if x be greater than
in

Unity,

we muft
I

invert the
I I

Terms, and then

c &c

we
i

fhall

have

=^
1

^
ii

i *
-

XX "^

7*

*/*

Roots by integral and and particular Indices, was certainly a .very happy Thought, and an admirable Improvement of Analyticks, by which the practice is render'd eafy, regular, and univeifal. It was chiefly owing to our Author, at leaft he carA Learner fhould .ried on the Analogy, and made it more general. be well acquainted with this Notation, and the Rules of its feveral Operations fhould be very familiar to him, or otherwife he will often
I fhall not enter into any farfind himfelf involved in difficulties. ther difcuffion of it here, as not properly belonging to this place,

io. This Notation of Powers and 7, 8, 9, fractional, affirmative and negative, general

or fubject, but rather to the vulgar Algebra. 1 1. The Author proceeds to the Extraction of the Roots of pure Equations, which he thus performs, in imitation of the ufual Pro^ To extract the Square-root of aa +- xx ; firft the cefs in Numbers.

Root of aa
of
for

this, or aa, being fubtradted

which muft be put in the Quote. Then the Square from the given Power, leaves -+-xx Divide this by twice the Root, or 2a, which is a Refolvend.
is

a,

th

164
the
firft

?$

Method' of FL u X r or N s,
and the Quotient
as alfo the

part of the Divifor,

muft be made the

fecond

Term

of the Root,

fecond

Term
x

of the Divifor.
,

Multiply the Divifor thus compleated, or

-za -J-

by the fecond

Term

of the Root, and the Produft

xx

+
,
4-"

muft be fubtrafted
for a

from the Refolvend.

.

This will leave

firft

new

Refolvend,
2tf,

which being divided by the

A

will give

for the third

j

Term Term of
added to

of the double Root, or

the Root.
it,

Twice

the

Root
,

before found, with this

Term

or 2a -+-

^
8^4
1-

-^
640''

be-

ins multiply 'd by this

Term, the Product

laft

^4a*

muft
-f-

be fubtrafted from the

.

Refolvend,

and the Remainder

will be a

for

finding the

pleafe. 1

So that

new Refolvend, to be next Term of the Root we (hall have \/ aa -+-xx

'

proceeded with as before,

= a+ _
'T.a

and

fo

on

as far as
-' _i_ oa*

you
io*

eafy to obferve from hence, that in the Operation every new Column will give a new Term in the Quote or Root; and therefore
It is

no more Columns need be form'd than it is intended there mall be Terms in the Root. Or when any number of Terms are thus exThus havtraded, as many more may be found by Divifion only.
ing;

found the three

-\

firft

Terms of
v4
,

the

Root a

-f-

2a

fcu3

, "

by J

v^

their double -za

dividing the third Remainder or

firft

Rel6&^

folvend
c* 8
1

-\;
'

in.

7^:
04*.
l

the three

Terms of

the Quotient ^*

2 Oil

7x

',-

2 COrt*

will be the three fucceeding fj

Terms of
r

the Root. the fquare-

The

Series

-f-

^i H

TT*

>

^ c<

^ us f untl f

root of the irrational quantity aa -f- xx, is to be understood in the In order to a due convergency a is to be (iippos'd following manner.
greater than x, that the

Root or converging quantity

may

be

leis

than Unity, and that a

root required.

may

But

as this

is

be a near approximation to the fquaretoo little, it is enereafed by the fmall

it

quantity

which now makes

too big.

Then by

the next

Operation

and INFINITE SERIES.

Operation it is diminim'd by diminution being too much, it
quantity
minifli'd
-7--r
,

165

the
is

ftill

fmaller quantity

^;

which

again encreas'd by the very fmall

which makes

it

too great, in order to be farther di-

by the next Term. And thus it proceeds in infinitum, the Augmentations and Diminutions continually correcting one another, till at lalt ihey become inconfiderable, and till the Series (fo far continued)
12.
is

a lufficiemly near
is

Approximation to the Root required.

Wh-ii a
01

verted,
in

Ids than x, the order of the Terms muft be inihe fquare-root of xx -+- aa muft be extracted as before;
it

which

cafe

will be

-+- 2X

-f-. 5

, '

&c.

And

in

this

Series

the converging quantity, or the Root of the Scale, will be -. Thefe two Scries are by no means to be understood as the two different Roots of the quantity aa -+- xx for each of the two Series will exhibit thofe two Roots, by only changing the Signs. But they are accommodated to the two Caf s of to according as a or x may
-,

yv=.cni-\f
11

Convergency, happen be the greater quantity. I (halt here refclve the foregoing Quantity after another manner, the better to prepare the way lor what is to follow. Suppofe then fi'-d the value of the Root where we the xx, may y
,wir
;.j

Proccfy

or zap -+- pp

= = xx =
;

yy

aa
(If

p=

-+-

XX=

(\f)'

q}
-

--qq;

or

2rf?-J-

^ -H^=
-

= aa^-zap ~ xx + = _^
rf-f-/)

by

-\-pp-,

zaq

-{-

(if

?===

rr

= -'-,

oi,'

(if

O-|t.

VU*

+ +
the

>

or

j)

&c. which Procefs

may J

be thus explain 'd In order to find

in wo-ds.

V ua --xx,
1

yy-=aa-\-xx,

^-f-/', iuppofc y a pretty near Approxii: arion to the value of _y, (the nearer the betand p is the lnv.,11 Supplement to that, or the quantity which ter,) makes it compleat. Then by Subftitution is deiivcd the fir It Sunxx, whole Root/; is to bt fou:,d. plementiil Lqu^i'oa zap -+-//;

or

Root y of this Equation wheie a is to be undeiftood as

INOW

as 2uJ>

is

n:iich bigger than ff,

fh;.!l

(lor

za
,

is

bigger than the Sup-

plement/,)
exactly
;-

v;c
:
;

have nearly p

or at leaft

ve

(hall

have

-f-

-',

fuppofmg q

to

reprefent the fecoiid Supple-

ment

j66

*ft>e

Method of FLUXIONS,
Then by
Subftitution zaq -+-

ment of the Root.

^1

^q

-4-^=
is

will be the fecond

Supplemental Equation, whofe Root q

q will be a
little

the

fecond Supplement.

Therefore

quantity, and qq
g--3
,

much
q

lefs,

fo -that
-f- r,

we

mall have nearly

q=

or accurately

=.

if r

be made the third Supplement to the Root.

r
4^
-f- r*

And

r therefore zar -fU

fou*r

will be
L^,"

the

third Supplemental Equation, go on as far as we pleafe, to

whofe Root is r. And thus we may form Refidual or Supplemental Equations, whofe Roots will continually grow lefs and lefs, and therefore will make nearer and nearer Approaches to the Root y, to which they always converge. For y =5= a -{-/>, where p is the Root of this
Equation zap-- pp-=xx.

Or y =: a~\-\

-+-g,

where q

is

the
-f-

Root of
*
Ztt

this

Equation zaq

-q-\-qq-=z

--

Or y

a
a

~
I

oa>

-. -f- r.

where r

is

the

Root of

this

Equation zar
"Refolution of

-f-

rr-=. -~

~.

And

fo on.

The

any one

of thefe Quadratick Equations, in the ordinary way, will give the which will compleat the value of y. refpeclive Supplement, I took notice before, upon the Article of Divifion, of what may be call'd a Comparifon of Quotients; or that one Quotient be

may

exhibited by the help .of another, together v/ith a Series of known Here we have an Inftance of a like 'Comparifon or iimple Terms. of Roots; or that the Root of one Equation may be exprels'd by the Root of another, together with a Series of known or fimple

Terms, which will hold good in all Equations whatever. And to we mall hereafter find a like Comparifon of carry on the Analogy, one where Fluents ; Fluent, (fuppofe, for inftance, a Curvilinear Area,) will be exprefs'd by another Fluent, together with a Series of fimple Terms. This I thought fit to infinuate here, by way of that I might mew the conftant uniformity and haranticipation, mony of Nature, in thefe Speculations, when they are duly and regularly purfued.
I mall here give, ex abundanti, another Method for this, and of Extractions, tho' perhaps it may more properly bekind fuch Refolution of Affected Equations, which is foon to follong to the low ; however it may ferve as an Introduction to their Solution.

But

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The
firft

167

Refidual or Supplemental Equation in the foregoing Procefs was which xx, 2ap -\-pp-=. may be refolved in this manner.

Bccaufe
**
!

/>= -^-, za + t
'

it

will be
all

" by 3 Divilion p

=8*'

za

-{ Aa*

-f-

^
3Z
all

,-^7
fir ft)

+ -^

x*tA

&c.

Divide

the

Terms of

this Series (except the

Series,

by p, and then multiply them by the whole value of />, and you will have p

=-

or by the
3

ia

'

8*4

-^ -f-

^ -g

6cc.

where the two

this Series,

firft

Terms

are clear'd of />.

Divide

the

Terms of
for

by the value of

in

which

except the two firft, by />, and multiply them or />, by the firft Series, and you will have a Series And by rethe three firft Terms are clear'd of p.

peating the Operation, you

pleafe.
-+-

may

clear as

So that at

laft

you

will have

p=

many Terms of p

as

you

-+-

7^

&c. which will give the fame value of y as before. of thefe Examples, and 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. The feveral Roots of all other pure Powers, whether they are Binomials, Trinomials, or any other Multinomials, may be extracted by purfuing the Method of the foregoing Procefs, or by imitating the like Praxes in Numbers. But they may be perform'd much more readily by gene-

^~,

for that purpofe. And as there will be frecertain general Operathe for enfuing Treatiie, quent as Multiplication, fuch be tions to perform'd with infinite Series, Divilion, railing of Powers, and extracting of Roots ; 1 mall here derive fomc Theorems for thofe purpofes.
ral

Theorems computed
occalion, in

E, &c. P-f-Q^-R-f-S-t-T, &c. and a _l__j_^_{_j\.4_ g) &c. reprefent the Terms of three feveral Series and let A-|-B-{-C-f-D-|-E, &c. into P+Q-t-R-f-S+T, refpedlively, a, -\- /B -{&c. y -i- -\- e, &c. Then by the known Rules of be multiMultip'ication, by which every Term of one Factor is to AP, /3 AQ^-jply'd into every Term of the other, it will be
I.

Let

A H- B 4- C + D -+-

<f~

=
it

BP, BS

+ CR-t-DQ^-4- E'P
.

7=AR-i-BQ^-CP, ^z^AS-i-BR-i-LQH-DP, g=AT-f;

and

fo on.

1-

4-

"^.-t-K -f- o -t-

i7ov. = AP +BP -i-Cf'+DP-f-E,-,

Then by

Subftitution

will be
<3c.

And

68
And
this will

'The

Method of FLUXIONS,

infinite Series into

(A)
(B)

be a ready Theorem for the Multiplication of any each other 5 as in the following Example.
(E)
A'4
,, . -

(C)

X*

afr*+
=

x + & + &> &c mto*-fx-f- -

(D) *J

(P)

(QJ

(R) 1

(S)

(T)

&>+X^+i*?,rb
JL/rv t* A
,

+~, $cc, =^+t^+tf^

X*
A4
V-1
'-

_ ^^TT

v* a **

-P.

9#

\2a"

+**'+
i! 7a

+7|? *
4
_

\a '*

-*-

.3* ^
9

And
II.

fo in all

other cafes.

From

the fame

Equations

above

we

fhall

have

-.

.-DQ.-CR-BS-AT
^

And then by Subftitution ^

i

^(A + B-J-C+D + E, &c. =) S +

p p

commodioufly for the Divifion of one infinite Series by Here for conveniency-fake the Capitals A, B, C, D, &c. another. in the Theorem, to denote the firft, fecond, retained are third, fourth, &c. Terms of the Series refpedively.
will ferve

Thus,
(>)

for
(/)

Example,
(t)

if

we would

(0)

ii x *
the

'

"
z ,
.

divide the Series #* _f. .ax -+. p ( (QJ (S) (ij

J

_}_ ^-ii^-_{_

&c. by the Series

a+^x-i-f-

-f-

~^.

&c.

Quotient

will

be

a *"~

-f-

T*

fx*

&c.

Or

reftoring

the Values
as
z

of

A, B, C, D, &c. which reprefent the order, the Quotient will become a

feveral

Terms
5

f#

they /land in
_i_ .11
*^

And

after the

fame manner in

ga 3

'

& Ut r ^'
HI.

all

other Examples.

and INFINITE SERIES.

III.
.

In the

laft

Theorem make .r=r,

^_
V.
l'

/3

o,

o>=o, ^

169
0,60:.

then

~~F~

~~p

DQ+CR+BS+AT
^

&(

whkh Theorcm win

readl]y find th

Here A, B, C, D, &c. denote the feveral of any infinite Series. Terms of the Series in order, as before.
cal

Thus
<R)
_|_

if

we would know
(T)

p) (QJ the Reciprocal of the Series a-\- f.v-{(

(S)

^
And
-

4-

&c.

we

fhall

have by Subftitution

t_i

&c.
la
1-

reftoring the Values of

A, B, C, D, &c.

it

will be

*-

--h ---12^
^- 2.
l

84

^~720*'
>

&c. for the Reciprocal required.

if

,. x + f ..- A< ..{

firft

f.

+ + i*+i<, &c.
f.v
;

And

fa of others. IV. In the

Theorem if we make P=A, Q^==B, R C, if we make both to be the fame Series that we mail have &c. is, S=D, * zAD + 2 AE + zAF + zAG.tff. A+B+C+D+E+F+G7&^ tf= A+ zAB + zAC+ 1
I

+ B + zBC + BD + zBE + aBF + L* + zCD+ zCE + D*

2

which
Series.

will be a

Theorem

for finding the Square of

any
"

infinite

Fv

-_ -'_
aa

Sa'^lba 5

iz8a 7

256^

4^*

ga^iea*

zSafl"

25!.,

.'<>

64

2a s

*^c

Ex. J 3.

--u

x1
^a

H-^3
bx*
i

'

&c.

t 1 x'

txl

A-4

TTTI
.7/4 4

64*4

Ex. 4

_l H_H_l^J

Ii

^-,

2434"

*_ - ii._fil
9<?4

30."
>

v.

Method of FLUXIONS, V. In this laft Theorem, if we make A*= P, aAB Qv 2 AC 1 1 2 AE 2BC C -+- 2BD -fS, T, &c. we _f- B =R, 2AD -+R O R S BC D fhallhave A P^ B -^- E== ^-, C==-^T ~ 2BD ~ C
iA
-4-4~ zA ^^

=
,

=
zA

.-

==
"*

&c.
B
z
1

Or p
S

+ Q + K-hS+TH-U,
T
-4-

&c.
BE 2A

^
|

=
'

pi

Qr

2RC

2BD
2A

C^
-4-

^CD -

2A

&c <xu

the Square-root of any infinite Series may eafily be B, C, D, &c. will reprelent the feveral Terms of the Series as they are in fucceffion.

By

this

Theorem

extracted.

Here A,

^1

^i

i^-

_i_

fli

a4

Ex 2^1-

"'~~ o
is

=
P,

VI. Becaufeit
a
,

by the fourth Theorem a -{-@-i--y-\-<f<-t-t,&tc.

4-2a/3-f-

2a^

+ 2a^H,

|*

2ae, &c. in the third

Theorem

for

Q^ R, S,
i
/

1 T, &c. write a

2a/3,

2> + j8S

2a^

-f- 2/3y,

2ag-

&c. refpedively.
X

Then

A
for finding the Reciprocal of the Square
ftill

And this will

of any of the
A*,

be a

Theorem

infinite Series.

Here A, B, C, D, &c.

denote the
S,

Terms
write
is
5.

Series in their order.

firft
4

+ B 2AD -H 2BC, &c. (that A+B+C+D,&c.| byTheor.4.)wemallhaveA+B+C+D+E+F = A 3A*B + sAB -h sA*D 3AC + 360, &c. 6ABC+ 36^0 3BD 6ACD B' 6ABD-f+ -- 6ABE
2AB,
s

VII. If in the

Theorem
,

for P,

2AC

Q^

R,

&c.

we

refpedively,

6cc.|

-i-

-j-

-f-

which

will readily " give the

Cube of any
r.
13

infinite Series.
A-

v9 ' X
^

11

*'
*"

"

*'*
"T~

2*

" 11 "

yjf^
15 3

^^

Ex.

and INFINITE SERIES,

Ex.2. t* 1 -i~

171
3A*B
fisc.

'+.3A'C = B= C=
Q_

VIII. In the laft

Theorem,

if

we make
1

R, B'-f-6ABC-|-3A D _ R 3 AB* S-6ABC

?A
,

p:

-S,

A =P,
3

O
that

&c. then
,

A=PT,
is

Sec.

i^K +

+l + ^
j^

Bi

Here alfo A, B, C, D, root of any infinite Series may be extracted. &c. will reprefent the Terms as they ftand in order. xs IPX'* T? x' 1 8* 15 ;** 7*"* 7_ ~ _* ~ "' 8 I

-~"I"
'

- z'
,
5

^ + 8i
'

^
j

243a

Ex.
a*

2.

8 f* 4 -h T 7 A; H- T | T x
7

6cc. l^

=t**-t-r T ** H-Trr^ 4

&c.
J

IX. Becaufe

it is

+ 3a
S,

by the feventh Theorem a

1

-f-

/3

-f- 3 a/3

-f-

/3

&c. in the third

&c. y -\Theorem for

,

P,

R,

T, &c. write

',

3j8, 3/S -f-Sa

^
;

/3

-f-

6a/3>-f-

3'fr &c.

refpeflively

then

This Theorem will give the Reciprocal of the Cube of any infinite Series ; where A, B, C, D, &c. ftand for the Terms in order. ; X. Laftly, in the firft Theorem if we make , Q ==3A 1 B, &c. we {hall have >

P=A

A+B-f-C-i-D, &c.

4
I

=A^H-4A

B-{-6A 1 B 1 -|-4ABs&c. which

will be a

And

thus

Theorem for finding the Biquadrate of any infinite Series. we might proceed to find particular Theorems for any

other Powers or Roots of any infinite Series, or for their Reciprocals, or any fractional Powers compounded of thefe ; all which will

be found very convenient to have at hand, continued to a competent number of Terms, in order to facilitate the following Operations. Or it may be fufticient to lay before you the elegant and general

Theorem, contrived for this purpofe, by that fkilful Mathematician, and my good Friend, the ingenious Mr. A. De Mo'rore, which was firft publifh'd in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, N 230, and which
will readily

perform

all

thefe Operations.

Or

172
all

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

recourfe to a kind of Mechanical Artifice, by the which foregoing Operations may be perform'd in a very eafy and general manner, as here follows.

Or we may have

When two

infinite Series are

to be

to find a third

which

is

to be their Product, call

multiply 'd together, in order one of them the

and the other the Multiplier. Write dawn upon your Multiplicand, Paper the Terms of the Multiplicand, with their Signs, in a defcending order, fo that the Terms may be at equal diftances, and juft under one another. This you may call your fixt or right-tand Paper. Prepare another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down the Terms of the Multiplier, with their proper Signs, in an afcending Order, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal diftances from each other as in the Multiplicand, and juft over one another.

This you may call your moveable or left-hand Paper. Apply your movenble Paper to your fixt Paper, fo that the firft. Term of your Multiplier may ftand over-againft the firft Term of your Multiplicand. Multiply thefe together, and write down the Product in its for the firft Term of the Product required. Move your moveplace,
abie Paper a ftep lower, fo that two of the firft Terms of the Mulftand over-againft two of the firft Terms of the Multitiplier may Find the two Produces, by multiplying each pair of the plicand. Terms together, that ftand over-againft one another ; abbreviate

may be done, and- fet down the Refult for the fecond of the Product required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep the of firft Terms of the Multiplier may ftand lower, fo that three of the firft Terms of the Multiplicand. three Find the over-againft each of the Terms three Products, by multiplying pair together that one another fet down the abbreviate them, and ftand over-againft j And proceed in the lame Refult for the third Term of the Product.
them
if it

Term

manner

to find the fourth,

ana

all

the following Terms.

Series,
;

I ihall iiluftrate this

Method by an Example of two

Denary
01

taken

from the

common

Scale of

Decimal Arithmetick

which

will equally explain the Procefs in all other infinite Series whatever. &c. and Let the Numbers to be multiply 'd be

528,73041, &c. which, by fupplying

ftood, will
_j_

37,528936,
it

or

10 where

is

under-

become
J

9 X-44- 3X-5H- 6Xl

3X~

-t-

oX-

3X -\- jX -+- jX-'-f- aX-'-f- 8X-* &c. and 5 X* -f- aX 4- 8X -j- 7 -+-4X-4-f- iX-s, &c. and call the firft the Multiplithe Series

X- +
as
is

cand, and
prefcribed,

the fecohd the Multiplier. will ftand as follows.

Thefe being difpofed

Multiplier,

and INFINITE SERIES.

Multiplier,

Multiplicand

?X

-H4X-+
-f-oX-'

8X

174
der one another.

}e

Method of FLUXIONS,
is

This

your

fixt

or right-hand Paper.

Prepare

another Paper, at the right-hand Edge of which write down the Terms of the Divifor in an afcending order, with all their Signs changed except the firft, fo that the Terms may be at the fame equal This will be your distances as before, and jufl over one another.

moveable or left-hand Paper.

fixt

Apply your moveable Paper

to

your

Paper, fo that the firft Term of the Divifor may be over-againft the firft Term of the Dividend. Divide the firft Term of the Dividend by the firft Term of the Divifor, and fet down the Quotient over-againft them to the right-hand, for the firft Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that two of the firft Terms of the Divifor may be over-againft two of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Colleft the fecond Term of the Dividend, together with the Product of the firft Term of the Quotient now found, multiply'd by the Terms over-againft it in the lefthand Paper ; thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be the fecond Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that three of the firft Terms of the Divifor may ftand over-againft three of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Collecl the third Term of the Dividend, together with the two Produds of the two firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd into the Term over-againft it, in the left-hand Paper. Thefe divided by the firft Term of the Divifor will be the third Term of the Quotient required. Move your moveable Paper a ftep lower, fo that four of the firft Terms of the Divifor may ftand overCollecl: the fourth againft four of the firft Terms of the Dividend. Term of the Dividend, together with the three Products of the three firft Terms of the Quotient now found, each being multiply'd by Thefe divided by the Term over-againft it in the left-hand Paper. the firft Term of the Divifor will be the fourth Term of the QuoAnd fo on to find the fifth, and the fucceeding tient required.

Terms. For an Example

.a*

let

+ tax 4-j_
L

x 1 H-+-

^+
I2IA-5

it

be propofed to divide the infinite Series

28|X4
.,

7^1

&c. by the

1C'
as
is

Series

a 4- fx
1

_]_

-^

&c.

Thefe being difpofed

prefcribed,

will ftand as here follows.

Divifor,

and INFINITE SERIES.

Divifor,
;

175

fr

7^^ Method of
>

FLUXIONS,

c on tne otner 3-4> Paper, when they meet together, will numeral Coefficients. Apply therefore the fecond Term compkat the .of the move-able Paper to the uppertnoft Term of the fixt Paper,
ij

'

;ind the Product made by the continual Multiplication of the three Factors thatftand in a lin-e over-againft one another, [which are the fecond Term of the given Series, the numeral Coefficient, (here the given Index,) and the firft Term of the Series already found,] divided by the firft Term of the given Series, will be the fecond Term of the Series required, which is to be let down in its place overMove the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and the two againft I. Produces made by the multiplication of the Factors that ftand overand elfewhere, care muft be had to -againft one another, (in which, Coefficients numeral take the compleat,) divided by twice the firft Term of the given Series, v/ill be the third Term of the Series reMove quired, which is to be fet down in its place over-againft 2. the moveable, Paper a ftep lower, and the three Products made by the multiplication of the Factors that ftand over-againft one another, divided by thrice the firft Term of the given Series, will be the And fo you may proceed to fourth Term of the Series required.

find the next,

It

may
_j_

and the fubfcquent Terms. be amifs to give one general Example of this Reducnot

If the Series az will comprehend all particular Cafes. c&' -+-dz*, ,&c. be given, of which we are to find any Power, or to extract any Root; let the Index of this Pov>er or Root be m. Then prepare the moveable or left-hand Paper as you fee below, where the Terms of the given Scries are fet over one another
tion,
_l_

which

b^

Alfo of after every Multiplication, and after every one, (except the firft or loweft) are put the feveral as m, zm, pn, 40;, &c. with the negative Multiples of the Index, Likewife a vinculum may be undei flood to after them. Sign be placed over them, to connect them with the other parts of the numeral Coefficients, which are on the other Paper, and which make them compleat. Alfo the firft Term of the given Series is the reft by a line, to denote its being a Divifor, or feparated from of a Fraction. And thus is the moveable Paper Denominator the
in

order, at the

Term

is

edge of the Paper, and put a full point, as a

at equal diftances.

Mark

prepared. To prepare the fixt or right-hand Paper, write down the natural Numbers o, i, 2, 3, 4, &c. under one another, at the fame equal diftances as the Terms in the other Paper, with a Point after them as a Mark of Multiplication ; and over-againft the firft 1 erm o write

and INFINITE SERIES.

Term of the Series required. The reft ot the Terms are to be wrote down orderly under this, as they (hall be To the firft Term o in the found, which will be in this manner. the fecond Term of the moveable Paper, and they fixt Paper apply
write a*"z m for the
firft

*-* m ~~ will then exhibit this Fraction

as,.
I

" z
,

which being reduced

to this

aw*
will

<

~ t &s*+ I

Term

of the

and you

fet down in its place, for the fecond Move the moveable Paper a ftep lower, a have this Fraction exhibited cz*. 2m o. a z m
,

muft be

Series required.

+
l

az. 2

which being reduced

will

become mu m -

c-{-

mx "LL a m --b* xz m+'~,

down

Bring to be put down for the third Term of the Series required. the moveable Paper a ftep lower, and you will have the m n dz,*. o. a z
Fraction
-f-

yn

.+-

cz*.

bz?.

m
az. 3

ma

*c -+-

L a m- l b 3

for the fourth

Term of
reft

the Series required.

And

in the

fame man-

ner are

all

the

of the Terms to be found.

Moveable Paper, &c.

Fixt Paper
o.
i.
-

2.

a^i-o*

-f-

ma m~*c x z"
'

*.

-3 . J

mx7.

-x1

-a m *l>>+mx.'T

am

6c+Ma m

dxz"

az.

will produce Mr. De Moivre's Theorem the mentioned before, Inveftigation of which may be feen in the place there quoted, and fhall be exhibited here in due time and And this therefore will fufficiently prove the truth of the

N. B. This Operation

place.

prefent Procefs.

In particular Examples this

Method

will be

found

very eafy and practicable.

But

178
But

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

fomething of the ufe of thefe Theorems, and jit way for the Solution of Affected and we will here Fluxional Equations; make a kind of retrofpect, and refume our Author's Examples of fimple Extractions, beginning with Divifion itfelf, which we fhall perform after a different and an eafier manner.
to

now

mew

the fame time to prepare the

Thus

to divide

aa by b

-f- x,
;

or to refolve the Fraction

into a Series of fimple

Terms

make

r^=y,

or by -f- xy

Now
this
is

to find the quantity

manner

*-J

y difpofe the Terms of this Equation after a 1 , and proceed in the Refolution as you fee
a*x
a*.*
1

done here.
I

=**

a^J

-T-*--T*

7T +

a *x t -77-

>

&C..

+ xy\

h-r

TT

-75

IT

-JT-

>

OCC.

Here by the difpofition of the Terms a*- is made the firft Term of the Series belonging (or equivalent) to by, and therefore dividing of the firfl be Term Series will the to equivalent by b, y, as is fet

down
-4- xy,

below.

Then

will

a^x

be the

firft

Term

of the Series

which is therefore fet down over-againft it; as alfo it is fet down over-againft by, but with a contrary Sign, to be the fecond a Term of that Series. Then will be the fecond Term of y

to

be

fet

down

in
;

its

place,
this

which

will give

-^- for the fefet

cond Term of -f- xy

for the third

and
by.

Term

of

y,

and therefore

with a contrary Sign muit be Then will + be the third

~-

down Term of

with a contrary Sign

fore

'~

will be

Term of 4- xy, which mufl be made the fourth Term of by, and therethe fourth Term of y. And fo on for ever.
will

be the third

the Rationale of this Procefs, and of all that will here follow of the fame kind, may be manifeft from thefe Confiderations.

Now

The unknown Terms

of the Equation, or thofe wherein y

is

are (by the Hypothecs) equal to the

known Term

aa.

And

found, each of
thofe

a?id
thofe

IN FINITE SERIES.
refolved into
its

170
Ag;

unknown Terms

is

equivalent Series, the

gregate of which muft (till be equal to the fame known Term aa Therefore all the fubfidiary and adventitious (or perhaps Terms.) are which introduced into the Equation to aflift the Solution, Terms, the Supplemental (or Terms,) muft mutually deftroy one another. Or we may refolve the fame Equation in the following manner
:

y ^
Here a 1
be put
is

= -a*
A"

la*

.V

-4

k*a* -X

-Ha*
A;4

.
,

&c.

made

the

firft

Term

of

-+-

xv, " and therefore x

muft
the

down for the firft Term of y. This will give + firft Term of by, which with a contrary Sign muft be ~ muft be put down Term of -+- xy, and therefore

for

the fecond
for the fe-

--

cond

Term

of y.

Then

will

^
Term

be the fecond

Term

of by y

which with
therefore

a contrary Sign will be the third

-

+-

will be the third

is

of y.
into

Term of -|- xy, and And fo on. Theretwo

Series as

fore the Fraction propofed

refolved

the fame

were found above.

If the Fraction
v
t

or y -+- l rrxpre than writing

+ * were given to be refolved, make x y=. i, the Refolution of which Equation

:
1

'

-V"

is
:

little

down

the Terms, in the

manner following

x+x

xx,&cc.
,

ccc. .

+x*y 3

----(-x- 1 *-4-|_xi x-'-+x- x~ & &c.

,

Here in the firft Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of y, fo 1 x*- will be the be the firft Term of x*y, and therefore will x be and will therefore x* the of fecond Term of fecond Term y,
x* will be third Term of y ; &c. Alfo in the x*y, and therefore -+fecond Paradigm, as i is made the firft Term of x*y, fb will -f- x~'be the
firft

Term

Term

of x*y, or

of y, and therefore x~- will be the fecond x~* will be the fecond Term of y ; &c.

a 2

To

180

tte Method of
refolve the
2.y a

FLUXIONS,
i zx
.

To
make

compound
or 2**

Fraction

~* i

3.

i *
7
1

I+*
quation

=y,
3*

13 =
#v
:

into fimple

Terms,

y 4- AT^

^xy, which E-

may

be thus refolved

2A^

X^
1

3**

+ 34^*

73**, &c. 34* } &c.

3

39**, &c. Place the

is

Terms of

the Equation, in

which the unknown quan-

found, tity y above, as you fee is done Term of y, which will give -f-

in a regular

defcending order, and the known Terms here. Then bring down zx^ to be the firfl

2x

for

the

firfl

Term of

the Series

which mufl be wrote with a contrary Sign for the fecond Term of y. Then will the fecond Term of 4- x^y be 2x%, and will be which the firfl Term of the Series 6x^, 3*7 together And this with a contrary Sign would have been wrote SAT*. make
4x*y,
for the third

Term of y, had
J

not the

reduces

it

to

4- jx

for the third

be the third

of 4- x*y, collected with a contrary Sign, will make of 3fly, which being 1 3** for the fourth Term of y ; and fo on, as in the Paradigm. If we would refolve this Fraction, or this Equation, fo as to accommodate it to the other cafe of convergency, we may invert the Terms, and proceed thus
:

Term

Term x* been above, which Term of y. Then will 4- yx* and 4- 6x* will be the fecond Term

3-v

V1 x

*-

-i-

y
Bring down will be the firfl
AT*

=f

1, &c.
X'
-f-

'

4f *

ft*3-vy,
its

6cc.

to be the

firfl

Term

of y, to be

fet

Term of down in

whence

~\-

place.

Then

the

firfl

and INFINITE SERIES.

of +- x^y will be will be the fecond Term of
firft

181

Term

fecond

Term
firft

of y.

Then

a contrary Sign will be the 3*?, and therefore -+- f the fecond Term of -+- x^y will be -f- f#s
-f-

fx, which with

of y being -+- f x*, thefe two collected with a *.#* for the third Term of have made 3*}', contrary Sign would z had not the Term +- zx' been prefent above. Therefore uniting x* for the third Term of 3*7, which thefe, we fhall have -f-

and the

Term

will g lve

if, and the a contrary with thefe two collected and therefore fourth Term of T,xy, Term of y and fo on.
-,

Term

?j-x~* f of -+- xh be

the third

Term

Then will the third fecond Term of y being -+- -%, the Sign will make -f- if for
of
y.
1

TT*""

will be

^ e fourth

thus much for Divifion ; now to go on to the Author's pure or fimple Extractions. To find the Square-root of aa -f- xx, or to extract the Root y of

And

this

a -+-/>, then we fhall have aa-{- xx ; make y Equation yy xx, of which affected Quadratick Equaby Subftitution zap -f- pp

we may thus extract the Root p. Difpofe the Terms in this manner zap-^= xx, the unknown Terms in a defcending order oa H-/AJ one fide, and the known Term or Terms on the other fide of the
tion

Equation, and proceed in the Extraction as

is

here directed.
7 *'

**/==*
*

-)

x*
za

*4
-

+
A4
8a l

*
s74

5i
640*
*6

5x8

+ H53.
12Sa 8
'

_^i + ^!_^:, + +^ "J-\.__ J 4*

8*4
CA 9

-I-

\6a !

izSa 1

7*

10

.,

-t-f-t

&C.

25O'
the
x

By

this Difpofition

of the Terms, x 1

is

made

firft

Term

of

the Series belonging to

zap

then
fet

we

fhall

have

for the

firft

Term
4474

of the Series p,
firft

as here

down
*,
is

underneath.
to

Therefore

will be the

Term
.

of the

Series

be put

down
it

in

its

place over-againft

Then, by what
a contrary

obferved before,

muft
therefore

be put

down with
will

Sign

as the fecond

Term

of zap,

which

make

the fecond

Term

of/> to

be

Having

77jt2

Method of FLn /

!-;

s,-

fore the

two

firft

of the foregoing
ries,)

Terms of P Methods for

*-

~, we
3AfCi

fhall liave,

(by any

finding the Square of an infinite Se-

the

two

firft

Terms

of p 1

=~
-~
}

#4 4

'

which

la ft

Term

be wrote with a contrary Sign, as the third Term of zap. Therefore the third Term of * is ^ * and the third Term of Lp*
irmft
, '

(by the aforefaid Methods) will be

a

which
of zap.

is

to be

wrote with

contrary Sign, as the

fourth
8

Term

Term
"""

of p will be
'

-||_,
to be

and therefore the

Then the fourth fourth Term of/* is

fifth

7IsI

which

is

wrote with a contrary Sign for the

.

Term of zap. This will give 2^- for the fifth Term of p and fo 2^O' we may proceed in the Extraction as far as we pleafe. Or we may difpofe the Terms of the Supplemental Equation thus
:

zap

----

-f-

zax

>

za*

-+-

~ *
x

a*

^
AX3

'

c &c

'

, y

&c.

Here * a
is

* ,&c.

Term of the Series/ 4 and therefore x, be the firft Term of p. Then zax will be the (or elfe x,) will zax will be the fecond Term of firft Term of zap> and therefore
made
the
firft
,

p"-

by extracting the Square-root of this Series by any of the foregoiug Methods, it will be found a will be the fecond Term of the Root />. x a, &c. or / Therefore the fecond Term of zap will be 2<2% which muft be 1 third for the Term a wrote with contrary Sign of/ , and thence (by
.

So that becaufe /> 1

#a

2rfx, 6cc.

Extraction) the third

.third

Term
,

of

will be --

This

will

make

the

Term
,

of zap to be

which makes the fourth Term of/4

will be the fourth

to be

of/.

and therefore (by Extraction) o This makes the fourth Term of zap

Term
of / z
.

to

be o, as

alfo

Then

will be the fifth

Term
I

of/.

Then

the fifth

Term of
zap

and INFINITE SERIES,

zap f
.ll
;

183
of
/>*

will be
4*

. , 5

which

will

make

the fixth

Term
&c.

to

be

and therefore o

will be the fixth

Term of p,

Here the Terms will be alternately deficient

Equation yy
&c. that
if
is

we fhould change a. into x and a into x, If we would extradl the Square-root of aa xx, or find the aa xx make y a -f- p, as beRoot y of the Equation yy x then zap -f-/* fore x*-, which may be refolved as in the following Paradigm :
we
;

s ^-} -h -^fhould change the order of the Terms, or if

= =x

aa

-\-

xx, the Root will be y

,

fo that in the given

-f-

-f-

"->

-f-

&c. which

is

the fame as

= =
.v4

_
1-

X6

^.V

f I"

z
4fl

8a4
X'

64,1

+r

t>

*4
;

6
<;*

J
J*
.

H- ^~; 84
"4
i

-fJC
. .

-{-

6^.6
CX
^^^^
-

,^_ __

k~^_

^^

"7

c
cSCC*

J,

x 1 the firft Term of -J-/ 1 Here if we mould attempt to make we mould have ^/ x 1 or x^/ i, for the fi rfl Term of/ ; which no Series can be form'd from that being rnpoflible, fliews Suppofi,
,

tion.

xx, or the Root y in this Equa1 x^ x tion yy x xx, make y p, then x -+- zx^p -f- p x*, which may be refolved after this xx, or zx^p -+- /*
find the Square-root

To

=
:

of #

manner

x* the firft being rightly difpofed, make x* be the firft Term of p. Therefore of zx^p; then will a 3 firft Term of be the will which is alfo to be with wrote ~\- px /

The Terms

a contrary Sign for the fecoiid Term of 2x'-p, which will give fA * Then (by fquaring) the fecond Term of for the lecond Term of p.
-

will be

i^ 4 which
,

will give

i* 4

for the

fecond

Term

of

184
zx^p,

ffi?

Method of FLUXIONS,

and therefore

-V^

for the third

Term

of

and

fq op.

Therefore in this Equation it will be y=z x'* f x* f A-'" rV*''"* &c. So to extract the Root y of this Equation yy =.aa-\-bx xxt make y then bx which be -+thus a-{-p p* xx, zap may

refolved.

=fa

X*
L'-x'
1

+ *fi,

&C

tx

x*

Ixl

Make
of
p.
alfo to

bx the

firft

Term
firft

of zap; then will

l
~20.

be the
b

firft

Term
is

Therefore the

Term

of p 1 will be

-+-

which

be wrote with a contrary Sign, fo that the fecond be

-<

zap

will

x*
gjr
5

^'

which

will

make

the fecond

Term of Term of

to be

Then by

fquaring, the fecond

Term of/*

which muft be wrote with a contrary Sign 7 *-* -g^ for the third Term of zap. This will give the third Term of p Therefore the Square-root of the as in the Example; and fo on.
will be

Quantity a^

-f-

bx

xx

will be

a -+

^
of
a*
<

-f.

-^ _,

Alfo

if

we would extract the Square-root

_
ax 1

we may

ex-

Roots of the Numerator, and likewife of the Denominator, and then divide one Series by the other, as before ; but more
tract the
dire.ctly

thus.

-f- p, then ax* Suppofe y which Suppplemental Equation

i

Make

_**!

= =

yy,

or

i
z

-{-

yy

b*x*y*.
bx*-p*,

zp -+-p

bx*-

zbx*-p

may

be thus refolved.

zp

and INFINITE SERIES,

185

+TT*\
ab

^ab

1
,

&c.

~a^b &c.
t

bx^p* _

&c.

Make ax -f- bx* the firfl Term of 2/>, then will frf.v l -f- f&v abx* b*x* will be the firfl Therefore "be the firfl Term of /. and Term of ^a*x* -f- -^abx* -f- -^bx* will be the firfl 2bx*p, Term of/*. Thefe being collected, and their Signs changed, muil be made the fecond Term of 2/, which will give abx* -f- |J*A 2bx*p %a*x* for the fecond Term of/. Then the fecond Term of i and the fecond Term of p* l>*x -f- ^a bx will be -^ab^x
1
6 6 6
>

(by fquaring)
the
firfl

will be

found f a bx
l

Term

of

bx*p

\ab*x 6 will be ^a^bx

+-

j-a''X

-{6

$frx

6
,

and
4 ;

-^ab'-x

f^'AT

which

being collected

Term
far as

of 2p,

and the Signs changed, will make the third half which will be the third Term of p ; and fo on as

you

pleafe.

And

thus if
this
3

we were
-f1

to extract the

Root y of

Equation 7'

a 3 41

tf 3

Subflitution a

A: S ,

3d / -f- ^ap -+- p> which fupplemental Equation

=&

Cube-root of a* 4- x*, or the make y a -f-/, then by j

-+- x*,

or 3

-f

may

be thus refolved.

243

B b

The

Method of FLUXIONS,
The Terms
<ia*p

being difpos'd in

order, the

firft

Term

of the Series

will be #',

which

will

make the firft Term ofp

to be

to be

*.
make

Thiss
the

will
firfl

make

the

firft

Term of/ 1

And

this will

which with a contrary Sign muft be of ^ap* to be , the fecond Term of 3/z*/>, and therefore the fecond Term ofp will
be
.
.

Term

Then

(by fquaring) the fecond

firft

Term

of ^ap 1 will be
fi 6 .

ff!
Oa*

and (by cubing) the

r

Term

of

*"=

win be
27<:<

Thefe

y9
,

being collected
the third

make

which with

a contrary

Sign muft be

ill __ _j_

Term of ^a^p, and therefore the third Term of p will be Then by fquaring, the third Term of ^ap* will be
3

and by cubing, the fecond Term of/

collected will

will be

make
'

y^-j

>

anc^ therefore the

^^, which being fourth Term of-^^p

will be
fo on;'

^T,
8j<i'

and the fourth

the Roots of

Term

of p will be

--

*
-

2 43 a

11

And

Arid thus
in a

may
direct

all

pare Equations- be extracted, but

more
is

and fimple manner by the foregoing Theorems.

is,

All that

here intended,

affected Equations, both Fluxional Equations, in- which this Method will be found to be of And firfl we mall proceed with our Author to very extenfive ufe. the Solution of numerical affected Equations.

of

to prepare the way for the Refolution in Numbers and Species, as alfo of

SECT.

II L

The Refolution of Nttmeral AffeSted Equations*

Refolution of affected Equations, and firft in Numbers ; our Author very juftly complains, that before his time the exegefa numcroja, or the Doctrine of the Solution
as to the

of affected Equations in Numbers, was very intricate, defective, and What had been done by Vieta, Harriot, and Oughtred inartificial.

Attempts for the time, yet howSo that he had good reaever operofe. fon to reject their Methods, efpecially as he has fubftituted a much better in their room. They -affected too great accuracy in purfuing
in this" matter,

tho' very laudable

was extremely perplex'd and

exact

and INFINITE SERIES.

exact Roots,

which

led

them

into tedious perplexities

but he

187 knew

very well, that legitimate Approximations would proceed much more and would anfwer the fame intention regularly and expeditioufly,

much

better.

20, 21, 22. His Method may be eafily apprehended from this one Inftance, as it is contain'd in his Diagram, and the Explanation of
it.

Yet for farther

it.

Illuftration Lfhall venture to give a fhort rationale

is

propos'd to be refolved, he Root as can be readily and takes as near an Approximation And this may obtain'd. always be had, either by the conveniently known Method of Limits, or by a Linear or Mechanical ConitrucIf this be greater or tion, or by a few eafy trials and fuppofitions. lefs than the Root, the Excefs or Defect, indifferently call'd the Supplement, may be reprefented by p, and the affumed Approximation, together with this Supplement, are to be fubftituted in the given.
a
to the

of

When

Numeral Equation

Equation inftead of the Root. By this means, (expunging what will be fuperfluous,) a Supplemental Equation will be form'd, whole Root is now p, which will confift of the Powers of the affumed Approximation orderly defcending, involved with the Powers of the Supplement which accounts the Terms will be conregularly afcending, on both a in decuple ratio or falter, if the affumed Aptinually decreafmg,
proximation be -fuppos'd to be at leaft ten times greater than the Supplement. Therefore to find a new Approximation, which fhall nearly exhauft the Supplement p, it will be fufficient to retain only the two firft Terms of this Equation, and to feek the Value ofp from the refulting fimple Equation. [Or fometimes the three firft Terms be may retain'd, and the Value of p may be more accurately found from the refulting Quadratick Equation; Sec.] This new Approximation, together with a new Supplement g, muft be fuhftituted initead of p in this laft fupplemental Equation, in order to form a And the fame things may be obferved fecond, whofe Root will be q. of this fecond fupplemental Equation as of the firft; and its Root, or an Approximation to it, may be difcover'd after the fame manner. And thus the Root of the given Equation may be profecuted as far as we pleafe, by finding new iiipplemental Equations, the Root of every one of which will be a correction to the preceding Supplement.

So
that

in the

prefent Example jy 2 fere ; for

let

2x2x2

= 2x2 =
2y
5
4,

o,

'tis

eaiy to perceive,

which mould make

Therefore
2.

-{-/>,
is

As p

p be the Supplement of the Root, and it will be y i -fand therefore by fubftitution Q. lop -+- 6p* -\-p= here fuppos'd to be much lefs than the Approximation 2,

= =
5.

B b

ty

i88
by
2

The Method of
and
or
Ib

FLUXIONS,
the fafter, cateris parities, as
firft
i -fTerms, io/>=o, Supplement q, 'tis

this fubftitution

an Equation will be form'd, in which the Terma

will gradually decreafe,

is

much

fere,

p
a

greater than p. or p T_.

So taking the two

;

=.

fere

affuming a fecond
-+1

'o-

-h ?
it

accurately.

This being fubftituted for p in the

1

Equation,
deprefs'd,

becomes
in

o, 6

1,237 + 6>3?* 4-

<f

laft
is

o,
lefs

which

new Supplemental
and

Equation,

in

which
it
is

all

the

Terms

are farther

which the Supplement

Therefore
or q-=.

q will be

much
1

former Supplement p.
or

0,61

-f-

1,23.^

than the
o,

ym?,.

q=

f^e,

0,0054-)^
This
being

accurate,

by afluming
will

r for

the third

Supplement.

fubftituted

give

0,000541554-

11,162;-, &c.

=o,

and therefore

r-=

&c. or_y 0,00004852, &c. So that at laft/=2 -{-^> &c. 2,09455148, And thus our Author's Method proceeds, for finding the Roots of affedted Equations in Numbers. Long after this was wrote, Mr. Rapb-

'^^-^

Jon publifh'd his Analyfis Mquationum imiverjalis, containing a Method for the Solution of Numeral Equations, not very much different from this of our Author, as may appear by the following Com
parifon. To find
5, Mr. Rapbfon he calls Approximation g, which he near the true Root as he can, and makes the Supplement x, fo

the

Root of the Equation y*

His
firft

zy

would proceed
takes as

thus.

that he has_y==g-+Ar.

Then by

Subftitution g 3 -f-3^ 1 Ar+3^x a -f-x 3 2 2

<

=5,

or

if

g=2,
x.

'tis

iOAr-f-6.v* -4- x*

i,
its

to determine the Supple-

ment

and therefore iox= i, or ,v o, i and makes a new x 2,1, being ftill the Supplement, 'tis y 5 2,1 +x, which being fubftituted in the original Equation _y zy 3 x 0,6 1, to determine the, 5, produces 11,23^-4- 6,3** new Supplement x. He rejects the Powers of x, and thence derives

This being fuppofed fmall,

Powers may be rejected, This added tog or 2, nearly.

^___oj __
I
1

,25

not being exaft, the Supplement again to be x, fo that 2,0946 -f- x, which be&c. ing fubftituted in the Original Equation, gives 11,162^-+he has 0,00054155. Therefore to find the third Supplement x,

and confequently y becaufe the Powers of x were

0,0.054,

y=

2,0946, which rejected, he makes

.v

="

54
,'

'

5S

62

0,00004852,
To on.

fo that

y =.2,0946

+ *=

2,09455148, &c. and

By

and IN FINITE SERIES.

