7 equations to build a secure retirement

By Robert Powell, MarketWatch

1. How long will your money last?

If you want to know how long your nest egg might last, consider equation No. 1, which was developed by Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci some 800 years ago, back in the early part of the 13th century.

Fibonacci, who is best known for introducing and popularizing the HinduArabic number system in the Western world (we dare you to use Roman numerals to perform long division) and a number sequence that bears his name, also gets credit for this one: the present value analysis. That right, credit Fibonacciwho Milevsky calls the first financial engineer or quantwhen you want the answer to this question: How long will your nest egg last in retirement if you were to stop contributing today and instead withdraw a fixed amount each year while earning a fixed interest rate each year for the rest of your life? So, for instance, if you have $250,000 set aside for retirement earning 4% per year and you plan to withdraw $12,000 per year, your money would last 45 years. If, however, you decide to withdraw $24,000 per year, your money would last just 13 years. Today, there are sophisticated ways of figuring out how long your nest egg will last, but this equation, wrote Milevsky, provides a quick and sobering assessment of whether you can maintain your standard of living, or when the money will run out if you cant. And oh by the way, Milevsky thinks Fibonacci likely retired wealthy and didnt outlive his assets. The city of Pisa gave Fibonacci an annual pension of 20 Pisan pounds for life for service to the city. You can use a spreadsheet/calculator with the each of the equations detailed in Milevskys book at this website.

2. How long will I spend in retirement?

Benjamin Gompertz gets credit for discovering and formulating the first natural law of human mortality nearly 200 years ago. It, in essence, is the equation that answers this question: Given your family history, current lifestyle, and recent medical experience, what are the chances that you, your spouse, or both will live to age 90, 95, or 100?

Its also the equation that answers not only you long you (and/or your spouse) will live and but also how long your money has to last. And that is no small matter: Its quite senseless to conduct any sort of financial planning without devoting some time to the topic of human longevity, Milevsky wrote of Gompertz law of mortality. Now, at the moment, many financial advisers and do-it-yourselfers often use preselected time horizons when building a retirement plan. But the problem with this approach, Milevsky wrote, is that you really shouldnt be picking a time horizon in advance. Fibonaccis equation was just the beginning, Milevsky wrote. Life is random, and you know it. In my opinion, the next step is a scientific approach to retirement income planning is to understand how random your remaining life span really can be. So, to make an informed decision, Milevsky says you need to know the odds of living to various ages. Then you can decide how long you want to plan for, andmore importantlyhow you plan to adjust your spending if you live to a very old age. And thats were Gompertz equation comes in. Gompertz, who spent much of his research life studying records of death, discovered that the rate at which people die grows exponentially over time. According to Milevsky, he discovered that your probability of dying in the next year increases by about 9% per year from adulthood until old age. Death, said Milevsky, was following its own immutable law. How, you might wonder, does this equation work in the world of retirement planning? In essence, it answers this question: Whats the chance of living to a certain age given your current age. So, for instance, theres a 27.2% probability of you living to age 90 if you are currently 55. Of note, theres only a 2.3% chance youll live to 100 if youre 55, according to the equation in Milevskys spreadsheet. And heres how this might play out in a real retirement plan: Given that you dont whether youll be among 27.2% who live to age 90, you might consider buying insurance that pays off if you actually reach that age so that you dont have to worry about it for the first 20 years of your retirement, Milevsky suggested. Call it, he wrote, a delayed pension.

3. Do you have a true pension?

Edmond Halley, who as many know discovered Halleys comet, gets credit for an equation that many workers might find useful today: the formal expression for the value of a pension annuity. In other words, its the equation that reveals the present value of a stream of payments from an annuity or a traditional defined benefit pension.

By way of history, Milevsky wrote, that kings and queens in the late 17th century would borrow money from their loyal subjects with a promise to pay them back a lifetime pension. (Then, as now, the kings and queens failed to set aside or compute reserves to make those payments, Milevsky wrote.) And whats noteworthy about this equation is how it can be applied in todays world more than 300 years after the Royal Society asked Halley to figure out how to price and value life annuities. Case in point: Lets say you are a retired white-collar worker at Ford Motor Company or General Motors and youve been offered the optionas just happenedof either taking monthly payments guaranteed for life from their retirement plan or a lump sum. Would you rather $1,000 a month for life, or a lump sum of $300,000? Well, one way to determine which option is the better deal is to calculate the net present value of the stream of payments with the lump-sum offer. In essence, Halleys equation tells you what the lifetime pension that most defined benefit plans offer when you retire is really worth, said Milevsky. The equation can be applied in other ways as well. For instance, if you have money in a 401(k) plan, you can use the equation to determine what sort of guaranteed monthly income you could generate from a lifetime annuity with that money. So, for instance, if youre 65 and expect to get $30,000 per year from your pension, Halleys equation lets you know that the