By
this Procefs

189
agree,

we may

fee

how

nearly thefe

two Methods

and wherein they differ. For the difference is only this, that our Author conftantly profecutes the Refidual or Supplemental Equations, But to find the firft, fecond, third, &c. Supplements to the Root Mr. Raphjbn continually corrects the Root itfelf from the fame fupwhich are formed by fubftituting the corrected plementaf Equations, And the Rate of Convergency will the Roots in Original Equation. be the fame in both. In imitation of thefe Methods, we may thus profecute this Inmanner. Let the given Equation to be quiry after a very general m m o, in refolved be in this form ay -+- by"-* -4- cy-* -J- dy ~* &c. which fuppofe P to be any near Approximation to the Root y, and P -4-/>. Now from Then is y the little Supplement to be p. Powers and extracof the is (hewn what before, concerning raifing m m P* -f- wP m-'/>, &c. P -h/> ting Roots, it will follow that y m or that thefe will be the two firft Terms of y ; and all the reft, And for being multiply'd into the Powers of />, may be rejected. m~ l m ~l m~ m~ P m ~- -+ iP P the fame reafon y -h m p, &c. y
:

= =

=
n

2 P"-=p, &c.

and

fo of all the reft.

it

Therefore thefe being fub-

ftituted into the Equation, n- l

will be

a ]>>

.4- ~niaP

&c."l

-, &c.

m m
'-

2c

~*p, &c.

>= o

Or

dividing

by P"

7 JP "-"</>,

&c.

&c.
-j-^/P-s

-\-m

^dP~*p, &c.

we mail have/
confequently ^ J

= -o.

=
,

&c.

From whence

taking the Value of

.

*P-'

cP-

+ rfp-*

ar,.

ma?- 1

lbV~' -{.m

z^~3 + m

J^P-4

_
,

/>,

and

Jjff .

r=

,.
To reduce
this to a
I

P=A-'B, P- =Aalfo the multiplying ~~ ~ +"

'B

more commodious form, make Pi= - , whence i B% &c. which being fubftituted, and Numerator and Denominator by A" , it will be
7

A."-"-B*+

=4rfA"-?Bi.

^c-.

will
fo

be a nearer Approach to the Rootjy, than jp

2

or P,

and

much
the

77je
'

Method of FLUXIONS,
And hence we may
derive a very

the nearer as

is

near the Root.

convenient and general Theorem for the Extraction of the Roots of Numeral Equations, whether pure or affected, which will be this. m ~~m~ s Let th,e general Equation ay m -^- by" &c. -+ cy -f- d) , =: o be propofed to be folved ; if the Fraction - be affumed
1

as

near

the

Root y
iAA m
1

as

conveniently
F
3

may
this
,

be,

the

Fraction

31

+7

zcA m -S

4.

3n/A

4B4,'feff

nearer Approximation

to the .Root.

And

Fraction,

when coma

inflead of the Fraction puted, may,be,ufed

by which means
till

Bearer Approximation may again -be had ; and fo on, we pleafe. proach as near the true Root as

we

ap-

This general Theorem

particular

Theorems
it
if

as

may be conveniently refolved into as many we pleafe. Thus in the Quadratick Equay
*
.

tion if y

+ by === c,

will be
cy

=
1

A1
,

-4-

rB z

Equation y*
y^r^.

+ ty +

2t\

,"7 D X DO J

p D

fere.
2

In the Cubick

....

d,

it

will be

y
.

==

A
.

3<i
1

In the Biquadratick Equation y*

-{- by* -\- cy

_

-+-dy=ze,
i

it

be

^ ==

irt* -+- 2/)AB-4- iB~ x

-f-

rB4

>/^' And the

111-1 c llke of hl

S her
let

l_

Equations.
;

For an 'Example of the Solution of a Quadratick Equation,

it.be propofed to extract the Square-root of 12, or let us find the Then by comparing with value of_y in this Equation y 1 1.2. And 12. the general formula, we fliall have b =. o, and <: or making g taking 3 for the firft approach to the Root,

#=
we

/I

=T>

that

is,

=4-, fora nearer Approximation. Again, making A 7 12l == || for a nearer Approxiand B 2, we fliall have y 14 X 2 mation. A 28, we fliall have _y= Again, making 97 and B

^~

Az=3

and

B;=

i,

fliall

have by Substitution y ^==.

=
i:!

= =

97j

x 28i
.

__

lil7
S45 2

fo r

making A= 18817 and B =543

'94*

a
2
>

nearer

Approximation.
'

we ^a11 have

_ y=
-r
if

Aeain,

__
i

==

7o8ic8o77 /ior a nearer 1|^

Approximation.

And

we go on
to the

in

the
as

fame method,
y/e pleafe,

we may

find as near an

Approximation

Root

This

and INFINITE SERIES.

191

This Approximation will be exhibited in a vulgar Fraction, which, if it be always kept to its loweft Terms, will give the Root of the That is, it will alEquation in the fhorteft and fimpleft manner. the true Root than any other Fraction whatever^ nearer be ways whofe Numerator and Denominator are not much larger Numbers If by Divifion we reduce this laft Fraction to a Dethan its own.

we mall have 3,46410161513775459 for the Square-root of 12, which exceeds the truth by lefs than an Unit in the lall place.For an Example of a Cubick Equation, we will take that of our
cimal,

Author

_y

2?

=.

2,

and d==.
^-

Root, or making

= =
5.
1

5,

And
4.,

and therefore by Companion b o, the to for the firft 2 Approach taking we mall 2 and that is, A

have by Subftitution y ==the Root. Again, make

mall have y

Again,
y

make
3x11761

~
1

9-

+ 2500
1000

A= 11761
6615

^561 5

= 44 A= __ 6= =
21
5615

=
f

B=i,

a nearer

and B

10,

Approach to and then we

Hj-L for a nearer Approximation.

5615,

and
3
1

and

we

mall

have
.

2x5615

9759573 16 495

we might proceed to find as near an Approxi' proximation. mation as we think fit. And when we have computed the Root near enough in a Vulgar Fraction, we may then (if we pleafe) reThus in the prefent Example we duce it to a Decimal by Divifion. &c. And after the fame manner fhall have ^ 2,094551481701, we may find the Roots of all other numeral affected Equations, of whatever degree they may be.
fo

And

SECT. IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by infinite Series ; and firft for determining the forms of the
Series^
23, 24.

and

their initial Approximations.

the Refolution of numeral affected Equations, our Author J/ proceeds to find the Roots of Literal, Specious, or Algebraical Equations alfo, which Roots are to be exhibited by an infinite converging Series, confiding of fimple Terms. Or they are to be exprefs'd by Numbers belonging to a general Arithmetical Scale, as has been explain'd before, of which the Root is denoted by .v or z. The affigning or chufing this Root is what he means here, by diftinguiming one of the literal Coefficients from the
reft,

TTT^ROM

if

there are feverul.

And

this

is

done by ordering or difpofing

the

Method of FLUXIONS,
the given Equation, according to the Dimenfions of It is therefore convenient to chufe fuch a that Letter or Coefficient. Series may is choice of the Root Scale, (when allow'd,) as that the Fraction a lefs or If it be the leaft, converge as faft as may be.
the

Terms of

than Unity, its afcending Powers muft be in the Numerators of the Terms. If it be the greateft quantity, then its afcending Powers muft be in the Denominators, to make the Series duly converge.
If
it

be very near a given quantity, then that quantity

may

be con-

Approximation, and that fmall difference, veniently or Supplement, may be made the Root of the Scale, or the conThe Examples will make this plain. verging quantity. 26. The 25, Equation to be refolved, for conveniency-fake, iliould be reduced to the fimpleft form it can be, before its Refoalways But Jution be attempted ; for this will always give the leaft trouble. all the Reductions mention'd by the Author, and of which he gives
the
firft

made

us Examples, are not always neceflary, tho' they may be often conThe Method is general, and will find the Roots of Equavenient.
tions involving fractional

or negative

Powers,

as

well as cf other

Equations, as will plainly appear hereafter. be refolved, in diftin27, 28. When a literal Equation is given to its Root is to conwhich or a guifhing proper quantity, by affigning three cafes or varieties ; all which, verge, the Author before has made For becaufe for the fake of uniformity, he here reduces to one. the Series mull neceffarily converge, that quantity muft be as fmall
-,as

of the other -quantities, that its afcending Powers may continually diminim. If it be thought proper to chufe the greateil quantity, inftead of that its Reciprocal muft be introAnd if it approach duced, which will bring it to the foregoing cafe.
poffible,

in

refpect

near to a given quantity, then their fmall difference may be introduced into the Equation, which again will bring it to the firft cafe. So that we need only purfue that cale, becaufe the Equation is always fuppos'd to be reduced to it. But before we can conveniently explain our Author's Rule, for finding the firft Term of the Series in any Equation, we muft confider the .nature of thofe Numbers, or Expreffions, to which thefe
literal

Equations are reduced, whofe Roots are required ; and in this Inquiry we ihall be much aiTifted by what has been already difcourfed of Arithmetical Scales. In affected Equations that were purely numethe feveral Powers ral, the Solution of which was juft now taught, of the Root were orderly difpoied, according to a fingle or limple
Arithmetical Scale, which proceeded only in longum, and was there
fufficient

#nd INFINITE SERIES.

But we muft enlarge our views in thefe Equations, in which are found, not only the Powers of the Root to be extracted, but alfo the Powers of the Root of the Scale, or of the converging quantity, by which the Series for the Root of the Equation is to be form'd ; on account of each of which circumftances the Terms of the Equation are to be
fafficient for their Solution.
literal affected

regularly difpofed,

extraded, fuppofe y, are to be difpofed in longum, fo as that their Indices may conftitute an Arithmetical Progreffion, and the vacancies, if any, may be fupply'd by the Mark #. Alfo the Indices of the Powers pf the Root, by which the Series is to converge, fuppofe x, are to be difpofed in latum, fo as to conftitute an Arithmetical Progreffion, and the vacancies may likewife be fill'd up by the fame Mark *, when it hall be thought neceffary. And both thefe together will make a combined or double Arithmetical Scale. Thus if the
tion

and therefore are to conftitute a double or combined Arithmetical Scale, which muft proceed both ways, in latum as well as in longum, as it were in a Table. For the Powers of the Root to be

to

Equa-6a* x* fax* 44were i!y4 4y $xy 7* #/ =a=-o, given, find the Root y, the Terms be thus may difpofed 6 V4 y* y* y yS yl yo
s
:

=
Alfo the Equation v f x* by* 4- gbx\ in order to its Solution : jpofed, * * * y' by*

0;

=o fhould be thus

dif-

Method of FLUXIONS,

When
is

the Equation are thus regularly difpos'd, ft then ready for Solution ; to which the following Speculation will the

Terms of

be a farther preparation. 29. This ingenious contrivance of out' Author, (which we may call Tabulating the Equation,) for finding the firft Term of the indeed be to the finding all the Terms, extended Root, (which may or the form of the Series, or of all the Series that may be derived from the given Equation,) cannot be too much admired, or too careThe reafon and foundation of which may be fully inquired into thus generally explained from the following Table, of which the
:

Construction

is

thus.

a^-bt,

ba+bb
2-+J*

ja-\-bb

+4*

40+4^
711+3^

za-\-zb

\a-\-zb

70+ zJ

za+b

za za

b zb

3a
3a

50

bab
bazb

zl

azb

zb

73*

In a Pfor.e draw any number of Lines, parallel and equidiftant, and

cthers_at; right Angles to them, fo as to divide the far as is neceffary, into little equal Parallelograms.

whole Space, as Aflume any one

of thefe,- in which write the Term o, and the Terms a, za, 30, 4.a, &c. in-the fuceeeding Parallelograms to the right hand, as alfo the the left hand. Over the Term Terms -*-^ 2a, 3^7, &c. to the write Terms fame ^, zb, 3^, 4^, &c. fucColumn, o, in. the And and the Terms b, zb, 3^, &c. underneath. ceffively",' Now to infert its proper. Term thefe Ave ma^f call primary Terms. in any other afitgiVd. Parallelogram, add the two primary 'Terms that' ftand over-againft if each- way, and write the Sum
together..,

And-* thus all the Parallelograms bethe given Parallelogram. as oecafion there is as-far every way, the whole. Space ing fill's,
in

will

and INFINITE SERIES.

-will

195

become

a Table,

which may be

called

a combined Arithmetical

of the two general Numbers a and t\ ProgreJJion in piano, compofed will be the chief properties. of which thefe following of Terms, parallel to the primary Series o, a, za, ^a, Any

Row

&c. will be an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common Difference is a ; and it may be any fuch Progreflion at pleafure. Any Row or &c. will be an Column parallel to the primary Series o, zb, 3^, Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference is ^j and it may be any fuch Progreflion. If a ftr-ait Ruler be laid on the Table, the Edge of which mall pafs thro' the Centers of any two Parallelograms whatever ; all the Terms of the Parallelograms, whofe Centers mail at the fame time touch the Edge of the Ruler, will conftitute an Arithmetical Progreflion, whofe common difference will coniiit of two parts, the firfl of which will be fome Multiple of a, and the other If this Progreflion be fuppos'd to proceed injeriora. a Multiple of b. or from the upper Term or Parallelogram towards the lower ; verjus, each part of the common difference may be feparately found, by fubthe primary Term belonging to the lower, from the primary
,

tracling

If this common diffebelonging to the upper Parallelogram. made to be when found, nothing, and thereby the Rerence, equal determined the b be and a lation of Progreflion degenerates into a Hank of Equals, or (if you pleafe) it becomes an Arithmetical ProgrefIn which cafe, if fion, whofe common difference is infinitely little. the Ruler be moved by a parallel motion, all the Terms of the Parallelomall at the fame time be found to touch the Edge grams, whofe Centers And if the motion of of the Ruler, fhall be equal to each other. the Ruler be continued, fuch Terms as at equal diftances from the found to touch the Ruler, fliall form firfl: fituation are fuccerTively

Term

an Arithmetical Progreflion. Laftly, to come nearer to the cafe in hand, if any number of thefe Parallelograms be mark'd out and dithe reft, or aflign'd promifcuoufly and at pleafure, flinguifh'd from. whofe Centers, as before, the Edge of the Ruler ihall fucthrough from any two (or more) in its parallel motion, beginning ceflively pafs initial or external Parallelograms, :whofe Terms are made equal ; an Arithmetical Progreflion may be found, which ihall comprehend and take in all thofe promifcuous Terms, without any regard had to the Terms that are to be omitted. Thefe are fome of the properties of this Table, or of a combined Arithmetical Progreflion in piano by which we may eafily underfland our Author's expedient, of Tabulating the given Equation, and may derive the neceflary Confequen~es from it.
>,

c 2

For

196

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

For when the Root y is to be extracted out of a given Equation, confifting of the Powers of y and x any how combined togetherother known quantities, of which x is to be promifcuoufly, with the Root of the Scale, (or Series,) as explain'd before fuch a value
;

and become equal to nothing. And y, the whole (hall be deftroy'd, firft the initial Term of the Series^or the firfl Approximation, is to be found, wtyich in all cafes may be Analytically reprefented by Ax* ; or we may always put y Ax m &c. So that we mail have y 1 A 4 * 4 *, &c. And fo of other A*x* m 6cc. 4 A*x, &c. Powers or Roots. Thefe when fubftituted in the Equation, and by that means compounded with the feveral Powers of x (or z} already found there, will form fuch a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in flano as is above defcribed, or which may be reduced to fuch, by and I. Thefe Terms therefore, according to making
1

of y

is

to be found, as

when

fubftituted in the

Equation inftead of

_>'

_}>

a=m

the nature of the Equation, will be promifcuoufly difperfed in the Table j but the vacancies may always be conceived to be fupply'd, and then it will have the properties before mention'd. That is, the Ruler being apply'd to two (or perhaps more) initial or external Terms, (for if they were not external, they could not be at the beginning of an Arithmetical Progreffion, as is neceflarily required,) and thofe Terms being made equal, the general Index m will thereby be determined, and the general Coefficient A will alfo be known. If the external Terms made choice of are the loweft in the Table, which is the cafe our Author purfues, the Powers of x will proceed by increafing. But the higheft may be chofen, and then a Series
will be found,
in

which the Powers of x

will proceed

by

decreafing.

be other cafes of external Terms, each of which will eommonly afford a Series. The initial Index being thus found, the other compound Indices belonging to the Equation will be known be found', in which alfo, and an Arithmetical Progreffion may they form of the Series wifll the and are all comprehended, confequently

And

there

may

be known.

of the Equation, as above, reduce if the Terms themfelves we fame in be the will effedt, thing to the form of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion, as was fhewn before. But then due care mufl be taken, that the Terms may be otherwife the Ruler cannot be acrightly placed at equal diftances j of the Indices, as may tually apply'd, to difcover the Progreffions be done in the Parallelogram.

Or

inftead of Tabulating the Indices

it

For

and INFINITE SERIES,

197

For the fake of greater perfpicuity, we will reduce our general Table or combined Arithmetical Progreffion in piano, to the partiwhich will th.n appear cular cafe, in which a-=.m and b=. i
-,

thus

- 2M+0
_,,

m+6

JOT+6

M-6
"'"+5

+5 +

"-+5

w+4 + 4
zm-if 3

2W+4

4'"+ 4

m +4

+ AO-f- 2

CT+2
OT+I

2OT-4-2

4W+2

m-\-

2OT+

5^2
2m
3

<

>

601

the chief properties of this Table, fubfervient to the prefent If any Parallelogram be feledted, and anwill be thefe. purpofe, other any how below it towards the right hand, and if their included Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number m, which in this cafe will always be affirmative ; alfo if the Edge of the

Now

Ruler be apply 'd to the Centers of thefe two Parallelograms ; all the Numbers of the other Parallelograms, whofe Centers at the fame time touch the Ruler, will likewife be equal to each other. Thus if the be feleded, as alfo the ParalleloParallelogram denoted by m -+- 4 and if we make m -t- 4 ^m -H 2, we mall have -f- 2

gram
jm

m=i.

377*

2,

m -f- 4, 3^7 -|- 2, $m, ;;; -h 6, Alfo the Parallelograms &c. will at the fame time be found to touch the Edge of

i. the Ruler, every one of which will make 5, when And the fame things will obtain if any Parallelogram be felecled, and another any how below it towards the left-hand, if their included Numbers be made equal, by determining the general Number m, which in this cafe will be always negative. Thus if the Parallelogram denoted by 5/w-i-4be felecled, as alfo the Parallelogram 402 -f- 2; Alib 2. and if we make ^m-\-^.-=^.m -t-2, we fliall

m=

the Parallelograms

6w+6, 5^4-4, 4^ + 2,

have>=
3?;;,

zm

2,

6cc.

will

198
will be

7%e Method of
found
at the 6,

FLUXIONS,
2.

which

will

make
(hall

fame time to touch the Ruler, every one of

when

things remaining as before, if from the firft fituation of move towards the right-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at greater and greater Numbers, which at equal diftances will form an afcending Arithmetical Progeffion. Thus if the two firft felected 1 whence Parallelograms be zm

The fame
it

the Ruler

m=.,
-j.

5;;;

3,

the

Numbers
if

be

Then
it

correfponding Parallelograms will the Ruler moves towards the right-hand, into the

in all the

I, &c. thefe Numbers will each be %m-\- i, 6m moves to the fame diftance, it will arrive at forwards 3. which will &c. each be If it moves forward +- i, 4/7; -{-3, 7/ 5^. to it will arrive the fame diftance, at yn -fagain 5, %m -f- 3, &c. which will each be 8f. And fo on. But the Numbers f, 3, 52., 8y, &c. are in an Arithmetical Progreffion whofe common diffe-

parallel fituation

If

rence

is

2-i.

And
it

the like, mutatis mutandis,

<?

in

other circum-

fiances.

contra, that if from the firft fituation moves towards the left-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at lefler and leifer Numbers, which at equal diftances will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion. But in the other fituation of the Ruler, in which it inclines downwill follow
it

And hence of the Ruler,

wards towards the left-hand, if it be moved towards the right-hand by a parallel motion, it will continually arrive at greater and greater Numbers, which at equal diftances will form an increafing Arithmetical Progreffion.
rallelograms be

8m

Thus
i

= $m
i

if the

two
i,

firft

feleded

whence

~~ =Numbers
}

or Pa-

and the
4!..
2;;;,

Numbers

the Ruler upwards thefe Numbers will each be

it

in all the correfponding Parallelograms will be moves into the parallel fituation 5^-4-2,

If
8fc.

m-+- i, 6cc. which will each be i-i. If it move forward again to the fame diftance, it will arrive at m -f- 4, And fo &c. which will each be on. But the -+Num2, 4/;z 4^. or bers &c. .Ll, i, |, -L, &c. are in an in4,1, i|, i-i, 4.1,
will arrive at
3,

2m

f.

If it

move on

at the

fame diftance,

creafing Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe common difference is , or 3. And hence it will follow alfo, if in this laft fituation of the Ruler

moves the contrary way, or towards the left-hand, it will continually arrive at lefler and lefler Numbers, which at equal diftances will form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreflion. Now if out of this Table we fhould take promifcuoufly any number of Parallelograms, in their proper places, with their refpeclive
it

Num-

and INFINITE SERIES,

Numbers
included, neglecYmg
all

199
cer-

the reft

we mould form fome

tain Figure, fuch as this,

of which thefe would be the properties.

"M-3

2OT-J-I

5;;;+ 1

The Ruler
Parallelograms
is,

being apply'd to any

which are in the two of the external being made equal, by determining the
that
to

two (or perhaps more) of the Ambit or Perimeter of the Figure, Parallelograms, and their Numbers

general Number m ; if the over all the reft of the Parallelograms by a paffes parallel motion, thofe Numbers which at the fame time come to the Edge of the Ruler will be equal, and thofe that come to it fuccefllvely will form an Arithmetical Progreffion, if the Terms mould lie at equal diftan-

Ruler

be reduced to fuch, by fupplyingany Terms that may happen to be wanting. Thus if the Ruler fhould be apply'd to the two uppermoft and external Parallelograms, which include the Numbers 3/w-f-^ and o, fo that ^m ~}_ 5, and if they be made equal, we mall have m The next Numbers that the Ruler each of thefe Numbers will be 5. will arrive at will be m -f- 3, 4;;; +3, 6/ -f- 3, of which each will So that be 3. The la ft are zm -f- i, 5>-f- i, of which each is i.
ces
;

or atleaft-they

may

here

which form a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion, the common difference of which And if there had been more Parallelograms, any how difpofed, is 2. would have been comprehended by this Arithmetical Numbers their or at leaft it might have been interpolated with other Progreffion, Terms, fo as to comprehend them all, however promifcuoufly and have been taken. irregularly they might if the Ruler be apply'd to the two external PaThus fecondly, and 6m-}- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made rallelograms 5/72+ 5 we mail have m 2, and the Numbers themfelves will be equal, each ic. The three next Numbers which the Ruler .will arrive at
#2

0,

and the Numbers

arifing are

5, 3, i,

will

20O
will be each 11,

The Method of
and the two
laft

FLUXIONS,
^ach
5.

will be

But the

Num-

bers 15,

n>

5. will be

comprehended

Progreffion 15, 13, 1 1, 9, 7, 5, whofe Thirdly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the

-f- 3 have tn

in the decreafing Arithmetical common difference is 2.

two

external Parallelograms

6m

and 5*0-4-1, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhall The two next 2, and the Numbers will be each 9.
that the Ruler will arrive at will be each

5, the next the next and the laft i. All which will be i, -+3, in the afcending Arithmetical comprehended Progreffion 9, 7,

Numbers
will be

5,

3,

i,

-+- i,

whofe common

difference

is

2.

Fourthly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two loweft and external Parallelograms 2m-\-i and 5/77 -+- i, and if they be made equal, we fhall have again m o, fo that each of thefe Numbers will be i The next three Numbers that the Ruler will approach to, will each be 3, and the laft 5. But the Numbers i, 3, 5, will be

compre-

hended

in
is

an afcending Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe

2.

common we
5.

difference

Fifthly, if the
in -f- 3

have

that the Ruler will approach to will each be 1 1, three next the next will be each 15. two and But the Numbers 5, 1 1, 15, will be comprehended in the afcending Arithmetical Progreffion 5, 7, 9, II, 13, 15, of which the common difference is 2.

2m =Numbers
and
2,

Ruler be apply'd to the two external Parallelograms

fhall

+- i, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, and the Numbers themfelves will be each

The

Laftly, if the Ruler be apply'd to the two external Parallelograms pn -f- 5 and m-\- 3, and if thefe Numbers be made equal, we fhali

have The I, and the Numbers themfelves will each be 2. next Number to which the Ruler approaches will be o, the two next are each All which Numbers i, the next 4. 3, the laft will be found in the defcending Arithmetical Progreffion 2, I, p,
i, 2, 4, whofe 3, fix are all the poffible cafes of external

m=.

common

difference

is

i.

And

thefe

Terms.

to find the Arithmetical Progreffion, in which all thefe refulting Terms fhall be comprehended ; find their differences, and the greateft common Divifor of thofe differences fhall be the common

Now

difference of the Progreffion.

Numbers were

5,
is

1,15,
2.

common Divifor

the refulting differences are 6, 4, and their greateft Therefore 2 will be the common difference of

Thus in the fifth cafe before,

whofe

the Arithmetical Progreffion,

which

will include

all

the

refulting
.ap-

Numbers 5, n, 15, without any fuperfluous Terms. plication of all this will be beft apprehended from the
are to follow.

But the
Examples

that

30

and INFINITE SERIES.

30.
_j_ I!y4

201
$xy*
are dif-

We

have before given the form of

ja*x )* +-

6<? 3 .Y 5

4-^Ar*

this

Equation, y<
the

o,

when

Terms

to a double or combined Arithmetical Scale, in orpofed according Or obferving the fame difpofition of the Terms, der to its Solution.

they

may
A;

requires. dices of

be inferted in their refpedive Parallelograms, as the Table Or rather, it may be fufficient to tabulate the feveral Inonly,

when

Term of the Then by &c. y=;Ax'", A 6m tion, we fhall have

fent the
firft
6
.\-

they are derived as follows. Let Ax" repreSeries to be form'd for y, as before, or let
fubftituting this for y in the given Equam l a tIB s x$ .v

o. Thefe Indices will ftand their with the general Table, refpective Parallelograms,
6fl 3 x J -f-^.x'4,

&c.

$A

-+-

-f. 7*A -^xv+s of AT, when felected from

thus:

2 02

Tfo Method of
will give the

FLUXIONS,

This here

has thefe fix Roots, 3*7,. ,/tf, ^/2a, the are Of two laft and to be the of which impoffible, rejected. be for taken others any one may A, according as we would profecute this or that Root of the Equation.

Equation

A6

7rt*A*

5 -j- 6<z

A=v/

o,

which,

Now

the proximation Terms of the Equation are thus ranged, according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the initial or external Terms, (each Cafe in its turn,) become the moil confiderable of the Series, and the reft continually decreafe, or become of lefs and lefs value, according as they recede
,

that this Ax m

is

a legitimate

Method

may appear from confidering,

for rinding the firft that when

Ap-

more and more from

be
all

thofe initial

Terms.

Confequently they

rejected, as leaft confiderable, which will make thofe initial or external Terms to be (nearly) equal to nothing ; which Suppofi-

may

tion gives the Value of A, or of

Ax n

for the

fir ft

Approximation,

And

afterwards regularly purfued in the fubfeSuppofition and proper Supplements are found, by means of quent Operations, which the remaining Terms of the Root are extracted.
this
is

We

may

try here

likewife, if

we

can obtain a defcending Series

for the

^m

The Ruler in an d hence each of the Numbers will be 9. Then at zm -f- 2, or its motion will next arrive at $m-\- i, or 8f. Then at 4. And laftly at 3. But thefe Numbers 9, 8f, 5, 4, 5. be comprehended in an Arithmetical Progreffion, of which 3, will So that the form of the Series here the common difference is i.

_j_ y

Root y, by applying the Ruler to the two external Terms and 6m ; which being made equal to each other, will give

m =T>

y =A.v* -f- Ex -+- Cx^ -f- D^, &c. external Terms equal to nothing, in order
will be

But
or

if

we
I

put the two

firft

to obtain the

proximation,

we

mail have

A4

=o,

-f-

o,

Apwhich
ini-

So that we can have no will afford none but impoffible Roots. this fuppofition, and confequently tial Approximation from
Series.

no

But

laftly,

we may

apply

will give

Number
27;

The next -, and each of the Numbers will be 4. will be 3 ; the next 2m -\- 2, or 2| ; the next 50* -{- i, or But the Numbers 4, 3, af, 27, the laft will be 6m, or if.
all

to try the third and laft cafe of external Parallelograms, the Ruler to 4 and 4^2-4-3, which being made equal,

if, will

be found in a decreafing Arithmetical Progreffion, whofe

common 6cc. may

difference will be

So that Ax* reprefent the form of this Series,

+ Bx

H- Cx~*

-+-

Dx~s
the

if the

circumftances of

and INFINITE SERIES.

the Coefficients will allow of an Approximation from hence.
if

203
But
a,

we make
o,

the

initial

Terms

equal to nothing,

we

mall have

-\- b*

which will give none but impoflible Roots. So that we can have no initial Approximation from hence, and confequemly no Series for the Root in this form. 1 # =o, when the Terms by -+- qbx* 3 i. The Equation y
s
;

are difpofed according to a double Arithmetical Scale, will have the form as was (hewn before ; from whence it may be known, what cafes of external Terms there are to be try'd, and what will be the

circumftances of the feveral Series for the Root y, which may be Or otherwiie more explicitely thus. Putting derived from hence. " of the Series y, this Equation will become firft Term the for Ax
1

by Subftitution
if

A'A.-?"

M*
1

1"

we

take

thefe Indices

of

o. So that x*, 6cc. gbx* out of the general Table, they will
-f-

ftand as in the following Diagram. in order to have an afcending we may apply the Ruler to Series for

Now

y,

the two external Parallelograms

2 and

2W, which
give m will be 2.

therefore being
i,

made equal, will and each of the Numbers

in its parallel

The Ruler then

come
are 5,
all

progreis bers 2, 3,

will firft

whofe common
will here be
firft
;'

Coefficient
a

or

A,

=we
is

to 3, and then to yn, or But the Num5. contain'd in an afcending Arithmetical Progrefiion, difference is i Therefore the form of the Series AA; -f- B* 1 -f-(*', &c. And to determine the
.

9,

that

=+

fhall

have the Equation

3.

bfcx 1

-f-

qbx*

--

o,

So that

either

4-3*,

or

Approximation, according as we intend to extract the affirmative or the negative Root. We mall have another cafe of external Terms, and perhaps another afcending Series for_y, by applying the Ruler to the Parallelograms 2; and 5;^, which Numbers being made equal, will g;ive
be the
initial

3^ may

(For by the way, when we put 5/77, we are not at that to becaufe this would Diviiion, argue by liberty bring And the laws of Argumentation require, that no us to an absurdity. Abfurdities muft be admitted, but when they are inevitable, and the are of ufe to of fome when

m =zo.

2;=

2=5,
falfity

they

mew

fliould therefore here argue

then
tion

5//f

2:>i

Supposition. by Subtraction, thus: Becanfe cm

We
^t>i
t

thought

o, and therefore o, or pn the more necellary, becaufe I have

o.

This Cau-

obferved f >mc,

d 2

who

204
who would

"The

Method of FLUXIONS,

lay the blame of their own Abfurdities upon the AnalyBut thefe Abfurdities are not to be imputed to the Art, Art. tical the unikilfulnef of the Artift, who thus abfurdly apbut rather to

the Principles of his Art.) o, we {hall Having therefore have the Numbers 2/77. in its parallel The o. Ruler 577*' motion will next arrive at 2 ; and then at 3. But the Numbers o,
plies alfo

= = =

777.

2, 3, will be comprehended in the Arithmetical Progreffion o, i, 2, 3, whofe common difference is i. Therefore y A -+- Ex -+- CAT*, &c. will be the form of this Series. Now from the exterior Terms A* 3 bA* o, or A by or A fi, we {hall have the firft Term

of the Series. There is another cafe of external Terms

bly may the Parallelograms 3 and
afford a defcending Series for y.
5777,

to be try'd, which poffiFor applying the Ruler to

(hall

and making thefe equal, we

will be
3.

have

7/7=4, an d ea ch of will come to 2 and

;

thefe

Numbers
or
--

Then

the Ruler

will be

3, 2, if, common whofe in a comprehended defcending Progreffion, Ax^ difference is f. Therefore the form of the Series will be y laftly 2777,

But the Numbers

=
A: 3

_f.

BA"T

-|-

as the two former' will give i for the firft Coefficient. cafes will each give a converging Series for y in this Equation, when is lefs than .v Unity ; fo this cafe will afford us a Series when x is

A=

CA^

-f-

D, &c.

And

the external

Terms

.v

Now

greater

than Unity ; which will converge fo much the fafter, the is greater fuppofed to be. have 32. already feen the form of this Equation y> -\-axy -f-

We

A? 3 2# 3 aay double Arithmetical

=o,

when
firft

the

Terms
if

are difpofed according to a

Scale.

And

we
l

Ax*

to reprefent the have by fubftitution

o.

Approximation 2^ 3 Sec, A' 3 A'X= m -f- aAx m + -+- a'-Ax" Thefe Terms, or at leaft thefe Indices of x, being felecled
,

take the fictitious quantity to the Root ;', we {hall

out of the general Table, will appear thus. to obtain an afcending Series for the Root y, we may apply the Ruler to the three

Now

external
equal,

Terms
will

o,

777,

In the next place the Numbers Ruler will come to 777.4- i, or i ; and laftly But the Numbers o, i, 3, are contain'd in the Arithmetical to 3.
Progreffion o, i, 2, 3, the form of the Root
if the

give are each o.

3777,

which being made

Therefore
thefe

o.

whofe
is

common

difference
1

is

i.

Therefore
6cc.

Equation

a1

y=. A -+- Ex -{-Cx -+A <2a' =o, (which is

Dx>,

Now
initial

derived

from the

initial

Term?,)

is

the
If

Quotient

and INFINITE SERIES. divided by the factor A -f- ah. ~ta

205
2a*,
it

will give

o, or

A=.a

for the initial

Term

of the

Root^y.

we would

alfo derive a

defcending Series for this Equation,

we

may
being

apply the Ruler to the external Parallelograms 3, yn, i alio thefe made equal to each other, will give m

which

Num-

Then the Ruler will approach to m-\- i, or 2 ; bers will each be 3. But the Numbers 3, 2, i, o, are a dethen to //;, or i ; laftly to o. difference creafing Arithmetical Progreflion, of which the common So that the form of the Series will here be -+- B -+is i.
the Equation form'd by the external Terms , 3 3 or i. x3 .v will be o, 1 c'x 3 -f- c 7 of the Equation x*)' s o, y+X} 33. The form as exprefs'd by a combined Arithmetical Scale, we have already feen, us all the varieties of external Terms, with which will eafily ra But for farther illuftration, putting A,v for Circumftances. other their
CA,
'

&c. -f- Dx~-

And

y=Ax
-

A=

mew

the

firft

Term
I

I i" c'x* -+- c\ &c. 36--A ,v will ftand thus. tabulated, to have an afcending
I

of the Root

y,

we

("hall

=o.
2

m have by fubftitution A t x^ + l Thefe Indices of x being

Now

Series,

we mufl

apply

the

Ruler to the two external Terms o and yn -\- 2, which

being

made
.*-,

equal, will give

m
Number

and the two Numbers anting

is

will be each o.
r,

The

next

that the Ruler arrives at

zm

or

.J.

and the

la ft is 2.

But the Numbers o, i, 2, will be found in an afcending ArithmetiTherefore y =. Ax~ cal Progreffion, whofe common difference is the Root. To deter-f- C -f- D.x^, &c. will be the form of _l_ B.v from the exterior have Terms mine the firft Coefficient A, we fhall
-i-.
'>

A'-f-6the

o,

which

will give

y^c

c'\

Therefore
,

firft

Term
may

or Approximation to the

Root

will be

y ==.

J/-^

&c.

We

try

if

we

can obtain a defcending Series, by applying

the Ruler to the

two external Parallelograms, whofe Numbers o, and and 5;-f-2, which being made equal, will give ;;;

are 2
thefe

Numbers
i
;

will each be 2.
laftly

The Ruler

and

at

o.

But

will next arrive at 2///-J- i, or the Numbers 2, i, o, form a de Icon cling

ProgreiTion, Series will here be

whofe

common difference is i. CvA -f. B,v y

So that die form of the

,

&c,

And

putting the
initial

206
initial

The Method of
Terms equal
1

FLUXIONS,

have A'* And to the Root.

ihall

c*x*

to nothing, as they ftand in the Equation, we or for the firft Approximation o, <r, this Series will be accommodated to the cafe of Con-

=
-,

Series is accommovergency, when x is greater than c as the other other when x is lefs than c. to the dated cafe, 6 If the o, 27^ 34. propofed Equation be 8z, f> -\- a^y* thus refolved without When reduced it be to any preparation. may

our form,

it

will ftand thus,

B

6 8z 6y \* / -}-az J
3

putting_y=A

',&:c.it willbecome

8A*z*"

+ +aA
6

,, 1 f=o; and by * 3 27^9

1

z*'

m +' s

*
*
s

&c.7
*

The

firft

cafe of external

Thefe Indices or Numbers But 0,2, therefore will be each o ; and the other 2/-f- 6 will be 2. will be in an afcending Arithmetical Progreffion, of which the common difference is 2. So that the form of the Series will be y=. Az~~1 And bccaufe 8A' -|- B -h Cs. -+- Dz*, &c. 27^9, or 2A=3^3,

whence 3/^-1-6

=
3
.

Terms

0,

or

m=s

will give
2.

$A*z* m

27^3
27.^'

o,

it

will be

J-0
3

Therefore the

firft

Term

or

Approximation

to

the

Root

will

be

-^2 2. *

But another cafe of external Terms will give aA*-z~- mJc 6 Thefe Indices or Numo, whence 2w-f-6 o, or /;; 3. bers therefore will be each o j and the other yn -+- 6 will be 3. found in a defcending Arithmetical P/ogrefiion, But o, 3, will be So that the form of the Series will whofe common difference is 3

=
tis

=
f

be y J

= Az~* A=+

-f-

Ez~
4

-fr

Cs-'

3v/3 x^

>

ccc.

And

becaufe

^A 1

27^',

^''^ Coefficient.

=:

external Terms, which may Laftly, there is another cafe of pom"a 6 m 6 afford a us -f- aA*z"- ^~ Series, by making SA*z3 defcending bly And the Numbers will be each equal to 6 ; o. o ; whence

is o. But 6, o, will be in a of which the common difference defcending Arithmetical Progreffion, 6 is 6. Therefore the form of the Series will be _y= -f- Ez~ -f1 Oc- 11 &c. Alib becaufe 8A -+- a A o, it is A {a for the

the other

Number,

or Index

of z,

=A

firft

Coefficient.

of

produce one Example more, in order to fhew what variety may be derived from the Root in fome Equations; as alib all the cafes, and all the varieties that can be derived, in the to fhew Let us therefore affume this Equation, prefent ftate of the Equation.
I fhall

Series

y*

--_ +
1,vl

--_ + - _ _
3^ a
/.

ClI

_j_
-+-

_
I

__
fl\*
3

.+.

^
m
,

o,

or

rather y 3

a~ y x
1

-+- a=

-\- x>

a>y~- x

3-

a\)

o.

Which

if

we make

}'

a \y~ z A.
A.\

-}-

a 6 x~ s &c. and
difpofe

and INFINITE SERIES.

difpofe the Terms according to a fion, will appear thus
:

207

combined Arithmetical Progref-

***
* *
.*x"

+**

Now here it is plain by the difpofition of the Terms, that the Ruler can be apply'd eight times, and no oftner, or that there are eight cafes of external Terms to be try'd, each of which may give a Series for the Root, if the Coefficients will allow it, of which four
And firft for the four cafes afcending, and four defcending. of afcending Series, in which the Root will converge by the afcending Powers of x ; and afterwards for the other four cafes, when the Series converges by the defcending Powers of x. I. Apply the Ruler, or, (which is the fame thing,) afTume the s 1 " -* 1 a"' A- *Equation a A~=x~^ o, which will give 3/77
will be
1

=
;

2in

2,

or

7/7= 2;
6.

alfo

A=^.
then to

The Number
in its parallel

refulting

from

thefe Indices

is

But the Pailer

3
;
.

next come to the Index to o ; then to zm 2, or 2

or 6.

then to 3
6,
3,

But the Numbers

will or 2 then zm-{- 2, ; and laftly to 3/7; and 2/774- 2, 2, o, 2, 3, 6, are in an af-

motion

cending Arithmetical Progrellion, of which the common difference is i ; and therefore the form of the Series will be Ax --Bx*

=
or

1-

-f-

C.v, &c. and

II.

its firft

Term
6

will be
l

Affume the Equation a x~

give 3 ber refulting

zm
hence
or
is
i

2,

or
3
;

=f

a''A
}

x--

alfo

==z o, which will

a*.

The Num;

iJL ; the 37/7, the next ; 2, ; 2/>-f- 2, or j or i ; the two laft zm 4- 2 and are each 3. But 3/7;, 3, the Numbers will be in i, found an i, 3, j, o, i|, 3, Arithmetical of which the common difference afcending Progreffion,

the next will be

next 2/72 the next

the next o

is

and therefore the form of the Dx% &c. and its firft Term

Series will be
will be

+ ^/ax.

= Ax^

+-

Bx

+-

III.

208
III.

7?je

Method of FLUXIONS,
a* A. 1 .* 11""alfo

Aflame the Equation a 6 x~*

2, f; 3 give ber refulting is 3 ; the next 3;?;, or if ; the next i ; the next o ; the next 2m -+- 2, or i ; the next or 3z, or the two laft and 2m which are each But the if; -f- 2, 3 3. Numbers be all if, i, o, i, if, 3, will 3, comprehended in an afcending Arithmetical Progreiiion, of which the common dif-

2?/7

or;;;=

=+

o,

which

will

a*.

The Num2m 2,

ference

is

~h B

-f-

f and therefore the form of the Series will be y - A.y~ f Cx* -f- Dx, &c. and the firft Term will be or a*x~'
; ,

"v/;IV. Affume the Equation

give
3

=
is

2;

2m -{-2, or 2 ; the next 3 ; the two laft and 2#?4-2, each of which is 6. But the Numbers 6, 3/tf 2, o, 2, 3, 6, belong to an afcending Arithmetical Progref3, Therefore the form of fion, of which the common difference is i. the Series will be y Ax~- +- Bx~' -+- C -f- Dx, &c. and its firft
6 ; the next o; the next
refulting
3
;

2, or ;/z the next will be

A: 3

^'A 1 *-'*- 2
alfo

2;
2,

A
;

= = The
o,
a*.

which

will

Number

the next

2m

or 2

Term will be ^ The four defending

I.

Series are thus derived.

Afllune the Equation

3;;z

give

=
6

2/w -4- 2, or #2
;

=
<

Au
;

a-'A 1 x"- m + l
alfo

2;

o,

which

will
re-

The Number
2,

fulting

is

the next will be 3

2;;z-f-2, or

O; the
3/72

next

the next 2m 25 the next

is

or 2

the next

and

2m
2,
3,

2,

each of which
6,

6.

3; the two laft But the Numbers

6, 3, 2, o,

greflion, of the Series will X Term will be .

S,

of which the

be/

common

belong to a defcending Arithmetical Prodifference is i. Therefore the form 1 C Ex D.*Ax* -i&c. and the firft ~f-f,

Affume the Equation 2m -+- 2 3, or ;;:= f

II.

x*
alfo

a~

=+

x im Jri
~

o,

which

will give

a*.

The Number

refulting

be 3;^, or if; the next 2;/z-f-2, or i ; the ,/ or i ; the next 2, if; the yn, or two laft and 2m 2 are each But the Numbers 3 3. 3, if, i, o, i, if, 3, belong to a defcending Arithmetical Therefore the ProgreiTon, of which the common difference is i. form of the Series will be_)' Ax^-i-Ex+Cx~^-{- DAT*', &c. and the firft Term will be ^/ax.
the next wi: 3 next o ; the next
is
;

III.

and INFINITE SERIES.

III.

Aflume the Equation x <7A-** *+ + 2 w H- 2, or TW f alfo A gve 3 ber refulting from hence is 3 the next will be

=
;

=
i,

209
o,

which
or if 2, or
2,

will'

a*'.

The Num;

3;;?,

the
i ;

next 2m -+-2, or the next 3777, or

the next o

the next
laft

if

3, are a Arithmetical comprehended defcending Progreflion, of which the common difference is f Therefore the form of the Series will
3.

whichare

But the

two Numbers
the
.

3,

3 if, i, o,

2m and 2m

each of

if,

in

bcy=Ax~*-t-Bx~'-i-Cx~~ l -l-Dx- %
be

&c

an d the

firft

Term

will

+ a*x~*

or

+a
3;;;

IV. Laftly, aflume the Equation a 6 A-ix~i m

==='#. alfo ; next zm 2, refulting is 6 ; the next will be 3 ; the or 2 ; the next o ; the next 2m -f- 2, or 2 ; the next the ; 3 two next 3#; and 2m But the Numbers 6, 3, 6. 2, are each 2, o, 2, 6, belong to a defcending Arithmetical Progref3,' of which the -common difference is r. Therefore the form of iion,
will give
2,

which

2m -f-

or

rfA.- I
2

The Number

the Series will

rn
'
.

be/=A x
<

H-BA

4-Cx 4-t-Dx-5 &c. and

,

the

firft

Term is And this may

we muft
finding
all

fuffice

in all Equations of this kind, for finding

firft

the farms of the feveral Series, and their

the reft of the

Approximations.
no

Now

proceed to their farther Refolution, or to the

Method of

Terms

fucceffively,

.SECT. V. The Refolution of Affe&ed Specious Equations, firofecuted by various Methods of Analyfis.
has been fhewn, when an Equation is ~J_ propofed, in order to find its Root, how the Terms of the Equation are to be difpoied in a two-fold regular fucceffion/fo as thereby to find the initial Approximations, and the feveral forms of the Scries in all their various circumftances. the Author proceeds in like manner to difcover the fubfequent Terms of the Series, which may be done with much eafe and certainty, when the form
35.
it

TTT ITHERTO

Now

of the Series is known. For this end he finds Refidual or Supplemental Equations, in a regular fuccefTion alfo, the Roots of which are a continued Series of Supplements to the Root In required. one of which the every Supplemental Equations Approximation is

found,

2io

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

found, by rejecting the more remote or lefs confiderable Terms, andfo reducing it to a fimple Equation, which will give a near Value of the Root. And thus the whole affair is reduced to a kind of Comparifon of the Roots of Equations, as has been hinted already. The Root of an Equation is nearly found, and its Supplement, which, ihculd make it compleat, is the Root of an inferior Equation > the Supplement of which is again the Root of an inferior Equation ; and fo on
for ever.

Or

36. The eafy to be underflood ; yet however it may be thus farther explain'd. Having inferted the Terms of the given Equation in the left-hand

retaining that Supplement, we may flop where we pleafe. Author's Diagram, or his Procefs of Refolution, is very

Column, (which

therefore are equal to nothing, as are alfo all the fubfequent Columns,) and having already found the firft Approximation to the Root to be a ; inflead of the Root y he fubflitutes its

equivalent a-\-p in the feveral Terms of the Equation, and writes the Refult over-againfl them refpedtively, in the rightrhand Margin. Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below, in the
.

of which rejecting all the Terms of too high a ; i i he retains only the two loweft Terms ^.a p-\-a x=.o^ compofition, x for the fecond Term of the Root. Then which give p -%x-}-q, he fubflitutes this in the defcending Terms afluming/> to the left-hand, and. writes the Refult in the Column to the righthand. Thefe he collects and abbreviates, writing the Refult below Of which rejecting again all the higher in the left- hand- Column. i o i which T T-cx Terms, he retains only, the two loweft ^a*q
left-hand

Column

==

give a

for the third

Term

of the Root.

And

fo on.

Or

165.) thus perform'd.

imitation of a former Procefs, (which may be feen-, ,pag; the Refolution of this, and all fuch like Equations, may be
in

i)3_|_tf^y=

2fl'= (if y=-a-irp}

A?
3

a*

-+.axy-h

+ +ay
a*

!L

> ap '$a*'p-\-T -}-p*

Or collecting > andexpung}

J ing,

I
r

collecting and expunging,

By which

Procefs the

Root

will be

found

_y

X
<z

7* 4-

^,

&c.

Or

and INFINITE SERIES.

Or in imitation of may thus refolve the
the
firft
>a

211

Method
3

before taught, (pag. 178, &c.) we Supplemental Equation of this Example

w>. W-p -f- axp -f- 3^/ -4-/ muft be difpos'd in the following manner.
of unneceffary prolixity,
briefly denotes, that a for the Value of y.
is
is

a'-x -+ x*

-,

where the Terms

it

But to avoid a great deal a, &c. may be here obferved, that y

the

firft

Term

Alfo^=*
is
1

of the Series, to be derived f#, &c. infinuates, that fx

y.

the fecond
infinuates,

Term

of the fame Series

the third
643

Alfo y

* -f-

644

&c.

that -4- r

out any regard to the other Terms. Terms ; and the like is to be underftood of
ever.

Term And fo

of the Series
for
all

y, **

with-

all the fucceeding other Series what-

4*'/l

==

a*x

+*

40963
13 1x4

^
7T7T

&c.
c &c
-

To
made
folved
is fet

explain the firft

;
t

this Procefs,

Term of

or 4 .a*p

down
a

_f-3^)

below,

= Then
l
,

it a*x is may be obferved, that here the Series, into which ^a l p is to be rea*x, &c. and therefore p x, &c. which
is

-t-Tz-ax

axp ^ax &c. each of which are

-f-

1
,

&c. and (by fquaring)

per Places.

Thefe Terms being

a contrary Sign

which with
of ^a*p
;

or 4d a/>

down in their procollecled, will make -V^S muft be fet down for the fecond Term
let
l
}

+
,

-r'^ax

&c. and therefore

&c. Then axp=.*-^-^ &c. and (by cubing) />

will

=
i

il. > &c. and (by fquaring) 3<?/> a * W^" ' ^ c T^efe being collected
3
-

= =

* -f-

-?-

>

be wrote down with a contrary Sign; and with A: 3 , one of the Terms of the given Equation, this, together * * -f- --'x* } &c. and therefore />= * * -f- -^- ? will make a*p '*" a

make

^,

to

&c.

Then

axp= *

* -J-

~~

1*4
,

&c. and (by fquaring)

e

3^/1*

=
s

* *

212
_,

Ih* Method of
'

FLUXIONSJ

and (by * -f- -1^1 &c. all which cubing) * N ] ft! 1024* 1 ***-fbeing collected with a contrary Sign, will make 4tf /> 59i_* &c. and therefore And by the -f,' &c.
.

1&22
4096.1

&c

, '

40961*

/=***

163841

fame Method

we may

'

continue the Extraction as far as

we

pleafe.

Rationale of this Procefs has been already deliver'd, but as it will be of frequent ufe, I fhaM here mention it again, in femewhat a .different manner. The Terms of the Equation being duly order'd, fo as that the Terms involving the Root, (which are to be
refolved into their refpecttve Series,) being
fide,
all

The

in a
;

Column on one
any adventitious

and

t,he

known Terms on

the other fide

Terms may be introduced, fuch as will be neceffary for forming the feveral Series, provided they are made mutually to deftroy one another, that the integrity of the Equation may be thereby preferved. Thefe adventitious Terms will be fupply'd by a kind of Circulation,
which
ceffary

make the work eafy and pleafant enough ; and the neTerms of the fimple Powers or Roots, of fuch Series as comw^ill

pofe the Equation, foregoing Theorems.

muft be derived
,

one by one, by any of the

-

are willing to avoid too many, and to0 high Powers in thefe Extraction's, we may proceed' in the following manner.

Or

if

we

The Example mall be the fame Supplemental Equation as before, which may be reduced to this form, 4a* -f- ax -+- ^ap -4- pp -x.p =s of which the Refolution may be thus a*x * 4-#
3
"

'

.'
'

-'!

'

4rf

a
.

__, 3

H- ax
.

.$

2a
,

-4-/

h TV**

77^

&c:

X*
64

I*S

5i2i

16384^3^

I call the aggregate Factor, of or which I place the known part parts 4<2* -{- ax .above, and the unknown, parts ^ap -f- pp in a Column to the left-hand, fa as that their refpeclive Series, as they come to be known, may be placed

The Terms

4^*

-f-

ax-\-

^p-^-fp

them. regularly over-againft

Under
2,

thefe a

Line

is

drawn, to receive
the

and INFINITE SERIES.

2*3

the aggregate Series beneath it, which is -form'd by the Terms of the as become Under this aggregate Seknown. Factor, they aggregate ries comes the fimple Factor />, or the of the Root to be fymbol

Terms become known alfo. Laftly, under all are the known Terms of the Equation in their proper Now as places. thefe laft Terms (becaufe of the Equation) are equivalent to the Product of the two Species above them from this confideration the Terms of the Series p are gradually derived, as follows.
extracted, as
its
;

down into it. Then

(of the aggregate Series) is brought no other Term to be collected with having Term, multiply 'd by the firft Term of />, firft Term of the is to the fuppofe q, Product, that is, ^.a'-q equal a*x, it will be q ~x, cr p -L.v, &c. to be put down in its we have T Thence (hall place. ap-=. %ax, &c. which towith will make the fecond Term for -}-ax above, gether -^^'ax
Firft,

the

initial

Term 4^

place, as becaufe this

its

>

of the aggregate Series. Now if we fuppofe r to reprefent the le-of and to be cond Term wrote in its place accordingly ; by crofsp, -'y-ax^ =^ o, becaufe the fecond multiplication we lhall have ^.a^r
_v^

Term of the Product is abfent, or=ro. Therefore r-=. which 64*' * -f- -^x may now be fet down in its place. And hence yap l &c. and p* ^x*, &c. which being collected will make ^~x Now if we fuppofe for the third Term of the aggregate Factor. of then s to third Term the p, by crofs-multiplication, (or reprefent

3 -,

by our Theorem * ;
256

fore

=
3

^=
256

for
(for

Multiplication

of

infinite

Series,)

q.a ;

4-

is

the

third Term

of the Product.)

There* * -4-

to be fet
i
1

down

in its place.
,

Then

-lap

512^*

=
will

&c.
5
I

and

2a

Azea

&c.

which together

make

_j_

^2l

for the fourth

/.to reprefent the

Term of the aggregate Series. Then putting fourth Term of p, by multiplication we fliall have

to be o, whence / ' 4096* 2048^ would proceed any farther in the ExIf fet down in its place. of the Setraction, we mufl find in like manner the fourth

^=

= -^L
Term

we

ries

thus we may eafily and furely carry of the aggregate Series. on the Root to what degree of accuracy we pleafe, without any danger of computing any fuperfiuous Terms ; which will be no mean advantage of thefe Methods.

3/, and the third

Term And

of p*-,

in order to find the fifth

Term

Or

Method of FLUXIONS,
Or we may
proceed in the following manner, by which
railing
at
all.

Supany fubfidiary Powers of the fame -f+axp ^ap* -fExample, ^cfp plemental Equation all of others in imitation a*x-{-x*, (and this,) may be p=

avoid the trouble of

we The

fliati

reduced to

this

form,

/\.a*-

-+-

ax-+- ^a

-{-

x/> x/>

a*x

x>,

which may be thus

refolved.

4#*

-f-

ax

for the

The Terms being difpofed as in firft Term of the aggregate

this

Paradigm, bring
as
it

down
be

4^*

Series,

may

ftill

call'd,

and fuppofe

a*x, 4^*5' for the firft Term

or -+Series.

q to reprefent the

or^=

of p. with of 3#-f-/>x/>, which product

of the Series p. Then will ~x, which is to be wrote every where x for the firft Term Multiply +- 3*2 by
firft

Term

ax

ax

the Refult
let

~#x

will be the fecond

Then

r reprefent the fecond

1

have by Multiplication q.a'-r wrote every where for the fecond

multiplication

-r-s-^x

the Term above, Term of the aggregate Term of />, and we fhal'l
collect
o,

or r

=
1

to

be

Term

of^>.

Then
1

we

fhall

have 3^ x ~~ a

-I- -rV-v

= ^V^
s
is,

as above,

by crofs-

^or tne third

Term

of the aggregate Series. Again, fuppofing of p, we ftiall have by Multiplication, third

to reprefent the

Term

for that purpofe,) A.a

+
'

',
256

256

=x

(fee the

Theorem,
a
. '

that

s=^^
5iz
-of

to

be wrote every where for the third Term of p. And by the lame of the Term of the fourth way Multiplication aggregate Series will be

found to be

\-2L.
}

which

will

make

the fourth

Term

to be

And

fo on.
this

Among

all

variety

of Methods

for

thefe Extractions,
is

we
mon

muft not omit

to ftipply

the Learner with one more, which

com-

and INFINITE SERIES/

mon
and obvious enough, but which fuppofes the form of the Series required to be already known, and only the Coefficients to be unknown. This we may the better do here, becaufe we have alhow to determine the form and number of fuch Seready fhewn cafe This Method confifts in the aflumption in propofed. any ries,
of a general Series for the Root, fuch as may conveniently reprefent it, by the fubftitution of which in the given Equation, the geThus in the prefent Equaneral Coefficients may be determined. A' 5 2a 3 tion y= 4- axy 4- aay o, having already found (pag. A 4- Bx -+- Cx*, &c. 204.) the form of the Root or Series to be y for of of the Methods any Cubing an infinite Series, by the help we may eafily fubrtitute this Series inftead of y in this Equation, which will then become

4~

ijX

4~ ^n.D l x 1 4~ 4^ 3A*C 4-

-D'AJ" 3

4~
}

^"*> *^c*

6ABC4- 36^
4-f-

6ABD
o.

aA.x 4-

aBx

1-

4- aCx*

aDx*, &c.

an indeterminate quantity, and muft continue' fo to be, every Term of this Equation may be feparately put equal tonothing, by which the general Coefficients A,B, C, D, &c. will be determined to congruous Values ; and by this means the Root^ will be
becaufe

Now

is

known.
as

Thus,
(2.)

( i.)

1 4- a A

2a~>

before.

3A B
a

-+-

aA

-+- a*-B

= =

o,

which

will give

A=/r,

o, or

B==

i B -4-6ABC-j-3A*D4-rfC-H a D o, orD'=^_> aD 4- ^E A*E 6ABD AO 44o, or 3 3B-C 3 (5.) _^2_ And. fo on, to determine F, G, H, &c. Then by fubfti163^4^^ Values of A, B, C, D, &c. in the aflumed Root, we tuting thefe
3

(4.)

(hall

have the former Series y

laftly,

conveniently enough refolve this Equation, or the fame kind, by applying it to the general Theorem, any other of ra CT 1 90. for extracting the Roots of any affedted Equations in NumFor this Equation being reduced to this form ;i3 * 4- a 1 4-^x bers.

Or
.

we may

=ax + ^4- '+ ;%^>

&c.

2.

x/

2l b
x
2rt 3 -+-A:'

The Method of
c

FLUXIONS,
#2

x.y

=
if
i
;

o,

we

fliall

have there

3.

And

inftead

of the firft, fecond, third, fourth, fifth,- &c. Coefficients of the Powers x , o, 2# 5 of y in the Theorem, if we write 1,0, aa -f- ax,
?

.&c. refpectively

and

we make

the

firft

or

A= a and B =
to

Approximation
A
*
,

=
,.

>

we. fliall have

if

4"
4
, a

-f-

for a nearer

mation

the Root.
-f-

4^

ax,

we make Again, by Subftitution we fliall

.t5 -(-

A=
zqSjt

Approxi4^' -f- x*, and

the Fraction
*
.*

have

48a*.v4

-f-

Zfi4 ,* -f-

+1*9

nearer Approximation to the Root. for A, and the Denominator for B,

But
five

this laft

Approximation

is

fo

And taking this Numerator we fliall approach nearer ftill. near, that if we only take the firft
divide

Terms of the Numerator, and Terms of the Denominator, (which,

troublefome Operation,) we fliall Series, fo often found already.

them by the

firft five

no managed, of the have the fame five Terms

if rightly

will be

Theorem will converge fo faft on this, and fuch like ocA a, (ma-cafions, that if we here take the firft Approximation ** have we fliall a &c. i ~x, &cc. y ,) king B -^ ^ a .And if again we make this the fecond Approximation, or A we fliall have y i,) t*, (making B

And

the

=
1

ax ~T

-i

z 4

if

again
^
*

we make
_
*-**

this the third

Approximation, or
J,)

A=:a

D ti&

&c. (making

'B==

we

fliall

have the Value of the

to eight Terms at this Operation. the number of Terms., that double will ation true

Root

For every new Operwere found true by the

laft

To
form,

Operation. proceed
v

that pag. 205,

=
o,

with the fame Equation we have found before, we might likewife have a defcending Series in this AA'H-B -j-Cx- &c. for the Root y, which we fliall
ftill
; 1 ,

extract

or three ways, for the more abundant exemplification of It has been already found, that this Doctrine. i, or that x Make therefore y =. x is the firft Approximation to the Root. x> and fubftitute this in the given Equation jy 3 -f- axy -f-

two

A=
+

*a=
-4-

=
_t_

which
a^x

will then

ax 1

-f-

become -f- axp -f- a?p -\- ^xf This may be reduced to this form o.

^p

any

-^

ax

-+- a* -f- 3.v/>

-{-/* x/>

ax"-

a*x

2a*,

and

may
OAT*

be refolved as follows.

and INFINITE SERIES.

1

217

3A'

-f-

ax _
.

aX

-f-

rt*

a*

_+_
_+_

IE1
t

Sec.

4_

p*

+^
-f-

_;

&c>

3-v*

*
"
3-v

t rfl
*""*

+~ _i-

&c.
c --

/,.. '

_i_^
3

~~ -U_

64 " 4

81^^

The Terms of the aggregate Factor, as alib the known Terms of the Equation, being down ^x l difpofed as in the Paradigm, bring for lire firft Term of the aggregate Series ; and fuppofing q to reprelent the firft Term of the Series p, it will be ax*, or

3^^

q=firft

Term of 3^ to be its This will make the place. fecond Term of the aggregate Series to be nothing fo that if rethe fecond Term fliall have we of prefent by multiplication 3vV p, of p, to be put down a 1 *;, or for the fecond Term "_ in its a 1 be the fecond Term of $xp, as alfo Then will place. 1 to be fet down each in their places. ^d"~ will be the firft Term of/ The Refult of this Column will be -^z 1 which is to be made the third Term of the Then putting s for the third aggregate Series. Term of/, we mall have by Multiplication ^x^s -V rt3 == 2(l or s= $52the next Operation we fhall have / And thus by J 1
; ;

y,

for the

firft

Term of p. put down in

Therefore

ax

will be the

'

>

and
"Or
if

fo on.

we would

refolve this reildual

Equation by one of the fore-

the railing of Powers was avoided, and going; Methods, by which wherein the whole was performed by Multiplication alone ; we may

reduce

it

to

this

d^X

_j_

2n* ,

fix -f- a -f- 3* -j-/ x/> x/ form, 3* the Refolution of which will be thus
:

^.v

j.v-

2I 8

tte Method of
3**
-f-

FLUXIONS,
a*

ax -h
3*

--+

T*

~
+

a
,

fa*
3*-

&c.

--8ix*

243*3'

The Terms being difpos'd as in the Example, bring down 3*'* for the firft Term of the aggregate Series, and fuppofing q to reprefent the firft Term of the Series p, it will be ax*, or q yx^q Put down -+- 3* in its proper place, and under it (as alfo after La. it) put down the firft Term of/, or La, which being multiply'd, and collected with -j- ax above, will make o for the fecond Term of the aggregate Series. If the fecond Term of p is now reprefented to be put a'-x, or r by r, we fhall have ix^r * down in its feveral places. Then by multiplying and collecting we mail have -f- a* for the third Term of the aggregate Series. And putting s for the third Term of p, we fhall have by Multiplication or j= T T rf3 =2d 3Ar*j |^ And fo on as far as we pleafe. Laftly, inftead of the Supplemental Equation, we may refolve the

3^*

'

given Equation itfelf in the following

manner

ax

%a*x La*x

-f-

\a* La* +-

* 28*4
,

Sec.

-----f-

ax 1

&c.

y= x
,

'a
243^5

Here becaufe it is y~> =x*, &c. it will be y x, &c. and therefore -I A which &c. muft in be fet down its =-fThen _t_ xy place. wrote with a it muft be again contrary fign, that it may be y= == * * rfx*, &c. and therefore (extracting the cube-root,) a * &c. Then -+- a*y 4- a*x, &c. and + axy j-^^, &c. which

= /=
,

and INFINITE SERIES.

which
JLa*x,

being collected with a contrary fign,

l &c. and (by Extraction) y * * -f- a y 3 &c. and -f- ^v>'= * * # frt a*, &c. which being cola and united with -f- 20 J above, will lected with contrary fign,
,

will

makers &c. Hence

219
* *

make y"'
&c.

* * *
-+-

f^

5
,

Then

=
'

&c. whence (by Extraction) y

* *

&c. and
j*,

-f-

axy

= =

* * *

4-^

>

* * *

+ ^7'

&c. which being

* * * *

collected

177
fo
I

'

&c
I

with a contrary fign, will make y* and l ^ en (by Extraction)^' ==* * * *

&c.

And

on.

need not trouble the Learner, or myfelf, with of the Author's giving any particular Explication (or Application) Rules, for continuing the Quote only to fuch a certain period as {hall be before determined, and for preventing the computation of fuperfluous Terms ; becaufe mod of the Methods of Analyfis here deliver'd require no Rules at all, nor is there the leaft danger of making
37, 38.

think

any unneceflary Computations.

39.
this,

When we
1

are
3

to find the

t)'

-+-

fj

v4

+ t>"> &c

Root y of fuch an Equation

-

as

*>

tllis is

ufually

call'd

For as here the Aggregate is the Reverfion of a Series. exprefs'd by the Powers of y; fo when the Series is reverted, the Aggregate

This Equation, as now it will be exprefs'd by the Powers of z. the of z the Series) to be unknown, (lands, fuppofes (or Aggregate it are to to we that and indefinitely, by means of the approximate

known Number y and its Powers. Or otherwife the unknown Number z is equivalent to an infinite Series of decreafing Terms, an Arithmetical Scale, of which the known Number y exprefs'd by
;

is

the Root.

This Root therefore muft be fuppofed

to be lefs

than

And thence it will folUnity, that the Series may duly converge. be much lefs than will This is ufually calthat z, alfo low, Unity.
led a

Logarithmick

Series,

becaufe in certain circumftanp.es

it

ex-

between the Logarithms and their Numbers, as preffes the Relation If we look upon z, as known, and therefore will appear hereafter. mull be reverted; or the Value of y muft the Series as unknown, y be exprefs'd by a Series of Terms compos'd of the known NumThe Author's Method for reverting this Seber z and its Powers. ries will be very obvious from the confideration of his Diagram and we mall meet with another Method hereafter, in another part of
;

Works. It will be fuffiqient therefore in this place, to perform after the manner of fome of the foregoing Extractions.
his

it

f 2

Method of FLUXIONS,
y

= a + |~
*

-+- f:i

+ TV-4-

4- T5o-3 }

>

&c

fVA./

>

h f*

M
-s

'f^ 4 -H 4 _. fS
L.

AS',' &c. fa', &c.

AX* J
*

&C.

Sec.

in a
fet

In this Paradigm the unknown parts of the Equation are fet down defcending order to the left-hand, and the known Number z is

over-againft and therefore fj*

down

Sec. which is to be fet down in its fa with a place, contrary fign, fo that _}'= * -f- f % & c 1 And therefore (fquaring) * f 2', Sec. and (cubing) f^ 3 3 -h fy fa Sec. which Terms collected with a contrary fign,
1
,

to

the

right-hand.

Then

is

z, Sec.

and

alfo

make
* *

y=
4

=4,

=
f_)'

* * -f- -.^s,

Sec.

And
-4-

=:
y

rV24
f.?.

&c
Sec.

therefore (fquaring)
3

an d (cubing)
54 '

f_y*

=
4

* -|a

fa

4
,

Sec.

and
fign,

f/
f ,

= ***-{= f^% make

1

which Terms

collected

-j -?-

^c

with a contrary
y_y

Therefore

make
&c.

* # *

f.s

H- f^

&c. which Terms collected with a contrary fign, ***-{- -4-a Sec. And fo of the reft. if we were to revert the Series y -f- f/ -f- ^V>' + TT-T^ Thus 40. -f- T .fy T y' -h TTTS->''S ^ c ^, (where the Aggregate of the Seunknown Number ries, or the a, will reprefent the Arch of a Circle, whole Radius is i, if its right Sine is reprefented by the known Number y,) or if we were to find the value of r, confider'd as unknown, to be exprefsd by the Powers of a,, now confider'd as known
5

-{#-

y=

we may proceed

thus

Lo*3

,^1^

]_

o*

____'__

*?"

-.{

^9

o^C

+
Sec.

3 5 i>>9 3 T"T"3""a"

ATr* vVv

The Terms
Sec.

being difpofed as you fee here,

that (cubing)
1

and therefore (cubing) fj 5

fs
Sec.

3
,

Sec.

fo

= fa we

we

3 ,

Sec.

lhall

have

and

alfo

-^y

=-5

jy==a, which makes y *

3

mall have

f_>'

-rV^'j
fign,

5-a

!r

Sec.

and collecting with a contrary

and INFINITE SERIES,

'

221
7
>

r==*
*

-+-TT.T-'.

&c

Hence
7

TV~

7
,

&c- and TTT.v

* * * contrary tign, v It" we fhould defire to perform this Extraction by another of the the Equation to be reduced foregoing Methods, that is, by fuppoiing; 6 4 &<' x to this- form i -+- j-_v* 4- -rV +- TTT.' ;==;, it TTTT^'^ may be fufHcient to let down the Praxis, as here follows.
'

= = TTT~
\<->

* *

>

&<--.

WT^"'

&c<

c. and and collecting with a Anct lo on

T TV

'

&

^y

222

The Method of

FLUXIONS.

but perhaps moft readily by fubftituting the Value of y now found in the given Equation, and thence determining the general Coefficients as before. By which the Root will be found to be _)'

TT 3 TTTT' T^ T JTT^rT 42. To refolve this affected Quadratick Equation, in which one of the Coefficients is an infinite Series ; if we fuppofe y =. Ax m , &c. we (hall have (by Subftitution) the Equation as it ftands here below.
I
i

or Z.O

I-

Z^ gt**

'_ *;7

T ~
*

*_2i

9 9

fy7 6

~3

f, _

> **-*-.

Then by
whence
in
its

applying the Ruler,

we
.

{hall

have

aAx m

-+-

4,

and

=~

=o,
is

The

next Index, that the Ruler

parallel

motion will

arrive at,

is

-+- I,

or 5;

the next

m-\-2, or 6; &c. fo that the common difference fion is i, and the Root may be reprefented by y Cx 6 , &c. which may be extracted as here follows.

of the ProgrelAx* -{-Ex* -f-

x"

and INFINITE SERIES.

Methods taught
before,
it

223
x
-f_,_

will be

found y

g,
1 *

&c.
vj

Now
ji

in the given Equation,

v4

becaufe the infinite Series a

ProgrcfTion,
;

-\-

-+is

-4-

4-

^r
a

&c.
as

is

a Geometrical

and therefore

equal to

may

be proved by Divifion
-

if

we

fubftitute this,
if

the Equation will

tract
a

become
in
*

_>*

y -f-

^
way,

o>
it

And
will

we
y

ex-

the
ia~

fquare-root
a ...4+ -x

the
or

-~^

lax

ordinary

give

r=

exa

R ootj And

if this

Radical

be refolved, and then divided by this Denominator, the fame two Series will arife as before, for the two Roots of this Equation. And
very remarkable, and of general ufe, the not (if obvious) mould be always affign'd, when that can be conveniently done; which renders a Series ftill more ufeful and elegant. This may commonly be difcover'd in the Computation, by attending to the formation of the Coefficients, efpecially
this fufficiently verifies the 43. In Series that are

whole Procefs.

Law

of Continuation

if

as

we put Letters to reprefent them, and thereby may be, defcending to particulars by degrees.
for instance,
is

Series,

z=y

{y

-f- .lys

keep them as general In the Logarithmic y4, &c. the Law of

Confecution

Term, tho' ever fo remote, be to reprefent any at if we put For aflign'd may eafily pleafure. Term indefinitely, whcfe order in the Series is exprefs'd by the navery obvious, fo that any

tural

Number

then will

4- or

according as

is

-j", where the Sign muft be an odd or an even Number. So that the
l

T
,

=+

hundredth

Term

is

L-y

Reverie of this Series, or y &c. the Law of Continuation

indefinitely,

the next
thus.

is

-j-_J_^
3

101
,

&c.
4

In the

z,~\- f-s* +- fa;

is

Let
is

whofe order
m

in

the Series

TTo-^S reprefent any Term m ; then is exprefs'd by

-+- -y^a

-4-

T=
tinued
for the

^p- , which Series in the Denominator mud: be conto as many Terms as there are Units in m. Or if c ftands Coefficient of the Term immediately preceding, then is

T=
+

m <y

m
I >

z fz"> -+- T TO-S' ToV^ 27 Again, in the Series y _r' the &c. (by which the Relation between Circular Arch _ rT TT a*nd its light Sine is exprefs'd,) the Law of Continuation will be thus.

224
If

*?%*

Method of FLUXIONS,
Series,

be any

Term

of the

whofe order
;

is

exprefs'd by w,

and
I
,

if c

be the Coefficient immediately before

in the Reverie
9
,

then
y -f-

T
3

-f- -?)' -f- T T y~ be thus. If of will Confecution _f-_|^- T r reprefents any Term, the Index of whole place in the Series is ;//, and if "" ,,i-i_ And c be the preceding Coefficient j then

And

of

this Series,

or

z.

_ f _im
".

zm

x zm

^v

cc.

the

Law

2/11

X 2

the like of others.

Indefinite

44, 45, 46. If we would perform thefe Extractions after a more and general manner, we may proceed thus. Let the given Equation be v*_ -}- a\v -\- rf.vv z<jj r , j5 the Terms of which Ihould be difpofed as *, * Q * * * l> -}in the Margin. p, where Suppofe y _ ; y is to be conceived as a near /; Approximation to the Root y, and p as its fmall Supplement. When this is fubftiftand the will as it tuted, Equation a ~P I becaufe .v and f> ? ^'f" does here. f=~\

2^x-=o, _ +
+

fl

Now

-^

+
"

are both fmall quantities, the moil confiderable quantities are at the beginning of the Equation, from

f
*/.

_i_

'/ 3

+ _

/*
*
x

=
a s

^
'

whence they proceed gradually dias oug;ht minifliing, both downwards and towards the right-hand when the to be Terms of an are fuppos'd, always Equation dilpos'd
;

And becaufe inftead of according to a double Arithmetical Scale. we have unknown here introduced two, If and one quantity _v, />, we may determine one of them b, as the neceffity of the Relblution
iliall

the moft confiderable require. Quantities out of the Equation, and to leave only a Supplemental Equation, whofe Root is/>; we may put 6* -+- a*b 2^ o, which Equation will determine b, and which therefore henceforward we are to And for brevity fake, if we put a 1 -+- 3^* look upon as known. mail have the we c, Equation in the Margin. Now here, becaufe the two initialTerms \. aox+axp -f- cp -+- abx are the moft con fiderable of ? * = * r the Equation, which might be removed, if

To

remove therefore

for the nrft Approximation

to^ we

fiiould

afiume
prefs'd
-flwll

^
this

and the

refulting Supplemental Equation

would be de-

lower ; therefore

make p

_f- q,

and by fubftitution

we
Or

have

Equation following.

and INFINITE SERIES.

Or
e
in this

225
3*?*
3

Equation,

make

^
'

-+-

=/;

itwillaffume

this

form.

.e.
=
if
.

+ J7

^+

^,

> V

**?

< 3

x*

Here becaufe the Terms

put y

to be next

removed
*

are-f- cq -j-^-x^we

may

-x

+- r,

and by Sub-

+<?

ftitution

we

fhall

have another

+?
?

+ 3V _ 1^-^*

-f? l
|

Supplemental Equation, which will be farther deprefs'd, and fo on as far as we pleafe. Therefore

^
*

we

mall have the Root y

a
<

-x
c

--x*
c

the Root of this Equation

b* -+.

a*b

za*

Sec.

where b
c

o,

will be
-f-

3^*

Or by another Method of Solution, if A -\-Bx -}- Cx* +- Dx (as before) y

in this
3
,

Equation

we

affumc
this in

the Equation, to determine the general Coefficients, we fhall have e . a\ c a , . , -ja' c is the x"' t &c. wherein -x -tx*-\ y ,.-

= A --

--

Root of the Equation AS

-f. a*

-=
art 5

&c. and fubflitute

o,

and

3 A*

a*.

47. All Equations cannot be thus immediately refolved, or their Roots cannot always be exhibited by an Arithmetical Scale, whofe Root is one of the Quantities in the given Equation. But to perform the Analyfis it is fometimes required, that a new Symbol or Quantity fhould be introduced into the Equation, by the Powers of which the Root to be extracted may be exprefs'd in a convergAnd the Relation between this new Symbol, and the ing Series. of the Equation, mu ft be exhibited by another Equation. Quantities were if it Thus propofed to extradl the Root y of this Equation, 1 4 &c. it would be in vain to expedt, x fi-\-y 4/ -Hy}' ^_}' that it might be exprefs'd by the fimple Powers of either x or a.

For the Series itfelf fuppofes, in order to its converging, that y is fome fmall Number lefs than Unity but x and a are under no fuch
;

limitations.

Powers of

And x, may

therefore

Series,

compofed of the afcendiag

It is

be a diverging

Series.

introduce a

new Symbol, which

therefore neceflary to mall alfo be fmall, that a Series

form'd

4-

226
form'd of
its

Ibe Method of
tho' ever

ami

Powers may converge it is plain, that x fo muft becaufe be each near other, rf, great, always is a therefore difference &.c. (mall Aflame their y y* } quantity. a the Equation x z, and z will be a fmall quantity as required; and being introduced inftead of x a, will give z-= y y* -f4 &c. whofe Root be extracted will z->t-^^ -ly being y ^y* -j-y.2 4-TV s4 ^cc> as before. x o, to find 48. Thus if we had the Equation _> -f-j* -h_y

FLUXIONS, to y. Now

>

i3

= =

the

Root y Powers of

a Series for y compofed of the afcending would which x, converge if x were a fmall quantity, lels but would than Unity, diverge in contrary Circumftances. Suppox to be a large Quantity in this cafe the was known that then fing
; ;

we might have

Author's Expedient
pofing the Equation

is

this.

x=

Making &
,
l

the Reciprocal of x, or fup-

inftead

of x he introduces

into the

Equation, by which means he obtains a converging Series, confining of the Powers of z afcending in the Numerators, that is in reality, of the Powers of x afcending in the Denominators. This he does, to keep within the Cafe he propofed to himfelf ; but in the Method here purfued, there is no occafion to have recourfe to this Expedient, it being an indifferent matter, whether the Powers of the convergor the Denominators. ing quantity afcend in the Numerators

Thus
king y

in the given

Equation y> 4-j

5-

4-

jy

* ? *
j

'

= Ax
The
laft

m
,

6cc.)

A**'" 4-

*""

4-

Ax m

&c.?
.3

v*

by applying the Ruler i, and o, or

=
is

we

m=.

3.

next

Term
i.

5 A' mall have the exterior Terms A 3 A* i. Alfo the refulting Number or Index to which the Ruler approaches will give 2/11,

or 2; the

m, or

But

3, 2, i,
is
1

of which the Root will be y thus extract.

common

= Ax

difference

i.

4- B 4- Cx"

a defcending Progreffion, Therefore the form of the 4- DAT"* &c. which we may
,

make

+y

'

1 1 ,&c.it will be _y=x,&c.and therefore _y =A- , &c. which will make y* * * #*, &c. and (by Extraction)/ -^ with which ~x A* Then &c. * &c. below, } (by fquaring)^* ~x } &c. and therefore * * and changing the Sign, makes j 3

Becaufe

>)'

=A

l}

and INFINITE SERIES.

v

Then ;* * * * * .1, &c. and y , }*~", &c. * * * -4&c. which together, changing the Sign, make y> * * &c. and TV*~S &c. Then y-f- 44*-', _ and * therefore &c. * ^ _^_ ^.^-^ ^ # Sec. and *""'> 75 ~ &c * * * * -f- -pT x 3 &c. and _v Now as this Series is accommodated to the cafe of convergency when x is a large Quantity, fo we may derive another Series from
*

=
-

;'=***

_>'

= =

==
,.

227
,

>

hence, which will be accommodated to the cafe when .v is a fmall For the Ruler will direct us to the external Terms Ax* quantity. and and the refulting Numi ; x5 o, whence 3, or will 6 ; and the lair, is next Term The ber is 3. give 2m,

m=

A=

3*77,

or 9.

9 will form an afcending Progremon, of which the common difference is 3. Therefore v =Ax'' -+- Ex 6 -t-Cy 9 &c. will be the form of the Series in this cafe, which may be thus

But

3, 6,

derived.

-}

=
x
6

x>

x6 h x
s

-+-

#
2X> +-

*
11

3AT

4*" 2x"

-f-

14*'
8

7A-

&c. &c.

= y =

&c. and therefore and &c. v , 2x, y^5=^9, &c. and therefore y Then y* * H- .V, &c. * * -j- 3^'*, 6cc. and 11 3 &c. and therefore7= * * * -f. o, &c. * S-^ The Expedient of the Ruler will indicate a third cafe of external m K Terms, which may be try'd alfo. For we may put A=x= -{- A*x*' m -f- Ax o, whence m o, and the Number refulting from the other Term is 3. Therefore 3 will be the common difference of the Progrelfion, and the form of the Root will be _y= A -{- Bx' -{A Cx 6 &c. But the Equation A 5 -f- A a o, will give A o, this to the former Series. And the other two which will reduce Roots of the Equation will be impofftble. If the Equation of this Example jy 3 -f- y* -{- r x"' o be the factor we mall have the Equation y* i, multiply'd by y y ... * ) y o, or r+ * # X~'y -f- x'

Here
*

becaufe_)'

&c.

=Then = =
Ar 3
,

&c.

it

will
*

bej>*=x

'folved, will

A'_)

--

AT

C=o,

which when

re-

only afford the fame Series for the Root y as before. l 1 This zy -+- i 49. Equation \* 2f' o, when x\y -h xy reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale, will ftand as in

the Margin.

Now

228

The Method of

FLUXIONS,
_>

the finl Cafe of external Terms, fhewn by the Ruler, in order for an afcending Series, will i" 2 A*" make A'.**" _|- 2
-+i

Now

+2."-

2>-f

*-

refulting;
i

= Number=
o, or
;;/

A^
o
or

Or making y

Axm>

fc

where the

M^

zAljc

tm jri

is

alfo o.
i ;

the third the Arithmetical Progreffion will be o, Therefore or 2. zm-}- 2, i ; and is difference common confequently it will be i, 2, whofe 1 the But +- zA* Equation v == A -f- Bx -+ Cx -+- Dx*, &c. of the firft Coeffithe Value mould "_ zA -H i which o, give

fecond

is

zm -h

The 11-1

A 1*

\4-s ^

i,

cient,

none but impoffible Roots ; fo that y, the Root of this Equation, cannot be exprefs'd by an Arithmetical Scale whofe Root is x, or by an afcending Series that converges by the Powers of x, when x is a fmall quantity.
will fupply

us with

As
Ruler
fff

for defcending Series, there are 1 l im AT will give us A****

i
}

and

A=+

i.

= The Number
A

two

cafes to be try'd
is

o, whence ^m

= zm
;

firft

the or

-f- 2,

arifing

4; the next will

be zm -f- i, or 3 ; the next 2w, or 2 ; the next m, or i ; the laft o. But the Arithmetical Progreffion 4, 3, 2, i, o, has^ i for its common Series will be y Ax -+ difference, and therefore the form of the ufual our Method, it B 4- CAT"', 8cc. But to extract this Series by this x* to the to reduce 4- x -+- z form, beft be will Equation thus to then __ 2 l and o, proceed

y~ 4- y~*

-_ x i

2 -f- ZX~*

| A:

~1
>

&c
c

97'
h
Becaufe

A;~ I ,
77

&C.

_ x y
&c.
_j_

jy
JL

fo that

-VAT-% &c.
>

&c.'

zy~ which being united with a contrary '~ I & c> ant^ therefore by Extraction TA

= x %x~ y= Then
x*
l

2,
1

&c.

'tis

therefore

(by Extradlion)
zx-*,
* * *

&c.

* * *

Then (by Divifion) zy~* and &c. 2*(by Extradion) y -fl

=
,

==
=*

* -f- -i-^"

&c and y~* == *"*, 1 * * * fign, make^ ****- 4-i-s-v~3 y

1
?
-

=
o,

In the other cafe of a defcending Series whence zm +- z A 1 *""^ -f- i hence arifing is o Number The i

=o,

=
;

we

mall have the Equation

or

i,

and

the next will be

zm

r,
Cjf

and INFINITE SERIES.

or
i
;

229

But and the laft 4w, or 4. the Numbers o, I, 2, 4, will be found in a defcending Arithmetical Progrelfion, the common difference of which is i. Therefore the form of the Root is y A.x~' -+- Bx~'- -+- Cx~*, &c. and the Terms of the Equation mufl be thus difpofed for Refolution.
the next
2//v,

or

-,

---

- 2X -

1 I-f- A*""

x 1 &c. it will be by Extraction of the y~&c. and by finding the Reciprocal, y x~', Square-root y~ a contrary Sign, &c. Then becaufe &c. this with 2X, zy~ and collected with x above, will make_y 1 * -{- x, &c. which &c. makes and * -+ i, y~ (by Extraction) by taking the Recii becaufe Then * i, &c. ^^~ 6cc. procal, /== * zy~* this with a 2 above, will make contrary fign, and collected with and therefore * * 8ec. * * i, y~* (by Extraction) y~ 3 &c. Then becaufe and &cc. * * -f- ^x~ y 4*"" , (by Divifion) jy l # * * * * -}- -^"S ^ w iH be y %x~*y &c. and 2y~' " * * * -V*~J > & c Then 4* , &c and >'=*** j1 &c. and /* becaufe * * * -f- -fA;2y~' x~~-, &c. thefe

Here becaufe
l

it

is

=x,

= = =
l

= = =

=
-

collected with
&cc.

and y~'

= =
a

contrary fign will

* * * *

= make y~ = & -V*~S 7 =

,

* * * *

V-v ~%
rlT*"4
*

an ^

** **

-f-

&c.

Thefe are the two defcending Series, which may be derived for the Root of this Equation, and which will converge by the Powers of x, when it is a large quantity. But if x mould happen to be
fmall, then in order to obtain a converging Series, As if it were known that the Root of the Scale.

we much change
x
differs

but

little

conveniently put z for that fmall difference, or 2 &. That is, irulead of x we rmy aflame the Equation .v and mall we have a new Equain this Equation fubftitute 2 2,

from

2,

we may

tion y*

--

zy*

^zy*

2y

= =

o,

which

will appear

as

in

the Margin.

Here

230
Here
to have

The Method of FLUXIONS,

.'*

an afcending SezAz'" muft we put A+z*? ries, whence m o, and * _ T-l__ -KT The Number hence i. A arifing is o ; the next is 2/H-i, or i ; and the laft 2m -f- 2, or 2. But o, 1,2, are in an afcending

2;

4-

'

1=0, +=

>
?*'

= l>

Or
A4.,
A

Progreffion, the Series is

whole
y

= Acommon
-f-

difference

is

i.

Therefore the form of

B;s

-f-

Cs a

-+-

D;s 3 , 6cc.

And

if the

be extracted by any of the foregoing Methods, it will be found y =. 1 Alfo we may hence find two defcending Se6cc. i -+--iz -^s ries, which would converge by the Root of the Scale z, if it were
,

Root y

large quantity.

field for the Solution 50, 51. Our Author has here opened a large indeterminate of thefe Equations, by Shewing, that the quantity, or what we call the Root of the Scale, or the converging quantity,

be changed a great variety of ways, and thence new Series will be derived for the Root of die Equation, which in different circum-

may

/tances will converge differently, fo that the the preSent occafion may always be chofe.

moft commodious for And when one Series

does not fufEciently converge, we may be able to change it for another that (hall converge falter. But that we may not be left to uncertain interpretations of the indeterminate quantity, or be obliged to make Suppositions at random j he gives us this Rule for finding initial Approximations, that may come at once pretty near the Root

Which required, and therefore the Series will converge apace to it. to what amounts this: are find when Rule to fubquantities,

We

make

ftituted for the indefinite Species in the propofed Equation, will it divifibk by the radical Species, increaSed or diminished by

The fmall diffeanother quantity, or by the radical Species alone. rence that will be found between any one of thofe quantities, and the indeterminate quantity of the Equation, may be introduced inftead of that indeterminate quantity, as a convenient Root of the
by which the Series is to converge. the Equation propofed be y= -f- axy -f- cSy x* 2# o, and if for x we here Substitute #, we Shall have the Terms i 3 -f- 2a y a, the Quotient be3^*, which are divisible by y _y Therefore we ing y* -h ay -f- 3*2*. may fuppofe, by the foregoing x & is but a fmall quantity, or inftead of x we Rule, that a a in the Substitute z may propoied Equation, which will then o. become y* -f- 2a*y 2# 5 A azy -\- y-z 3"* -t- z=
Scale,

Thus f
;

Series

and INF NITE SERIES,

j

from hence, compofcd of the afcending mull converge faft, crtfcris parifats, becaule the Root of the Scale z is a (mail quantity. Or in the fame Equation, if for x we fubftitute a, we fliall a have the Terms \* which are divifible by y a, the QuoSeries derived
3

231 Powers of z9

tient being y* -4- ay -f- a*.

Therefore

we may
of
.v

fuppofe the diffe-a

rence between
a

a and

.v

to be but little,
in (lead

or that

=
_>'

is
its-

fmall quantity,

and therefore

equal
r3

in the This will then become given Equation. z a* where the Root y will con-f- 303* o, azy -f- T,a the Powers of the fmall quantity z. verge by Or if for x we fubftitute za, we lhall have the Terms which are divilible by y-\- za, the Quotient being _)* a*? -4- 6^
l

we may

fubftitute

x Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difzay-i- 3rt between is a fmall za and x, or that x ference za quantity ; and therefore infread of x we may introduce its equal z into the Equation, which will then become jv* za a'-y } 6a> o. -4-f- iza*z -f- 6az* -f-s azy
.

=z

Laftly, if for
3

x we

fubftitute

z~*a,

we

fliall

have the Terms

jy

z^a'-y -4-tf*y, which are divifible by y, the Radical Species alone. Wherefore we may fuppofe there is but a fmall difference between z^a x z^'a and x, or that z is a fmall quantity ; and
-

therefore inflead of
will reduce the
1

x we may

fubfthute

its

equal

2?a

z,

which

Equation to y* -f- i azy -+- 3^4 x a^z ^z x a"y o, wherein the Series for the Root y may -\- 3^2 x az -f- Z' converge by the Powers of the fmall quantity z. But the reafon of this Operation ftill remains to be inquired into, which I mall endeavour to explain from the prefent Example. In x3 za* the indeterminate the Equation y~> -\- axy -f- a*y muft be fufceptible of all poffible quantity x, of its own nature, Values at leaft, if it had any limitations, they would be fhew'd by

=o,

impoflible Roots.
-rza,
z~*a, 6cc.

Among
in
o,

other values,
cafes

it

will receive thefe, a,

a,

+- za*y

30*

which

a1

the Equation would a 1y -4- 6a* o, y*

become
o,
3

y*

_y

Now as thefe Equations admit 2^a*y -f- a'-y =. o, &cc. refpedtively. anof jull Roots, as appears by their being divifible by y -f- or
other quantity, and the laft by y alone; fo that in the Refolution, the whole Equation (in thofe cafes), would be immediately exhaufted And in other cafes, when x does not much recede from one of thofe
:

Values,

232

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

Therefore the Values, the Equation would be nearly exhaufted. is of the between x and any which fmall difference z, introducing and itfelf mull muft z the of thofe Values, pne deprefs Equation ; be a convenient quantity to be made the Root of the Scale, or the
converging Quantity.
I (hall give the Solution ples,

which mall be

this,

of one of the Equations of thefe Exam3 a* o, or _y azy -f- y-z -4- ^az*

Here becaufe
fl2r, 6cc.

5
_>'

#;

&c.

it

will be

y
y*

which muft be wrote again with a contrary

to

therefore
*

united with 3^*2 above, c ==. * -f-*' y

&

make Then
V

"

ssz # *
217Z 5
,
<>

-f- .Is

3 ,

&c. and

_)'*

= ***
;

s>'

= = =
3a
,

a,

&c.

* *

azy and fign, 2a*z, &c. and 1 6cc. and -f- ^az
,

Then

* *

&c.

Then

J-.ss,

&c. and y

* * *

OCC.

The Author
Series

hints at

many

from the fame Equation

other ways of deriving a variety of as when we fuppofe the afore-men-

tion'd difference

to be indefinitely great,

and from
(hall

we

find Series, in

which the Powers of z

that Suppofition afcend in the Deno-

nothing converging quantity fome other quantity of the Equation, which then may be confider'd

This Cafe we have all along purfued indifcriminately with minators. other the Cafe, in which the Powers of the converging quantity afcend in the Numerators, and therefore we need add here
it.

about

Another Expedient

is,

to affume for the

as indeterminate.

and x

az -f- bz\ x 3 , 5 pofe x &c.) between the indeterminate quantity of the Equation x, and the quantity z we would introduce into its room, by which new equivalent Equations may be form'd, and then their Roots may be extracted. And afterwards the value of z may be exprefs'd x} means of the afby by

into a.

So here, for inftance, we may change a into x, Or laftly, to affume any Relation at pleafure, (fup-

= ~-

J^

fumed Equation.
52.

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

52,
his

233

The Author here, in a fummary way, gives us a Rationale of whole Method of Extractions, proving a priori, that the Series thus form'd, and continued in infinitum, will then be the juft Roots

And if they are only continued to a of the propofed Equation. of number Terms, (the more the better,) yet then will competent near a be very Approximation to the juft and compleat Roots. they an when For, Equation is propofed to be refolved, as near an Approach is made to the Root, iuppofe y, as can be had in a lingle Term, compofed of the quantities given by the Equation and be*.
;

Relidual or Secondary Equation is Remainder, is whole the Root thence form'd, p Supplement to the Root of the Then as near an approach given Equation, whatever that may be. as can done a be is made to by lingle Term, and a new Relidual /, is form'd from the Remainder, wherein the Root q is the Equation the Relidual Equations Supplement to p. And by proceeding thus, are continually deprefs'd, and the Supplements grow perpetually lels and lefs, till the Terms at laft are lefs than any affignable quantities. may illuftrate this by a familiar Example, taken from the ufual
caufe there
is

We

At every Operation we Divifion of Decimal Fractions. in the Quotient, as the Dividend and Divifor put as large a Figure Then this will permit, fo as to leave the leaft Remainder poflible. of we the a new which are to Remainder (applies Dividend, place as be done one we can exhauft as far by Figure, and therefore put the greateft number we can for the next Figure of the Quotient,

Method of

and thereby
either
till

leave the leaft

can bz done, or a fufficient till we have obtain'd Approximation in decimal places or And the fame of way Argumentation, that proves our Aufigures. thor's Method of Extraction, may ealily be apply'd to the other ways of Analylis that are here found.
the
if that

Remainder we whole Dividend is exhaufted,

can.

And

fo

we go

on,

Here it is feafonably obferved, that tho' the indefinite fhould not be taken fo fmall, as to make the Series conQuantity faft, yet it would however converge to the true Root, verge very more And this would obtain in tho' by fteps and flower degrees. even if it were taken never fo large, provided we do proportion, not exceed the due Limits of the Roots, which may be difcover'd,
53, 54.
either
a

from the Root when exhibited deduced and illuftrated by fome Series, may by Geometrical Figure, to which the Equation is accommodated. So if the given Equation were yy =. ax xx, it is eafy to obbe that nor x can but infinite, ferve, neither^ they are both liable to h flv.rul from the given Equation,
or
or

be farther

The Method of
ieveral

FLUXIONS,

For if x be fuppos'd infinite, the Term ax Limitations. xx, which would give the Value ofjyy would vaniih in refpedt of Nor can x be negative; for then the on this Supposition. impoffible be would of Value negative, and therefore the Value of_y would yy
If

again become impoffible. one Limitation of both quantities.

o,

ax and xx, when

that difference

is

then is^ o allb ; which is As yy is the difference between greateft, then will yy, and con-

But this happens when x a, as fequently^, be greateft alfo. from the following Prob. 3. And in alfo y ftf, as may appear number of Terms, whether is exprefs'd by any general, when y to its come Limit when the difference then it will or finite infinite, and the affirmative is negative Terms j as may apgreateft between from the fame Problem. This laft will be a Limitation for y t

pear

but not for x. both x and y.

gative

Laftly,

For

if

when x a, we fuppofe x

then_y

o; which will limit

to be greater than a, the ne-

Term

yy negative, upon the whole, the Limitations of x in this Equation will be thefe, that it cannot be lefs than o, nor greater than a, but may be of any intermediate magnitude between thofe Limits. Now if we refolve this Equation, and find the Value of y in an infinite Series, we may ftill difcover the fame Limitations from
thence.

which

will prevail over the affirmative, will make the Value of

and give the Value of y impoffible. So that

For from the Equation yy

as

ax

xx, by extracting the

3.

fquare-root,
X
1

before,

we
'

fhall

have y
i

=. a^
**

L
za*

~
_5.

Sa 1

c.

that

is,

i6a z

==
;

d*x* into

X -

3
,

&c.

Here

TT

x cannot be

negative

for then
;

x? would be an impoffible quantity.

for then the converging quantity ~

Nor

can x be greater than a

by which the Series is exprefs'd, would be and confequently the Series would diverge,, and greater than Unity, The Limit between converging and not converge as it ought to do. and therefore y o diverging will be found, by putting x=a, i Series Numeral i identical the have fhall cafe we in which of fome which we _' nature with thofe, r &c. of the fame _l_ ^ -if. So that we may take x of any have elfewhere taken notice of. intermediate Value between o and a, in order to have a converging But the nearer it is taken to the Limit o, fo much fafter Series. nearer it is taken the Series will converge to the true Root and the But it will to the Limit a, it will converge fo much the flower. however
or the

Root of the

Scale

= =

and INFINITE SERIES.

'however converge, if A: be taken never fo little lefs than a. Analogy, a like Judgment is to be made in all other cafes. The Limits and other affe&ions of y are likewife difcoverable from When x o. When x is a nafcent quanthis Series. o, then y to be or all but the Terms but the rirft juft beginning pofitive, tity, will and be a mean proportional between a and x. y may be negledted, Alfo y o, when the affirmative Term is equal to all the negative

235 And by

=
ib3

Terms.or when

For then

_ rj &c. as above. Laftly, y will be a Maximum when the difference between the affirmative Term and all the negative Terms is greateft, which by Prob. 3. will be found
i
f

i=
-f.

-f_f_

8a*

u-

-?
, '

&c. that

is,

when x

a.

4.

when x

Now
and
/cifs

^a. the Figure or Curve that

is

to this Series,

be adapted to this Equation, and which will have the fame Limitations that

may

they have,

AB

= =

the Circle

x,

and

its
is

Ordinate

BC=^
and

Diameter is BC =.}' Ordinate perpendicular

ACD, whofe
of the

AD

a,

its

Ab-

For

as the

mean
a

proportional

between
rrn x ==. ax yy nate BC

AB

the Segments

BD

=
is

Diameter
it

xx.
_y

And
it

will be x, therefore the Ordi-

will be exprefs'd

going

Series.

But

by the forefrom the naplain

ture of the Circle, that the Abfcifs cannot be extended backfo as to become neither can it be continued forwards, negative ; wards beyond the end of the Diameter D. And that at and D,

AB

where the Diameter begins and ends, the Ordinate

the greateft Ordinate
is

is

nothing.

at the Center,

or

when

AB

And

SECT. VI.
55.
'

'Trqnfitton fo the
fagacious

Method of

Fluxions.

"^HE

learned and

plifh'd

one part of

his deiign,

Author having thus accomwhich was, to teach the

:

Method of

converting all kinds of Algebraic Quantities into fimplc Terms, by reducing them to infinite Series He now goes on to fhew the ufe and application of this Reduction, or of thefe Series, in the Method of Fluxions, which is indeed the principal defign of
this Treadle.

For
it.

this

Method
lays

dependence upon
defective without

the foregoing,

has fo near a connexion with, and that it would be very lame and the fundamental Principles of
this

He

down

h 2

The Method of
this

FLUXIONS,

very general and fcientiflck manner, deducing them from the received and known laws of local Motion. Nor is this inverting the natural order of Science, as Ibme have pretended, by introducing the Doctrine of Motion into pure Geometrical Spe-

Method

in

For Geometrical and. Analytical Quantities are belt conceived as generated by local Motion; and their properties may as well be derived from them while they are generating, as when their
culations.

generation

fuppos'd to be already accomplifh'd, in any other way. right line, or a curve line, is defcribed by the motion of a point, a fmface by the motion of a line, a folid by the motion of a furface, an angle by the rotation of a radius ; all which motions we
is

may

conceive to be performed according to any ftated law, as occafion (hall require. Thefe generations of quantities we daily fee to obtain in rerum naturd, and is the manner the ancient Geometricians had often recourfe to, in confidering their production, and then de-

ducing their properties from fuch adhial defcriptions. And by analogy, all other quantities, as well as thefe continued geometrical be conceived as generated by a kind of motion or quantities, may of the Mind. progrefs The Method of Fluxions then fuppofes quantities to be generated by local Motion, or fomething analogous thereto, tho' fuch generations indeed may not be eflentially neceflary to the nature of the They might have an exiftence independent of thing fo generated. thefe motions, and may be conceived as produced many other ways, and yet will be endued with the fame properties. But this conception, of their being now generated by local Motion, is a very fertile notion, and an exceeding ufeful artifice for discovering their proand a great help to the Mind for a clear, diftincl:, and meperties, For local Motion fuppofes a notion thodical perception of them. of Ideas. a fucceffion time of time, and eafily diflinimplies what is, and what will be, in thefe geguifh it into what was, nerations of quantities ; and fo we commodioufly confider thofe be too much for our faculties, and exthings by parts, which would Mind take in the whole together, without for the to difficult tream fuch artificial partitions and distributions. Our Author therefore makes this eafy fuppofition, that a Line may be conceived as now defcribing by a Point, which moves either uniform motion, or elfe accorequably or inequably, either with an Velocity ding to any rate of continual Acceleration or Retardation. and like all fuch, it is fufceptible of is a Mathematical Quantity, infinite gradations, may be intended or remitted, may be increafed

We

or

and INFIN ITE SERIES.

an

237

or dlminifhfd in different parts of the fpace delcribed, according to it is infinite variety of fluted Laws. plain, that the fpace thus defcribed, and the law of acceleration or retardation, (that is,

Now

have a mutual relation to each other, and muft mutually determine each other ; fo that one of them being affign'd, the other by neceflary inference may be derived from it. And therefore this is ftrictly a Geometrical Proand And all Geometrical blem, capable of a full Determination. Propoluions once demonftrated, or duly investigated, may be fafely made ufe of, to derive other Proportions from them. This will
1

the velocity at every point of time,) mufl

the prefent Problem into two Cafes, according as either the or Velocity is affign'd, at any given time, in order to find the Space Arid this has given occasion to that diftin<5lion which has other.
divide

each of irrcerje Method of Fluxions, confider apart. 56. In the direct Method the Problem is thus abftractedly proFrom the Space deferibed, being continually given, or affumed, pofed. or being known at any point of Time ajjigrid ; to find the Velocity of the in equable Motions it is well known, Motion at that Time.
lince obtain'd,

of the dirctt and

which we

fhall

now

Now
is

always as the Velocity and the Time of is directly as the Spice dedefcription conjunclly ; or the Velocity And even in fcribed, and reciprocally as the Time of defcription. or as are accelerated or retarded, fuch continually inequable Motions,
that the Space defcribed

according to fome ftated Law, if we take the Spaces and Times very fmall, they will make a near approach to the nature of equable MoBut if we tions ; and flill the nearer, the fmaller thole are taken. be and to the Times indefinitely fmall, or if Spaces may fuppofe then we fhall have the Veor evanefcent nafcent quantities, they are
locity in

any

infinitely little Space,

as that

tempufculum inverlely. tions being thus deduced, will afford us a medium for folving the So that the Space as will be fhewn afterwards. prefent Problem, and the whole time of its defcribed being thus continually given, at the end of that time will be thence dedefcription, the Velocity
terminable.
abflract Mechanical Problem, which amounts to 57. The general the lame as what is call'd the inverfe Method of Fluxions, will be From the Velocity of the Motion being continually given, to dethis.

This property therefore of

Space directly, and as the all inequable Mo-

For the termine the Space defcribed, at any point of Time affign'd. afTiflance have the of we fhall this of which Mechanical Solution Theorem, that in inequable Motions, or when a Point defcribes a
Line

<>8

*!}
to

Method of FLUXIONS,

any rate of acceleration or retardation, the indefidefcribed in Spare any indefinitely little Time, will be in nitely ratio of the Time and the Velocity ; or thejpafiolum will a compound be as the velocity and the tempiijculum conjunctly. This being the
Line according
little

Law

of

all

equable Motions,
it

when
in

the Space
all

and Time

are

any

finite

quantities,

will obtain allb

inequable

Motions, when

the

For by this means all Space and Time are diminiih'd in infinitum. as it were, to equability. are Motions Hence the reduced, inequable Time and the Velocity being continually known, the Space delcribed may be known alfo as will more fully appear from what follows. ThisTroblem, in all its cafes, will be capable of a juft determina;

tion

tho' taking
difficult

it

in

its

full extent,

we mult acknowledge

it

to

be a very
blema.
58.

and operofe Problem.

it

So that our Author had

good reafon

for

calling

moleftijfimum

&

omnium

difficilltmum pro-

To

fix

the Ideas of his Reader, our

a particular
in

general Problems by
are defcribed

Example.

If

Author illuftrates his two Spaces x and y

fuch manner, that the Space x being uniformly increafed, in the nature of Time, and its equable velocity being reprefented by the Symbol x ; and if the Space y increafes in=. xx ihall equably, but after fuch a rate, as that the Equation y always determine the relation between thofe Spaces j (or x being continually given, y will be thence known ;) then the velocity of That is, if the the increafe of y fhall always be reprefented by 2xx. the of increafe of y, then the be to velocity reprefent put fymbol y will be (hewn hereafter. will the Equation y =. zxx always obtain, as Now from the given Equation y xx, or from the relation of the

by two points

or its representative,) (that is, the Space and Time, Spaces y of the Velocities relation y=.2xx is being continually given, the found, or the relation of the Velocity y, by which the Space increafes, to the Velocity x, by which the reprefentative of the Time increales. And this is an inftance of the Solution of the firft general Problem,

and x,

or of a particular Queftion in the direct Method of Fluxions. But 2xx were given, or if the Ve-.vice versa, if the kit Equation y

which the Space y is defcribed, were continually known locity y, by from the Time x being given, and its Velocity x , and if from thence. we ihould derive the Equation y xx, or the relation of the Space and Time This would be an inftance of the Solution of the fecond
:

= =

.general

Problem, or of a particular Queftion of the inverfe Method And in analogy to this defcription of Spaces by movof Fluxions. ing points, our Author confiders all other quantities whatever as generated

and INFINITE SERIES.

239

nerated and produced by continual augmentation, or by the perpetual acceffion and accretion of new particles of the fame kind. the Laws of his Calculus of Fluxions, our Author 59. In fettling

very fkilfully and judicioufly difengages himfelf from all confideration of Time, as being a thing of too Phyfkal or Metaphyfical a nature to be admitted here, efpecially when there was no abfolute
neceffity

Motions, and Velocities of Motion, compared or meafured, may feem neceflarily to include a notion of Time; yet Time, like all other quantities, may be reprefented by Lines and Symbols, as in the foregoing exfor
it.

For

tho'

all

when

they come

to be

efpecially when we conceive them to increafe uniformly. thefe reprefentatives or proxies of Time, which in fomc meafiire may be made the objects of Senfe, will anfwer the prefent purSo that Time, in fome fenle, may pofe as well as the thing itfclf. be laid to be eliminated and excluded out of the inquiry. By this

ample,

And

is no longer Phyfical, but becomes much more and as Geometrical, being wholly confined to the defcription fimple and with their Lines of Spaces, comparative Velocities of increafe and decreafe. Now from the equable Flux of Time, which we conceive to be generated by the continual acceflion of new particles, or Moments, our Author has thought fit to call his Calculus the Method of Fluxions. 60, 6 1. Here the Author premifes fome Definitions, and other Thus Quantities, which in neceflary preliminaries to his Method. or Equation are fuppos'd to be fufceptible of continual Problem any increafe or decreafe, he calls Fluents, or flowing Quantities ; which are fometimes call'd variable or indeterminate quantities, becaufe they are capable of receiving an infinite number of particular values, in The Velocities of the increafe or dea regular order of fucceilion. fuch are call'd of creafe their Fluxions ; and quantities in quantities the fame Problem, not liable to increafe or decreafe, or whofe Fluxions are nothing, are call'd conftant, given, invariable, and determinate This diftindlion of quantities, when once made, is carequantities. obferved through the whole Problem, and infinuated by proper fully Symbols. For the firft Letters of the Alphabet are generally approfor denoting conftant quantities, and the laffc Letters compriated monly lignify variable quantities, and the fame Letters, being pointed, repreient the Fluxions of thofe variable quantities or Fluents refpecThis diftinction between thefe quantities is not altogether tivcly.

means the Problem

arbitrary, but
leafl

has fome foundation in the nature of the thing, at the Solution of the prefent Problem. For the flowing during or

24-O

7#* Method

of

FLUXIONS.

or variable quantities may be conceived as now generating by Motion, and the conftant or invariable quantities as fome how o other alThus in any given Circle or Parabola, the Diame.ready generated. ter or Parameter are conftant lines, or already generated ; but the
Abfcifs,
local

Ordinate, Area, Curve-line, &c. are flowing and variable quantities, becaufe they are to be underftood as now defcribing by

Motion, while

their

tion of thefe quantities

may be this. A conftant or given Irne in any Problem is tinea qtitzdam^ but an indeterminate line is line a qua-vis Or laftiy, vel qutzcunque, becaufe it may admit of infinite values.
conftant quantities in a Problem are thofe, whole ratio to a common Unit, of their own kind, is fuppos'd to be known ; but in variable quantities that ratio cannot be known, becaufe it is varying perpetually.

properties are

derived.

Another

diftinc-

This diftinction of quantities however, into determinate and indeterminate, fubfifts no longer than the prefent Calculation requires;
for as
it is

a diftinftion form'd by the Imagination only, for its own conveniency, it has a power of abolifhing it, and of converting determinate quantities into indeterminate, and vice versa, as occaiion

In require ; of which we fhall fee Inftances in what follows. a Problem, or Equation, theie may be any number of conftant quantities, but there muft be at leaft two that are flowing and indeterminate ; for one cannot increafe or diminifh, while all the reft con-

may

If there are more than two variable quantities in tinue the fame. a Problem, their relation ought to be exhibited by more than one

Equation.

ANNO-

241

ANNOTATIONS on Prob.i,
O
R,

The relation of the flowing Quantities being given,

to determine the relation of their Fluxions.

SECT.

I.

Concerning Fluxions of the

firft

orcler^

and

t(f

Jlnd their Equations.

HE

Author having thus propofed his fundamental Pro-' abftra<ft and general manner, and gradually them down to the form mod convenient for* brought
blems in an
s ;

he now proceeds to deliver the Precepts his Method of Solution, which he illuftrates by a fufficient variety of Examples,! referving the Demonftration to be given afterwards, when his Readers will be better prepared to apprehend the force of it, and when their notions will be better fettled and confirm'd. Theie Precepts of Solution, or the Rules for finding the Fluxions of any given' and appealEquation, are very fliort, elegant, and compreheniive to have but little affinity with the Rules ufually given for this purto their is But that of owing great pofe degree univerfality. are to form, as it were, fo many different Tables for the Equation,
;
:

We

flowing quantities in it, by difpofing the Terms accorthe Powers of each quantity, fo as that their Indices ding may' form an Arithmetical Progreflion. Then the Terms are to be multiply'd in each cafe, either by the Progreflion of the Indices, or
as there are

to

'

the

Terms of any
fame

.have the

other Arithmetical Progreflion, (which yet common difference with the Progreffion of the Indices
I
i

by mould
;)

'

as

242
as
alfo

Tfo Method

of

FLUXIONS.

by the Fluxion of that Fluent, and then to be divided by La ft of all, thefe Terms are to be collected, accorthe Fluent itfelf. ding to their proper Signs, and to be made equal to nothing; which will be a new Equation, exhibiting the relation of the Fluxions. This procefs indeed is not fo fhort as the Method for taking Fluxions, be given p relent ly v) which he el fe where delivers, and which is (to commonly follow' d ; but it makes fufficient amends by the univerlality of it, and by the great variety of Solutions which it will afford. For we may derive as many different Fluxional Equations from the lame given Equation, as we .(hall think fit to affume different Arithmetical Progreffions.
.Yet
all

and

tho' differing in form, yet each will truly give the Fluxions, as will appear from the following
2.

thefe Equations will agree in the main, the relation of

In the
x>

firft

Example we

Examples.

tion

ax 1

-{-

brought over to to the powers of the Fluent x, or being conlider'd as a Number exax 1 -fprefs'd by the Scale whofe Root is x, will iland thus x> o; and affuming the Arithmetical Progrefiion 3, 2, y>x ayx* which is here that of the Indices of x, and ], o, multiplying each Term by each refpedlively, we fhall have the Terms jx 3 zax-

Equao, where the Terms are always axy y"> one fide. Thefe Terms being difpofed according
-

are to take the Fluxions of the

which again multiply'd by i or xx~ according to 1 2axx -f- ayx. Then in the fame Equathe Rule, will make ^xx tion making the other Fluent/ the Root of the Scale, it will ftand 5 o ; and affuming the Arith-f- oy*-i- axy thus, _y ax*y
H- ayx
*
l

>

metical Progreffion 3, 2, I, o, which alfo Indices of y, and multiplying as before,

;

the Progreffion of the we fhall have the Terms

is
--

3_)'

* -+a

axy

*,

which multiply'd by
colle(^i n
-f-

or yy~*,

will

make
1

g the Terms, the Equation yxx o will ayx axj give the required relation of the tyy* if refolve For we this Fluxions. Equation into an Analogy, we fhall 2 ax i^x 1 have x y zax -h ay which, in all the values that 3>' x and y can affume, will give the ratio of their Fluxions, or the comparative velocity of their increafe or decreafe, when they flow according to the given Equation. Or to find this ratio of the Fluxions more immediately, or the
3i>'

zaxx

+
:

-+

axJ-

Tlien

: :

-,

value of the Fraction

4'

by fewer

fteps,

we may

proceed thus.
after
it,

Write
in the

down

the Fraction

with the note of equality

and

Numerator

and INFINITE SERIES.

;

243

minifh'd, if you pleafe, by any common Number,) as alib divided by .v. In the Denominator do the fame by the Terms, when diiThus in the prepofed according to y, only changing the figns. fent Equation x"' ax 1 -f- axy we (lull have at once o, ;'
3

Numerator of the equivalent Fraction write the Terms of the Equaeach betion, difpos'd according to x, with their refpective figns the Index of x in that Term, (increafed or diing multiply'd by

=
;

y ~ *

i,x*2ax-\-av
J>* *

ax

Let us now apply the Solution another way. The Equation x ax* -f- axy o being order'd according to x as before, y* will be x ax* -(- ayx y*x =. o and fuppofing the Indices of x to be increas'd by an unit, or aifuming the Arithmetical Pro-

=
~

greffion

-~~
-j, t

and multiplying the Terms

refpectively,
.

1 have thefe Terms ^.xx* Then y-xx^axx -}- zayx 1 the Terms ordering -f- oy according to /, they will become -\-axy -i- x*y =.0; and fuppofing the Indices ofy to be diminifli'd ax*

we

fhall

_)'

by an unit, or afluming the Arithmetical Progreffion ^ and multiplying the Terms refpecYively, we mall have So that collecting 2yy* * * x*yyax*yy~*.
.>
1

we

Si iJ, ' ' y y y thefe Terms

the Terms,

lhall

ax*yy~*

have
o,

4.v.v*

-^axx for the Fluxional

i

+- 2 ayx
4X
, 2

y>xx~
T
-.

zyy*

c ^1 T>1 -11 y of the Fluxions will be x

Equation required. *
a -f-f- 2ay

Or
.
.

x'>yy-' -+the ratio

.

3_J
J

v'v

Z)

* *

-f-As,

ax l

_
*
l

w hich
,

ratio

\<

may
Or
by

be found immediately by applying the foregoing Rule. contrary-wife, if we multiply the Equation in the fir ft form

the Progreffion

~
1 .

?
,
}

~ ^
, ,

v
,

we

flinll

have the Terms zxx 1

fc*,

axx

-\-ytx\-

cond form by

,
!

And if we ^ l y- we
y
,
5

multiply the Equation in the

fiiall

have the Terms

'tis a.v.v
1

4^*

H-

+ rxx~>

zcixy -+-

x=j}~
will

cx-yy~'.

Therefore collecting
>

^v}*+ 2axy-i-x>j}- ~fix 1y}-'~o.

be
|

of the Fluxions
l.avc

been found at once by the foregoing Rule. And in general, if the Equation x"> - -ax % -- axy o, in y* a\- -f- <?.yv --> ,v the form xbe o, multiply'd by the Terms ";+ 3 "L+J. of this Arithmetical Progreffion v .v r ;n \> 11 JL O
;

= ^ ^ ~^:^^.,-r
=
)

Or
,

^v.v the ratio

which might

-v,

produce the Terms

m -\-y.\-~
I

m-+-2n>:x-{i 2

m -\-

icxt

mj'xx-'-,

and

244
and
_fif

)e

Method of FLUXIONS,

K\y=
ax 1

the fame Equation, reduced to the form y*-\o, b; multiply 'd by the Terms of this Arithmetical Pro"

grerTion
*

Mjs
have
1

7, ~7~7' "^'

w *^ P ro( uce t ie Terms

^
^
l
.

H-

H- iaxy-\-nx~>yy-*
ilia 11

nax lyy~
;

Then
l

collecting the

Terms,
i

we

my"'.\x~ w ~f- 3.X) * 4-^-t- irftfy -fo, for the nx*yy~~ Or the ratio of the. Fluxions will be Fluxional Equation required.
*

m -\-

vx 1 3.

-i-

arfxv

n -j- D * -j- ax -f- nax^y nx'j found immediately from the given Equation, by the foregoing Rule. Here the general Numbers m and n may be determined pro lubitu, by which means we may obtain as many .Fluxional Equations as we
;? I

=m
-4-

3*"
*

- - -js -(-

H- m-\-.iaxy nax*yy*
. .

=
.

z* -j- m -j-

ay
:

m)$x
:

*
1
.

;
l

which might have been

pleafe,

which

will

all

belong to the given Equation.

And
is

thus

we
o,
if

may
and

always find the fimpleft Expreffion, or that which

to the prefent exigence.
;;

beft ac-

commodated

== o, we
;

mall have 4
X

we make
as
-

=
Or

=
i
,

Thus
ax
l

if
,

we make
4*
:

*'*-*"* + ">
a

as

found before. Or
a
*-

i,

and

n=
'

3j
11

n have we ihall
i,

before.

=.
i

fy-

if ax +_> A
x*j

we make
'-\~axij

zax
-r- 7, '

-_ m=ihall

and n

=^ =
if
j

before.

Or

we fhall we make m
i,

have
?, J J

and n
y -(-

=.
3^4

we

11

l. V have -

=
_

of Qthers
^axi

Now

th

var i ety of Solutions J

no ambiguity in the Conclusion, as poffibly might have been fufpected; for it is no other than what ought neceffarily to arife, from the different forms the given Equation may acquire, as
will beget

If we confine ourfelves to the Progremon of will appear afterwards. the Indices, it will bring the Solution to the common Method of taking Fluxions, which our Author has taught elfewhere, and which, becaufe it is eafy and expeditious, and requires no certain order of the Terms, I mall here fubjoin. For every Term of the given Equation, fo many Terms mufr. be

form'd in the Fluxional Equation, as there are flowing Quantities in And this muft be done, (i.) by multiplying the Term that Term. by the Index of each flowing Quantity contain'd in it. (2.) By
dividing
it

by the quantity

Fluxion.
o,

Thus

in

itfelf j and, (3.) by multiplying by the foregoing Equation x> ax* -f- ayx

its

the Fluxion belonging to

the

Term

.v 3

is

or ^x^x.

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The
Fluxion belonging to
.

245
zaxx.

ax 1
avxv
1-

is

or

The
the

Fluxion belonging to ayx

ayxx

is

or axy -f- ayx.

And

or Fluxion belonging to / 3 is y-y. So that the whole or Fluxion of the the whole Fluxional Equation, Equation, a 1 Ais zaxx -fThus the Equation -f3-v ayx ayx 3_>' _y=o. m m -* m x =}', will give mxx the and ; =.y Equation x z," y, will m t z" -f- nx mzz"~ give mxx y for its Fluxional Equation. And the like of other Examples. If we take the Author's funple Example, in pag. 19, or the Equation y or rather x* x ly ay xx, o, that is ayx o, in order to find its moft general Fluxional Equation ; it may be perform'd by the Rule before given, fuppofing the Index of x to be encreas'd by m, and the Index of y by ;;. For then we {hall have
, l

=
?

diredtly x

nx zy

"-'-g+-'*
'

n -|- \a

For the

firft

Term

of the given

Equation being ayx, this multiply'd by the Index of x increas'd by l that is by ;;z, and divided by x, will give mayx~ for the firlt 7/7, Term of the Numerator. Alfo the fecond Term being x*y, this that is by w-f- 2, and of A- increas'd by the Index m, multiply'd by
for the fecond Term of the Nuof the given Equation may be now Index of y increas'd by n, that ,Y*J, which multiply'd by the l is by ;;, and divided by r, will give (changing the fign) nx y~ for Alib the fecond Term will the firft Term of the Denominator.

divided by ,v, will give merator. Again, the firft

m -h

2X

Term

that

by ;/, (changing the Sign) n -|- \a for die fecond Term of the Denominator, as found above. Now from this general relation of the Fluxions, we may deduce as many particular ones as we pleaie. Thus if we make ///= o, and
is

then be

cyx, which multiply'd by

-f- i,

the Index

of/

increas'd

by n

and divided by

y,

will give

7/r=o, we
1

fhall

have
n

--

--

Author's Solution in the place before cited.

aiid
//v

;z=
o,

r,

we
;/

II

lhall

have -

and
n

=
o.

i,

we

(hall

we make
as before.

= Or = -7^7 = =
,

or

ay

2xx, agreeable to our

if

we
1

make;=
. .,

2TA

2,

2tfl>

-77
-

Or
^
'

if

we make
.

have

X j
v

and m-=.

2,

we

fhall

have -

= =

A"

Or
.
m
,

if
-1-,

-^-^

All which, and innumerable other cafes,

may

be
it

eafilv*
c:

proved by a fubftitution of equivalents.

Or we may prove

rally

246
rally

>e Method tf of

FLUXIONS,
it is

thus.

Becaufe by the given Equation

/-i value of the ratio

=
OT

~ mayx
n -+-

y=x a~
i
,,.
.

I ,
,

in

the

m-\-zx c

we

/,

11

fhall

have

V ~-

2j -f- x*y 2cysi in Z' which are there three o, -4flowing quantities y, x, and z, and therefore there muft be three operations, or three Tables mufl be form'd. Firft difpofe the Terms according to y, thus ; z~>y= o, and multiply by the Terms of the Pro2j3 _j_ oja _{_ x*y
3.

The ^z*

Equation of the fecond Example

= =

-= *
na

gA& -.

_7^ri7

7 mbmtute
3

its

value,

and

+ 2X
i

2X

as above.
is

- 2CZ
1

i xj//- , relpeclively, (where greffion 2 xjj"" , ixj/y" , oxj/y"" , the Coefficients are form'd by diminishing the Indices of y by the com-

and the refulting Terms will be qyy* * * -f- &yy*. Secondly difpofe theTerms according to x, thus-> yx*--}-ox-t-2y">x=o 3

mon Number
;

:,)

2cz
and multiply by the Terms of the ProgreiTion 2xxx~\ i xxv~ r , oy.xx~ , (\vhere the Coefficients are the fame as the Indices of x,) and the only refulting Term here is -+- 2yxx * *. Laftly, difpofe
l

the

Terms according

to z, thus

z=

-+-^y^
I
,

2cyz--x*yz=o
-4- 2}"
f , ,

and multiply by the Progreffion

3xs~

2xzz~'
.

(where the Coefficients are alfo the fame as Then collecting the Terms will be ^zz* -h 6yzz-~-2cyz * 1 thefe Terms together, we fhall have the Fluxional Equation fyrj
i

fx.zz~ ! oxzz*, the Indices of z,} and

all

2cyz =. o. of our Author's dexterity, at Here we for abbreviating. For in every one of thefe Opefinding expedients rations fuch a Progreffion is chofe, as by multiplication will make the greateft deftrudtion of the Terms. By which means he arrives that the nature of the Problem will allow. at the fhorteft Expreffion, It we mould feck the Fluxions of this Equation by the ufaal me~3yy
_|_ av,v.v

yzz*

-+-

6yzz

have a notable inftance

thod, which

is

taught above, that

oreffions of the Indices,

we

zcyz -+- ~}yz* ~r- dyzz more' than the other form. (-j increas'd, in each cafe, by any common general Numbers, we may form the moil: general Expreilion for the Fluxional Equation, that the Problem will admit of.
t

if we always a flu me the Prois, have 6yy* -+ 2xxy -\- xy 2cyz o ; which has two Terms 3'zz* And if the Progreffions of the Indices
fhall

4-

and INFINITE SERIES.

4.

247

laft Example, in which are three Fluents our Author makes an ufeful Obfervation, for and their Fluxions, the Reduction and compleat Determination of fuJi Equations, tho' the Rules of the vulgar Algebra it be derived from which matter thus. be confider'd of two flowing Every Equation, conlilling may is what correfponds to an indetcrmin'd Proor variable Quantities, Therefore one blem, admitting of an infinite number of Anfwcrs. of thofe quantities being afiumed at pleafure, or a particular value being affign'd to it, the other will alfb be compleatly determined. And in the Fluxional Equation derived from thence, thofe particular values being fubftituted, the Ratio of the Fluxions will be given in Numbers, in any particular cafe. And one of the Fluxions being taken for Unity, or of any determinate value, the value of the other may be exhibited by a Number, which will be a compleat Determi;

On

occafion of the

nation.

given Equation involve three flowing or indeterminate Quantities, two of them muft be a/Turned to determine the third ; or, which is the fame thing, fome other Equation muft be either given or aflumed, involving fome or all the Fluents, in order to a compleat Determination. For then, by means of the two Equations, one of the Fluents may be eliminated, which will bring this Alfo two Fluxional Equations may be derived, to the former cafe. three the Fluxions, by means of which one of them may be involving And fo if the given Equation mould involve four Fluents, eliminated. two other Equations fliould be either given or afTumed, in order to This will be fufficiently explain 'd by the a compleat Determination. two following Examples, which will alfo teach us how complicate Terms, fuch as compound Fractions and Surds, are to be maif the

But

naged
5,

in this
6.

Method.
a*

Let the given Equation be y*

the Fluxions.
third
x~,
a'-x 1
if

we are to take x we may introduce a

of which

To

the

xx*/ a* o, two Fluents y and

Let that be z
y-

going Solution

x* z* r= o. Then by the foreFluxional Equations (at leaft in one cafe) will zxx> o. Thefe two Fluenbe 2jy z zz o, and a*xx and their Fluxional Equations, may be reduced tial Equations, to one Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, by the ufual methods that is, we may eliminate z and z by fubftituting of Reduction
a-

= = =
&
:

x\/a*-

we aflume ;c, and we mall have

another Equation. the two Equations

o, their

and

their values yy

a a and zyy.

Then we fhall havej 1

a1

x\/ a 1

.v

248
'tis
!

fix Method of
" "
J

FLUXIONS,

and 2yy

"__

= ==
l z

o.
rt

a"x z

^4 -- za*
if

=
its

y* 4- 2a y
o.

Or by
o,

taking

away

the furds,
2xx=.

and then a*xx

-

7.
o,

Or
to

the given Equation be x 5

ay*

-f-

x^^/ay

-\-x*1

corresponding Fluxional Equation ; to the two flowing quantities ,v and y we may introduce two others .z and i', and thereby remove the Fraction and the Radical, if we affume the
find

two Equations T.

-~
+_>'

z,

and x*~i/ay-t-xx=zv. ^

Then we

(hall

have the three Equations x= i<-~ r o, and ayx* -f- x 6

i;=o, az-\-yz will give the three which by* V z Fluxional Equations ^xx* o, az +- yz -+- yz -+zayy and 2vv= o. 6xx o, Thefeby,ay'x* -+- ^.ayxx' -f"^byy* to on& of the be reduced common Algebra may known Methods Fluential and one Fluxional Equation, iavolving x and y and their

ay

-\-

o,

Fluxions,
8.

as

is

take the Fluxions of Binomial or other Radicals, of any kind, any how involved or compliAs for inflance, if we were to find the cated with one another.

And by

required. the fame Method

we may

Fluxion oF-Vwf -\-*/aa

xx=yy.

xx, put it equal to y, or make ax-i~ xx s$. Then we fhall Alfo make </ aa

1 y have the two Fluential Equations ax-\-z o, and a* AT*; 1 have the two Fluxional we mall whence z o, from Equations 2xx 2zz o.' o, or xx -f- zz o, and ax-}- z 2j/y ax~ This laft Equation, if for z and z we fubftitute their values^

==

=
y
'

and zyy
o
tute
;

ax,

will

whence
value

become xx
A
'

2\i

-f~" ~ - 2HX1
A

2yy*
.

zaxyy

axy*

-{-

a^xx-

And
,

here if for * y

we

fubfti--

its

many yax + y aa xx of a like- kind will be found in the fequel of this Work. pies 1 1, 12. In Examp. 5. the propofed Equation is 9, 10,
quired

vax-+-\/aa
ax
7.1/fta
-J

an
x

----------

xx, we mall have the Fluxion

xx
...,

A Jf
:

re-

And

other

T^

Exam--

xx

axz

4
.)'

=>

zz

-{-

z, and therefore ~ === o. _j_ ax 4j/j-3

there are three variable quantities x, y, the relation of the Fluxions will be 2zz -|-

which

and

axz

wants another Fluential EquaFluxional thence another and tion, Equation, to make a compleat Fluxional if another determination ; Equation were given or only afTurned, we mould have the required relation of the Fluxions x and y,..
as there
<

But

Suppofe

and INFINITE SERIES.

Suppofe
-f-

249

Fluxional Equation were i=.vv/^-v xx ; then by xx fubftitution we mould have the Equation zz -f- ax x x^/ax
this

axz

4)7

o,

v/rftf

.vx -f-

rf;s,

be eliminated,) till xx is fuppos'd to be derived. Fluxional Equation And thus we may have the relation of the Fluxions, even in fuch cafes as \re have not, or perhaps cannot have, the relation of the

2Z -4- ax x Analogy x :y :: 4_>' which can be reduced no farther, (or & cannot we have the Fluential Equation, from which the
or the
3
:

z=x\/ax

Fluents.

not perhaps be conveniently perby Calculation, yet it may poffibly be perform'd Geometrically, as it were, and by the Quadrature of Curves ; as we may learn from our Author's preparatory Proportion, and from the following general Conliderations. Let the right Line AC, perpendicular to the right Line AB, be conceived to move always
tho'
this

But

Reduction

may

forni'd Analytically, or

parallel to itfelf,

fo as that

its

extremity

A may

defcribe the line

AB.

Let the point

and fixt, or always at the fame diftance from A, how move from towards a let another with C, velocity any point does accelerated or retarded. The parallel motion of the line
be

AC

not at all affect the progreffive motion of the point moving from A towards C, but from a combination of thefe two independent ; morions, it will defcribe the Curve while at the fame time the fixt point C will

ADH

defcribe

Let the line AC be conceived to move thus, Then till it comes into the place BE, or BD. the line AC is conftant, and remains the fame, while the indefinite or flowing line becomes BD. Alfo the Areas defcribed at the fame time, ACEB and ADB, are likewife flowing quantities, and their velocities of defcription, or their Fluxions, muft neceflarily be as their refpeclive defcribing Let AC or BE be Linear Unity, lines, or Ordinates, BE and BD.
or a conftant
are

the right line

CE,

parallel

to

AB.

known

right line, to
;

which
in

all

be compared or refer'd
tacitely
refer'd

juft as

to as being the fimi, all Numbers. of And let the Area ADB be pleft fuppos'd to be 'd to BE, or Linear which it will be reduced from Unity, by apply the order of Surfaces to that of Lines j ami let the refulting line be call'd z. That is, make the Area ADB z x BE ; and if AB be call'd x, then is the Area ACEB x x BE. Therefore the K k Fluxions

to

or

Numbers, Numeral Unity,

the other lines are to r.M other Numbers

25 o"

Ibe Method of

FLUXIONS,

Fluxions of thefe Areas will be z x BE and x x BE, which are as z and x. But the Fluxions of the Areas were found before to be as x x BD. ED BE i, or z BD to BE. So that it is z x the Fluxion of the Area will be as the Consequently in any Curve, Ordinate of the Curve, drawn into the Fluxion of the Abfcifs. Now to apply this to the prefent cafe. In the Fluxional Equa: :
:

tion before

xx, if x reprefents the Abfcifs xx be the Ordinate ; then will this Curve of a Curve, and \/ ax So that will z and be a Circle, reprefent the corresponding Area. a of Circle can be exhibited whether the Area we fee from hence,

affumed

z=x</ax

or no, or, in general

Terms, tho' in the Equation proppfed there which cannot be determined or exbe involved, fhould quantities Geometrical Method, luch as the Areas or Lengths prefs'd by any of Curve-lines ; yet the relation of their Fluxions may neverthelefs
be found.
13. or to the

Demonftration of his Solutions the of Method of Fluxions, here laid proof of the Principles down, which certainly deferves to engage our mcft ferious attention. And more efpecially, becaufe thefe Principles have been lately drawn into debate, without being well confider'd or imderftoqd ; polfibly be T caufe this Treatife of our Author's, expreffly wrote on the fubjed, had not yet feen the light. As thefe Principles therefore have been treated as precarious at leaft, if not wholly inefficient to fupport the Doo trine derived from them ; I Shall endeavour to examine into every the moll: minute circumflance of this Demonstration, and that with
to the Author's

We

now come

the utmoft circumipeclion and impartiality. have here in the firft place a Definition and a Theorem to-r Moments are defined to be the indefinitely jmall parts offoiv-

We

gether,

itig

the acceflion of which, in indefinitely quantities, by The are continually increajed. of time, tboj'e quantities

fmall portions

word Moment

a mevcoj by analogy feems to have been (momentum^ movimentum, borrow'd from Time. For as Time is conceived to be in continual and as a greater and a greater Time is generated flux, or motion, more and more Moments, which are conceived of by the acceffion So all other flowing Quantities as the fmalleit particles of Time
:

may
their

their fmallefr, particles,

be underitood, as perpetually, increafing, by the accellion of which therefore may not improperly be call'd

Moments.

are not to

But what are here call'd their jmalleft particles, be underftood as if they were Atoms, or of any definite
as in the

and determinate magnitude,

Method of

Indivisibles.}
till

but

to be indefinitely fmall, or continually decreafing,

they are lefs

than

and INFINITE SERIES.

251

than any afiignable quantities, and yet may then retain all poffible That thefe Moments are varieties of proportion to one another. not chimerical, vifionary, or merely imaginary things, but have an existence Jut generis, at leaft Mathematically and in the Underftandfrom the infinite Divifibility of Quaning, is a neceflary confequence For all contity, which I think hardly any body now contefts *. tinued quantity whatever, tho' not indeed actually, yet mentally may be conceived to be divided in infinitutn, Perhaps this may be beft illuftrated by a comparative gradation or progrefs of Magnitudes. Every finite and limited Quantity may be conceived as divided into any finite number of fmaller parts. This Divifion may proceed, and thofc parts may be conceived to be farther divided in very litor particles, which yet are not Moments. tle, but flill finite parts, But when thefe particles are farther conceived to be divided, not as to become of a magnitude Ids than actually but mentally, fo far any afiignable, (and what can flop the progrefs of the Mind ?) then As are they properly the Moments which are to be understood here. includes no or condiminution of this gradation abfurdity certainly tradiction, the Mind has the privilege of forming a Conception of thefe Moments, a poffible Notion at leaft, though perhaps not an adequate one ; and then Mathematicians have a right of applying them to ufe, and of making fuch Inferences from them, as by any flrict way of reafoning may be derived. It is objected, that we cannot form an intelligible and adequate

Notion of thefe Moments, becaufe fo obfcure and incomprehenfible an Idea, as that of Infinity is, muft needs enter that Notion ; and therefore they ought to be excluded from all Geometrical Difquifitions.
It

may

indeed be allowed, that

is
it

we

have not an adequate

Notion of them on that account, fuch

at
all

as exhatifts the

whole nature

of the thing, neither neceflary ; partial Notion, which is that of their Divifibility fine Jine, without any regard to
their magnitude,
is

for a

There are many is fufficient in the preient cafe. other Speculations in the Mathematicks, in which a Notion of Infinity

neceflary ingredient,

which however

are admitted

by

all

Geometricians, as ufeful and dcmonftrable Truths.

The

Doctrine

of commenfurable and incommenfurable magnitudes includes a Notion of Infinity, and yet is received as a very demonftrablc Doctrine. We have a perfect Idea of a Square and its Diagonal, and yet we

k 2

know

The Method of FLUXIONS,

of no finite common meafure, or that their they will admit probe exhibited in rational Numbers, tho' ever fo fmall, cannot portion but may by a feries of decimal or other parts continued ad

know

infini-

In common Arithmetick we know, that the vulgar Fraction the decimal Fraction 0,666666, &c. continued ad infinitum^ and 1., are one and the fame thing j and therefore if we have a fcientifick notion of the one, we have likewife of the other. When I deicribe a right line with my Pen, fuppofe of an Inch long, I defcribe firft one half of the line, then one half of the remainder, then one half of the next remainder, and fo on. That is, I actually run over all thofe infinite divifions and fubdivifions, before I have comI do not attend to them, or cannot diftinpleated the Line, tho' And by this I am indubitably certain, that this Series guifh them. of Fractions i -f- JL _j_ -.-}- _'r> &c. continued ad infinitum, is preto Unity. Euclid has demonflrated in his Elements, cifely equal that the Circular Angle of Contact is lefs than any aflignable rightlined Angle, or, which is the fame thing, is an infinitely little Angle in comparifon with any finite Angle And our Author fhews us fHll greater the infinite about fteries, gradations of Angles of ConIn Geometry we know, that Curves may continually approach tact. towards their Arymptotes, and yet will not a&ually meet with them; infinite diftance. till both are continued to an know likewife, or be that many of their included Areas, but of a finite Solids, will and determinable magnitude, even tho' their lengths mould be actually know that fome Spirals make infinite continued ad infinitum. about a Circumvolutions Pole, or Center, and yet the whole Line, thus infinitely involved, is but of a finite, determinable, and aflignable length. The Methods of computing Logarithms fuppofe, that between any two given Numbers, an infinite number of mean Proportionals maybe interpofedj and without fome Notion of Infinity
tum.
:

My

We

We

their nature

And

and properties are hardly intelligible or difcoverable. many of the moft fublime and ufeful parts of muft be banifh'd out of the Mathematicks, if we are knowledge fo fcrupulous as to admit of no Speculations, in which a Notion
in general,

admit of Moments, of Fluxions is here

tions.

of Infinity will be neeeflarily included. may therefore as fafely and the Principles upon which the Method built, as any of the fore-mention'd Specula.

We

The nature and notion of Moments being thus eftablifli'd, we may pafs on to the afore -mcnticn'd Theorem, which is this.

and INFINITE SERIES.

253

(contemporary) Moments offairing quantities are as the Velocities of if this be flowing or increafing ; that is, as their Fluxions.

Now

flowing quantities be always adequately rcprefented and exin Lines. But equable Motions, the Times being given, pounded by the Spaces defcribed will be as the Velocities of Defcription, as is known in Mechanicks. And if this be true of any finite Spaces whatever, or of all Spaces in general, it muft alfo obtain in infi-

proved of Lines, whatever, which

it

will equally obtain in

all

may

nitely little Spaces, which we call Moments. tions continually accelerated or retarded, the

And

even

in

Mo-

Motions

in infinite-

So ly little Spaces, or Moments, muft degenerate into equability. that the Velocities of increafe or decreafe, or the Fluxions, will be Moments. Therefore the Ratio of always as the

contemporary

the Fluxions of Quantities, and the Ratio of their contemporary Moments, will always be the fame, and may be ufed promifcuoufly for each other. 14. The next thing to be fettled thefe Moments, which a convenient Notation for be diftinguifh'd, reprefented, by they may It has been compared, and readily fuggefted to the Imagination. for ftand that when &c. variable or appointed already, x, y, z, v, flowing quantities, then their Velocities of increafe, or their Fluxions, fhall be reprefented by x, y, z, -j, &c. which therefore will be proBut as thefe are only portional to the contemporary Moments. or of another Species, they cannot be the MoVelocities, magnitudes ments themfelves, which we conceive as indefinitely little Spaces, or other analogous may therefore here aptly introquantities. duce the Symbol o, not to ftand for abfolute nothing, as in Arithrnetick, but a vanifhing Space or Qtiantity, which was juft now finite, but by continually decrealing, in order prefently to terminate
is

We

is now become lefs than any affignable Qinintify. have certainly a right fo to do. For if the notion is intelligible, and implies no contradiction as was argued before, it may This is not furely be infinuated by a Character appropriate to it. the which be would to the hypothefis, contrary aligning quantity,

in

mere nothing,

And we

but
the'
ral

only appointing a mark to reprefent it.- Then multiplying Fluxions by the vanishing quantity we fhall have the fcveis
<?,

are vanifhing likewife, and pioportional to the Fluxions refpedlively. Thefe therefore may now reprefent the contemporary Moments- -of x, y, z, v, &c. And quantities
.\o,

yo,

zo,

r?,

cc.

which

in general, whatever other flowing .quantities, as well as Lines and

I

Spaces,

54

je "*fl

Method of FLUXIONS,

Spaces, arc reprefented by A-, y, z, -v, &c. as o may (land for a. of the fame kind, and as x, -vanishing quantity y, z, v, &c. may ftand for their Velocities of increafe or decreafe, (or, if

you

pleafe,

fpr
zo,

Numbers
i-o,

proportional to thofe Velocities,) then

their

refpedive fynchronal Moments, .or momentary accefiions, and may be admitted into Computations And this we corne now to apply. .accordingly.
extenfive property,

&c. always denote

may

xo,

yo,

and Equations that involve flowing that in the progrefs of is, Quantities. flowing, the Fluents will continually acquire new values, .by the accefilon of contemporary parts of thofe Fluents, and yet the Equation will be equally true in all thcfe, cafes. This is a neceffary refult from the Nature and Definition of variable Quantities. Confequently thefe Fluents be .how or increafed diminifh'd any .rnay by their contemporary or Increments Decrements ; which Fluents, fo increafed or dimiAs if niihed, may be fubflituted for the others in the Equation. an Equation mould involve the Fluents x and _y, together with any and Y X and are fuppofed to be of their conquantities, given any
15.

We

muft now have recourfe

belonging Which property
to. all

to a very notable, ufeful,

temporary Augments reflectively. Then in the given Equation we may fubflitute x -f- X for x, and y -+- Y for -y, and yet the Equation will be .good, or .the equality of the
.So if

Terms

y we might

were contemporary Decrements, x X and y Y reflectively. And as this inuft hold good of all contemporary Increments or Decrements whatever, whether finitely great or infinitely little, it will be true likewife of contemporary Moments. That is, in flea d of .r and y in xo and y we fubflitute .v-fany Equation, may -t-jo, and yet we
fubflitute

and

will be prefer ved. inflead of x and

quancontemporary Moments, or x -- xo and y -i-yo respectively. Tlien we ihall have the Equation x -+- xo 3 a x x AO a -f- a x x -|- xo x y -Jo~ o. Thefe T+"}f Terms .being expanded, and reduced to three orders or columns, according as the vanifhing quantity o is of none, one, or of more
tities

have a good Equation. The tendency of this will appear from what immediately follows. 16. The Author's fingle Example is a kind of Induction, and the a.\* proof of this may ferve for all cafes. Let the Equation x be given as before, including the variable a xy quantities x and r, inftead of which we may fubflitute thefe
ihall
flill
s

_>'

=o
i

increas'd

by

their

>

/limenfions,

will ftand as in the

Margin.

and INFINITE SERIES;

18. Here the Terms of the fir ft or column, remove or deftroy one order, as another, being absolutely equal to noThey bething by the given Equation. ing therefore expunged, the remaining
*3
fl .

255
* ?* w +3 A *"* r

17,

1
\

_ i_ +a.rj> + _
v
)3

2f,^

ox _ a ll'l

a.\iy

-\-axjs-

)>=o,
|

_,;>,

_ "j.

mon

be divided by the comThis being- done, all the Terms Multiplier <?, whatever it is. ftiil be affecled of the third order will by o, of one or more dimenfions, and may therefore be expunged, as infinitely lels than the remain thofe of the fecond order or others. Laftly, there will only

Terms may

all

column,

that

is

i 3.vA.'

zaxx

-+-

axy 4- ayx

Tjy-

o,

which

Q^. E. D. in fomething a difbe thus derived, may be any fynchronal Augments of the Let and ferent manner. variable quantities A* and y, as befoie, the relation of which quanwill be the Fluxional

Equation required.

The fame

Conclufions

Then may tf-J-X and y 4exhibited by any Equation. be fubfKtuted for x and y in that Equation. Suppofe for inftance 3 o ; then by fubftitution we flwll that x> ax* 4- axy _y
tities
is
-

=
|

3 a x .v 4- X a 4-#x.v4-Xx/4-Y have x 4- X y 4- V 1 z 1 ax or in termini* expanfis .v 5 -f- 3X X -f- 3xX -+- X o a 4 aX* ^XY Y 2rfxX -t- axy -\- <?.vY4- aXy -fj 3j 3;'Y 3 o will vaY o. But the Terms ,v ax* -+- axy _y niHi out of the Equation, and leave 3# 1 X 4- 3xX a 4-X 2axX 3
|
|

=
,.

Y- == o, for XY 3/i y* Y of the let their the relation magnitude be contemporary Augments, what it will. Or refolving this Equation into an Analogy, the ratio Y /7X -Lv ,. 2 ..* ?r*-|- ^rX-L. X 1 A of thele Augments may be this, * X =. a* ..v _|-j* r 3.., + Now to find the ultimate rc.tio of thefe Augments, or their ratio when they become Moments, fuppofe X and V to diminil'h till they become vanishing quantities, and then they may be expunged out Or in thofe circumftances it will be of this value of the ratio.

aX* 4- axV 4- aXy 4-

,-

3
3

P
-

y
is
.V

~^ax

which
as
.

is

now
.

the ratio of the

Moments.
or
-

And
be
as

this

the
1

fame

ratio

that

of the

2f>x--ai

or

a
3_)'

axy

Fluxions,

it

will

$x-x

zaxx 4- ayx,

wss

found before.
is no aflumption made, but what is of the ancient and modern both Methods iuflifiable by the received We only defend from a general Proportion, which Geometricians. is undeniable, to a particular cafe which is certainly included in ir. That

In this

way of

arguing there

256
That
is,

The Method of FLUXIONS,

having the relation of the variable Quantities, we thence the relation or ratio of their contemporary Augdeduce da-eddy and ments having this, we directly deduce the relation or ratio of thofc contemporary Augments when they are nafcent or evanefcent, in a word, when they are Mojuft beginning or juft ceafing to be or To evade this realbning, it ought ments, vanilliing Quantities. be can be conceived lefs than afiignto proved, that no Quantities able Quantities; that the Mind has not the privilege of conceiving Quantity as perpetually diminiiLingy/w^w ; that the Conception of a .vanishing Quantity, a Moment, an Infinitefimal, &c. includes a In fhort, that Quantity is not (even mentally) divificontradiction ble ad infinitum ; for to that the Controverfy mufb be reduced at laft. But I believe it will be a very difficult matter to extort this been fo Principle from the Mathematicians of our days, who have long in quiet poiTefTion of it, who are indubitably convinced of the evidence and. certainty of it, who continually and fuccefslully apply it, arid who- are ready to acknowledge the extreme fertility and ufefulnefs of it, upon fo many important occalions. but to account for thefe two cir19. Nothing remains, I think, of Fluxions, which our AuMethod the to .cumilances, belonging
; ;
:

Firft that the given Equation, whofe thor briefly mentions here. Fluxional Equation is to be found, may involve any number of This has been fufficiently proved already, and flowing quantities. feveral have feen we Examples of it. Secondly, that in taking Fluxions we need not always confine ourfelves to the progreffion of the Indices, but may affume infinite other Arithmetical Progreflions,
as

conveniency

may

require.

This

will deferve a little farther illu-

than what muft neceiTarily refult from any given Equation may afTume, in an 3 ax 1 -4- axy Thus the Equation x 3 infinite variety. j o, m will become #"+*>' being multiply'd by the general quantity x y", m x my"~^^ -r- ax -$- 1y" -h ax m+ly"'t' o, which is virtually the fame as it was before, tho' it may aiTume infinite forms, accorEquation And if we take the ding as we pleafe to interpret m and n. ufual in the Fluxions of this Equation, way, we mall have m m i 1 nax m ^yy n~^ -fm -+- zaxx ^y" y* -j- nx^rty}*B n mxxm~ y a ''* -f- n + irf.Y" 'j/)ftration, tho' it is no other the different forms, which

.5= o.

Now

if

we

divide this again

by
l

x"}",
-+-

we

mail have

4-

nx*j>y~*

m -f-

2axx
a

nax*yy~~

m -+-

laxy 4- n-\- \axy

n -f- 3j/y /xx~*y* derived before. was

?= o,
And

which
the like

is

the fame general Equation as may be underftood of all other

Examples.

SECT.

and INFINITE SERIES.

257

SECT.

II.

Concerning Fluxions
the

of fuperior orders^

and

method of deriving their Equations.

purfues Speculations which require the ufe of fecond Fluxions, or higher orders, yet he has very artfully contrived to reduce them to firft Fluxions, and to avoid the necefTity of introducing Fluxions of fuIn his other excellent Works of this kind, which perior orders.

our Author confiders only fir ft Fluxions, and has not thought fit to extend his Method to fuperior orders, as not diwithin his prefent purpofe. For tho' he here rectly foiling
this Treatifc

IN

have been publifh'd by himfelf, he makes exprefs mention of them, he difcovers their nature and properties, and gives Rules for deriving Therefore that this Work may be the more fertheir Equations. viceable to Learners, and may fulfil the defign of being an Inftitution, I mall here make fome inquiry into the nature of fuperior Fluxions, and give fome Rules for finding their Equations. And
afterwards,

of

Now
fider'd,

in its proper place, I mail endeavour to (hew fomething their application and ufe. as the Fluxions of quantities which have been hitherto con-

or their comparative Velocities

of increafe and decreafe, are

themfelves, and of their own nature, variable and flowing quantities alfo, and as fuch are themfelves capable of perpetual increafe and decrea&, or of perpetual acceleration and retardation ; they may be treated as other flowing quantities, and the relation of their Fluxions

be inquired and difcover'd. In order to which we will adopt our Author's Notation already publifh'd, in which we are to confo thefe ceive, that as x, y, z, &c. have their Fluxions #, z., &c.

may

likewife have their Fluxions x, /, of x, v, z, &c. And thefe again,

j.

z,&c.which
being
ftill

j, are the fecond Fluxions

variable quantities, have

their Fluxions denoted

by x,

of x,

y, z, &c.

And

y, z, &c. which are the third Fluxions thefe again, being ftill flowing quantities,

have their Fluxions x, /, z, &c. which are the fourth Fluxions of And fo we may proceed to fuperior orders, as far as x, y, z, &c. there mall be occafion. Then, when any Equation is propofed, conof variable futing quantities, as the relation of its Fluxions may be found by what has been taught before ; fo by repeating only the fame and the Fluxions as operation, confidering flowing Quantities^ the

relation

258
relation

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

of the fecond Fluxions may be found. And the like for all of Fluxions. higher orders have the Equation y* we ax if o, in which are the Thus we and fhall have the firft Fluxional x, two Fluents y Equation zyy And here, as we have the three Fluents j>, y, and x, o. ax if we take the Fluxions again, we fhall have the fecond Fluxional

Equation zyy -+- zy*

y,

ax= o.
+

And
..

here, as there are four Fluents

y, y,

and x,

if

we

take the Fluxions again,

.

we

fhall

have the
or zyy

third Fluxional Equation zyy

bjy
if

ax

=
o.

zyy -f-

^.yy

ax

o,

4-

o.

And

here, as there are five Fluents y, y, y, y,

and x,

we

take the Fluxions again,

we
l

fhall

have the fourth Fluxional

o,

Equation zyy

ax
if

=
i

zyy

-f-

6yy

-+-

6y

ax

or

zyy -+- Syy

-f-

6y*

And

here, as there are fix Fluents y, y, y, y, y,

and

xy

we
_j_

take the Fluxions again,

we

fhall

have zyy

ax ax o, for the o, or zyy +- i oyy -f- zoyy zyy And fo on to the fixth, feventh, 6cc. fifth Fluxional Equation. the Demonftration of this will proceed much after the manner as our Author's Demonftration of firft Fluxions, and is indeed ax o} For in the given Equation^* it. virtually included in if we fuppofe y and x to become at the fame time y -f- yo and x-)- xo, if we fuppofe yo and xo to denote the fynchronal Moments (that is, * of the Fluents y and x,) then by fubftitution we fhall have ~y +yo\
fyy

zyy

-f-

8yy -{-

Now

axx
axo

= = Where
-f-

xo

o,

or in termini* expanjis,
will
this
y,

o.

ding the reft

Equation.

Now

by

o,

it

expunging y be zyy
y, and

ax ax
if

in

Equation,
fubftitute

Moments of

the Fluents

x, to

for thofe Fluents

we may
it

the fynchronal fuppofe and xo refpedively ; beyo } yo t and xo in -f-jj/o, y -+-yo,

= = we

-f- zyyo -+-y*o*

1

ax
divi-

o, andj/

1
,

and

o for the

firft

fluxional

x+

the kft Equation, and

r.

will

axo o. becaufe and o by the given Equation, Here becaufe zyy vanishes ; divide the reft by o, and we fhall have zy* + zyy zy'yoo o for the fecond fluxional Equation. ax Again in this Equao,

or expanding, zyy -f-

ax=

become zy-t-zyoxy-l-yo ax zyyo +- zyyo -+- zy'yoo

axx

+ xo

tion, if

we
xt

fuppofe the Synchronal

Moments of
;

the Fluents y,
for

y, and

to be yo, yo, yo,

and xo refpedively

thofe Fluents

we

and INFINITE SERIES.

we may
fubftitute
it

259
x
+- xo in the lad

y+yo, y
become

yo, y-t-yo, a^id

..
j

a
\

Equation, and

will

2x7 -\-yo

+- zy -+- 2yo x

-f-

yo
l

axx

_j_

xo

o,

or expanding and collecting, 2j*

_}_ 2yy -+-

2yyo -trfx

_l_ 2/_y

s;^

ax
laft

axo
o

=
;

6yyo -t- 2y*o

2j'

o.

But here becaufe

o by the

Equation

expunging
have 6yy
in like

all

the

Terms
ax

in

which

will

-+-

2yy

dividing the reft by o, and ftill be found, we fliall

manner

for all

o for the third fluxional Equation. And other orders of Fluxions, and for all other
rinding fuperior Fluxions
5

Examples.

To

Q^

E. D.

illuftrate the

method of

by another

ax -{-axy let us take our Author's Equation # y> of the Fluxions relation he the has found which o, fimpleft o. Here we have the to be 3x^ a zaxx -h axy +- axy 3^/7* the Rules and fame the Fluxion of by flowing quantities x, y, x, y ;
3-

Example,
in

this

Equation,

when

contracled, will be
s
!L

o. And in this Equazax* H- axy -+- 2axy -\- axy 3vy 6jf y tion we have the flowing quantities x, y, x,y, x, y, fo that taking the Fluxions again by the fame Rules, we fhall have the Equation,

=
s

3#w

+ 6x*x

2axx

when

contracted,

^xx

-f-

iSxxx

-{-

6x 3
6y

2axx

i 3 yy* fyyy %axy -+- T,a.\y -f. axy are found the there flowing Equation

6axx -f- axy

o.

-f-

And

as in

this

quantities x, y, x,

x, y,

x, y, we might proceed in like manner to find the relations of the fourth Fluxions belonging to this Equation, and all the following orders of Fluxions. And here it may not be amifs to obferve, that as the propofed

and y

Equation expreffes the conflant -elation of the variable quantities x and as the firft fluxional Equation exprefles the conftant relation of the variable (but finite i.nd alTignable) quantities x and y, which denote the comparative Velocity of increafe or decreale of x and y in the propcfed Equation So the fecond fluxional Equation will exprefs the conftant relation of the variable (but finite and afligdenote x and which the nable) quantities y comparative Velocity of
-,

And in and_y in the foregoing Equation. the conftant relation ot the variable the third fluxional Equation we have
the increafe or decreafe ot
.v

(but finite

and

aflignable) quantities

.v

and

r,

which

will denote

the

com-

260

The Method of FLUXIONS,

comparative Velocity of the increafe or decreafe of "x and "y in the And fo on for ever. Here the Velocity of a foregoing Equation. Velocity, however uncouth it may found, will be no abfurd Idea when rightly conceived, but on the contrary will be a very rational and intelligible Notion. If there be fuch a thing as Motion any how
continually accelerated, that continual Acceleration will be the Velocity of a Velocity ; and as that variation may be continually varied, that is, accelerated or retarded, there will 'be in nature, or at leafl in the Understanding, the Velocity of a Velocity of a Velocity. in Or other words, the Notion offecond, third, and higher Fluxions, muft be admitted as found and genuine. But to proceed : may much abbreviate the Equations now derived, the

We

From the given Equation x* ax 1 -+ax ^ere is found a new Equation, wherein, becaufe of y y"' two new Symbols x and y introduced, we are at liberty to aflume another Equation, belides this now found, in order to a jufl Determination. For fimplicity-fake we may make x Unity, or any other conftant quantity that is, we x to flow equably, may fuppofe and therefore its Velocity is uniform. Make therefore x i and

known Laws of Analyticks.

by

the
3j)/)'

firft
1

2ax* -+. o there are four new 3 vj* axy -i- zaxy -h axy 6y\y Symbols introduced, x, y, x, and r, and therefore we may afiume two other congruous Equations, which together with the two now found,

fluxional Equation will become 2ax -+- ay 3^* a So in the o. 2axx Equation 3x.v -f- 6x*x

+ axy

will

amount
;

to a compleat Determination.

fimplicity
.v

we make one
and
this,

=o
}',

i, neceflarily be thefe being fubftituted, will reduce the fecond fluxionaj

to be x

Thus

if for the fake

will'

of

the other

Equation to
thus in
x,

6x

2.0.

-f-

the next Equation,

iay -f- axy ^yywherein there are

6y*y
fix

o.

And

new Symbols

x, y, x,

befides the three Equations

now

found,
will

take

x=

i,

and thence

x=o,

x=

we may
it

o,

which

reduce

to 6 -f- $ay -+axy

i And the like of yy* $yyy 6f> == o. of orders. Equations fucceeding But all thefe Reductions and Abbreviations will be beft made as the Equations are derived. Thus the propofed Equation being x~> ax* o, taking the Fluxions, and at the fame time axy y=

= + making x= (and confequently zax + ay + axy 3** zyy* =

i,

x,

x,
o.

&c.

=o,) we
taking

(hall

have

And

the Fluxions
again.

and INFINITE SERIES.

again,
it

261
3yy*

will

be 6x

20. -f-

zay +- axy
it

6y*y

o.

And

taking the Fluxions again,

6y*>

=
4

will be 6 -f- $d'y -+-

axy
it

%yy*
will

o.

And
2 4-yy'y

taking the Fluxions i%y y

1

axy
far as there
is

3^
I

3677*

again,
o.

be

And fo

on, as

occafion.
(hall

But

now

Fluxions, Let us allume Figure, adapted to a iimple and a particular cafe. the Equation y 1 r=ax, otyzs=ia*x*, which will therefore belong to
the Parabola

for the clearer apprehenfion of thefe feveral orders of endeavour to illuftrate them by a Geometrical

ABC, whole

Parameter

is
is

AP
a

and Ordinate

LD =y

where

AP

And fupyaPsve~~*. taking the Fluxions, we fhall have motion of the the Parabola to be defcribed the equable pofing by Ordinate upon the Abfcifs, that equable Velocity may be expounded
Then
by the given Line or Parameter
a, that
is,

= y=
-?, '

tf,

Abfcifs
at the

AD

x,

Tangent

Vertex A.

\t\v]\ibey=(a*x
this Conftrudtion.

*= ~k =
zx

we may
) ' 2X

put x

a.

Then
us

"?
2X
:

which

will give
:

zx

Make x (AD)

y (BD)
if
if

::

a (|AP)

DG

y, J

and the Line

DG

will therefore

reprefent the Fluxion of

this be

y or BD. And done every where upon AE, (or

the Ordinate

DG

AE

be fuppos'd to

move upon
Curve

with a

parallel motion,) a

GH

will be conftiucted or delcribed, whofe Ordinates will every where expound the Fluxions

of the correfponding Ordinates of the PaThis Curve will be one of rabola ABC. the Hyperbola's between the Afymptotes
3.

AE

and

AP
.

for

its

Equation isjx=

-11

Or yy

from the Equation y the Fluxions again, and putting x

Again,

"
,

or
as

zay

-{-

2xy=aj,ory

=J

=a

2 *y

ay,

by taking
fhall

before,

we

have

where the negative

fign {hews only,

that_y is to be confider'd rather as a retardation than an acceleration, or an acceleration the this will give us the contrary way.

Now

following

202
following

DI

?2* Method of FLUXIONS, Make x (AD) y (DG) Conftruaion.

:

\a (iAP)

DG, And

and the Line DI will therefore reprefent the Fluxion of y, or of j, and therefore the fecond Fluxion of BD, or of/.
if this

be done every where upon AE, a Curve IK will be whofe Ordinates will always expound the fecond Fluxions comlructed, of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve likewife will be one of the Hyperbola's, for its Equation is y

/Jy

fl*

G.

a*

^
Again,

6*5

from

the

Equation

^-

or

2xy

=
ay.,

ay' t

~y=~
y (DI)
::

^by taking the Fluxions

,

we

mail have

2ay

zxy

=:

or
:

which

will give us this Conftrudlion.

:

Make x (AD)
will

\a (|AP)

DL=y,

and the Line

DL

therefore

reprefent the Fluxion of DI, or of y, the fecond Fluxion of DG, And if this be or of y, and the third Fluxion of BD, or of^. be will a done every where Curve conflructed, whofe AE,

upon

LM

Ordinates will always expound the third Fluxions of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This Curve will be an Hyperbola,

and
fo

its

Equation will be

y=. '=-1

; ,

or

yy=

"

64*"*

And

we might

proceed to conftrucl Curves,

which

(in the prefent Example) would expound fourth, fifth, and other orders of Fluxions. might likewife proceed in a retrograde order, to find

the Ordinates of or reprefent the

the.

We

Curves whofe Ordinates mall reprefent the Fluents of any of

Fluxions,
the Curve

thefe
if

when

given.

As

if

we had y

= =
3.
,

La*xx~*} or
(as

GH

were given

by taking the Fluents,

it

will be
^-r

taught in the next Problem,)

,

would be y

= (a^x*= =
Make \a (|AP)

which
::

will give us
:

this
2

Conftruction.
,

.v

(AD)

y (DG)

DB

-J

and the Line

DB

will reprefent

or of y. And if this be done every where upon Curve AB will be con ftru died, whofe Ordinates AE, will always expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Curve GH. This Curve will be the common Parabola, whofe i Parameter

the Fluent of

DG,
a

the Line

and INFINITE SERIES.

Parameter
or
is

the Line

AP

263
is

a.

For

its

Equation

a*x'* t

yy=ax.
So
if

we had

to reprefent of fome other Curve, fiippofe

the Parabola ABC, we might conceive its Ordinates Fluxions, of which the correfponding Ordinates

QR, would

reprefent the Fluents.

To
/

find

which Curve, put y

(That
is,

Iff

for the Fluent of y, n I .: ..

for the Fluent

of

let, &c. _/, y, y, /, j/, y, y, &c. be a Series of both Terms proceeding ways indefinitely, of which every fucceedthe Fluxion of the preceding, and vice versa ; ing Term reprefents a Notation of our Author's, deliver'd elfewhere.) Then to according

y,

&c.

becaufe

it
'

will be y

= (div*=<z^x^ =) ^r = [, W = =y
is_y
'

taking the Fluents

will give us this

it

.x

2f!i!
3

J2. 3*

which

Con-

ftrudion.

Make $a (|AP)

ft

(AD)

and the Line DQ^will reprefent the if the fame be done at every point will be form'd, the Ordinates of which will always expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Parabola ABC. This a be of alfo will but a higher order, the Equation Curve Parabola,
3.

DQ^ -^ Fluent of DB, or of y. And of the Line AE, a Curve QR

::

y (BD)

=y =

I I

of which

is^=

or yy
zx

=
i

3^

Again, becaufe
"

= f ~ ==
\ $a?

3ilJL
$a
l
v.

ents

it

will be

y=(

"*

JfL.sff!|x"=
|

\ =J
7
,

^fl
->.a.'-

taking the Fluwill give us this

which

Conftruaion.

Make

(|AP)

x (AD)

: :

DQ^J

=
////

_y
/

= And

DS, and the Line DS will reprefent the Fluent of DQ^, or of_y. if the fame be done at every point of the Line AE, a Curve ST will thereby be form'd, the Ordinates of which will expound the Fluents of the correfponding Ordinates of the Curve QR. This
//

Curve will be
.

a Parabola,

whofe Equation
as far as

is

jy=
pleafe,

1^1
,

or yy

^-.

And

fo

we might go on

we

Laftlv,

264
Laftly, if

The Method of we
conceive

FLUXIONS,
common
Ordinate of
all

DB,

the

thefe

Curves, to be any where thus conftrucled upon AD, that is, to be thus divided in the points S, B, G, I, L, 6cc. from whence to are drawn Ss, Qtf, B^, Gg, I/, L/, 6cc. parallel to and ; if this Ordinate be farther conceived to move either backwards or

AP

Q^

AE

with an equable Velocity, (reprefented by and as it defcribes thefe Curves, to x,) carry the aforeThen the points s, q, b,g, faid Parallels along with it in its motion fuch a manner, in the Line AP, as i, /, &c. will likewife move in that the Velocity of each point will be reprefented by the diflance of the next from the point A. Thus the Velocity of s will be reprefented by Aq, the Velocity of q by A, of b by Ag, of g by A/, of / by A/, &c. Or in other words, Aq will be the Fluxion of A.S ; Al> will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion of As ; Ag will be the Fluxion of Ab, or the fecond Fluxion of Aq, or the third. Fluxion of As ; Ai will be the Fluxion of Ag, or the fecond Fluxion of Ah, or the third Fluxion of Aq, or the fourth Fluxion of As ; and fo on. Now in this inftance the feveral orders of Fluxions, or Velocities, are not only expounded by their Proxies and Reprefentatives, but alfo are themfelves actually exhibited, as far as may be done by Geometrical Figures. And the like obtains wherever elfe
forwards

AP

= =
tf

upon AE,

a beginning ; which fufficiently mews the relative nature of all thefe orders of Fluxions and Fluents, and that they differ from each other by mere relation only, and in the manner of conceiving. And in general, what has been obferved from this Example, may be eafily accommodated to any other cafes whatfoever. Or thefe different orders of Fluents and Fluxions may be thus explain'd abftractedly and Analytically, without the afliftance of CurveLet any conflant and lines, by the following general Example. known quantity be denoted by a, and let a" be any given Power or Root of the lame. And let x n be the like Power or Root of the variable and indefinite quantity x. Make a m x m a y, or

we make

=^ =
m
a

~ mx m

Here y
as

alfo

will be

an indefinite quantity,

which

foon as the value of x is affign'd. Then taking the Fluxions, it will be y ma l ~ m xx m~ 1 ; and fuppofing x to flow or increafe uniformly, and making its constant ma* mx m -*. Here if a, it will be y Velocity or Fluxion x
will

become known

= =

for

a
:

n m

we
y.

write

its

value y,

it

will be

ma

So that y will be

alfo a

y known and

that

is,

affignable

Quantity,

and
tity,

N FINITE SERIES.
is

265
taking the ia* "xx"- 1 ;;; x
-

whenever x (and therefore y)

affign'd.

Then

Fluxions again,
;

we
;

mall

irtS"""^*""

or for ma"-~
is,

have^=wxw m m~
x
l

= ~~
x

writing
la
:
:

its

value y,

it

will

be

ta v
-

that

come

known

quantity,

when

So that y will bex (and therefore y and y) is affign'd.

y.

Then

taking the Fluxions again,

?.a*- m \ m -*,
alfo

we
,

fhall

have y

=m
And

m
::

or

y=.-^~
have y
:

that

is,

za

where

will be

known, when x

is

given.
i

taking the

Fluxions again, we

fhall

=
30

rnx
::

m
:

2 x

m
alfo

=
Letter

that

is,

is this Inductipn we given. may conclude in general, that if the order of Fluxions be denoted by any integer number ?/, or if n be put for the number of points over the

known, whenever x

y /. And from

So that y will

be

na y y y ; or from the Fluxion of any order being given, the Fluxion of the next immediate order may be hence found.
t

it

will always

be

^_____
: :

n
:

ll-l-i

_______ thus invert the na : x proportion m and then from the Fluxion given, we fhall find its next

"+t
: :

n
:

Or we may
Fluent.

y
i

ate
'tis

\a

As x

if
::

=
:

immedi-

2,

'tis

y.

If

72

za
0,

A;

: :

y
:

y.
: :

If n -

'tis i,

ma
'tis

obferving the fame analogy, if

;

n==
1

y
ia

y.

And
::

m-:

x
1

y
1

y where y is put for the Fluent of; or for y with a negative point. And here becaufe y=.a - mx m it will be m 4- la x :: a -" *"
,
l

'

y, or
caufe

y y

= =

~V+
m-\-\a

_
x

{a*-<"x*>

= =
I

1 1 v" -*-

^
m-\-\a

which

alfo

may

thus appear.

Be-

__Zj__T
/

=) il
m-f,,

taking the Fluents, (fee the

next Problem,)
.

it

will be

-:

tism-{-2a

::

y}

or

=^ =
II

m
I

Again, if we

make

=
.

2,

v
..
..

+...

For

Mm

becaufe

266
becaufe

The Method of
y

FLUXIONS,
,

.f

-x
m

==
Again,
if

taking w the Fluents

it

will be

-.

_
this

m+

we make

=
l

3,

'tis

m -|fo for

And
-t-3

all

other fuperior orders of Fluents.

-\- 2

j+3a

"~'~*

And

may

fuffice

in general, to
feveral orders

and properties of thefe

mew the comparative nature of Fluxions and Fluents, and

to teach the operations by which they are produced, or to find their As to the ufes they may be apply 'd refpeftive fluxional Equations. when that will come more properly to be confider'd in found, to,

another place.

SECT.

III.

Tfte

Geometrical and Mechanical Elements

of Fluxions,

THE
metry

foregoing- Principles of the Doftrine of Fluxions being chiefly abftradted and Analytical I mail here endeavour, after a general manner, to (hew fomething analogous to them in Geoa.nd Mechanicks ; by which they may become, not only the of the Underftanding, and of the Imagination, objeft (which will only their but even of Senfe poffible exiftence,) too, by making prove them adually to exift in a vifible and fenfible form. For jt is now become neceffary to exhibit them all manner of ways, in order to give a fatisfaclpry proof, thai they have indeed any real exiftence at
all.

And
tion, fider
it

fir ft,

by way of prepara-

will be convenient to con-

Uniform and equable motions,

as alfo fuch as are alike inequable.

Let the right Line AB be defcribed by the equable motion of a point, which is now at E, and will preAlfo let the Line fently be at G. to the CD, parallel former, be dethe fcribed by and K, at equable motion of a point, which is in the farne times as the former is in E and G. Then will EG and be contemporaneous Lines, and therefore will be proportional to

HK

the

and INFINITE SERIES.

267

Draw the indefithe Velocity of each moving point refpedlively. of like Tri-^ becaufe in L then and GK, meeting nite Lines ; and E and HLK, the Velocities of the points H, which angles and HK, will be now as EL and HL. Let were before as the defcribing points G and K be conceived to move back, again, and C, and before they apwith the fame Velocities, towards

EH ELG

EG

let g and ^, at any fmall proach to E and diftance from E and H, and draw gk, which will pafs through L ; then ftill their Velocities will be in the ratio of Eg and H/, be thofe Let Lines ever fo little, that is, in the ratio of EL and HL. with the moving points g and k continue to move till they coincide

them be found in

will pafs decreeing Lines Eg and that are lefs and lefs, and will finally polYible magnitudes through become vanishing Lines. For they muft intirely vanifh at the fame moment, when the points g and k mall coincide with E and H. In all which ftates and circumftances they will ftill retain the ratio Let of EL to HL, with which at laft they will finally vaniih. have coincided with after ftill continue to thofe points move, they E and H, and let them be found again at the fame time in y and

and

in

which

cafe the

all

K, at

Still the Velocities, which are any diftance beyond E and H, and efteemed be and H*, Ey negative, will be as EL may of any finite magnithofe whether Lines and are Hx and HL, Ey if the Line yx.L, by its tude, or are only nafcent Lines ; that is, to be but and divaricate from juft motion, beginning emerge angular EHL. And thus it will be when both thefe motions are equable motions, as alfo when they are alike inequable ; in both which cafes the common interfedlion of all the Lines EHL, GKL, gkL, &c. But when either or both thefe motions -will be the fixt point L.

now

as

are fappos'd to be inequable motions, or to be any how continually accelerated or retarded, thefe Symptoms will be fomething different for then the point L, which will ftill be the common interfeclion
;

of thofe Lines
will

when they

firft

begin to coincide, or to divaricate,

no longer be a fixt but a moveable point, and an account muft be had of its motion. For this purpofe we may have recourfe to
the following

Lemma.

fixt right Line, along which anothe: moveable right Line DE may be conceived to move or roll in fuch a manner, as to have both a progreflive motion, as alfo aa That is, the common angular motion about a moveable Center C. interfection C of the two Lines AB and DE may be fuppofed to move with any progreffive motion from A towards B, while at the fame 2

Let

AB

be an indefinite and

indefinite but

Mm

26S

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

tame time the moveable Line revolves about the lame point C, with any angular motion. Then as the Angle continually decreafes, and at two Lines laft vanifhes when the and

DE

ACD

ACB

DCE

yet even then the point of interfection it C, (as may be ftill call'd,) will not be loft and annihilated, but will appear again, as foon as the Lines begin to divaricate, or to feparate from each That is, if C be the point of interfeclion other. before the coincidence, and c the point of interfeccoincide
;

when the Line dee {hall of AB out there will be fome inter; again emerge mediate point L, in which C and c were united in the fame point, at the moment of coincidence. This
tion after the coincidence,

point, for diftin&ion-fake, may be or the point of no divarication. to inequable Motions :

call'd

the Node,

Now

to apply this

be defcribed by the continually accelerated motion of a point, which is now in E, and will be prefently found inr G. Alfo let the Line CD, parallel to the former, be defcribed

Let the Line

AB

the equable

mo-

by

tion of a point,
in
is found and K, at the fame times as

which

the
is

other point

in

and G.

Then willEG and

HK be
EH

contem-

and GK till they meet in I, thofe contempo-

poraneous Lines ; and producing

Let the defcribing and C, again towards in of their moVelocity, every point tion, as they had before acquired ; and let them arrive at the fame time at g and k, at fome fmall diftance from E and H, and draw Then Eg and Hk, being contemporary Lines gki meeting EH in /. and little alfo, very by fuppofuion, they will be nearly as the Ve-

raneous Lines will be as El and and be conceived to points each with the fame degrees of

HI

refpedlively.

move back

locities

and INFINITE SERIES,

locities

269

and which contemporary Let the points g and k continue their motion till they coincide with E and H, or let the Line GKI or gki continue its progremve and angular motion in this manner, till it coincides with EHL, and let L be the Node, or point of no
at

g and

k, that

is,

at

Lines will be

now

as E/'

and

H/'.

divarication, as in the

foregoing

Lemma.

Then

will the laft ratio

of the vanifhing Lines Eg- and lik, which is the ratio of the Velo' cities at E and H, be as EL and refpe&ively. Hence we have this Corollary. If the point E (in the foregoing be fuppos'd to move from A towards B, with a Velocity figure,) moves from how accelerated, and at the fame time the point any if an with D C towards equable Velocity, (or inequable, you pleafe ) will be refpectively as the Lines EL and thofe Velocities in E and

HL

HL, which
Lines

EG

point

and

HK

EG and and angular motion, fhall always be contemporary Lines, till at laft GKI mall coincide with the Line EHL, at which time it will determine the Node L, or the point of no divarication. So that if the Lines AE and
progreffive
in

Or by fuppofmg

to be found, by fuppofmg the contemporary continually to dkninim, and finally to vanim. to move with a the moveable indefinite Line
is

GKI

fuch manner, as that

HK

CH

reprefent
at

two

fcription ratio of

E
it

Fluents, any how related, their Velocities of deand H, or their refpe&ive Fluxions, will be in the

EL

and HL.
will fol-

And
low
cus

hence

^
C
IH
T>

alfo, that the Loof the moveable

point or
is,

Node

L-,

that

of

all

the points of

no divarication, will be fome Curve-line L/, to which the Lines EHL

always be Tangents in L and /. And the nature of this Curve L/ may be deterwill

and

GK/

the given relation of the Fluents or Lines

mined by

however the

relation of

its
;

be determined in
given Fluents.

all cafes

and vice versa. Or intercepted Tangents EL and HL may that is, the ratio of the Fluxions of the
;

AE

and

CH

For

270
For

tte Method of FLUXLONS,

illuftration-fake,
let

Fluents AE= y and CH ;=

EG

Make the us apply this to an Example. x, and let the relation of thefe be always x". Make the contemporary Lines this Equation y exprefs'd by are contempoand Y and HKs=X.; and becaufe and by fuppofition, we fhall have the whole Lines

=
1

AE

CH

rary

AG
Y
x"

CK +

contemporary alfo, and thence the Equation y -f-Y= by our Author's Binomial Theorem will produce y -nx"~ X -+- n x"-^-x*~*X* , &c. which ( becaufe y

x -j-X
-+-

=
|

This
x"
be-

will

come

Y=
i
:

x"- X-JI l

^-^Ar'-^X

&c. or

in

an Analogy,

y
let

::

nx n ~

x ^-^""^X, &c. which

will be the general re-

lation of the

contemporary Lines or Increments

EG

and HK.

Now

us fuppofe the indefinite Line GKI, which limits thefe contemand angular motion, porary Lines, to return back by a progrefiive and HK, and fo as always to intercept contemporary Lines

EG

coincide finally to Node L; that is,

and by that means to determine the we may fuppofe EG Y and X, to dibecome which and to in cafe minifli hi i-nfinitum, vanifhing Lines, i nx"~ . But then it will be like wife X we fhall have X Y EG :: HL EL x y, or i nx"~' x :y, ory=nxx'. Y And hence we may have an expedient for exhibiting Fluxions and Fluents Geometrically and Mechanically, in all circumftances, fo as to make them the objects of Senfe and ocular Demonftration. Thus in the laft figure, let the two parallel lines AB and CD be defcribed by the motion of two points E and H, of which E moves may be fuppos'd to move any how inequably, and (if you pleafe) and K correfpond to equably and uniformly ; and let the points E and G. Alfo let the relation of the Fluents AE =r y and

with

EHL,

HK =

: :

: :

HK

: :

CH

be defined by any Equation whatever. Suppofe now the them to carry along with the indefinite defcribing points E and Line EHL, in all their motion, by which means the point or Node L will defcribe fome Curve L/, to which EL will always be a TanOr fuppofe to be the Edge of a Ruler, of an ingent in L. which moves with a progreffive and angular modefinite length,

=x

EHL
;

combined together the moveable point or Node L in this will have the leaft angular motion, and which is which Line, always of no divarication, will defcribe the Curve, and the Line the point
tion thus

or

ments E and

be a Tangent to it in L. Then will the fegbe proportional to the Velocity of the points or will exhibit the ratio of the Fluxions refpeclively y to the Fluents and CF x. a-nd x, belonging

Edge

itfelf will

EL

and

HL

AE=y
i

Or

and INFINITE SERIES.

Or
if

271

fuppofe the Curve L/to be given, or already conftmcled, we may conceive the indefinite Line EHIL to revolve or roll about it, and by continually applying itfelf to it, as a Tangent, to move be the and from the fituation EHIL to GK.ll. Then will

we

AE

CH

of the defcribing points E and Fluents, be their Fluxions, and the intercepted Tangents EL and be the redlilinear meafures of thofe Fluxions or Velocities.
the fenfible velocities
:

H will HL will
Or
it

may be reprefented thus If L/ be any rigid obftacle in form of a Curve, about which a flexible Line, or Thread, is conceived to be wound, part of which is ftretch'd out into a right Line LE, which will therefore touch the Curve in L ; if the Thread be conceived to be farther wound about the Curve, till it comes into the fituation this motion it will exhibit, even to the Eye, the fame L/KG ;
by
of increafe, or their increafing Fluents as before, their Velocities of thofe Fluxions, as alfo the Tangents or rectilinear reprefentatives the done be fame Thread, And the Fluxions. by unwinding may we Thread of the inftead Or in the manner of an Evolute. may

make

by applying its Edge continually to the curved Obftacle L/, and making it any how revolve about the moveIn all which manners the Fluents, able point of Contadl L or /. Fluxions, and their rectilinear meafures, will be fenfibly and mechamuft be allowed to have a place nically exhibited, and therefore they And if they are in nature, even tho' they were but in rernm naturd. and conceiveable, much more if they are fenfible barely pofiible and vifible, it is the province of the Mathematicks, by fome method or other, to investigate and determine their properties and proufe

of a Ruler,

portions.

by one Thread EHL, perpetually winding about the curved obftacle L/, of a due figure, we mall fee the Fluents AE and CH at any rate aflign'd, by the mocontinually to increafe or decreafe, tion of the Thread EHL either backwards or forwards ; and as we (hall thereby fee the comparative Velocities of the points E and H, that is, the Fluxions of the Fluents AE and CH, and alfo the Lines EL and HL, whofe variable ratio is always the rectilinear meafure of So by the help of another Thread GK/L, windthofe Fluxions obftacle in its part /L, and then ftretching out into a the about ing or Tangent /KG, and made to move backwards or forright Line wards, as before ; if the firft Thread be at reft in any given fituation EHL, we may fee the fecond Thread defcribe the contempoIncrements EG and HK, by which the Fluents porary Lines or AE and CH are continually increafed ; and if GK/ is made to ap-

Or

as

proach

272
proach towards

Method of FLUXIONS,
fee thofe

contemporary Lines contiapproaching towards and continuing the motion, we may pretwo Lines actually to coincide, or to unite as one fently fee thofe then we may fee the contemporary Lines actually to vaand Line, the fame at ntfh time, and their ultimate ratio actually to become And if the motion be ftill continued, we mall that of EL to HL. fee the Line GK/ to emerge again out of EHL, and begin to defcribe other contemporary Lines, whofe nafcent proportion will be And fo we may go on till the Fluents are exthat of EL to HL.
imallv to diminim, and the ratio of EL to HL
their ratio continually
;

EHL, we may

haufted.

All thefe particulars

may

be thus eafily

made the

objects

of

firft Fluxions geometrically and mechanically, we may do prefented the fame thing, mutatis mutandis, by any higher orders of Fluxions. Thus if we conceive a fecond figure, in which the Fluential Lines fhall

fight, or of Ocular Demonftration. This may ftill be added, that as we have here exhibited and re-

of the ratio of the intercepted Tangents (or the the firft Fluxions) of figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the ratio of the fecond Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft
increafe after the rate

Alfo if we conceive a third figure, in which the Fluential figure. Lines fhall increafe after the rate of the intercepted Tangents of the fecond figure ; then its intercepted Tangents will expound the And fo on as far third Fluxions of the Fluents in the firft figure. This is a neceflary confequence from the relative naas we pleafe. ture of thefe feveral orders of Fluxions, which has been fhewn before.

And
well

farther to

mew

the univerfality of this Speculation, and

how

accommodated to explain and reprefent all the circumftances of Fluxions and Fluents; we may here take notice, that it may be alfo adapted to thofe cafes, in which there are more than two Fluents, which have a mutual relation to each other, exprefs'd by one or more Equations. For we need but introduce a third parallel
it is

Line, and fuppofc

any how moving, and that any two of thefe defcribing points carry an indefinite Line along with them, which by revolving as a Tangent, defcribes the Curve whofe Tangents every where determine the Fluxions. As alfo that any other two of thofe three points are connected by anit

to be defcribed

by

a third point

other indefinite Line, another fuch Curve.

which by revolving

in

like

manner

defcribes

may be four or more parallel All but one of thefe Curves may be affumed at pleafure, Lines. when they are not given by the ftate of the Queftion. Or Analyfo there
tically,

And

'

///. j //'//<'. i

i( //.

uvuutm

/v

/(v Yfa/?////

2-3.

and INFINITE SERIES.

tically,

273

fo

many
I

Equations
is
it

may
the

be aflumed,

as given by the Problem,)

number of

except one, (if not the Fluents concern'd.

may not be difficult to give a pretty good notion of Fluents and Fluxions, even to fuch Perlbns as are not much verfed in Mathematical Speculations, if they are willing to be This iniorm'd, and have but a tolerable readinefs of apprehenfion.
But
laftly,

believe

here attempt to perform, of a Fowler, who is aiming to

I {hall

in a familiar
(lioot

way, by the inftance two Birds at once, as is re-

Let us fuppofe the right Line AB prefented in the Frontifpiece. to or be the level with the Ground, in which to Horizon, parallel a Bird is now flying at G, which was lately at F, and a little be-

And let this Bird be conceived to fly, not with an equable or uniform fwiftnefs, but with a fwiftnefs that always increafes, (or with a Velocity that is continually accelerated,) according to fome known rate. Let there alfo be another right Line CD, parallel to
fore at E.

the former, at the fame or any other convenient diftance from the Ground, in which another Bird is now flying at K, which was lately at I, and a little before at ; juft at the fame points of time as the

Bird was at G, F, E, refpectively. But to fix our Ideas, and to make our Conceptions the more fimple and eafy, let us imagine this fecond Bird to fly equably, or always to defcribe equal parts of the Line in equal times. Then may the equable Velocity of
firft

CD

this

Bird be ufed as a known meafure, or ftandard, to which we may always compare the inequable Velocity of the firft Bird. Let us now fuppofe the right Line to be drawn, and continued to the point L, fo that the proportion (or ratio) of the two Lines EL and be the fame as that of the Velocities of the two may

EH

HL

fame time at the and he that directed his or L, Gun, point Fowling-piece, according to the right Line LHE, in hopes to moot both the Birds at once. But not thinking himfelf then to be fufficiently near, he forbears to difcharge his Piece, but ftill pointing it at the two Birds, he advances towards them continually according to the direction of his Piece, till his Eye is prefently at M, and the Birds at the fame time in F and I, in the fame right Line FIM. And not being yet near enough, we may fuppofe him to advance farther in the fame manner, his
Piece being always directed or level'd at the two Birds, while he himfelf walks forward according to the direction of his till
his
his

and Birds, when they were at refpeclively. ther fuppole, that the Eye of a Fowler was at the

And

let

us far-

Eye
Eye,

is

now

at

N, and

at

and G.

Piece, the Birds in the fame with Line right The Path of his Eye, delcribed by this

double

274

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

double motion, (or compounded of a progreffive and angular mobe ibme Curve-line LMN, in the fame Plain as the reft tion,) will of the figure, which will have this property, that the proportion of the diftances of his Eye from each Bird, will be the fame every where as that of their refpeftive Velocities. That is, when his Eye

was

at

L, and the Birds

at

and H,

their Velocities

were then

as

EL

HL, by the Conftruftion. And when his Eye was at M, and the Birds at F and I, their Velocities were in the fame proporand IM, by the nature of the Curve LMN". tion as the Lines
and

FM
is

And when
cities

his

Eye

at

N, and

the Birds at

are

in

the proportion of

GN

fame Curve. And fo univerfally, the Ratio of thofe two Lines will Now if thefe Velocities, the ratio of thofe two fenfible Velocities. or the fwiftneffes of the flight of the two Birds in this inflance, are call'd Fluxions; then the Lines defcribed by the Birds in the fame time, may be call'd their contemporaneous Fluents; and all inftances whatever of Fluents and Fluxions, may be reduced to this Example, and may be illuflrated by it. And thus I would endeavour to give fome notion of Fluents and Fluxions, to Perfons not much converfant in the Mathematicks j but fuch as had acquired fome fkill in thefe Sciences, I would thus to inflrudl, and to apply what has been now deliver'd. proceed farther The contemporaneous Fluents being EF=_y, and Hl=.v, and their rate of flowing or increafing. being fuppos'd to be given or known their relation may always be exprefs'd by an Equation, which will be compos'd of the variable quantities x andjy, together with any known quantities. And that Equation will have this probecaufe of thofe variable quantities, that as FG and IK, EG perty, and HK, and infinite others, are alfo contemporaneous Fluents; it will indifferently exhibit the relation of thofe Lines alfo, as well as of EF and HI ; or they may be fubflituted in the Equation, inftead of x and y. And hence we may derive a Method for determining the Velocities themfelves, or for finding Lines proportional to them. X ; in the given Equation I may For making FG =Y,.and IK fubftitute y -}- Y inftead of ^y, and x -f- X inftead of x, by which I fhall obtain an Equation, which in all circumftances will exhibit
;

and K, their Veloto KN, by the nature of the of all other fituations. So that be the fenfible meafure of always

Now it may be plainly the relation of thofe Quantities or Increments. if the Line MIF is conceived continually to approach perceived, that nearer and nearer to the Line NKG, (as jufl now, in the inftance
of the Fowler,)
till it

finally coincides

with

it;

the Lines

FG

Y, and

and INFINITE SERIES.

and IK

X, will continually decreafe, and by decreafing will apand K, and nearer to the Ratio of the Velocities at nearer proach and will finally vanifh at the fame time, and in the proportion of

275

to KN. thofc Velocities, that is, in the Ratio of Confequently in the Equation now form'd, if we fuppofe to decreafe and and at laft to vanifh, that we obtain their ultimate continually, may

GN

mail thereby obtain the Ratio of to KN. But when and vanifh, or when the point F coincides with G, and I with .x'; fo that we fhall have H, then it will be y, and : x :: And hence we mall KN. obtain a Fluxional Equay tion, which will always exhibit the relation of the Fluxions, or Ve-

Ratio

we

GN

GM
for

EG

HK

locities,

belonging to the given Algebraical or Fluential Equation.

Thus,
relation

Example,

Lines y and
y*

A:

if EF=j', and HI x, and the indefinite are fuppofed to increafe at fuch a rate, as that their

y -f-

= Y

may
o
;

always be exprefs'd by then making

for j,

and x
1

-+-

FG=Y,
we
-+-

for

ax* + axy X, by fubftituting x, and reducing the Equation that will

this

1 Equation x

and

= IK =
Y

arife,

(fee before,

pag, 255.)
-\-

fhall

have ^x"-X

-f-

zaxX

aX

-f-

axY

aXj
:

rfXY
ax

3y*Y

which may be thus exprefs'd 1 aX .+. ay +- 3tfX -h X

Analogy, when

in

and

X
:

^
:

an Analogy,

aX -+:

Y X :: 3** 37 Y -+- Y*.

3jyY*

3#X

-f!

=
:

o,

2 ax

This

Ratio, will become becaufe it is then

Y
:

X
::

x :: x, it will be y the of the Which gives ax. -+- ay 3X 3^* proportion And the like in all other cafes. Q^. E. I. Fluxions. might alfo lay a foundation for thefe Speculations in the fol:

Y
:

are vanishing quantities, or their ultimate And ax. ^ax -f- ay 3** 3^*
:

GN

KN

::

zax

We

lowing manner.

Let

ABCDEF,
let

6cc. be the of a Polygon, Periphery or any part of it, and

the Sides

AB, BC,
of any
whatever.

CD, DE, &c. be

magnitude
at

In the fame Plane, and

any

diftance,

draw

the two parallel Lines /6, and bf\ to which continue the right Lines

BCcy, DEes, &c. meeting the

AB4/3,

parallels as in the figure,

Now

if

we

fuppofe

n 2

276

7%e Method of FLUXIONS,

or bodies, to be at $ and b, and to move pofe two moving points, in the fame time to y and c, with any equable Velocities ; thofe Velocities will be to each other as @y and be, that is, becaufe of the as /3B and bE. Let them fet out again from y and c,
parallels,

and

arrive at the

fame time

at

^ and
and
d,

thole Velocities will be as yfr

and and

them depart again from e, with any equable

de,

and

with any equable Velocities ; Let is, as yC and cC. and arrive in the fame time at g
d,

cd,

that

Velocities

thofe Velocities will be as

it

S-t

that

is,

as

J^D and dD.

foever,

Let their number be increafed, and their magnitude be diminim'd in infinitum, and then the Periphery of the Polygon will continually approach towards a Curve-line, to which the Lines AB^/3, ECcy, CDd, &c. will become Tangents as alfo the
-,

how many Polygon may be.

where,

And and how

will be the

fame thing every

fmall foever, the Sides of the

Motions may be conceived

or retarded continually. where the defcribing points are found at the fame time, their Velocities (or Fluxions) will be as the Segments of the refpeclive Tan-

to degenerate into fuch as are accelerated Then in any two points, fuppofe and d,

and the Lines /3^ and bd, intercepted by any two Tangents J>D and /SB, will be the contemporaneous Lines, or Fluents. Now from the nature of the Curve being given, or from
gents cTD and
;

dD

the property of its Tangents, the contemporaneous Lines may be And vice versa, from the found, or the relation of the Fluents. Rate of flowing being given, the correfponding Curve may be found.

ANNO-

and INFINITE SERIES.

277

ANNOTATIONS on Prob.iO
R,

The

Relation of the Fluxions being to 7 & o given, find the Relation of the Fluents.

SECT.
the

I.

A particular Solution
E
are

with a preparation for

it is

general Solution,

by 'which

diftribitted

into-

three Cafes.
of the Author's fecond fundamental Problem, borrow'd from the Science of Rational Mechanicks Which is, from the Veloto the Solution
:

now come

all times given, to find the defcribed or find to the of the Fluents from the ; Spaces quantities In difcuffing which important Problem, there will given Fluxions. And firft it may be occafion to expatiate fome thing more at large. not be amifs to take notice, that in the Science of Computation all the Operations are of two kinds, either Compolitive or Refolutative.

cities

of the Motion at

The Compolitive
rectly, in

or Synthetic Operations proceed neceffarily and dicomputing their feveral qit(?fita> and not tentatively or by

way of

tryal.

Such

and taking of Fluxions.

are Addition, Multiplication, Railing of Powers, But the Refolutative or Analytical

Opera-

fuppofe require the contrary Synthetic Operations, to prove and confirm every llep The Compofitive Operations, always when the of the Procefs. data are finite and terminated, and often when they are interminate
i

tions, as Subtraction, Divifion, Extraction of Roots, and finding of Fluents, are forced to proceed indirectly and tentatively, by long or deductions, to arrive at their feveral qutefita ; and

or

The Method of FLUXIONS,

or infinite, will produce finite conclufions ; whereas very often in the Refolutative Operations, tho' the data are in finite Terms, yet the quafita cannot be obtain'd without an infinite Series of Terms. Of this we mall fee frequent Inftances in the fubfequent Operation, of returning to the Fluents from the Fluxions given.

Author's particular Solution of this Problem extends to fuch <afes only, wherein the Fluxional Equation propofed either has been, or at leafl might have been, derived from fome finite Algebraical

The

the necefTary Terms Equation, which is now required. Here be are neceflary, it will not being prefent, and no more than what difficult, by a Procefs juft contrary to the former, to return back But it will moft commonly happen, again to the original Equation, either if we aflume a Fluxional Equation at pleafure, or if we arrive at one as the refult of fome Calculation, that fuch an Equation is to be refolved, as could not be derived from any previous finite Alredundant or defigebraical Equation, but will have Terms either
all

cient

and confequently the Algebraic Equation required, or its be had by Approximation only, or by an infinite Series. mufl Root, cafes we mult have recourfe to the general Solution of all which In
;

this

Problem, which

we

fhall find afterwards.

(i.) All fuch Precepts for this particular Solution are thefe. Terms of the given Equation as are multiply 'd (fuppofe) by x, muft be difpofed according to the Powers of x, or muft be made a

The

NumThen

ber belonging to the Arithmetical Scale

whofe Root

is

x.

(2.)

they muft be divided by A-, and multiply'd by x ; or x muft be changed into A', by expunging the point. (3.) And laftly, the Terms muft be feverally divided by the Progreilion of the Indices of the Powers of x, or by fome other Arithmetical ProgrerTion, as need mail require. And the fame things muft be repeated for every one of the flowing quantities in the given Equation. zaxx -f- axy Thus in the Equation $xx^yy- -f- ajx -Q^ 1 zaxx -\-axy by expunging the points become the Terms -^xx zax*- -+- axy, which divided by the Progreffion of the Indi^x''
.

ces 3, 2,
a
3.X)'

which

Alfo the Terms -+- axy. the become ayx by expunging points 3j * -f- ayx, divided by the Progreffion of the Indices 3, 2, i,
I,

reflectively,

will give

A'

ax*

* -+-

refpectively,

will give

y> * -+- ayx.

The

aggregate of thefe,
-\-

redundant
required.

Term ayx, is x* Where it muft be

ax*

axy

_}"

neglecting the o, the Equation

more than once, mult

noted, that every Term, which occurs be accounted a redundant Term.

So

and INFINITE SERIES.

So
;//

279
m-\- 2(jyxx
1

if the
i

propoied Equation were

4 -v

-f-

^yxx*

-f-

-+-

=.
if

n-\- $xyy> -\-n-\- lax^yy -+- nx+y nax>y m} values n whatever the and m Numbers o, general may acquire ; thofe Terms in which x is found are reduced to the Scale whofe
is

ay* xx

Root

x,

they will ftand thus

-+-

yyxx'

-+-

zayx*.

-+

my**-, or expunging the points they will become m -f- Ziivx* +- m -+- \ay-x 1 Thefe being dim -+- %yx+ m\*x. vided refpedtively by the Arithmetical Progreffion m -f- 3, m-\-2,.

m-\-\ay*xx

1 Alio m, will give the Terms yx+ y+x. ayx -f- ay'-x whofc Scale the Terms in which y is found reduced to the being

m-\-

i,

Root

isy, will ftand thus

-4-

^xyy* * +- n -+ iax*jy-{- nx*y;

nax"=y

or expunging the points they will become n -\~^ x * -^~ n ~^~ iaxi)" Thefe being divided reipeclively by the Arithmetical Pro+- nx+y.
grefTion ^-{-3,
1

?i-{- 2,

ax*}' -)-

mull

all

x+y ax*y. be confider'd

ayx*
1

But
as

?z-|-i, thefe
i

;;,

will

give the

Terms

xy* -\-

Terms, being the fame as the former, redundant, and therefore are to be rejected.

So that yx* Equation x*

-f-

ay

xi
y*

ax -\-ayx

=
I

y^x=o

or dividing by yx, the

arife as before.
l

o will

Thus
it

if

we had
-+- ;z-f;

this Fluxional

Equation mayxx~

m -+- 2xx

nx*yy~*
belongs

\ay

=. o,

to find the Fluential

Equation to which

points, will give the

the Terms mayxx~ * m -f- 2xx, by expunging the and dividing by the Terms of the Progreffion m, m-\- 1, w-t-2,

Terms ay

x*.

Alfo the

Terms

nx^yf

-+-

n-\-iay,

by expunging the points, and dividing by n, n-\- i, will give the x 1 -f- ay. Now as thefe are the fame as the former, they Terms are to be efteem'd as redundant, and the Equation required will be o. And when the given Fluxional Equation is a genex1 ay and ral one, adapted to all the forms of the Fluential Equation, as cafe of the two laft Examples is the then all the Terms ariling from the fecond Operation will be always redundant, fo that it will be fufficient to make only one Operation. Thus if the given Equation were ^.yy 1 -f- z 3yy~ J -f- 2yxx 3:32* H- 6}'z.z o, in which there are found three flowing quan2cyz tities j the only Term in which x is found is 2yxx, in which exthe and then point, punging dividing by the Index 2, it will be1 Then the Terms in which y is found are 4^*4- z*yy~~ t come^* which expunging the points become # * 4-s 3 , and dividing

by,

280

72k Method of

FLUXIONS,
5 ; .

s i, give the Terms aj Laftly by the Progreffion 2, i, o, the Terms in which z is found are zcyz, which yzz* -J- 6yzz 32;"' -f- 6yz* 29-2, and dividing expunging the points become

Now
we

by the Progreffion
if

3,

2,

i,

give
z"'

the

Terms
1

&+

T.yz

zcyz.
z*,

we

collect thefe

Terms, and omit the redundant

-f-

mall have

yx

-+- 2y>

yz

2cyz

Term

o for the Equa-

tion required. 3, 4. But thefe deductions are not to be too

till

they are verify 'd by a proof; and

we

much rely'd upon, have here a fure method

of proof, whether we have proceeded rightly or not, in returning from the relation of the Fluxions to the relation of the Fluents. For every refolutative Operation mould be proved by its contrary comSo if the Fluxional Equation xx pofitive Operation. <xy xy-\o were given, to return to the Equation involving the Fluents ny'= by the foregoing Rule we fliall firft have the Terms xx xy, which will the become x* and .vy, by expunging points dividing by the 1 will the Terms the Terms, or Alfo ^x Progreffion 2, i, give xy.
;

xy -+- ay, by expunging the points will become xy. by Unity. So that leaving out the l redundant Term xy, we fhall have the Fluential Equation x xy Now if we take the Fluxions of this Equation, we -+- ay == o. iliall find by the which foregoing Problem xx xy xy -+- ay fame as the we the are to conclude our work is Equation given, being But if either of the Fluxional Equations xx true. xy -f- ay or xx o had been propofed, tho' by purfuing the xy -f- ay foregoing method we fhould arrive at the Equation x* xy-\-ay o, for the relation of the Fluents ; yet as this conclulion would not fland the teft of this proof, we muft reject it as erroneous, and have recourfe to the following general Method ; which will give the value of y in either of thofe Equations by an infinite Series, and therefore for ufe and practice will be the moil commodious Sorather
-+- ay,

Term, which

are only to be divided

=o,

=o,

lution.
5.

As

Velocities can

be compared only with Velocities,

and

all

other quantities with others of the fame Species only ; therefore in every Term of an Equation, the Fluxions muft always afcend to the

lame number of Dimenfions, that the homogeneity may not be deWhenever it happens otherwife, 'tis becaufe fome Fluxion; ftroy'd. taken for Unity, is there underftood, and therefore muft be fupply'd

when

occafion requires.

making

z=i,

vice versa.

And

az'-x* o, by Equation xz -+- xyx ax*==o and like wile may become -x -f- xyx as this Equation virtually involves three variable
>

The

quantities,

and INFINITE SERIES.

quantities,
it

281
Fluential

will

require

another

Equation,

either

or

Fluxionai, for a compleat determination, So as the Equation yx ferved. xyy, by putting x

yx=yy;
other.

in like

manner

this

i becomes and fuppofes the Equation requires

as has been already ob-

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II. order to prepare the

contains only two of the Fluxions may always be reduced to fimple Algebraic Terms. The Antecedent of the Ratio, or its Fluent, will be the quantity to

are taught fome ufeful Reductions, in As when the Equation Equation for Solution. their with Fluxions, the ratio flowing Quantities

Here we

be extracted ; and the Confequent, for the greater fimplicity, may o is be made Unity. Thus the Equation zx +- 2xx yx y y 'tis 2 2 -+ 2X reduced to this, y y, or making

=
,

_^_ 2 x

y.

So the Equation ya
i,

king
_!_

x=
_j_

will
_|_

become y

yx
a (

xa -fy

2L

f!?

^
o,

~^+

= = x=i, = maxx = jdb = +

xy
o,
i

-f-

ticular Solution to

__ ##
yjr

becomes yy -+- xx, and ex-i ~ the Series 'tis \/ -j- xx y tracting the fquare-root, 8 6 1 &c. either i -jthat x*-{-2X is, 2.-4-X y 5X -f- I4x', 8 10 1 6 4 * 4 x -f- x zx 6 x -{-2x x jx -f- I4* , &c. or y 1 1 10 &c. 8 , Again, the Equation y> -+-axx*y-{-a x y _j_ rx I4-.V 3 ? 3 x 2x'tf i, becomes _y -\-axy -\-ay X 3x putting 3 affected an Cubic of form this has o. Now 2<7 Equation a been refolved before, (pag. 1 2.) by which we mail have y ^x + ? 4 xx ^9^ c, iji* " ' ~*~ uz" 1 16384^5 6^ of the fake 12. For perfpicuity, and to fix the Imagination, our Author here introduces a diftinction of Fluents and Fluxions into The Correlate is that flowing Quantity which Relate and Correlate. he fuppofes to flow equably, which is given, or may be arTumed, at any point of time, as the known meafure or ftandard, to which

_{_ tfy

But we may apply the par1 this Example, by which we mail have {x xy and thence y =."- ^~Thus the Equation
&c. by Divilion.
.

xy-{-xxxx, making

x=i,

=y

=o,
'

x=

It the Relate Quantity may be always compared. may therefore and or denote Time its ; Fluxion, Velocity being an very properly uniform and conftant quantity, may be made the Fluxionai Unit, or the known meafure of the Fluxion (or of the rate of flowing) of

the Relate Quantity.

The

Relate Quantity, (or Quantities if ieve-

ral

282
ral are

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

concern'd,) is that which is fuppos'd to flow inequably, with; of acceleration or retardation ; and ts any degrees inequability may combe meafured, or reduced as it were to equability, by

conihntly This correfponding Correlate or equable Quantity. is the to be therefore found by the Proble'm, or whofe Quantity Root is to be extracted from the given Equation. And it may be conceived as a Space defcribed by the inequable Velocity of a Body or Point in motion, while the equable Quantity, or the Correlate, or meaiures the time of This may be illureprefents defcription. ftrated by our common Mathematical Tables, of Logarithms, Sines, In the Table of Logarithms, for Tangents, Secants, &c. inflance, the Numbers are the Correlate Quantity, as proceeding equably, or while their as a Relate differences, equal by Logarithms, Quantity, And this refemblance proceed inequably and by unequal differences. would more nearly obtain, if w e mould fuppofe infinite other Numbers and their Logarithms to be interpolated, (if that infinite Numparing
it

with

its

ber be every where the fame,) fo as that in a manner they may become continuous. So the Arches or Angles be confider'd as

may

the Correlate Quantity, becaule they proceed by equal differences, while the Sines, Tangents, Secants, &c. are as fo many Relate Quantities, whofe rate of increafe is exhibited by the Tables. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. This Diflribution of Equations into Orders, or Gaffes, according to the number of the flowing Quantities and their Fluxions, tho' it be not of abfolute for the Solution,
neceflity

may

make it more expedite and methodical, and yet ferve to convenient with us places to reft at. fupply

may

SECT.

II

Solution of the Jirft Cafe of Equations.

18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.

~|~^HE
-i.

firft

Cafe of Equations
?
,

is,

wherr

the

Quantity

or

what

fupplies

its

te found in Terms compofed of the Powers place, can always of x, and known Quantities or Numbers.. Thefc Terms are to be multiply'd by x, and to be divided by the Index of .v in each Term,, which will then exhibit the Value of jr. Thus in the Lquationj/ a .xi/
-+-

x x*,
10

it

has been found that

-

-t-x*

x*
7

-f-

2x

$x* -f-t-

Therefore =^-4- x* x'-f- 2,v I4* , &cc. x jX* &c. and confequently y -fx -f- ^x" be as &c. may ealily proved by the direct Method.

5^'
9

14*'*,
3

J-x

-j-l^A"

But

and INFINITE SERIES.

But
after
this,

283

and the

by a Method form'd
this

like Equations, may be refolved more readily in imitation of fome of the foregoing Analyfes,

manner.

In the given Equation

is

make x
:

then

it

will bej)*

=j/-l-.v*, which

thus refolved

y y*-

H=
4

X*

-+-

X*
.V 4

J $

-f-

2X S 2X &

-f-

9 &C. pC 9 5X , &C.
,

Make

of y ; then will x 4 be the firft Term of which is to be put with a contrary Sign for the fecond j/ Term of y. Then by fquaring, -f- 2X 6 will be the fecond Term of 2x* will be the third Term of y. Therefore j/, and 8 will be the third Term of and -f- 5*" will be the
AT*

the

firft

Term

5#

j/,

fourth

and fo on. Therefore taking the Fluents, y ix 7 -f-4-x, &c. which will be one Root of the I..V -+-fx* x -+And if we fubtradt this from x, we (hall have y Equation. 7 &e. for the x other -i-A; Root. AX', ^.v* -fof y
; 5 3

Term

=
.

So

if -

=
i

a
li
A

4-r -4'

r
"

04^
,

-^
5
I

2*

>

&c

that

is,

if

6?
*
-^yii:

&c
jj-T

then

v=^->^4^
j. v

= ^ = ax + ^,
A'

I?IA.'4

&c.

yx

ya

&c

then Y

s
.

or

==f c

*.

If 4

=
^

-,
ex?

=
;

or

^--**. x
c

then

_y=^
v

f.

Laftly,

if

'-

dex

o,

it

will be

or value of y,

y mufl be
lefs

~,

or
a
,

'

= =
y
is

^v

dividing

by the InExpreffion,
is

or

infinite.

That
For

this

infinite,

is

very plain.

as

a vanim-

ing quantity,
or
finite.

or

than any affignable quantity,

affignable

its

Reciprocal
that
is,

muft be bigger than any

quantity,

in-

o 2

284

The Method of
that this quantity

FLUXIONS,
infinite,

Now
and
and
in

In the Equation

ought to be
,

may

be thus proved.

let

AB

reprefent the conftant quantity a,

CE

let

a point

move equably from C towards E, and

of Avhich
let

de-

fcribe the
its

Line

CDE,

any

indefinite part
elfe,)
is

CD

be x,

equable Velocity in D, (and every where

reprefented

A
c

o,

and INFINITE SERIES,

x we may write b +- x, and we
Multiplication and Divifion
r
i

285
-,

fhall
vx
is
-4-

have ~

=
\ -f-

and then by
ax
-r b

-r-v

it

~
2.6.

ax :. V*-}-*
f
( "-

=
~
j

\
J

"X 1
tl

-f.

-77

&c. and therefore

if ~

}'=

So

=
2X 1

^-

~,
-'
,

6cc.

-J- 3

'

xx, becaufe of the

Term
-f-

which

would
X, and

give an infinite value for ^,

we
2X
zx
s

fhall

then have
x"',

~X
|

we may
-4-2
yx
-

write

zx
-

-^
^x
r
,

1-

or by Divifion

=
2x*

inftead of y xx, or X

=
-f-

4x
-+- ^.x

4x*
3

-f-

xj

-f-

&c. and therefore

y=.^x
zx
:

|x 4
is

&c.
y the Equation ~

Or
4

z -^^ +-

x1

that

-f-

xy

jx

xj

may
4

be thus refolved
*

y^

^"

H- xyj

= y= =
T
firft

3*
-J-

11

A: J AT 3
3

4X h 4^
4
4.V

4X

-j-

4.x -f2X"' -{-

4x* 4- x AT* 2x

_ ^X3

-f_|_

iX4

2X 4 , &C, 2x 4 6cc. 2x 4 &c. x * t &c

, ,
.

of j, then 4x will be the firfl Term of 4* will be the fecond Term of j. Then xy, and confequently a be the fecond Term of .vy, and therefore -(- 4x* will 4x 3x , or x*, will be the third Term of_y ; and fo on.

Make 4

the

Term

fc

27. So

if

-.

AT~^ -fx, then

x~
X

x'~,

becaufe
-+I

of the
s/
X
i

Term x~'
x.

change x into
the by *
-+-

==

-.'
,

foregoing;
6cc.

yi v Methods of Reduction

X
I

But
-+-

'tis
4

x5 ,

and v/i

-f-

x*

4-^

r-^

-rr x ^

&c.

a"d

Therefore collecting thefe according to their Signs,

2.v-|-

'tis

4-

4-

ix

-t-

T^-x

3 ,

x 4- x -f- ix 4- ^x and therefore y 28. So if the given Equation were X

a
s
.

&c. that

is-^

=x4-2x*
4
,

-f-

|x

+
~
of

^x 4 &c.
,

&c.
i.

==
is.

~^

ii^^C -!- 3t"A*

~"

X%

"

'^ A
'
|

change the beginning of x.

that

inftead

write x,

286
-

7$
x, then
1

Method of FLUXIONS,
f3
c*-X

--

Al
_>'

c*x-

and therefore

c">x~*

xl
.

1
,

yx

or

c*x~*

^c=x-~ -\-c*x~

SECT.
2 9>

III.

Solution of the fecond Cafe of Equations.

belonging to this fecond cafe are thofe, wherein the two Fluents and their Fluxions, fuppofe x and y, x and j, or any Powers of them, are promifcuoufly inAs our Author's Analyfes are very intelligible, and fee'm to volved. want but little explication, I mall endeavour to refolve his Examples in fomething an eafier and fimpler manner, than is done here ; by applying to them his own artifice of the Parallelogram, when needful, or the properties of a combined Arithmetical Progreffion in

3- TT^Quations

M^

as explain'd before : As alfo the Solution of afTeclcd Equations.

Methods before made

aax

piano, ufe of, in the

The Equation yax ~ -+- ".becomes ~

31.

=
a

o by a due Reduction in which, becaufe of the Term there

xxy

is

Correlate

occafion for a Tranfmutation, or to change the beginning of the x. therefore the conftant Quantity ArTurning quantity b, we may put 4whence Divifion will be had -f- -^ , by

=^
ax

-j

==

ax z
-+-ji

ax*

-^

-I-

77

>

e &c which
i i
'

-.-,

Equation

is

then

prepared for the Author's Method of Solution. But without this previous Reduction to an infinite Series, and the Reiblution of an infinite Equation confequent thereon, we may The given Equaperform the Solution thus, in a general manner.
tion
is

now 4
yx
-f-

=
a
1

j-

-|-

or putting

=
:

i,

it

is

aby

-f-

axj

/y ~+\

which may be thus refolved

aby

xy

and INFINITE SERIES.

fee Difpoiing the Terms as you ~ will be the Term of aby, then
is

287
-

done here, make a 1 the

firft

firft

Term
a

of j, and thence -|x

firft

will be the

firft

Term
ax

of
i

y. *

So that
firfl
/

x
of

will be the
by.

Term

of
to-

axv, /*

and
i

ax

will be the

gether,

or -,x

Term

Thefe two

down
y '

for the fecond

Term

with a contrary Sign, mud be put of aby. Therefore the fecond Term of
x,

will be '-~-x, t>-

and the

like

Term
'-'-~ b"
firft

of -' y will be
A*,

A*.
^b-

Then

the

fecond

Term

of ..\y will be

and the fecond

of

Term

of

ly will be

-^~

abx

*,

and the

Term

Thefe

three together

make

~
-

2*
_

~
A*,

xy will be
a

yA*.
contrary

which with

Therefore the third Sign muft be made the third Term of aby. ~-^-'A* and the third Term of y will be Term of ry will be ZaL
' *

_^_

A'

And

fo on.

Here

in'

a particular

cafe if

we
7

make.
,

=.
Or

a,
if

we

mall have the fimple Series

y =. x

* -+-

^
i

&c.
this

we would have a defcending Equation, we may proceed as follows

xy~\
[,y\

Series for the

:

Root y of

=<!*

a
_f_

~f-

b x

---

a**a*bx~

-+l

zu\ +- zab

x a*x-*, &c. a-i-l) y.a -bx~-, &c,

-+!

~'

-~t
, '-,

&c. &c.
6cc.

JJ/=:

rt

A~

^ -4-/>X 2rt*A-~ 3 , &C.

and make a* the firft Term of the Difpofe the Terms as you fee, - be the firft Term of y, and a*x~"- will Series xy, then will
be the

be the firft Term of of axy which together by, l make a-\- b x a x~ ; this therefore with a contrary Sign muft be the fecond Term of Then the fecond Term of y will xy.
firft

Term
I

of y.
t

Then
the

will -f- a"-bx~

and a"'X~

will be

firft

Term

be a-\-by.a x~~ ) and the fecond

3i

Term

be ofj/ will

a-\-

l>-x.2a

x~ 3

Therefore the fecond

Term

of

by will

be

-f- b

x tf*Av~*,

and

88
Term
1

TZe Method of
will

FLUXIONS,
be
;

and the fecond Term of axy

firft

of aby will
-+- b*

be

a^bx~-

a-\-b* 2a*x~*, and tlie which three together make

xa 1 *.*. ThiswithacontrarvSisnmuftbethethird ^za -I2a* -+- zab -+- b % x a 2 x~3 for the Term of xy, which will give Here if we make b=.a, thenj= third Term of y ; and fo on.
zab

-x

a1

za*

ca4
'

&C. +- *'r ^T x* 3 And thefe are all the Series, hibited in this Equation, as

by which the value of y can be exmay be proved by the Parallelogram.

For

that Method may be extended to thefe Fluxional Equations, as well as to Algebraical or Fluential Equations. To reduce thefe within the we are Limits of that to confider, that Rule, Equations
as

reprefent the initial Term of the Root jr, in both thefe kinds of Equations, or becaufe it may be y Ax m , &c. fo in

Ax m may

Fluxional Equations (making #=1, we mall have a\foy=mAx m I ) 6cc. or writing y for Ax m , 6cc. 'tis myx~* , &c. So that in y the given Equation, in which y occurs, or the Fluxion every Term of

=
t

of the Relate Quantity, we may conceive it to take away one Dimenfion from the Correlate Quantity, fuppofe x, and to add it to the Relate Quantity, fuppofe y ; according to which Reduction we

may

inlert the

Terms
will

a like Reduction for

all

Quantity.

This

the Parallelogram. And we are to make the Powers of the Fluxion of the Relate bring all Fluxional Equations to the Cafe of
in

Algebraic Equations, the Refolution of which has been fo amply treated of before. the Thus in the prefent Equation aby -+- axy by -f- yx +- aa, Terms mufl be inferted in the Parallelogram, as if yx~ ' were fubftituted inftead of y ; fo that the Indices will ftand as in the Margin,

and the Ruler will give only two Cafes of exterOr rather, if we would reduce this nal Terms. to the form of a double Arithmetical Equation
Scale, as explain'ci before, we mould have it in this Here in the firft Column are contain'd thofe form.

Terms which have y of one Dimenfion, In the fecond Column is equivalent to it.
Alfo in the or y of no Dimenfions. or fuch in Terms which x xy,
.

or
is

what
a1
,

+ axi i_
y

C~
In
the,

firft
is

Line
,
.

is

of one Dimenfion.
a
1
, ,

fecond Line are the

{iqiis

Terms
-j-

by~l

<f
in

which have no Dimenif it

of

.v,

becaufe
is

axy

is

regarded

as

were
is

ay.

in the third line

aby t

or the

Term

Laftly,

which x

of one negative

Dimenlion

and INFINITE SERIES.

Dimension, becaufe -\-aly
thefe
J

289

Terms being

is confider'd as if it were -f- abx~~ )\ And thus dilpos'd, it is plain there can be but two Cafes

of external Terms, which we have already difcufs'd. -TV ?2. If the oropofed Equation be 2 x -4O jy

making

x=

y
1

i,

'tis

-f- 3_v

2.v -f-

xy~

Solution of which

we

mall attempt without

o the 2yx~ any preparation, or

;

xx

>

or

without any new interpretation of the Quantities.

Firft,

the

Terms
Roots

are to be difpos'd according to a double Arithmetical Scale, the of which are y and .Y, and then they will Itand as in the Margin.

The

Method of doing
in all cafes
is

this

with certainty
I

as follows.

obferve in
2.V

the Equation there are three powers of

y,

p+ Xj~

which

are

2JXfore I place thefe in order at the top of the Table. I obferve likewife that there are four

y, and 7-'
A
I ,

there-

Powers of

x,

which

are

.v

1 ,

x,

and x~

l
,

which

of the Equation in its proper place, acof y and x in that Term ; filling up the cording to its Dimenfions vacancies with Aflerifms, to denote the abfence of the Terms beThe Term _}'*""', y I infert as if it were longing to them.
as

at the right hand ; or Then I infert every

it

will be

enough

I place in order in a Column to conceive this to be done.

Term

explain'd Rukr to the exterior

Series
is
;

is

before.

Then we may perceive, that if we apply the Terms, we mail have three cafes that may prowhich
is

duce
begin

for

the fourth cafe,

that of direft afcent or

always to be omitted, as never affording any Series. defcent, with the defcending Series, which will arife from the

To
two

external

Terms

2x and

-f-

xy~

s
.

The Terms

are to bsdifpos'd,
:

and the Analyfis

to be performed, as here follows

-J44*-*, &c.
1 2X, 6cc. then y2, &c. and by Divifion and &c. Therefore 3>'=T, &c. confequently A-> " 1 and or &c. &c. , -I*" * -f# by Divifion y 4, y~1 l 1 x c an d &c. x\~ Therefore *^ y 2)' confequently -f.*- , c anc^ ^7 ^' v ^" * * r^ % * T*"~% T*" ) &c. So that y~

Make xy~

=
-

=
&

T=4,

=
.

'=

fion

* * -f- r f x~'^c

= Then =
l

'

3v

-j-

4r A ~%

^c

anc^

P p

Method of FLUXIONS,
Thefe three&c. and A % 6cc. zyx~* i l * * * make 4- r^x- , and therefore xy~ 44*"% together J A on. c & "d fo * * that * fo -fV|T*~~ &c. y Another defcending Series will arife from the two external Terms 2X, which may be thus extracted -4- -y and

==

* -f- i*-"-,

=
-

zx

-f-

41*-'
'

_ ^4x-*,

i|*-

+^

&c. &c. X -, &C. i-x-% &c.

,

= = =
ternal

* 2X, &c. then y 3/ ^x, &c. and (by Divifion) y 1 x~*, &c. and x>'~ =|,&c. and y=- T> c - ThereS &c. and _y fore 3_y * * T T) &c. and (by Divifion) * -g-*" , &c. and zyx~* _y= * o, &c. and xy~* and &c. * * * 4&c. Therefore 4, ~x~\ jy 3_y=* i-j..*J &c. 6cc. ^.i^ , The afcending Series in this Equation will arife from the two ex-

Make

= =
l

&

Terms
y,

tion
y,)

by

2yx~* and xy~ ; or multiplying the whole Equathe external Terms may be clear'd from (that one of
3^*
:

mall have yy the Refolution is thus

we

4- zxy

x 4- 2y i x~ 1

=
&r

o,

of which

Jl
M^~
t^V

- v\ #

^S~" r

v* ^^*

-1 ^ vl/ ^

_I_ .

9
*r

"T"*\

v3
'

LA/V *

and INFINITE SERIES.

of

Then y'y y. 1 * * 8cc. and y

a A* 1 * * **> &c. and confequently 2v*x~ 4-v*, &c. and by extracting the fquare-roor,

291
,

Then yy
&c. and therefore
|.v
5
,

-f- o,

&c. and

2.vy

2)'

x~ t

* *

-^^S &c. and

_>'

= =

-4--V-'

* *

&c.

&c.
Author's Procefs of Refolution, in this and the folis

33, 34.

The

very natural, fimple, and intelligible; it proterminatim, by p'afling from Series to Series, and by gathering Term after Term, in a kind of circulating manner, of which Method we have had frequent inftances before. By this means he collects into a Series what he calls the Sum, which Sum

lowing Examples,

ceeds Jeriatim

&

is

the value of

,v

or of the Ratio

of the Fluxions of the Relate

;

and Correlate in the given Equation and then by the former Problem he obtains the value of y. When I firft obferved this Method of Solution, in this Treadle of our Author's, I confefs I was not u little pleafed ; it being nearly the fame, and differing only in a few circumftances that are not material, from the Method I had happen'd to fall into feveral years before, for the Solution of Algebraical and Fluxional Equations. This Method I have generally purfued in the courfe of this work, and fliall continue to explain it farther by
the following Examples.

The

Equation of this Example i 3^ -f- y + x -+- xj y o being reduced to the form of a double Arithmetical Scale,
l

will (land as

here in

the

Margin

and the

Ruler will difcover two cafes to be try'd, of which one may give us an afcending, and the
other a defcending Series for the firft for the afcending Series.

~
xI

v,

v<)

Root

y.

And

y=x,

being difpofed as you fee, makej/=i, &c. then Therefore x, &c. the Sign of which Term y it will x * * -{changed, 2.v, &c. bej/= being 3 AT, &c. Pp 2 and

The Terms
&c.

292
and therefore y

77->e

* , -+- #% &c. and thefe each 'tis &c. * * -+**, other, *% .vy deftroying y therefore * &c. and Then &c. *-t-7.* _y=** ^x*, _y &c. and * * * .I* , &c. * -f- x', &c. it will be jxy &c. und therefore y * * * &c. y ^x*

Method of FLUXIONS, x x &c. Then * y

= =

=
:

The

Analyfis in the fecond cafe will be thus

-+

I2X~ 3
*
1

&C.

h x
V

4
4

~t-

6*- 1
f~ 2

&c

= = =
H

x l , &c. then ;' Therefore x, &c. xy _y x x, &c. and changing the Sign, 'tis % xy-=. 3*, &c. * Then * -h 4, &c. 4*, &c. and therefore y jy= * &c. 4, i, &c. and changing the Signs, 'tis andj xy * * H- 5 -f- i, 6cc. * # -l- 6, &c. and y * * 6x~*, &c. &cc.

Make

= =

2X~1, &C.
6CC.

AT

6*-" 1 +- 6.V~ Z *

I2AT~*,

= =

35, 36. If the given

Equation were

^ ==:i-f-^-f.^._f_^:

&c.

its

Refolution

may

be thus perform'd
zx'i

&c
4
>

X
XV

&c

A*
A*
1

&c.

1, &c.
a*
A*

A4
"T~
i/)3
*"

&c.

2^2

*^

^^4

"I"

o>,4

Make
&c. and

y
y

i,

&.c.

then

y=

x, &c.

Therefore
_y

2
o

f
a

;,

&c. and therefore

~i

* *

&c. and j

=
,

=*+-, &c.
J7
j

Then

therefore

* *

&c.

And

fo on.

Now

and INFINITE SERIES.

293
|
-+-

Now
.

in
is
tf

this

Example,
=?

becaufe the
it

Series

4-

^
.

-+.

'

&c.

o ; which that is, jx -f- rfx xx ay -+- j will the Solution before deliver'd, give the particular Equation, by o. Hence relation of the Fluents yx I** y ay -{-ax

=jy
a* a

equal to a
*",

'

will be

y=

A;

h
A

I,

=
, '

or ay '

xy J

-_xx

an(j

Divifion J

y= x

*
-f-

za

za~

-,

r -f- 2a*

&c. as found

above.
37.

The Equation
Example being
or

of

this

x-'

tabulated,

reduced

to a double Arithmetical Scale, will ftand as here in the Margin.

Where

it

may

be ob-

ferved, that becaufe of the Series proceeding both

cafe

ways ad injinitum, there can be but one of exterior Terms, of which the Solution here follows:

294
was fuppos'J

Th* Method of
to be
is

FLUXIONS,
This

an affirmative Velocity.

Remark mull

take

as often as there place hereafter,

occafion for

it.

this Example the Author puts x to reprefent the Relate 38. In or the be Root to and to extracted, Quantity, y reprefent the Corto Bat the confufion of relate. Ideas, we mall here change prevent
.v

into y, and / into A", fo that y (hall denote the Relate, and x the Let the given Equation there-fare be Correlate Quantity, as ufual.

~x

4**

-\-

2xy'

-f^

-h 7#*

-+-

zx'

whofe Root y

is

to

Thefe Terms being difpoled in a Table, will ftand the Refolution will be as follows, taking y and -t- x for the two external Terms.
be extracted.

thus:

And

X1 X1
a

* *

+ **
'*
_|- 7A;

5
J
i:

_j_

^i
-t

2J34-4*

If
J

Z-

*x
X
1

I*'

-A'H-ZX

** + I*

*
4..1

* *

* * *

x/

#
*

*
At
.

*
y

j/=|A;, &c. then^

* o,

-l-x

a
,

&c.

Now

becaufe
it

&c.
it

it

will be alfo

&c.

will

4**, &c.
caufe
it is

2Ay

therefore
us with

There are two other

= y= = y = ***-{_ two
zxy^
*

x* then >r 3 , &c. &c. be* * Now _y= 3**, * -f- o, &c. it will be alfo y^ == * -\- o, &c. and * -f- o, &c. and confequently y E= ***-{- 7^^, &c. and
* # -f-

be

y= =

* o, &c.
x*, &c.

And

whereas

and therefore

jx=s = is^ = y
|-x,

it is

And fo on. 2**, &c. other cafes of external Terms,

Series for the

which

will

fupply

into Surds.

Method, and how we are 39. The Author mews

Root y, but they This may be fufficient to (hew the

will run too

much

univerfality of the to proceed in like cafes. here, that the fame Fluxional

Equation

may often afford a great we fhall introduce any

Equation of Art.
.34.

variety of Series for the Root, according as conftant quantity at pleafure. Thus the or # -j-f3* -\-y xy, may be re-

j/=i

folved after the following general

manner:

and INFINITE SERIES.

** 1 a 4. x -fza*

295
1

r^3*+
ax ax

y
i<?*',
<:.

= +

*l

+ ax+ax

ax 1
x*

^
axt, isV.
,

Ji

Here inftead of making i, 6cc. we may make _y=o, &c. becaufe then y and therefore y a, &c. y o, &c. then <z -+and 6cc. * &c. and -fi, a, confequently y therefore^ * ax =; * -+- ax -- x, 6cc. Then x, &c. and y xy * * -f- zax -f- x == _- ##, &c. and therefore y 3*, &c. * * -f- ax* x 1 &c. There* * -f- 2ax zx, &c. and then y 1 1 ax -f- x 6cc. and * * fore y xy= * ax* AT*, * and * tax* * &C. -f. -f- x*, 6cc. and y confequently y &c. &c. Here if we make a a, * * -f- .iflx -f- -i-* o, we fhall have the fame value of y as was extracted before. And by what-

ji/

= == = = =
,

= =

ever

Number a

is

interpreted,

fo

many

different Series

we

fhall

obtain for y.

40. The Author here enumerates three cafes, when an arbitrary Number mould be affumed, if it can be done, for the firft Term of the Root. Firft, when in the given Equation the Root is affected with a Fractional Dimenfion, or when fome Root of it is to be extracted

convenient to have Unity for the firft Term, or fome other Number whofe Root may be extracted without aSurd, As in the if fuch Number does not offer itfelf of its own accord. 1 &c. and tisA' therefore we fourth Example i}' , may eafily have
;

for then

it is

>

Secondly, it muft be done, when by reafon of the fquare-root of a negative Quantity, we fhould otherwife fall upon Laftly, we muft aflame fuch a Number, when impoflible Numbers. otherwife there would be no initial Quantity, from whence to begin that is, when the Relate Quantity, the computation of the Root or its Fluxion, affects all the Terms of the Equation. 41,42,43. The Author's Compendiums of Extraction- are very
x^
-i->'>

&

c>

curious, ProcciTes

and fhevv the univerfality of his Method. As his feveral want no explanation, I lhall proceed to refolve his ExamMethod. As if the given Equation ples by the. foregoing general 1 x4 x or y the Refolu-tion might /-' werej=:,

be thus

296
'y

The Method of
T
1

FLUXIONS,
< .

O
'

X*

l<3-7x 3

&c.

f J
/7

a.~ I -f-

a~*x
_I_ -4-

\a~$x*- -\'IL

a~ 7 x*, &c.
4-^~*A"
;

_1_ -t-

**
j

1^
ga,
,

,77

AT see.

&c. then afluming any conftant quantity a, it may a~ &c. and 'Then by Divifion a, y~ l 1 a* therefore _y * -f* -4- a~ x, 6cc. and confequently _y , &c. Then by Divifion * -{- -3x, &c. and therefore y y~ 3 * * * * a~ix, &c. and confequently _y ^S & c Then 1 Divifion and therefore y &c. y-' 4^ s'x again by
_y

Make

be

= y= =
*H-|d~5 A

o,

&c.

= =
l

==
>

4~

* *

&c. And have y

fo
i

* * * .vv&c.and confequently/ of the reft. Here if we make a

= =

=
J

a-*x*
i,

^x',

we

ihall

-f-

IK*

-f-

.x*

|-|-Ar

&c.
:

Or

the fame Equation

'

may

be thus refolved
8

- y~
Make

==

A"

-f- 2 AT" 3 -f-

I4AT8

-+- 2
'

l6x-

3,

=
y~'=

AT" 2 -f- 2AT~ 7

+ l8x- + 28oxJZ
z
,

2i6x'~~ I 3,
I

7
)

&C. &c. &C,

2Ar~ 3 , &c. Thenj/= Divifion y =z* -\-2x~ &cc. and confequently by 1 8 Then j/=* yi4x~ ,&c. and therefore 8 12 Then * *4-i4.v~ , &c. and by Divifion _)'= * *+i8^^ , &c. ^ 3 2 * l6x~ 21 6jf * * -f* * &c. and therefore y~ } y 17 fo on. &c. and by Divifion y 28o^~ , &c. And * * * Another afcending Series may be had from this Equation, viz.

A-S&c.
l

or_y=^~
3
,

= =

r=*

2fc.and therefore -f-2 .v~ 7 , &c.

y=^/2x

\ X'

**
-f-f-

^
of yj.
,

&c. by multipying

it

by y, and

then making i the firft 44. The Equation y

Term =
1

3 -+- 2y

x~ y- may
J

be thus refolved

-4- ojc-

&c.

IN FINITE SERIES.

then y ^x, 6cc. Therefore zy 6x, &c. &c. and 6cc. * Therefore c)x, 3*, confequently_>' 1 Then * -f- 3* 6cc. and x~ y l === y == * IA*, &c. a_>' 4 * &c. and / * * -f- 6# * * -f- 2AT 3 , 9**, 6cc. Therefore^ &c. &c. Or the Refolution may be perform'd after thefe two following manners
3 ,Scc.

Ma ke y
I

and x~ y i

= =

= = =
,

= =

297

zy

1=3

*-' -f- IA

*,&c.

;'*-'\=
_? v~~ l ^ 1 _j _/
T
-*

=
-

^^^r.-v

v~~

* ' '4 "F^ v~"~ 2

4

&"f* A'^*

2A--j-i

A-~'

&C.

&c. or_y =r o, &c. and ?, 6cc. then &c. Therefore * , 2_y %x~ &c. or / ~ 1 z * -f- T*"", } &c. and l c anc & * %x by fquaring x~'j* y 1 -'''" 2 2 &c. * and therefore * I , -f- ^A*~ , 6cc. and 2_>'=r* 2 * * And fo on. I-*" } &c. y &c. Again, divide the whole Equation by y, and make x y "2, 1 &c. And &c. and becaufe &c. 2A;, thenj' j'^ni^ j/=2, "" "" 1 1 &c. and Aj ^ c therefore yx~* I-* 'tis^" 3>'~~

Make

zy-=.

3,

= = =
*

x -iy-- =-j- %x-

= j=

>

=
*

= =

=
1

H- T-^"
o,

1
)

^C

&c. and
* *

&c. and y

= y=
an(l y
I

H-

=&
T>
2
,
-

* -+- -I-*"

&c

T X ~*> ^cc>

^c

Then 'tis jx~

becaufe j^y" 1
l

==
~4
>

* *

T"v

45, 46. If the propofed Equation be_y Solution may be thus :

y -\- x~'

X~-,

its

77
s 4-jrJ

x-*+x~
_!_*-

/;

298
as

The Method of

FLUXIONS,

we pleafe, of which the Fluents may be exprefs'd in finite Terms; but to return to thefe again may ibmetimes require particular Expe} Thus if we aflume the Equation y 2x x* -fdients. ,
taking the Fluxions, and putting
-f1

|x

-for

as alfo

x=

i,

= we
ZX

{hall

have

jr

=^
2

^x we

-+-

~x*.
have j/

Subtract this

laft

from
,

the foregoing Equation, and

the Solution of

fhall

=
i

2#-f-l* t

which here

follows.

47. Let the propos'd Equation be

y=

-f-

2#-{- !#*, of

which

the Solution

may

be thus

\
'

fx

gx*

__

ex'

fx

= o.

tabulating the Terms of this Equation, as ufual, it may be l obferved, that one of the external Terms y -+- ^yx~ is a double Term, to which the other external Term i belongs in common.

By

= ==x
'tis

Therefore to
e,

feparate

thefe,

afllime

-f-

ez=

&c. and confequently i &c. That becaule 2ex ex, is, So if i, or _y= 2x, &c.
i-

then
v

*
1

y^j &c. therefore

A-*,

* -+-

l/x

that

_y

== *
s== * *

-f-A'%

&c. that &c. So if

,

and/ =
that

gx
3

&c. and therefore jj/

=#

* * -f*
^-.v

|*-> -fSo &c.

,

^s
&c.

&c. or 2g

if

= y= =x ze=. we make _y=* y= 2/= |/ we = /= = = -jg+, ^ -_ we make =

y
zex,

&c.

then

i-

-f- e ,

&c. and

therefore y
i z
,

-f- ex, or

-j-e,
5cc.

-f-

2/x

~\~fx
i,

2x,

&c. and
-i.

is,

or

makejv'

* * +- zgx*,

So &c. then

* * -+-gx* -4-

ix 1 ,
__. >

<Scc.

or

fo

*.

* 2/^x 4 ,

&c. then
/JA: 3
,

-=*#*and
tion
* * * -f-

/w

&c. and therefore

,

_y=
all

* * * -f-

&c.

the fubfequent Terms except will vanifh in infinitum, and this will be the exact value of And y. the fame may be done from the other cafe of external Terms, as
o.

^r^ /= would be ubfurd

Butbecaufe here

And fo

2^=^^,

this

Equa-

will appear

from the Paradigm. 48. Nothing can be added to illuflrate this Investigation, we would demonftrate it fynthctically. Becaufe^ =ex* as
}

unlefs
is

here

found,

and INFINITE SERIES.

found, therefore y
fubftitute y,

299
in (lead

e:

v+~', or

=
x

Iff!

Here

of

ex'(

and we

fhall

have_y

=~

as given at firft.
-f- 3

x~49, 50. The given Equation y =yx~- 4thus reiblved after a general manner. be may

4-

2.V

4*-'

n
/

2x 4- 3
-fi
*

2 4A- 4- x1 '

-~ x~ z )\

-----

-f- 4-v

4-rf.v~

4A

"~'

y= x
ficc.

-f- 4.v

+a
1

4- i-*-* &c. 4- ax~* a *~* + *~ 3 T*~* &c. ax~* -\-ax~* #-' +- fx~ z .x~* ,.&c.
.v-*
,

rtx~~ 3

^A-"~' -j-

ax~ z

fax" 3

quently quantity a,
^A,-"
1
,

= = = y
Make_y

2* , &c. then;
1

conlequently
* -+- 4.x,
it

y=

=
i
,

x1

6cc.

Therefore

* -f6cc.

-+- 3,

&c.

&c.

Then
be y

x~ zy

x~ zy

* * -f- o,

may
fix'
1

&c. and

therefore

y=.
a

* * *
o,
'tis

= * + 4*
1

x"

= = j And
1

and therefore * * -+- a, &c.

* * * -+fo

and therefore and confe&c. 4-v~", afluming any conftant

* 4, 6cc.

Then

#-*_y

* *

&c.

ax~* +- x~ z , &c. and on. Here if we make

; H-

&c.

this Example is y=. ^xy* -\-y, which our ufual we fliall refolve by Method, without any other preparation than dividing the whole by j*, that one of the Terms may be

51, 52.

The Equation of

clear'd

c=

from the Relate Quantity ; which will reduce thus 3r, of which the Refolution may be
:

it

yy~^

^
'

3x

-f-

=f

f X-X*
x
6

-f-

TT *3
'

-|-

^rx*
TTTT^
4

+ -~-x
-

s
,

&c.

-+

-V^ T'^

TT4<T*'>

&C

-4-

TTY*"> &c

Make
or y^

jJ;y"~^

fx

1
,

3#, .&c. or taking the Fluents, 6 &c. or y And becaufe fAr , &c.

%y~'

y$

&c.
5

it

will be jj)T~7

^.x

&c. and y^

==*_{- f^
* -f-

1
,

&c.

and therefore

&c.

Then becaufe
therefore 37'

&c.and

&c. and by cubing

;=

=
y"'

&c. and by cubing * rV^'S & c 'tis ji/y""^ * # -+- T T * 4 &c. and ;-j And * * 4- T TT-v8 ) & c l
,
-

^x

'

= =
*

y=

= = ^=
*
* * -f-

|jc% 6co.

fx*,
^

4x7
>

4- TV

* *

+T

-V

v? >
'

Tr- v

4
>

on

Qjl

53-

-oo
53. Laftly,

7%e Method of
in the c

Equation

FLUXIONS,
zy^
-+-

x ty*,

orjj/y

i==

zx

-4-

xx*,
is

afTuming

for a conftant quantity,

and taking the Fluents, it will y*=c -+- x -f- -i-x'. Then by fquaring,
o,
-icx*

whofe Fluxion therefore be 2V*= 2c -f- 2x -f- ~x'^, or

_>

receive as many diffe_y may !** -+ f^ rent values, while x remains the fame, as c can be interpreted diffe-

c 1 -+-

2cx

-f- A-* -f.

Here the Root

rent ways.

Make
is

an Excufe for his being fo minute and particular, in dilcuffing matters which, as he fays, will but feldom come into practice ; but I think any Apology of this kind is needlefs, and we cannot be too minute, when the perfecare rather much obliged to him tion of a Method is concern'd. for giving us his whole Method, for applying it to all the cafes that may happen, and for obviating every difficulty that may arife. The ufe of thefe Extractions is certainly very exteniive ; for there are no Problems in the inverfe Method of Fluxions, and efpecially fuch as are to be anfwer'd by infinite Series, but what may be reduced to

The Author

o, then y pleas'd here to

c

= make

x1

-+- -ix* -+- loc*.

We

fuch Fluxional Equations, and may therefore receive their Solutions from hence. But this will appear more fully hereafter.

SECT.

IV.

Solution of the third Cafe of Equations, with

fame
54.

neceffary Demonftrations.

more methodical Solution of what our Author a moft troublejbme and difficult Problem, (and furely the Inverfe Method of Fluxions, in its full extent, deferves to be call'd fuch a Problem,) he has before diftributed it into three Cafes. The firft Cafe, in which two Fluxions and only one flowing Quanin the given Equation, he has difpatch'd without much tity occur The difficulty, by the affiftance of his Method of infinite Series. in which two fecond Cafe, flowing Quantities and their Fluxions are any how involved in the given Equation, even with the fame affiftance is flill an operofe Problem, but yet is difculs'd in all its The third varieties, by a fufficient number of appofite Examples. Cafe, in which occur more than two Fluxions with their Fluents, is here very artfully managed, and all the difficulties of it are reduced to the other two Cafes. For if the Equation involves (for inftance) three Fluxions, with fome or all of their Fluents, another full DeEquation ought to be given by the Queftion, in order to a
the
calls

TT* O R

terminationj

and INFINITE SERIES.

301

termination, as has been already argued in another place; or if not, the Queftion is left indetermined, and then another Equation may be affumed ad libitum, fuch as will afford a proper Solution to the And the reft of the work will only require the two Queftion. former Cafes, with fome common Algebraic Reductions, as we fhall fee in the Author's Example.
to confider the Author's 55. Example, belonging to this third Cafe of finding Fluents from their Fluxions given, or when there are more than two variable Quantities, and their Fluxions, either exprefs'd or underftood in the This Example given

Now

z 4- yx zx o, in which becaufe there are three Fluxions A-, and therefore (and z, y, virtually three Fluents x, y, and z,) and but one Equation given ; I may affume (for inftance) x=y, whence x =JK, and by fubftitution zy z -\-yy o, and therefore zy Now as here are only two Equations x y== o & + T)'* l and zy z-\-^y =o, the Quantities x, y, and z are ftill variable Quantities, and fufceptible of infinite values, as they ought to be. Indeed a third Equation may be had, as zx z-\-x* o; but as this is only derived from the other two, it new limino brings tation with it, but leaves the ftill indetermiand quantities flowing
is

Equation.

nate quantities. Thus if I mould affume zy=a-\-z for the fccond Equation, then zy=z, and by fubftitution zx zjr-k-yx=;o, x -f- .Ixv -f- ^x'-x, &c. and therefore y or y x -+- ix 1 j^ H-TT# & c which two Equations are a compleat Determination. s and thence x=Z)y Again, if we affume with the Author 1 1 we mall have by fubftitution <\.yy z -^-yy o, and thence zy z -+o, which two Equations are a fufficient Determina-

=
S

x=j

tion.

this

is

o ; but as z -+- ^x^ may indeed have a third, zx included in the other two, and introduces no new limitation,
ftill

= ^ We

the quantities will

remain

fluent.

And
1

of fecond Equations

may

be aflumed, tho

thus an infinite variety it is always convenient,

that the affumed Equation fliould be as fimple as may be. Yet fome caution muft be ufed in the choice, that it may not introduce fuch a limitation, as fhall be inconfiftent with the Solution. Thus if I fhould affume zx o for the fecond Equation, I mould have

o to be fubftituted, which would make yx o, and therefore would afford no Solution of the Equation. 'Tis eafy to extend this reafoning to Equations, that involve four or more Fluxions, and their flowing Quantities but it would be And thus our Author has comneedlefs here to multiply Examples. this Cafe alfo, which at firft view might appear forpleatly folved midable

zx

z=

302
Cafes.

7%e Method of FLUXIONS,

all
its

midable enough, by reducing

56, 57.

difficulties

to

the

two former

Author's way of demonstrating the Inverfe Method of Fluxions Short, but fatisfactory enough. have argued elfewhere, that from the Fluents given to find the Fluxions, is a direct and fynthetical Operation ; and on the contrary, from the Fluxions And in the given to find the Fluents, is indirect and analytical. order of nature Synthefis mould always precede Analyfis, or Commould before Refolution. But the Terms Synthefis and go pofidon often ufed are a in Analyfis vague fenfe, and taken only relatively, as in this For the direct Method of Fluxions place. being already demonftrated fynthetically, the Author declines (for the reafons he gives) to demonstrate the Inverfe Method alfo, that is,
is

The

We

fynthetically He contents primarily, and independently of the direct Method. himfelf to prove it analytically, that is, the direct Meby fuppofing

thod, as fufficiently demonstrated already, and Shewing the neceSTary connexion between this and the inverSe Method. And this will always be a full proof of the truth of the conclufions, as Multiplication is a good proof of Division. Thus in the firlt Example we if that the is x1 found, given Equation y -f- xy I,

we
cc.

Shall

have the Root

prove

conclufion, we may hence find, 1 direct i the 2x .i* 3 -f-f#* Method, -{-x _y by T T X', &c. and then fubStitute theSe two Series in the given Equation, as follows;

To

x y=x the truth of which

1

-j-

fx

-*

y=^x
-f-

^.x*

-^r*

_{_

jf 4- ]_ X y -------f_ X Xy ---------1_ X - __ #3 r -f. 2 X A-* -{y

1

X<
3.4

, _J_ _>_ X

--

^ ^+
_j_

__

__ _^ X 6
6 _{_ _?_ X 5

^f
-rX'

^X

Now by collecting thefe Series, we mall find the refult to produce the given Equation, and therefore the preceding Operation will be fufticiently proved. 58. In this and the fubfequent paragraphs, our Author comes to open and explain fome of the chief My Steries of Fluxions and Fluents, and to give us a Key for the clearer apprehenfion of their nature and properties. Therefore for the Learners better instruction, I Shall not think much to inquire fomething more into this
circumstantially

order to which let us conceive any number of right ae &c. Lines, AE, t as, indefinitely extended both ways, along which a Body, or a defcribing Point, may be fuppofed to move in each
matter.

In

Line,

and INFINITE SERIES.

303

Line, from the left-hand towards the right, according to any Law or Rate of Acceleration or Retardation whatever. Now the Motion thefe of of every one Points, at all times, is to be eftimated by its diftance from fome fixt point in the fame Line ; and any fuch Points may be chofen for this purpole, in each Line, fuppoie B, I), /3, in which all the Bodies have been, are, or will be, in the fame Mo-

ment of Time, from whence

to

compute

their

contemporaneous

Augments, Differences, or flowing Quantities. Thefe Fluents may be conceived as negative before the Body arrives at that point, as
nothing when in In the rlrft Line

and as affirmative when they are got beyond it. AE, whole Fluent we denominate by x, we may the luppofe Body to move uniformly, or with any equable Velocity then may the Fluent x, or the Line which is continually defcribed,
it,
;

A
a,

J>

:E

, 2

*
!

/?

9" 1-1

c/^

II8
to

reprefent

Time, or {land

for the Correlate Quantity,

which the

according to any conftant Rate or Law, (which Law is exprefs'd by any Equation compos'd of x and y and known quantities j) then will there always be contemporaneous parts or augments, defcribed in the two Lines, which parts will make the whole Fluents to be contemporaneous alfo, and accommodate themfelves to the Equation

feveral Relate Quantities are to be constantly refer'd and compared. For in the fecond Line ae, whofe Fluent we call y, if we fuppofe the Body to move with a Motion continually accelerated or retarded,

So that whatever value is afiumed for the Circumftances. the Correlate x, correfponding or contemporaneous value of the ReOr from late y may be known from the Equation, and vice versa. the Time being given, here represented by x, the Space represented by y may always be known. The Origin (as we may call it) of the Fluent x is mark'd by the point B, and the Origin of the Fluent y If the Bodies at the fame time are found in and by the point b. BA and ba. If then will the contemporaneous Fluents be
in
all its

fame time, as was fuppofed, they are found in their refpecthen will each Fluent be nothing. If at the tive Origins B and fame time they are found in ^ and c, then will their Fluents be And the like of all other points, in which the -1- BC and -\-bc.
at the
,

moving

304
moving Bodies
time.

The Method of
either

FLUXIONS,
or
fliall

have been,

be found,

at

the fame

of thefe Fluents, or the points from whence we tho' they muft be conceived to be variable begin to compute them, (for and indetermined in refpedt of one of their Limits, where the deat prefent, yet they are fixt and determined as to fcribing points are

As

to the Origins

their other Limit, which is their Origin,) tho' before appointed the Origin of each Fluent to be in B and b, yet it is not of abfolute mould begin together, or at the fame Moment of neceffity that they Time. All that is neceflary is this, that the Motions may continue as before, or that they may obferve the fame rate of flowing, and

have the fame contemporaneous Increments or Decrements, which will not be at all affected by changing the beginnings of the Fluents.

Lines will ftill be AB and ab, BC and be, &c. tho' they will change AB we fhall have o, inftead of B or o Inftead of their names. of -+- BC we fliall have -f- AC ; &c. inftead have we fliall -+- AB, ac -{-be, inftead of b or o we have ab we fliall So inftead of fliall have cd, &c. That be, inftead of-f- /Wwe fliall have -+- bc the general Law of determines which in the is, Equation flowing we may always increafe or diminifh x, or y y or both, or

The Origins of the Fluents are intirely arbitrary things, and we may remove them to what other points we pleafe. If we remove them from B and b to A and c, for inftance, the contemporaneous

increafing,

occafion may require, and yet the Equaquantity, as tion that arifes will ftill exprefs the rate of flowing ; which is all that Of the ufe and conveniency of which Reduction is neceffary here. we have feen feveral in fiances before. If there be a third Line a.e, defcribed in like manner, whofe

by any given

its parts correfponding with the others, as be another Equation, either given or muft & a/3, &y, y, of flowing, or the relation of z to the aflumed, to afcertain the rate Or it will be the fame thing, if in the two Equations Correlate x. For thefe the Fluents x, y, Z, are any how promifcuoufly involved. determine the Law of and limit two Equations will flowing in each And we may likewife remove the Origin of the Fluent z Line. And fo if there were more to what point we pleafe of the Line a. Fluents. more Lines, or what has been faid by an eafy inftance. Thus 59. To exemplify

Fluent

may

be z, having
c - there

we may aflume y inftead of the Equation xy -+- xxy, or x is diminifli'd of x is the where by Unity ; for changed, Origin of which Reinftead of The lawfulnefs x, fubftituted j -J-- x is

y=xxy,

duction

and INFINITE SERIES.

duftion

305

may be thus proved from the Principles of Analyticks. Make which (hews, that xand2 flow or increale i -\-z, whence x alike. Subftitute thefe infteadof x and x in the Equation^':=xxy, and

x=z,

become y zy -+- zzy. This differs in nothing elle from afTumed the Equation y xy -f- xxy, only that the Symbol x is the into which can make no real change in the z, Symbol changed So that we argumentation. may as well retain the dime Symbols
it

will

as

were given at firft, and, becaufe z-=xfuppofe x to be diminiih'd by Unity.

at all

i,

we may

as well

60, 6 1. The Equation expreffing the Relation of the Fluents will times give any of their contemporaneous parts for afluming of values different the Correlate Quantity, we ma'!, thence have the
;

correfponding different values of the Relate, and then by fubtradion we fhall obtain the contemporary differences of each. Thus if the
given Equation were
tity

equably increafmg or decreafing &c. fucceifively, then y infinite,

= =
x

-{-

where x
;

is

fuppos'd to be a quan-

make x
2|,
3.1,

o, i, 2, 3, 4, 5,
5-^-,

2,

taking their differences, while x flows from o to i, tively. from i to 2, from 2 to 3, &c. y will flow from infinite to 2, from 2 to 2-i-, from 2| to 3.1, &cc. that is, their contemporaneous parts
will

And

4^,

&c. refpec-

be

i,

i,

i,

i,

Likewife,

have x
2-i-,

if

we

go
i,

infinite, backwards, or if

&c. and
2,

i,

-{.I,

&c. refpeclively.
mall
2,

o,

we make x negative, we &c. which will make _y= infinite,

&c. fo that the contemporaneous differences will be as beit

fore.

Perhaps
tion,

may make

GOH

to reprefent this

and

KOL

a ftronger impreffion upon the Imaginaby a Figure. To the rectangular Afymptotes

let

ABC
;

and

DEF
An-

be oppofite Hyperbola's

bifed the

by the indefinite right Line gle yOR, perpendicular to which draw the Diameter BOE, meeting the Hyperbola's
in B and E, from whence draw and EST, as alfo CLR and
rallel

GOK

DKU
is

BQP
pa-

to

GOH.

Now

if

OL

made

to reprefent the indefinite

quantity x in

and equable the Equation y x -f- -'

reprefent y.

then

CR may

= CL = ^ = = OLR= CR =^ LR
For
l

(fuppofing
-4-

therefore

or

306
or

*The

Method of FLUXIONS,
the Origin of
If

therefore will be infinite.

then y the proceeding contrary way, to coincide with the Afymptote

2

If x

= CR, = = OL,
o,

-f-

Now

OL,

or x, being in

if

then

or y, will coincide with the

= OK =
all their

and

infinite.

If x
2,

then

OG, = = BP=2. = CR = OQ^ = And may = OS = OH, y = ET = = Dv =

x=
if

Afymptote
then
_y

and

2 i.

fo

of the

reft.

Alfo

o, then y

be fuppofed

i,

_y

and therefore will be negative then 2. If x &c. And thus we 2~, may

purfue, at leaft by Imagination, the correfpondent values of the flowing quantities x and_y, as alfo their contemporary differences, through
poiTible varieties
;

according to their relation to each other,

x +- by the Equation y The Transition from hence to Fluxions is fo very eafy, that it may be worth while to proceed a little farther. As the Equation
as exhibited
.
.

of the Fluents will give (as now obferved) of fo if thefe differences their contemporary parts or differences any are taken very fmall, they will be nearly as the Velocities of the
expreffing the relation
;

moving Bodies, or points, by which they are defcribed. For Motions continually accelerated or retarded, when perform'd in very But if thofe diffefmall fpaces, become nearly equable Motions.
rences are conceived to be dirninifhed in infiriitum, fo as from finite differences to become Moments, or vanifhing Quantities, the Mo-

equable, and therefore the Velocities of their Defcription, or the Fluxions of the Fluents, will be accurately as thofe Moments. Suppofe then x, y, z, &c. to reprefent or Equations, and their Fluxions, or VeFluents in
tions in

them

will be perfectly

any Equation, of increafe or decreafe, to be reprefented by x, y, z, &c. and their refpedlive contemporary Moments to be op, oq, or, &c. where p, q, r, &c. will be the Exponents of the Proportions of the Moments, and o denotes a vanifhing quantity, as the nature of Moments requires. Then x, y, z, Sec. will be as op, oq, or, &c. So that ,v, y, z, &c. may be ufed inflead that is, as p, g, r, &c. That is, the fync ni th e designation of the Moments. r ^ of/>, ?> of be Moments &c. chronous x, y, z, may reprefented by ox, oy, in the Fluent x may be fuppofed Therefore &c. oz, any Equation to be increafed by its Moment ox, and the Fluent y by its Moment &cc. or x -+- ox, y -{- oy, &c. may be fubftitnted in the Equation oy, inflead of x, y, &c. and yet the Equation will flill be true, becaufe From which Opethe Moments are fuppofed to be fynchronous.
locities
->

ration

and INFINITE SERIES,

ration an

307

Equation will be form'd, which, by due Redu&ion, muft the relation of the Fluxions. neceflarily exhibit x -+- z be given, by Thus, for example, if the Equation y Subftitution we fliall have y -f- oy =. x -f- ox -+- z -+- oz, which, bex -f- z, winch ox -f- oz, or y x -+- z, will become oy caufe y

is

the relation of the Fluxions.

i,

or

ments, -f- oozx

= zx = we =
A-

Here

again,

if

we

afllime

>

or ~x-f-

by increafing the Fluents by their contemporary Mohave z -+- oz x A- -f- ox ozx -f- oxz i, or zx i. Here becaufe zx o, i, 'tis ozx -f- o.\z -+- oozx o. But becaufe ozx is a vanifliing Term in -+- 02X
fliall

the others, refpect of

'tis

zx -f- A z

= =
,

o,

or z ===
'tis

-f

Now
as
A-

as the

Fluxion of z conies out negative,

increafes

Equation y
be

z
x
,

will decreafe,
-+- z,

if

and the contrary. - or if the relation of the Fluents

an indication that Therefore in the

-+-

then the relation of the Fluxions will be

And

as before,

from the Equation y

parts,

=: x -+-

we
;

derived the
fo

contemporaneous

Fluxional Equation y
rate

=
:

or differences of the Fluents

from the

^
I

now

found,

we may

obferve the

of flowing, or the proportion of the Fluxions

it
is

at different values

of the Fluents.

For becaufe
o,

: :

\
:

: :

x1

x1

when

or
is

when

the Fluent
it is

when y
locity

infinite,)

wherewith x

but beginning to flow, (confequently That is, the Vei. y :: o defcribed is infinitely little in comparifon of the
is

will be

and moreover it is infinuated, (becaufe velocity wherewith^ is defcribed; of increafes x that while i,) by any finite quantity, tho' never fo

This of from the the When appear infpeclion foregoing Figure. i That is, o. i, (and confequently _)'= 2,) then x y x will then flow infinitely faflrer than y. The reafon of which is, that y is then at its Limit, or the leaft that it can poflibly be, and
little,

will decreafe

by an

infinite quantity at the

fame time.
:

will

x=

x=2,

ftationary for a moment, or its Fluxion of that of x. So in the foregoing Figure, nothing comparifon BP is the lea ft of all fuch Lines as are reprcfented by CR. When Or 27,) it will be A(and therefore y 3. y :: 4

therefore in that place

is

it

is

in

the

Method of FLUXIONS,
the Velocity of x

of^, in the ratio of 4 :: x 8. And fo on. So that then When to 3. 9 y tend towards equality, which the Velocities or Fluxions conftantly
is

there greater than that

:
:

x=3,

(or CL) finally vanishing, x and y become they do not attain till And the like may be obferved of the negative values of equal.

x and

y.

SECT. V.

Refolution of Equations^ whether Algebraical or Fluxionalt by the ajfiftance of fuperior orders

77je

of Fluxions.

without the help of fubfidiary Operations,

ALL
,

the foregoing Extractions (according to a hint of our Auand thor's,) may be perform'd fomething more expeditioufly,
if

have recourfe to To (hew this firft by an eafy Inftance. orders of Fluxions. fuperior Let it be required to extradl the Cube-root of the Binomial a 3 -\- x"' ; or to find the Root y of this Equation y 1 a> -f- x 3
or rather, for fimplicity-fake, let be_) &c. or the initial Term of y will be a.
it

we

this

Taking the Fluxions of l But i, or -$yy-^y~ Equation, 1 it will be and fubftitution 6cc. &c. is as it a, jtf" by y y 1 &c. a Here * -f- \a~ z^ vacancy is taking the Fluents, 'tis For left for the firft Term of y, which we already know to be a.

we

fhall

have

= = = =y =
3

=a* -+- z.

Then y=.a,
.

y=

another Operation take the Fluxions of the Equation jj/=: j/~* ; 5 Then becaufe y whence y a, &c. %yy~* jy~
'tis

firfl Terms of Here two vacancies are to be left for the are already known. For the next Operation take the y, which 6 s =. Fluxions of the Equation y=. -f^y~ that is, y 9-yy~

?&"*, &c. and taking the Fluents, and &c. taking the Fluents again, 'tis $a~ z,

y
3

jy-

6cc.

= y = = two
'tis

*
l
,

* *

^a-^z

_l_^.ji-

Or becaufe _7=c,&c.
'tis
s

'tis

the Fluents,

* * *

-v

T a~*z*,

y= &c.

* L^. a -*z,

_y=if(S&c. y *

8
,

&c.

Then
1
,

taking

-^a-^z

6cc.

and

Again,

for

another Operation take the

;

Fluxions of the

Equation y

=
Then

Iry"

11
-

Or
the

becaufe
Fluents,

taking

= y=

=: ~~y^
a,

whence
'tis

&c.

"y
1

=
jy

-*f^~

IT^"", &c.

^a-

^, &c.

* *

and INFINITE SERIES.

&c. y '^-?-a-"z+, &c.

H-a-^z

= And
'
I

* * *
fo at

_+._ _.rt

"z
v

5
,

&c. and
as far as
-\ -. 1

_)'

=
,

309
*
*

* *

we may go on
laft,

have therefore found

that

^C*
I

we
9

pleafe.
-f-

We
B

y.

&c. or for z writing x*.

'tis

fa

+
x

x-

=
,

~g
8i

-+-

1*
n
"

'

XI bi

,3

^1

l\f\^

Or
firfl

univerfally,

if

we would

infinite Series,

make y

=
m
.

refolve a -f-

m
\

-f-

ra
\

and we

Term
j_

of the Series

caufe

y=a
i,

or y,

it

will be

+- x, taking the Fluxions

y we
is

=
y

fhall

into an equivalent have a m for the m a &c.

Then
i

be-

fhall

have ~yy
a m, &c.
it

=
~
be
t

= ~ y = my now = y y = my =m *= m = wxw And

x
or
t/m m
1
,

But becaufe
m

it

&c. and

taking the Fluents,

,

= =
'tis

will

ma m
it

6cc.

Again, becaufe
lyv

it

is

taking the Fluxions

;

will
Sec.
*

be y
x

ly

'tis/
?

ia

m ~'i

and becaufe y
* *

am

&c.

i~%
it

6cc.

and therefore y

Again, becaufe
will be

is

y
i

=m
x

=m
;//

2j/y
'tis

_=
j

taking the Fluents,

=
2

'tis

=- d m ~ 2
I

x% &c.
it

//;

17

"',

taking the Fluxions

m
x

and becaufe

7 :=
'^^6cc.

a m , &c.
'tis

_y

=m
*

And
y
x
CT

taking the Fluents, x

/==
m

w
and

=**/;/

m
And

2a -ix*, &c.
fo

w/

pleafe, proceed as maif the Law of Continuation had not already been fufficiently ~ m x -+a* -f- ma So that we fhall have here a -+- x nifefl. * ~~" ^ m ^ 2 ni __ m m x -+- m x m x !LU fl x l 4- w x - - x - a
3,
I

~y-3 X

we might

far as

we

ftt

~^

-*

?^-V-4;c<, &c. Vhis is a famous Theorem of our Author's,

tho' difcover'd

by

.,him after a very different manner of Investigation, or rather by lldufr *>v >'$ vntrrrU*t> Indudion. It is commonly known by the name of his Binomial a x; may JujJf&rcL f Theorem, becaufe by its amftance any Binomial, as be exof it Root or at Power to

be

railed

any

pleafure,

any

may

tradted.

And

it

is

obvious, that

when m

is

interpreted

-^fajfifa m- Cff by any

1

&'

**'*

r^

r
.3
i

and INFINITE SERIES.

/lull

311

have a

+x

ra
I

a"

-f-

mx

^.
own

-f-

"'+'
x

-7-

^7
;

*'"*=

=^*=fX;0i.^ Now Hop

this Series will

of

its

accord, at a finite

number

of Terms, when m is any integer and negative Number that is, when the Reciprocal of any Power of a Binomial is to be found. But in all other cafes we mall have an infinite converging Series for the Power or Root required, which will always converge when a

and x have the fame Sign

converging quantity,
is

becaufe the Root of the Scale, or the

,

By comparing
each the

thefe

^ two
-

which
:

is

always

lefs

than Unity.

Series together,
,

common
_
.

_ a-

or by collecting from
fliall

quantity
TO

^ x
x -f2

we

have the two

-+equivalent Series
,

11 x
a

+ x |*

+ 11 x "L_ x ==^=2
3

-j-

-j-x
,

&c.

=
we

&c. from whence

a-i-x

might derive an infinite number of Numeral Converging Series, not inelegant, which would be proper to explain and illuftrate the nature of Convergency in general, as has been attempted in the former part of this work. For if we aflume fuch a value of i as
will

make

either

of the Series become

finite,

the other Series will

exhibit the quantity that arifes by an Approximation ad infinitum. And then a and A; may be afterwards determined at pleafure.

Method, we fliall fhew (according to promife) how to derive Mr. de Moivre's elegant Theorem ; for to any indeterminate Power, or for extractraifing an Infinitinomial fame. The way how it was derived from the of the Root ing any of and genefis of Powers, (which the nature abftract coniideration indeed is the only legitimate method of Inveftigation in the prefent cafe,) and the Law of Continuation, have been long ago communicated and demonftrated by the Author, in the Philofbphicai TranfYet for the dignity of the Problem, and the betactions, N 230.

As another Example of

this

ter to

illuftrate
it

the prefent

Method of Extraction of Roots,

-+t

lhall

deduce

here as follows.
|

b~ -+- cz* -f- itz* -4- ez* &.c. * where the value of y is to be found by an infinite Series, of )', which the firfl: Term is already known to be a m or it is y a", a -f- l>z -f- cz, 1 -J- dz> -f- ez*, &c. and putting &c. Make v z i, and taking the Fluxions, we mail have -y r^zi b -+- 2cz -+-

Let us aflume the Equation a

I2
-f-

Tie Method of
4s*. &c
-y

7</jz

if

we make

=
-

Then
<*,

becaufe

&c. and V

= =
_y

FLUXIONS,
u",
it
it is

=
_>

t>,

&c.
will

we
be
1 ,

fliall

mviT-', where have _y

ma'-'b, &c. and taking the Fluents,

=
_y

maF*kst

For another Operation, becaufe

_l_
y,
;,;

ii>i;"'~

z
.

And becaufe <u

1

= mvv"=
&c.
^,

it is

2f -f- 6<fe

=
&c. for
6cc. refpec,

12^2;*,

v,

and -yfubftituting

tively,

we

fliall

have

* 2fnca -\-m-x. m i*tf*-**, taking the Fluents m l z* -\-m~x. * * mca taking the Fluents again, y
J

= 7 =
jy

their values a,
1

&c. and 2c,

OT

zmca" -+mz

i6*a

m-z

&c. and
6cc.

and

^^^a

m- 2

z1 )

&c.

..

For another Operation, becaufe/

'tis

= mw
v,

m- 1
-+-

mxm
ixw
~

iv 1 v m
2 tv m

~1
t

m v"j m ~ + yn
i
l

iv m

~z

-vv-{-m\m
v, v,

*v">.

And

becaufe

-u

= 6^+24^2;,
&c.
6^/,
x.

&c. for
fliall

v, fubftituting a,

6cc. b,

&c.

\bca
it

2c, m ~'i

&c.
i

we
x

-\-

Fluents

will

Km
x

be y 2foa m ~*z,

=
x

m
*

m
l

6mda m ~
l/

8cc.

have )"=, 6mda m l -f- 6m x m 2l> a ~*, &c. And taking the \bca m -*z -+- m x z -+- 6m x m
3

* *

^^ x w
m

m 1 2foa -iz , &c.

and/

* * *
.

mda m- l z*

-+
z'

And

fo

on

/-

finitum.

We

fliall

therefore have

tf

And

if the
it

length,

will have the

whole be multiply'd by s", and continued to a due form of Mr. de Moivres Theorem.
of
all

Algebraical or Fluential Equations may be exFor an Example let us take the Cubick tradled by this Method. x"' 2 3 fo often before refolved, Equation y* -\~axy -\-a*y the &c. Then in which y Fluxions, and making a, taking

The Roots

z Here o. we fliall have ^yy- -+- ay +- axy -f- a*-y 3x 1 if for y we fubftitute a, &c. we fliall have ^y -\- a 4- axy 3**, &C A " d &c &c. =o, or>= -j:+^" =.-v &c. * Then the Fluents, taking the Fluxions -i-x, taking

=o,

i,

= ^'
j

'

again

and INFINITE SERIES.

again of the 4- a ly
lafl

313
6y y
1

6x= o.

Equation,

we
if

fliall

have 37}*

Where
'

we make 7
CSV.
1

=
-

-f-

a,
'

&c.
*y

we
*

fliall

have

=
^

,
"\2.ii

__ y= ZZif+j''-^: 43% &c. and y= &c -h z

AT

_!_ 32a

4- axy &c. and 7 ^., &c. and therefore

2 ay

4-

'""

* *

'

(3 -I.'?

Again, ?yy*

-{- iSyy'y ^

_j_ 675 -f-

3^7

-f-

axy

-\- a*-j

0.

Make 7
4a

=
4

a,
"

&c. 7
5j; C-

=
__
6cc.

&c. and ' 7

,

=
^
-

3 2a

6cc.

^|j,

&c. and therefore 7

then 7
*

^ + ^~ ^,

^^

&c. 7

^
=

* *

and 7

* * *

&c.
o.

Again, 377* -1-24777-1- 18^*74- 3677*

4- 4^7 4,

^7x7

4- a*y

=
|^

Make 7

&c. and 7
:,

= =

&c. then 7
^-.
,

&c.

and7=#
* * * *
is

'-

&c.
'

= = 7=
643

a,

&c. 7

^,

&c./

* *
^

&c. and y

Therefore the Root

= ai + f- H-H^ + i68'
x
12^'

r68a

^C

'

^ nc

^ on as ^ar as
-|2|fl
J

we
&c.

when found by this Method, muft always have its Powers afcending but if we defire likewife to find a Series with defcending Powers, it may be done by this eafy artiAs in the prefent Equation y* -\- axy -f- a*y x"' fice. 2a* o, we may conceive x to be a conftant quantity, and a to be a flowing or rather, to prevent a confufion of Ideas, we may change quantity
Series for the

The

Root,

and x into a, and then the Equation will be _y 5 -f- axy -+ ax 3 o. In this we mall have y a, &c. and tax*y 6x* o, king the Fluxions, 'tis 3j/y* -4- ay -f- axy -f- 2xy +- x*y z "~" #& ay 2X],"-r- 6-V n r o But becauie y=a, &c. tis ^ or ficc. 7-1 r
into x,
rt 3

=
>

y=
4

==
'tis

y +<**+*
1

i, &c. and therefore/

3_)^

-f- 6)/

Again taking the Fluxions I2x o, or / 4- zay +- axy -\-2y-\- ^.xy -+- x*y
*
-i-.v,&c.

= y=
e>

-yj>-^-'j-4y+"* yJ+flX-f-*
1
_y

-6^-2^-2,
y*
'tis

=
Qr
2a

king

=
rt

a,

&c. and
_y

_y

=s
Again

&c. and

= =

|, &c.

==

~^ + f~
3^

&c. &c.
x*_y

^
5

&c. and

;'=**
-+.

it

is

3vy* -t- i8;7/ -f- 6y

-f-

3^} 4- axy

67

H- 6x/ H-

S f

12

_
v /

12

=
* *

O,

&c.
y

= = -^ = ^T
a t &c.
y
2"<Z

= -rv- -= &c = -, &c.)~ y

?

The Method of FLUXIONS,

Or

4-'

and

+ v -T + + 12
2 2

3>

&c.
,

Then

&c. and y

fore

we

mall have y

taking the Fluents,

* *
.

3**

&c.

|^
Gift

c.

And
,

fo on.

There-

<z

7^

+ 7^7

&c.

Or now we

_ _

may

x into #, and a into x ; then it will be y x again change -. &c. for the Root of the given Equation, as itf _i_ ,
3* ii^j
2 16,

was found before, pag.

&c.

Alfo in the Solution of Fluxional Equations, we may proceed in As if the given Equation were ay a*x -{- xy the fame manner. Radius of a if the Circle be o,. (in which, reprefented by a, and the of the Arch fame, if y be corresponding Tangent will be

any

x 3) let it be required to extradl the Root y out of reprefented by this Equation, or to exprefs it by a Series compofed of the Powers a 1 -Ji, then the Equation will be of a and x. Make x

Here becaufe_y' i, &c. taking the Fluents x * x, &c. it will be y taking the Fluxions of this EquaBut (hall have -f- 2xy -+o, or tion, -^T 1
a
_,
.

= -yr=o. Then = we ay xy = y= we Then we may y='~^^ =

a

ay

becaufe

are to have a conftant

i

quandty
&c.

for the firft

Term

of y,

fuppofe

o,

taking the Fluents

'tisj/=
again,
if for

* o,

&c. and

y =.

* * o,

&c.
o,

Then
or

taking the Fluxions

'tis

a'y -f- 27

+ 4*7

-{-

xy

=
i,

=
o,
.

"J'^.'T*
&c.

Here

y and_y we

write their values

*
-

&c. and
il
,

we
*

mall have

}'=
and

&c. whence y
,71
>

&c y
the

= =
o,

c.
'tis

7 ==

* * *

^c
o,

Taking
01-7

Fluxions
J

again,

ay +6y +
fore

6xy

+xy
ay

~*?~^

o,

<5cc.

There-

* o,

&c.

_y=
-+-

* *

o.,

&c. j.'= * * *
8^,7 -fA' 4

&c.
or y

y =. **#
2
1

Q, &-C.

Again,

I2y 4-

o,

=~

^!.''

and INFINITE SERIES.

=+
-

&c.

Then
,

Jr^*^^,
jy

&c.
,

;<

_>>=:***-{"'
}

&c.

= **4- ^

&c.

* * * *

&c.
o,

Again, a*y-\- zoy

*****

&c.

Again,

a*j+ 307 -f9

,

r56 7? =
-f-

45
4loxy
* * * 6*5
o

&c. and

_}=*****
whence y=s
o, or

-f-

xy

=
.

o,

i2*y

-+- A,"^

y=.
&c
.

y~^=:- 30 x
j
==- * *
30*4

2 4 rf-

&c.

Then > =4x301-3

_ !^2f

-c.

-, &c.

and _/

have here

--^ y= = = ******* -H y= ^ +
12x30**
,

&c.

&c. ;

= ***
*6

_y

# * * * *

-^

c^c.

j)/=******
And
fo on.

A' 7

&c.

So that
that
is,

we

*
,

ox- 1

OA 4
'

^;

>

&c

_y

fl + 5^ P This
'

*!

/'

'

&c

Example
it

and
tion

how we
itfelf,

is only to {hew the universality of this Method, are to proceed in other like cafes ; for as to the Equamight have been refolved much more fimply and ex-

peditioufly,

in

the following manner.

Becaufe
*6

Divifion

it

will be

x king the Fluents, y In the fame Equation

= =

y
*L

=
,

-^.

by
ta-

+^
-+;
1

-f-

&c
>

And

4- x ^ o, if it requir'd to exprefs x by y, (the Tangent by the Arch,) or if x were made the Relate, and y the Correlate, we might proceed thus. Make x

^ a*x

4-

&c. ^ were

y J

=
,

i,

then a*
* y,

a?x +- x*

o,

Then x
~-^

&c.

And = = 04-^, whence

&e.
&c.

taking the Fluxions,

A-

= 14 = = ^ =s = =
jc

or

si

G,

5c c

'tis

* o,

&c. and x

* * o,

So that the Terms of this Series will be alternately deficient, and therefore we need not compute them. Taking the Fluxions

&c.

again,

tis

*
-j-

Zxx

=:

2
,

&c.

i-i->i

Therefore x

2V

* -^

&c.
>

A-

* *

j-,

&c. and

^==

# * *

&c. ^ S f 2
,

Again,

x=z -^

-l-^r

and

Method of FLUXIONS,
and again,
A-

= =

>X

xx
-f-

-^
alfo
i6y

h
o,
-

2XX XX
.

c ,n_.

Subitituting
for

i,

&c. and
will be

tf

,2
>-

&c. for # and x }

16
,

and

6cc.
c

# and
*

#,

it

=
&c..
6

&c.
,

t. whence x =.

<j4

**
,

occ.

*
J

= **
.

gy*
, '

8v'

_,
.

&c.
6

Again, x

=- A-

* * * *
"

'

2 4
>'

&c.

and x
7

==-***#,
21*
'

J
,

20xx+

iQAr- 4" 2A ;xr

'

J and again, x

=
,

-::

&c. x

* # *

2n*-

-4--;o.;x4-i2.v.v-(-2.vA-

--

Here

for x, x,

and x writing
x

i,

&c.

&c. and
Sec.

&c. re-

fpeaively,

'tis

^U.
&c.

&c

^
3^

Then x

^i
fi

v
,

&c.
&c.

= ..i4\
* * * * *

ig

^=

*,

x=***i^- &c. 2==..... &c. and 7^ &c. x= ****** JJpr,

,

&c.

That

is,

=y+.^ + -l. +

7.1 Cfl

l us take the Equation ^*jj* .y j> if the Radius of a Circle be denoted which, /z*x* o, (in by a, then the the of Arch be fame,, and if y correfponding right Sine any which are to extract the Root from we x will be denoted by j) y.

For another Example,,

let

Make

x=i,
&c. or

then

it

will be

a*y*~

x^y

a*, or ;}*
* x,

= -^^
Taking

J}

j/=
fhall

i,

&c.

and therefore

y=.
1

the Fluxions

Xy __ x y
again,
'tis

=
}

we

0, or "y

=
}

have za*yy

^r~7i

=
* *

zxy*
'

2X yy

=
_y

&c.

o ) or

a*y>

^^ ^ nc^
o,

ta ^ing. the

Fluxions
.
y

a*y

j/

3*

^a

Therefore

=
a ;y

&c. ^
5^'

/=
x*y

or
,

__.

&c. and

=
<7

* * *

19_y

&c.

Then
x

4^

=
&c.

o,

and again

j/

^=o,
*
,

orj
&c,

fore y

:=

= i^=,&c. = J,& ^= y
'

There-

* *

>

* * *

&c.
*

^5^
*

INFINITE SERIES,
* * ,
.

4 j^-

6cc.

and
6

= ***#*
::

317
&c.
o,

-IL
,

Taking

the
7

Fluxions again,

'tis

n ly

i6y

g.y
or
;<

x*y
2^Y

=
i

and again,
&c.
c

a*jr

z$y

1*7

x*y

^
y

, '

&c.

Therefore J
-2-3 x r

=
r

* * *

&c.

= j= =
o,
_)'

= ~ +-^ = -/, = = ^V, ^.v,

i

xv

a*

&c. J v
x4 >

* *

2a 6

&c.

* * *
r 6

^-|x
-^-. 6
TI2a

&c. y &c.

&c. 4- -^- 4- -^ II2* 40^.4 If we were required to extraft the Root x out of the fame Equa1 1 l the: rt * x 1)/ 1 o, (or to exprefs the Sine by tion, a y*
.

Arch,)
-*,

put

and therefore x
'tis

= ****** ~ Or = = = y =
v *

gJT

^ c>
y
,

&c.

and

=
o,

y ===

* * * * *

*****#*

-i-

t><i

i,

then

a1

x1

i,

&c.

and x

Fluxions

Therefore x
again,
'tis

= =
,

axx
* o,

2a*xx
&c. x

=
,

=
or

a** 1

or x*

=
o,

* y,

&c.

Taking

the-

o,

x= x=
*

=:

&c,-

=:

* * o,

&c.

Taking the Fluxions

=
^
,

^
* *

&c.

Thence

^,

&c.

2^1

&c.

andx=*
-+-

Oi
,

&c.

Again, x

=
&c. x

^>
fi

and x
1
t

=
,

~
occ.

-^

x - v*
i

= =
, *

&c.
J
,

Therefore x

=
j4

* * *

&c. x

===
i

* *

?r/24

&c.

x Again, * O
6

= =
v

^
,

=
x
fl

* * *

occ.

and x

x
a
,

and
?

=
*

6 ,

6cc.

Therefore x
6cc.

=
*

^j

x
-1
g

=
,

~
1
y

&c. x

*
j.J
t

-^-j

_
*__
&c.

-^I

&c. x
,

2Ofl*

..
,

&c. x
J

* *

V*
f
,

&c. and
-f-

x= **
this

-^

6cc.

And

therefore

x= y> ^
<

72Ofl

If
*y
.

it

were required to extraft the Root y out of w1 o, (where x =s i,) .x*y* + m*y*

we might

Equation, proceed

3i 8
ceed thus.

The Method of
'"

FLUXIONS,
v
-

Becaufe y~ ==.
-#

^ ~^
o,

;*, &c.

'tis

;/

;;;,

See.

an d_y=

w*> &c.

Taking the Fluxions, we

r=
3xy
'tis

2xy*

2x*yy -bJzr$*yy

fhall

have 2a*yy
o, or
'tis

or

ay

xy

xy -+- my

^r=

^c

Therefore taking the Fluxions again,

x 1/

=
'

o,
OT

or

=
y *

-I

^^_ jf^l; and making y

m, &c.

y=

OTX

&c. and therefore X y &c. and

=
'

'"

'

"~
A

/2

"'x,

&c. -^ y

za''

i^LV,

=
1

OT

* * *

zx.

ya

~^\-', &c.

Taking the
o
j

Fluxions again,
cfy
{- in*

'tis

a*y -+-

4
x2
i/

x_y

$xy
o,

xy
Q

=
lx
4
9

and again,
->'

9 x y

7xy
&c>

or y
;"

"'' x

~t~

" vv

___

,--x 9 -^
4

Therefore

y=

'

g'

CT

\y

&c

'

v ^

equivalent to a Theorem of our Author's, which (in he For if A- be the another place) gives us for Angular Sections, Sine of any given Arch, to Radius a ; then will y be the Sine of another Arch, which is to the firft Arch in the given Ratio of m to Here if m be any odd Number, the Series will become finite j i. and in other cafes it will be a converging Series. And thefe Examples may be lufficient to explain this Method of Extraction of Roots ; which, tho' it carries its own Demonftration along with it, yet for greater evidence may be thus farther illustrated. In Equations whofe Roots (for example) may be reprefented by the A -+- Ex -f- Cx 4 Dx 3 6cc. (which by due Regeneral Series y duction may be all Equations whatever,) the firfc Term A of the Root will be a given quantity, or perhaps o, which is to be known from the circumftances of the Queilion, or from the given

This

Series

is

Equation,

and INFINITE SERIES.

319

have been abi ^antly explain'd already. Equation, by Methods that we flrall have have y B -f- 2C.v -+- 30**, Then making i, &c. where B likewife is a conftant quantity, or perhaps o, and

x=

firft Term of the Series This therefore is to be y. reprefents the firft Fluxional the derived from Equation, either given or elfe to be found ; and then, becaufe it is y B, &c. by taking the Fluents * Ex, ccc. whence the fecond Term of the Root it will be y

will be

known.

Term of y ; this is the conftant to be derived from the fecond Fluxional Equation, either given or And then, becaufe it is y to be found. zC, &c. by taking the
firft

Then becaufe it is_y= zC quantity zC will reprefent the

-f-

6D.v,

&c. or becaufe

Fluents

it

will be

zCx, &c. and again y

* *

which the
it

third

Term

of the Root will be known.

conftant quantity
;

Cx 1 Then

cc.

by

becaufe

is_y=6D, &c. or becaufe the fent the firft Term of the Series y

6D

will repre-

this

is

to be derived

from the

third

Fluxional Equation. And then, becaufe it is y 6D, &c. the it will be Fluents v * 6Dx, &c. y * * 3D*'-, by taking See. and _)'==.* * * D* 3 &c. by which the fourth Term of the Root will be known. And fo for all the fubfequent Terms. And hence it will not be difficult to obferve the compofition of the Co-

= =

efficients in

moft

cafes,

tion, in fuch Series as If you ihould defire

cal

and thereby difcover the Law of Continuaare notable and of general ufe.
to

know how

Equations are derived

from the

the Center A, with Radius a t let the Quadrantal Arch BC be Draw the Tangent BK, and defcribed, and draw the Radius AC. of the Circumthrough any point c ference D, draw the Secant ADK,

AB

the foregoing Trigonometrion Circle, it may be fhewn thus

:

meeting the Tangent

in

K.

At any

other point d of the Circumference, but as near to as may be, draw the Secant A.tte, meeting BKin/ ; on

Center A, with Radius

the

AK,

defcribe
in
/,

Arch

K/,

meeting

Then

fuppofing
:

the point

d con-

tinually to approach towards D, till it finally c<- .ncides with it, theTri-

lineum K//6 will continually approach to a right-lined Triangle, and to funilitude w/ith the Triangle ABK So that when Dd is a
:

Moment

320
Moment
x

The Method of
of the Circumference,
it

FLUXIONS,
will be K-! Da
&.1

Make AB
;

a,

the

BD=y
+
x*y

and inflead of the

proportional Fluxions x and J y, and

a*x

From

to

= AB
a,

= BK = Moments Kk =
Tangent
x,
it

^4 x L)J

=
~

AB

and the Arch

fubftitute
-

and Dd,

the

will be

"

+ *a*
,

or a 2J v

o.

and de

let

fall

the Perpendiculars

DE
F

and

Dg-,

which Dg meets

Make
Dd,
be
-

Then the ultimate form de, parallel to DE, in g. of the Trilineum Ddg will be that of a right-lined Triangle fimilar to DAE. Whence "Dd : dg :: v/

AD
x
:

=
a

AD
:

AE

BD=_>', and
\/ a
1

DE=x;
1

=
:

/iJJ$

and
a*

for

the
x,
1

D&q. Moments
it
,

dg,
:

fubftitute their proportional

:

Fluxions
x
1

y and
a
3-

and
x
is

will

: 1-

x^y*

a'-x

=
to

AT*.

Or^

::

or a^y 1
x,

o.

Hence the Fluxion of an Arch, whofe

exprefs'd

right

Sine

being

by
is

f^_^

and likewife the Fluxion of an Arch, whofe

right Sine

y, being exprefs'd
i

by
"x

i?_
,

,.

if thefe

Arches are to
x

each other as

m, their Fluxions will be

v

in the
x
: :

fame proportion,
:

and

vice versa.

Therefore

Ja

*/

;,

or
'tis

da
.

x
l

= -T37i
==
'

or putting

#=

i,

a*y

We

thefe,

might which

o ; the fame Equation as before refolved. derive other Fluxional Equations, of a like nature with would be accommodated to Trigonometrical ufes. As

if/ were the Circular Arch, and x its verfed Sine, we mould have a^x* o. Or if y were the Arch, the Equation zaxy* x'-y'l it would be # 4 x* and x the correfponding Secant, x^y* a*-x*y o. Or inftead of the natural, we might derive Equations for

=
the

But I fhall leave thefe Tangents, Secants, &c. that others fuch and might be propofed, to exmany Difquifitions, of the Learner. ercile the Induftry and Sagacity
artificial Sines,

SECT,

and INFINITE SERIES.

'SECT. VI.

321

An

Analytical Appendix

',

explaining fome

Terms and

Expreffions in the foregoing work.

mention has been frequently made of given Equations, I mall take ocad libitum, and the like BEcaufe calion from hence, by way of Appendix, to attempt fome kind of explanation of this Mathematical Language, or of the Terms giver/, and required Quantities or Equations, which may afligjfd, affiimed, fome to things that may otherwife feem obfcure, and give light may remove fome doubts and fcruples, which are apt to arife in
and others aframed
;

Now the origin of fuch kind of ExpreiTions feems to be this. The whole affair of purfuing probability or of Mathematical Inquiries, refolving Problems, is fuppofed (tho' be tranfacled between two Perfons, or Parties, the Protacitely) to the Refolver of the Problem, or (if you pleafe) between the and pofer Hence this, and fuch like Mafter (or Inftruclor) and his Scholar.
the
in

Mind of a

Learner.

all

Phrafes, datam reffam, vel datum angtthim, in iniperata rations JeAs Examples inftrudl better than Precepts, or perhaps when care. both are join'd together they inftrucl beft, the Mafter is fuppos'd to

propofe a Queftion or Problem to his Scholar, and to chufe fuch Terms and Conditions as he thinks fit ; and the Scholar is obliged
to

Problem with thofe limitations and reftriclions, with Indeed it is required thofe Terms and Conditions, and no other. on the part of the Mafter, that the Conditions he propofes may be
folve the

confident with one another ; for if they involve any inconfiftency or contradiction, the Problem will be unfair, or will become abNow furd and impomble, as the Solution will afterwards difcover.
thefe Conditions, thefe Points, Lines, Angles, Numbers, Equations, Gfr. that at firft enter the ftate of the Queftion, or are fuppofed to

be chofen or given by the Mafter, are the data of the Problem, and the Anfwers he expects to receive are the qii(?/ita. As it may fometimes the data may be more than are neceffary for determining that happen, the^Qiu ft'.on and lo perhaps may interfere with one another, and the Problem (as now propofed) may become impolTible fo they may be fewer than are neceffary, and the Problem thence will be indetermin'd, and may require other Conditions to be given, in order to a compleat De,

termination, or perfectly to fulfil the quafita. In this cafe the Scholar is to fupply what is wanting, and at his difcretioa miy a(Jit me fuch and fo

many otherTerms and Conditions, Equations and Limitations, as he finds

will

322

7&? Method of

FLUXIONS,

For it is convenient the Problem fhouM the moft general manner. as as be propofed may be, the better to fix the Imaginaparticular tion ; and .yet the Solution mould be made as general as poffible, that it may be the more inftrucHve, and extend to all cafes of a
like nature.

will be neceffary to his purpofe, and will befl conduce to the fimthe eafieft, and neateft Solution that may be had, and pleft, yet in

Indeed the word datum

thing different that is call'd a

is

often ufed in

a fenfe

which

is

fome-

from a quantity, which is known or neceffarily infer'd given before This is the Notion of Euclid'?, fenfe the in explained. data, and other Analytical Argumentations of that kind. Again, that is often call'd a given quantity, which always remains conftant and invariable, while other quantities or circumftances vary ; becaufe fuch as thefe only can be the given quantities in, a Problem, when taken in the foregoing fenfe. To make all this the more fenfible and intelligible, I /hall have,
till it is

but which ultimately centers in it. As datum, when one quantity is not immediately given, but however is neceffirily infer'd from another,, which other perhaps is neceffarily infer'd from a third, and fo on in a continued Series,

from

this,

recourfe to a few pradlical inftances, by way of Dialogue, (which, was the old didadlic method,) between Mafter and Scholar; and this only in the common Algebra or Analyticks, in which I fhall borrow Examples from our Author's admirable Treatife of The chief artifice of this manner of SoluUniverfal Arithmetick.

my

tion will confift in this, that as faft as the Mafter propofes the Conditions of his Queftion, the Scholar applies thole Conditions to
ufe,

them Analytically, makes all the aeceffary deducfuch confequences from them, in the fame order derives and tions, they are propofed, as he apprehends will be mcft fubfervient to the And he that can do this, in all cafes, after the fureft, fimSolution. readieft manner, will be the beft and ex-tempore Mathematipleft, But this method will be beft explain'd from the cian.
argues from

following
S.

Examples.
I.

M.

the

Sum

Gentleman being 'willing to diftribiite Abns he intended to diftribute be reprefented by x.

Let

M. Among

S. Let the number of poor be then - would fbme poor people. _}>, M. He wanted 3 fiillings have been the fhare of each. S. Make for lake of the and let the rf, univerfality, 3 pecuniary Unit be then the be to Sum distributed one Shilling ; would have been x-{-a,

and"

and INFINITE SERIES.

and the fhnre of each would have been
might receive $ fallings.

32"
M.
So that each
b,

^^y

S.

Make 5=^,

then

^=

whence

by

4=f,
fallings

M. "Therefore he gave every ot.e 4 fallings. S. Make Money diftributed will be cy. M. And he has 10 S. Make io d, then cy -f- d was the Money remaining.
a.

then the
at

he intended

firft

to diftribute; or cy -+the
"*"'

(x

=) byS.

a,

or

=5

^jt-f

M.

J^rf* w<2J
7
''

number was y

c=
the

had at firft x a by 62 M. How do Solution? 3 fhillings. you prove your S. His Money was at firft 62 fhillings, and the number of poor But if his Money had been 62-4-3 === ^5 r people was 1 3. 3 x 5 each poor perfon might have received 5 millings. But fhillings, then as he gives to each 4 fhillings, that will be 13x4=52 fhillings diftributed in all, which will leave him a Remainder of 62 52

= 5x13
tf/tf

Of

tff

^ry? intend

= =

number of poor
1-2.

people ?

The

M.

^W /60w much Alms

to

diftribute ?

S.

He

= ^

10

fhillings.

II.

M.

A young Merchant,
certain

World with a

Sum

at his firjl entrance npon bufmefs, began S. Let that Sum be x, the of Money.

one Pound. M. Out of which, to maintain pecuniary Unit being S. Make the the Jirjl year, he expended 100 pounds. given himfclf he had to trade with then x ioo a. M. He number tf; traded with the reft, and at the end of the year had improved it by a .S. For univerfality-fake I will aflume the general numthird part. n then the Improveber n, and will make ^ i, (or n ;)

a nx na x -f- a, and the Tradingi xx ment was n fiock and Improvement together, at the end of the firft year, was M. He did the fame thing the fecond year. S. That is, na. MX
his
this year,

= =

whole Stock being now nx na, deducting a, his Expences for na a for a Trading-ftock, and he would have nx na ix nx n*a nx -f- a for this year's Imn a, or n'-x which make n'-x n*a na for his Eftate at together provement, M. As aljo the third year. S. His die end of the fecond year. nx a whole Stock being now ;< a x na, taking out his Expences
for the third year,
his

^~

n'-a na a, Trading-ftock will be n*x i X*Abe n n'-a na a, Improvement n=a n'-x -f- a, and the Stock and or J x Improvement together, n*a or his whole Eftate at the end of the third year will be n*x

and the

this year will

n1 a

na, or in a better

form

n"'x

-+

"-^na.

In like manner
if

324
if
i

Th* Method of

FLUXIONS,

he proceeded thus the fourth year, his Eftate being now n*x rf a na, taking out this year's Expence, his Trading-flock n a na n>a if a a, and this year's Improvement is will be n>x if a na or n*x is a n^a n*x -f- a, Fx n=x a, n his will be n*x n*a tfa 72-^2 which added to Trading-ftock

na, or
year.
at the

11*

-f-

na, for his Eftate at the end

his Eftate will be

of the fourth
-4-

And

fo,

by Induction,
fifth year.

found n s x
if I

na

end of the

And

univerfally,

m
i

neral

Number m.

his Eftate will be

nx -f-

_ ~

aflume the ge-

-na at the end of

any number of years denoted by m. M. But he made his Eftate double to -what it was at firft. then nmx -tS. Make 2 m m ==-#. M. At the end of 3 years. bx, or x l _^na
S.

= Then #2=3, a-=. =

n"

100, b

2,

%,

and therefore x=s..

64

400

1480.

M.

j%!2<z/ <was his

Eftate atjirji?

S. It

was 1480

pounds.
III.

M. Two
S.

Bvdies

and
is

are at a given diftance

from each

be given, though it is not fo. other. Let the initial diftance of the actually, I may therefore aflume it. M. And e y and let the Linear Unit be one Mile. Bodies be 59 move equably towards one another. S. Let x reprefent the whole x be the before they meet ; then will e fpace defcribed by whole fpace defcribed by B. M. With given Velocities. S. I will to be fuch, that it will move 7 c Miles aflume the Velocity of of one in 2 Unit Time Hour. Then the beHours, being
their diftance
faid to

As

=f
it is

A
-

caufe

: :

A will move

his

whole fpace x

in the

time
will

Y
move
e

Alfo
8

=
:

aflume the Velocity of B to be fuch, that it d Miles in 3 ==:g Hours. Then becaufe it is d :
I will

::

j-g>

will

move

his

whole fpace
-

in the time

'-7%.
i

M. But A moves a given time - Hour. M. Before B begins to move.

to

S.
S.

Let that time be

equal

U's

time added

to

the

time hy

or

^ = '^g

Then A"s time

is

-f- h.

M,'

and INFINITE SERIES,

M. Where
will they meet., or
S.

325
have x

what

will be the fpace that each

fhall

have defcribed ? * s*i

From

this

Equation we

1^ X7== J r x X7== 7 35 Miles, which will ' ' / ' x 3' x2 37 oxz-r7 35 be the whole fpace defcribed by A. Then e 59 be the whole fpace defcribed by B. will Miles 24 IV. M. Jf 12 Oxen can be maintained by the Pafture 0/37 Acres S. Make 12 ^, 4=cj #, 3! of Meadow-groundfor 4 weeks,

x=

then aiTuming the general

Numbers

e,

f, h, to be determin'd after-

wards

as occafion Ihall require,

we

mall have by analogy

Oxen
If

26 Time
,,

7%e Method
Oxen
df r *

^FLUXIONS,
-

~*

Time
*'

ace

Ti bh

"

7 f

-m
c
.

Oxen
tO
df h
ace
'

TZ bh

'

that may be maintain'd by the of But it the e, only growth pafture during the whole time h. was found before, that without this growth of the Grafs, the Oxen

which

will be the

number of Oxen

might be maintain'd by the pafture

for the

time

h.

There-

fore thefe

two

together, or

_f_ -^-^

x -

~ ""
,

will be the

ber of Oxen that

be maintain'd by the pafture e, and its growth the time b. M. How many Oxen may be maintogether, during S. Suppofe x to tain d by 24 Acres offitch pafture for 1 8 week s ?

may

be that number of Oxen, and

make

24=^,

and

h=
b.

18.

Then

by analogy

Oxen
If

Pafture

Then

ex

requ ij. e

J <g

during the time

r And conlequently T J
.
,
i

ex

f ~ jf = T +
dft
a^j

=
/>

ace
j-r bh
r

ac

21*9
I

x 4

14

fi

J-j

S. Let x be the prefent value have an Annuity of i pound to be received i year hence, then (by analogy) x* will be the prefent value of I pound to be received 2 years hence, &c. and in general, x" will be the prefent value of i pound to be received m years hence. Therefore, in the cafe of an Annuity, the Series x -f x* -+- x"' ~+- x*, &c. to be continued to fo many Terms as there are Units in m, will be the prefent value of the whole Annuity of i pound, to be continued for m years. But becaufe

V.

M. If I

-I

=x-{- x
will

-f- x''

H-A' 4
(as

&c. continued to

fo

many Terms

as there are Units

in in,

*~ y

reprefent
;;/

the

to be continued for

years.

may appear by Divifion 3) therefore Amount of an Annuity of i pound, S. Make M. Of Pounds.

a*

and INFINITE SERIES.

= m=
^

327

a,

then
a.
5.

the

Amount

of

this

Annuity

for

years

will
S.
S.

be

M.

To be continued for 5 years

fuccejji'vely.

Then

M. Which IJell for

pounds in ready Money.

Make

=
tion of
is

c,

then

-a

c,

or

x""

--

In any particular cafe the value of x

this affected

Equation.

may be found by the RefoluM. What Interefl am I alfav'd per

centum per annum? S. Make 100 ^; then becaufe x is the value of i to be i received prefent pound year hence, or (which
the fame thing) becaufe the prefent Money x, if put out to ufe, i will year produce i pound; the Intereft alone of i pound for i year will be i x, and therefore the Intereft of 100 (or K) for i will be b bx y which will be known when x pounds year
in
is

known.

thod

might be fufficknt to (hew the conveniency of this Mebut I mall farther illuftrate it by one Geometrical Problem, which mall be our Author's LVII. VI. M. In the right Line AB I give you the ftuo points and B.
this
;

And

S.

Then

their diftance

AB

two points
figure

and

=m

is

given

alfo.

ACBD is

out of the

Line AB,

S.

M. As likenaife Then conlequently

the the

given in magnitude and fpecie

and producing CA and CB towards d and <T, I can

;

takeA</=AD,
and

Bf=KD.
Aljb
the

M.
you

I give
indefi-

nite right Line in po/iticn,

EF

pajjing

thro' the

S. Then the Angles and BDF are given, to which green point D. (producing AB both ways, if need be, to e and y ) I can make the Angles h2e and B<f/~ equal refpedlively, and that will determine the and f, or the Lines Ae And becaufe a, and Ef=c. points e de and <T/"are thereby known, I can continue de to G, fo that^/G.

ADE

=
eG

Sj\

and make the given

line

c=

b.

Likewife

can draw

CH

and

228
and

The Method of FLUXIONS,

K
let

CK parallel to ed and f$ and becaufe the Triangle

I

fpecie,

will

make

CK

the given

green points
will

Angles CAD and C BD be conceived to revolve or Poles A .and B. S. Then the Lines AD

CHK will be given in magnitude snd M. Now d, CH=e, and HK=/

about the

refpeftively, .meeting

AB

in

and

and

CA^

move
</A/,

into another fituation

AL

and cAt,

fo as that the

Angles

DAL,

and

CAc will be equal.

obtain a

new

fituation

BL

and

CBc will be equal. M. And let D, the Interfeflion of the Lines AD and BD, always move in the right Line EF. S. Then the new point of Interfedtion L is in EF; then the Triangles DAL and </A/, as alfo DBL
andJ'BA, are equal and iimilar
;

CB^ will cBA, fo as that the Angles DBL, <fBAand

Alfo the Lines

BD

and

then^//=

DL=

cTA,

and therefore

will be the nature of the Curve defer ibed by the G/==/A. S. From the new point of Interfection c other point of InterfeSt ion C ? and to AB, I will draw the Lines ch and ck, parallel to refpec-

M. What

CH

CK

tively.

Then

will the Triangle chk be given in fpecie,

though not

Alfo the Triangle in magnitude, for it will be Iimilar to ^CHK. to the And indefinite Line Bck will be fimilar mayBtf. be aflumed for an Abfcifs, and ck y may be the correfponding Then becaufe it is Bk (x) ck (y ) Ordinate to the Curve Cc.

Bk=x
:

::

Bf(c) :/A

= =
;

G/.
.

Subtraft

this

from

Ge-=&, and

there

will remain

le=.b
it

Then
(d)
:

becaufe of the fimilar Triangles chk

(e)
:
:

and

CHK,
(/O
:

will be

CK
ck
(

CH
hk

ck (y)

ch=

'j

And
.

CK
Bk

HK

(/)

::

y]

=
it is

hk
(a)
:

=m
c

-\

Therefore A/J

= AB
:

X
-v
)
.

..

But

A/6

(m
x

'f )

cb

2)

::

le

(b

Therefore

dc

ae

bft. xv

demy

bdx*

+ bdmx =

fxb

J
o.

= ^,

or

In which

becaufe the indeterminate quantities x and y arife only Equation, to two Dimenfions, it mews that the Curve defcribed by the point

Conic Section. M. Ton have therefore folved the Problem in general, but you fionld now apply your Solution to the feveral fpecies of Conic Sections in parthe following manner S. That may eafily be done in ticular.
is

l 'f

ctl

__ 2p

come fcf

zpcxj>

h en the foregoing Equation will bebdx'- 4- bdmx o, and by exdemy

an(j
t

trading

and INFINITE SERIES.

trading
the
ft

329
-.x
.

Square
I
1

- root

it

will
.

be

y
XT

=
jj

-f.
.
.

-f,
.

!Z

I'P

+ - x x* +
Term
;

*"1

-..

''d

_ XA + __.
"

</*;*

Now

here
-4its

it

is

plain,
o, or

that if the
r

=
is,

~ x X L were j 4is,

abfent, or if
--

that
,

if

the quantity

(changing

fign) fhould

be equal to

^
?

then the Curve would be a Parabola.

prefent,

But

if

the

fame
that
is

Term were
if
-f-

and equal to fome affirmative quantity, (which will

lefs

- be
or if

affirmative,
it

always
-.

be

when

affirmative,

be negative and

than

>}

the Curve

will be

an Hyperbola. Laftly, if the fame Term were prefent and is negative, (which can only be when negative, and greater than
the Curve will be an Ellipfls or a Circle.

y>
I

mould make an apology

from the Method of Fluxions,

to his entertainment at leaft,
fully convinced
reft
in,

the Reader, for this Digreffion did not hope it might contribute if not to his improvement. And I am
to
if I

whoever fhall go through the of our Author's curious Problems, in the fame manner, (where-

by experience,

that

according to his ufual brevity, he has left many things to be or fuch other Queflions fupply'd by the fagacity of his Reader,) whether and Mathematical Diiquifitions, Arithmetical, Algebraical, Geometrical, &c. as may eafily be collected from Books treating
fhall do this after the fay, whoever foregoing a very agreeable as well as profitable exercife : As being the proper means to acquire a habit of Investigation, or of arguing furely, methodically, and Analytically, even in other Sciences as well as fuch as are purely Mathematical ; which is the

on

theie Subjects ; manner, will find

it

great

end to be aim'd

at

by thefe

Studies.

SECT,

330

7%e Method of

FLUXIONS,

SECT. VII. The Conclufion

lation or

containing a Jhort recapitu-

review of the whole.

which may properly enough

E
be
Series
;

are

now

arrived at a period,

conclujion of tie Method of Fluxions ami Infinite for the defign of this Method is to teach the nature of Series
call'd the

in general, and of Fluxions and Fluents, what they are, are derived, and what Operations they may which ;

how

they

defign As to the applica(I think) may now be faid to be accompliili'd. tion of this Method, and the ufes of thefe Operations, which is all that now remains, we mall find them infilled on at large by the Author in the curious Geometrical Problems that follow. For the

undergo

whole that can be done,

either

by

Series or

by Fluxions, may

eafily

be reduced to the Refolution of Equations, either Algebraical or Fluxional, as it has been already deliver'd, and will be farther apI have continued my Annotations ply'd and purfued in the fequel. in a like manner upon that of the Work, and intended to have part added them here ; but finding the matter to grow fo faft under my hands, and feeing how impoffible it was to do it juftice within
fuch narrow limits, and alfo perceiving this
to a

competent fize; Reader unfinifh'd as it

I refolved
is,

to

lay

it

work was already grown before the Mathematical

opportunity,

Therefore all of review of what has been hitherto deliver'd, and to give a fummary account of it, in order to acquit myfelf of a Promiie I made
in the Preface. thor's

referving the completion of it to a future if I mall find my prefent attempts to prove acceptable. that remains to be done here is this, to make a kind

And having there done this already, as to the Auof the work, I (hall now only make a fhort recapitulapart tion of what is contain'd in my own Comment upon it. And firft in my Annotations upon what I call the Introduction, or the Refolution of Equations by infinite Series, I have amply purfued a ufeful hint given us by the Author, that Arithmetick and Algebra are but one and the fame Science, and bear a ftridl analogy
to each other, both in their Notation and Operations ; the firft computing after a definite and particular manner, the latter after a general and indefinite manner So that both together compofe but
:

one uniform Science of Computation. For as in common Arithmetick we reckon by the Root Ten, and the feveral Powers of that

Root

fo in Algebra,

or Analyticks,

when

the

Terms

are orderly
dilpos'd

and INFINITE SERIES.

difpos'd
as
is

331

prefcribed,

Powers, or

we may

take any general

we reckon by any Number

other Root and its for the Root of our

Arithmetical Scale, by which to exprefs and compute any Numbers And as in common Arithmetick we approximate continually required. to the truth, by admitting Decimal Parts /;; infnititm, or by the ufe of Decimal Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal

our Author's improved Algebra, or in the Method of infinite converging Series, we may continually apNumber or Quantity required, by an orderly fucproximate to the cefiion of Fractions, which are compofed of the reciprocal Powers
;

Powers of the Root Ten

fo in

Operations in common Arithmetick, having a due regard to Analogy, will generally afford us proper patterns and fpecimens, for performing the like Operations in this Univerfal Arithmetick.

of any Root

in general.

And

the

known

proceed to make fome Inquiries formation of infinite Series in general, and particularly into their two principal circumftances of Convergency and Divergency; wherein I attempt to (hew, that in all fuch Series, whether converging or diverging, there is always a Supplement, which if not exprefs'd is however to be underftood which Supplement, when it can be aicertained and admitted, will render the Series finite, perfect, and

Hence

into the nature

and

accurate.

diverging Series this Supplement muft indifpenand fablv be admitted exhibited, or otherwise the Conclufion will be But in converging Series this Supplement imperfect and erroneous.

That

in

be neglected, becaufe it continually diminifhes with the Terms the of Series, and finally becomes lefs than any affignable quantity. And hence arifes the benefit and conveniency of infinite converging

may

Scries

entangled

that whereas that Supplement is commonly fo implicated and with the Terms of the Series, as often to be impoiliblc to

be extricated and exhibited ; in converging Series it may fafely be neglected, and yet we mall continually approximate to the quantity reAnd of this I produce a variety of Inftances, in numerical quired, and other Series. I then go on to mew the Operations, by which infinite Scries are either produced, or which, when produced, they may occasionally As firft when fimple fpccious Equations, or purs Powers, undergo. are to be refolved into fuch Series, whether by Divifion, or by Extraction of Roots ; where I take notice of the ufe of the afore-mention'd Supplement,

by which

Scries

may

be render'd

finite,

that

is,

may be compared with other quantities, which are confider'd as I then deduce feveral ufeful Theorems, or other Artifices, given.

Una

for

332
for the

tte Method of

FLUXION s,

more expeditious Multiplication, Divifion, Involution, and infinite Series, by which they may be eafily and reain all cafes. Then I fhew the ufe of thefe in dily managed pure or from whence I take occasion to introExtractions; Equations, duce a new praxis of Refolution, which I believe will be found to be very eafy, natural, and general, and which is afterwards apEvolution of
ply'd to

of Equations. Then I go on with our Author to the Exegefis numerofa, or to the Solution of affefted Equations in Numbers ; where we mall find his Method to be the fame that has been publifh'd more than once in other of his pieces, to be very {hort, neat, and elegant, and was a great Improvement at the time of its firft publication. This Method is here farther explain'd, and upon the fame Principles a general Theorem is form'd, and diftributed into feveral fubordinate Cafes, by which the Root of any Numerical Equation, whether pure or affected, may be computed with great exactnefs and facility. From Numeral we pafs on to the Refolution of Literal or Specious affected Equations by infinite Series ; in which the firfl and chief difficulty to be overcome, confifts in determining the forms of the feveral Series that will arife, and in finding their initial ApproximaThefe circumftances will depend upon fuch Powers of the tions. Relate and Correlate Quantities, with their Coefficients, as may happen to be found promifcuoufly in the given Equation. Therefore in latum, the Terms of this Equation are to be difpofed in longum of the Indices thofe lenft to a or at combined Powers, according
all

fpecies

&

Arithmetical Progreffion in p/ano, as is there explain'd ; or according to our Author's ingenious Artifice of the Parallelogram and Ruler, the reafon and foundation of which are here fully laid open. This will determine all the cafes of exterior Terms, together with the Progreffions of the Indices ; and therefore all the -forms of the feveral Series that may be derived for the Root, as alfo their initial
Coefficients,

then farther profecute the Refolution of Specious Equations, by diverfe Methods of Analyfis or we give a great variety of ProcefTes, by which the Series for the Roots are eafily produced to any number of Terms required. Thefe ProcefTes are generally very lim-,

We

Terms, or Approximations.

ple,

and depend chiefly upon the Theorems before deliver'd, for And finding the Terms of any Power or Root of an infinite Series. is illustrated a and 'd whole of Inthe by exemplify great variety ftances, which are chiefly thofe of our Author.

The

and INFINITE SERIES.

The Method of infinite Series being we make a Tranfition to the Method of
ture

333
dilcufs'd,

thus

fufficiently

Fluxions, wherein the na-

and foundation of that Method

is

explain'd at large.

And fome

general Observations are made, chiefly from the Science of Rational Mechanicks, by which the whole Method is divided and diftinguiih'd into its two grand Branches or Problems, which are the Diredt and Inverfe Methods of Fluxions. And fome preparatory Notations are deliver'd

and explain'd, which equally concern both

thefe

Me-

thods.

then proceed with my Annotations upon the Author's firft Problem, or the Relation of the flowing Quantities being given, to determine the Relation of their Fluxions. I treat here concerning Fluxions of the firft order, and the method of deducing their EquaI tions in all cafes. explain our Author's way of taking the Fluxions of any given Equation, which is much more general and fcientifick than that which is ufually follow'd, and extends to all the varieties
I

of Solutions.

This

is

alfo apply'd

to
it

Equations involving feveral

likewife

flowing Quantities, by cafes, in which either

tities

which means
compound,

comprehends thofe

irrational,

or mechanical

Quan-

be included. But the Demonftration of Fluxions, and of the Method of taking them, is the chief thing to be confider'd here; which I have endeavour'd to make as clear, explicite, and fa-

may

tisfactory as I

was

able,

that have been raifed againft to the judgment of others.

I

and to remove the difficulties and objections it But with what fuccefs I muft leave
:

then treat concerning Fluxions of fuperior orders, and give the For deriving their Equations, with its Demonftration. tho' our Author, in this Treatife, does not expreffly mention thefe orders of Fluxions, yet he has fometimes recourfe to them, tho' taI have here ("hewn, that they are a necelTary citely and indirectly. and that refult from the nature and notion of nrft Fluxions not abfolutely all thefe feveral orders differ from each other, and effentially, but only relatively and by way of companion.

Method of

And
and

this
I

prove

as

well

actually

exhibit

from Geometry as from Anaiyticks ; and make fenfible thefe feveral orders ot

Fluxions.

But more efpecially in what I call the Geometrical and Mechanical Elements of Fluxions, I lay open a general Method, by the help of Curve-lines and their Tangents, to reprefent and exhibit Fluxions and Fluents in all cafes, with all their concomitant Symptoms and
AffecYions,

334

3e

Method of FLUXIONS,

Aiic&ions, after a plain and familiar manner, and that even to ocular view and infpedlion. And thus I make them the Objects of Senfe, which not only their exiitence is proved beyond all poflible con-

by

tradiftion,

but alfo the

verified,

Method of
and

deriving

them

is

at the

fame time

fully evinced,

illuftrated.

follow my Annotations upon our Author's fecond Problem, or the Relation of the Fluxions being given, to determine the Relation of the flowing Quantities or Fluents ; which is the fame thing And firft I explain (what outas the Inverfe Method of Fluxions. Author calls) a particular Solution of this Problem, becaufe it cannot be generally apply 'd, but takes place only in fuch Fluxional Equations as have been, or at leaft

Then

from fome

might have been, previoufly derived or Fluential Equations. Whereas the Algebraical that and whofe Fluents or Roots Fluxional Equations ufually occur, are required, are commonly fuch as, by reafon of Terms either refinite

dundant or deficient, cannot be refolved by this particular Solution ; but muft be refer'd to the following general Solution, which is here
distributed into thefe three Cafes of Equations.

The firft Cafe of Equations is, when the Ratio of the Fluxions of the Relate and Correlate Quantities, (which Terms are here exbe exprefs'd by the Terms of the Correlate plain'd,) can Quantity in which Cafe the Root will be obtain'd by an eafy alone proIn finite Terms, when it may be done, or at leaft by an cefs And here a ufeful Rule is explain'd, by which infinite Series. infinite an Expreffion may be always avoided in the Conclufion, which otherwife would often occur, and render the Solution inexpli;
:

cable.

fecond Cafe of Equations comprehends fuch Fluxional Equations, wherein the Powers of the Relate and Correlate Quantities, with their Fluxions, are any how involved. Tho' this Cale is much more operofe than the former, yet it is folved by a variety of eafy

The

and fimple Analyfts, (more fimple and expeditious, I think, than thofe of our Author,) and is illuftrated by a numerous collection of Examples. The third and laft Cafe of Fluxional Equations is, when there are more than two Fluents and their Fluxions involved j which Cafe, without much trouble, is reduced to the two former. But here are alfo explain'd fome other matters, farther to illuftrate this Dodlrinej as the Author's Demonftration of the Inverfe Method of Fluxions, the Rationale of the Tranfmutation of the Origin of Fluents to other
i

places

and INFINITE SERIES.

places
at

335

pleafure,

the

way of

finding the contemporaneous Increa very convenient

ments of Fluents, and fuch

like.

Then to conclude the Method of Fluxions, is propofed and explain'd, for general Method
kinds of Equations,
or

and
all

the Refolution of

Algebraical This Method indeed is not conto fuperior orders of Fluxions. Author's tain'd in our prelent Work, but is contrived in purfuance of a notable hint he gives us, in another part of his Writings.

Fluxional,

by having recourfe

And

this

Method

is

exemplify 'd by feveral curious and ufeful Pro-

blems.
Laftly, by way of Supplement or Appendix, fome Terms in the Mathematical Language arc farther explain'd, which frequently occur in the foregoing work, and which it is very neceflary to apprehend rightly. And a fort of Analytical Praxis is adjoin'd to this in which is Explanation, to make it the more plain and intelligible ; exhibited a more direct and methodical way of refolving fuch Algebraical or Geometrical Problems as are ufually propofed ; or an attempt is made, to teach us to argue more cloiely, dhtinctly, and Analytically. this
is And chiefly the fubftance of my Comment upon this part of our Author's work, in which my conduct has always been, to endeavour to digeft and explain every thing in the moft direct and natural order, and to derive it from the moft immediate and genuine I have always put myfelf in the place of a Learner, and Principles. have endeavour'd to make fuch Explanations, or to form this into fuch an Inftitution of Fluxions and infinite Series, as I imagined would have been ufeful and acceptable to myfelf, at the time when I fidl Matters of a trite and eafy nature enter'd upon thefe Speculations. But in things of more animadverfion over with a have I flight pafs'd or greater difficulty, I have always thought myfelf obliged novelty, to be more copious and explicite ; and am conlcious to myfelf, that
:

Wherever have every where proceeded cumjincero ammo docendi. have fallen fhort of this defign, it fliould not be imputed to any want of care or good intentions, but rather to the want of fkill, or I (hall be to the abftrufe nature of the lubject. glad to fee my deand (hall be abler fects hands, by always willing and thankI

fupply'd

ful

to be better

instructed.

may furnifli perhaps will give the greateft difficulty, be the Explanations mod matter of objection, as I apprehend, will before given, of Moments, -vanifiing quantities, infinitely little quantitles,

What

and

236
fjfies,

The Method of
and the
like,

FLUXIONS,

and

elfe where, for

I fhall

therefore

tions, in

hopes farther to clear up this matter. And this feems to be the more necefTary, becaufe many difficulties have been already ftarted about the abftracl nature of theie quantities, and by what name they ought to be call'd. It has even been pretended, that they

which our Author makes ufe of in this Treatife, deducing and demonftrating hisMethod of Fluxions. here add a word or two to my foregoing Explana-

are utterly impoffible, inconceiveable, and unintelligible, and it may therefore be thought to follow, that the Conclu lions derived by their means muft be precarious at leaft, if not erroneous and impoflible. to remove this difficulty it mould be obferved, that the only

Now

letter

by our Author to denote thefe quantities, is the But this o, by itfelf, or affected by fome Coefficient. a and finite ordinary quantity, which Symbol o at firft reprefents mu ft be understood to diminim continually, and as it were by local Motion ; till after fome certain time it is quite exhaufted, and termiThis is furely a very intelligible Notion. nates in mere nothing. But to go on. In its approach towards nothing, and juft before it becomes abfolute nothing, or is quite exhaufted, it muft neceflarily of all proportions. For it cannot pafs through vanifhing quantities to at once an affignable quantity that were ; nothing pafs from being to proceed per fa/turn, and not continually, which is contrary to the While it is an affignable quantity, tho' ever fo little, Suppofition. exact truth, in geometrical rigor, but only an Apthe not is it yet and to be accurately true, it muft be lefs than it ; proximation to

Symbol made

ufe of

either

any

a vanifhing is, it muft be the Conception of a Moment, or Therefore vanishing quantity. muft be admitted as a rational Notion. quantity, But it has been pretended, that the Mind cannot conceive quanbe fo far diminifh'd, and fuch quantities as thefe are repretity to Now I cannot perceive, even if this impoflifented as impoffible. that the Argumentation would be at all affected bility were granted, would be the lefs certain. The imby it, or that the Concluiions of Conception may arife from the narrownefs and imperpoffibility fection of our Faculties, and not from any inconfiftency in the naSo that we need not be very folicitious about ture of the thing. the pofitive nature of thefe quantities, which are fo volatile, fubas to efcape our Imagination ; nor need we be tile, and fugitive, in much pain, by what name they are to be call'd j but we may confine ourfelves wholly to the ufe of them, and to difcover their

that affignable quantity whatfoever,

properties,

and INFINITE SERIES.

337

They are not introduced for their own fakes, but only properties. as fo many intermediate fteps, to bring us to the knowledge of other are real, intelligible, and required to be known. quantities, which It is fufficient that we arrive at them by a regular progrefs of diminution, and by a juft and neceflary way of reafoning and that they are afterwards duly eliminated, and leave us intelligible and For this will always be the confequence, indubitable Conclusions. when we argue let the media of ratiocination be what they will, And ftriet Rules of Art. it is a to the very common according
;

thing in Geometry, to make impoffib'e and nbfurd Suppofitions, which is the fame thing as to introduce iinpoffible quantities, and

by

their

means

to difcover truth.
this,

We

have an inftance fimilar to

in

another fpecies of Quanas

tities,

which, though

as

inconceiveable and

impofTible as thefe

can be, yet when they arife in Computations, they do not affect the Conclufion with their impoffibility, except when they ought fo to do; but when they are duly eliminated, by juft Methods of Reduction, the Conclufion always remains found and good. Thefe.
Quantities are thofe Quadratick Surds, which are diftinguifh'd by the name of impoffible and imaginary Quantities ; fuch as ^/ i,

^/a,
number

v/
is

3,

v/
;

to be found,

negative quantity

&c. For they import, that a quantity or which multiply'd by itfelf mall produce a which is manifeftly impoffible. And yet thefe
4,

have all varieties of proportion to one another, as thofe quantities aforegoing are proportional to the poffible and intelligible numbers 8cc. respectively -,. and when I, ^/2, v/3, 2, they arife in Compuare eliminated and excluded, they always leave tations, and regularly a juft and good Conclufion.
lax" Thus, for Example, if we had the Cubick Equation x~> from whence we to were extract the Root x; 42 =o, -J-4IX we to mould have this fiird ExRule, by proceeding according the x for Root, 4 -f- y'3 4- v/ -"fr-f- ^J^ ,/ preffion -~ is involved -^, in which the impoffible quantity ^/ and this not to be as abfurd and ufelefs, yet Expreffion ought rejected becaufe, by a due Reduction, we may derive the true Roots of the Equation from it. For when the Cubick Root of the firft innis culum rightly extracted, it will be found to be the impoffible Number i -+as may appear by cubing ; and when the ^/ Cubick Root of the fecond vinculum is extracted, it will be found

to be

\/-

j-

Then by

collecting

thefe

X.x

Numbers, the im-

338
impoffibie

77je

Method of FLUXIONS,
will be eliminated,

Number </
will be

the Equation Or the Cubick Root of the

found x

=
.

and the Root of

2.

' be A -f- y/ T T) as may likewife appear by Involution ; and of the fecond vincu_' So that another of the Roots of lum it will be | T </ Or the Cuthe given will be x 4 -f- 1 -f- A 7.

firft

vinculum will

alfo

Equation bick Root of the fame firft vincuhtm will be \ i| J v/ i H- ^/ and of the fecond will be .11. So that the third And Root of the given Equation will be x T 4 - 4 3in like manner in all other Cubick Equations, when the furd vincula include an impoffible quantity, by extracting the Cubick Roots, and then by collecting, the impoffible parts will be excluded, and the three Roots of the Equation will be found, which will always be But when the aforefaid furd vincula do not poffible. include an impoffible quantity, then by Extraction one poffible Root only will be found, and an impoffibility will affect the other two Roots, or will remain (as it ought) in the Conclufion. And a like judgment may be made of higher degrees of Equa-

tions.

So that thefe impoffible quantities, in all thefe and many other inftances that might be produced, are fo far from infecting or dethat they are the neceflary ftroying the truth of thefe Conclufions, means and helps of difcovering it. And why may we not conclude the fame of that other fpecies of impoffible quantities, if they muft needs be thought and call'd fo ? Surely it may be allow'd, that if thefe Moments and infinitely little Quantities are to be elteem'd

a kind of impoffible Quantities, yet neverthelefs they may be made in findufeful, they may affift us, by a juft way of Argumentation, or or other poffible Quanof Velocities, Fluxions, ing the Relations And finally, being themfelves duly eliminated and tities required. excluded, they may leave us finite, poffible, and intelligible Equations, or Relations

of Quantities. Therefore the admitting and retaining thefe Quantities, however impoffible they may feem to be, the investigating their Prowith our utmoft induftry, and applying thofe Properties to perties ufe whenever occafion offers, is only keeping within the Rules of Reafon and Analogy; and is alfo following the Example of our aud illuftrious Author, who of all others has the greateffc
fagacious 'Tis enlarging the numto be our Precedent in thefe matters. right ber of general Principles and Methods, which will always greatly
i

con-

'43

THE
CONTENTS
I

of the following Comment.

on the Introduction ; or the Refolution of /JNnotations *-* Equations by Infinite Series. pag. 143 Sedt. I. Of the nature and conjlruttion of or infinite converging Series.
Sedt. II.

P-H3
=

The Refolution offimple Equations, or ofpure Powers,

by infinite Series.
Sedt. III.
Sedt.

p.

59
86

The Refolution of Numeral Affected Equations,

p.

ries

IV. The Refolution of Specious Equations by ; andfirjifor determining the forms of the

infinite Se-

Series,
P-

ami
1

their initial Approximations.

Sedt.

V. The Refolution ofAJfe&ed

Tranfition to the

fpecious Equations proje.

cuted by various Methods of Analyjis.

Sedt. VI.

p.

209

Method of Fluxions.
the Relation
to

P-235

II.

Annotations on

Prob.

i.

or,

of the flowp. 241

to

ing Quantities being given-t their Fluxions.

determine the Relation

of

Sedt.

I.

Concerning Fluxions of the firft Order , and

their Equations.
Sedt. II. Concerning

find p.24i
the

Fluxions of fuperior Orders, method of deriving their Equations.

>

and
]

Seft. III.

The

Geometrical and Mechanical Elements

i

of

Fluxions,

p.266
III.

[T]

CGNTENTa
,111.

Annotations on Prob.

being given,

or y the Relation of the Fluxions to determine the Relation of the Fluents.

2.

Se. I.

p.2 77
particular Solution
by which
;

'with
it
is

a preparation
dijlributed
into

to the

general Solution,
Cafes.

three

Sedl. II.
Sedt. III.
Seft.

Solution of the firft Cafe of Equations.

p.a//
p. 282

-p.286 IV. Solution of the third Caje of Equations, with fome

Solution of the fecond Caje of Equations.

neceffary Demonftrations.

P-3OQ

Sedt V. The Refolution of Equations,

or

Fluxional,
.

by >

r lux ions. Sedt. VI. An

,Se<5t.

the

afliftance diJ

whether Algebraical Orders of of j j[uperior r j

p-3o

and ExpreJJiom

Analytical Appendix, explaining Jome Terms in the P-3 2 I foregoing Work.

,

VII. The Conclufwn

containing a j}:ort recapitulation

or review of the whole.

P-33

Reader is defired to correfl the following Errors, which I hope will be thought but few, and fuch as in works of this kind are hardly to be avoided. 'Tis here neceflary to take notice of even literal Miftakes, which in fubjefts of this nature are often very That the Errors are fo few, is owing to the kind affillance of a flcilful Friend or material. the IVefs ; as alfo to the care of a diligent Printer. two,_ who fupplyfd my frequent abfence from,

THE

ERRATA.
In tie Preface, pag. xiii< lirt, 3. read which P. 1 19. I. 1 2. read here fubjoin'd. Ibid. 1. 5. for matter read read Hyperbola. to the Fluxion of the' Area, manner. Pag. xxiii. 1. alt. far Preface, &e. nWConclufton of this Work. P- 7. \.T,i.for lDxIP P. 15. 1.9. ready P.I3J.1.8. readJf !>**+ -&*' ~{- read =..
is

=
\.

CE x \Q
);

ACEG .

and

Ibid.

-',4,

&c.

P'.

17.

1.

17.

read

P. 32.

9*
P. 35,
1.

19, read. !

P. 135.

1.

15. read

P.

9"
read
P. 145. \.fenult. 13.8. I. 9. ^WAb&Jifs^AB. P. 149. 1. 2O. read whkh irt; read 7\~~ 3 P. 157. I.i3./-f^ ax. P.i68. l.j. retd^ax. P. 1 77.' P-I7I. \.\j.fir Reread $*. \.l$.rcait
.
.

l,'2j.

read -

3:

for
.

lOtfjr*

loxty.

P. 62. 1.4. read

~~r'~

P. 63.!. 31.

firyreatl-y.

P. 64. \.q. for 2 read z. P. 82. 1. 17. read zzz.

A>.
*

6. read to 2m, P. 213^ [.-j. far5 P. 229, 1. 21* for x Species read Series. retu( t. read 30. x 4. /i/V. 1. 24. for x 4'readx *. P. 234. P. 87. 1. 22. read 1. 2. P. 236. 1. 26. ;vW genera^or yy ready. P.t P. 243. 1. 29. read. Ibid. 1.22,24. reaJAVDK. ting. ax*yi*. P. 284.

Ibld:\.ult.for

y Ibid.
\.

read

y~-

....
1.
1

P. 204.

\,2-[. read.

P.-gz. 1.5.

read-\-

.7

-,',

Ibid.

1.

uit.

read

i
j^

P. 289.
i,
2.' 1.

1.

17.

fur right read

',

\.z\.for z read
P. 109.
1.

x.

33. dele as

ofen.

P. 104. 1.8. read 6;jt 1 P. I 10. 1. 29. read

.

left.

P. 295.
y.

1.

read'
dil:

x 4 --^-J-ax*.
P. 298.
1.14.

P. 297. \.ig.forjx

read y*
.

'.

read
1. 1

1\3O4.

20, 21

-(- be.

8.

read

m a ~t>

P^og.
1
a'-j
.

P. 3

7.

1. tilt,

read

and v/ ^ 1

x l '=.

P.

nj,

7.

for Parabola

ADVERTISEMENT.
Lately publijtid by the Author,

THE
Map.
j

BRITISH HEMISPHERE, or a Map of a new contrivance, proper for initiating young Minds in the firft Rudiments of

It is in the form of a Halfof Inches but about Diameter, Globe, comprehends the whole 15 known Surface of our habitable Earth ; and mews the iituation of all the remarkable Places, as to their Longitude, Latitude, Bearing and Diftance from London, which is made the Center or Vertex of It is neatly fitted up, fo as to ferve as well for ornament the

Geography, and the ufe of the Globes.

as ufe

and

fufficient Inftructions are annex'd,

to

make

it

intelligible

to every Capacity.

Sold by

W. REDKNAP,

at the

Leg and Dial near the Sun Tavern

at

in Fleet-jlreet

Church.

SEN EX, ; and by ]. Price, Haifa Guinea.

the Globe near

St.

Dunftan's

and INFINITE SERIES.

339

contribute to the Advancement of true Science. In fhort, it will enable us to make a much greater progrefs and profkience, than we othervvife can do, in cultivating and improving what I have elfe-

where

call'd

The Philofopby of Quantity.

FINIS.

3T

..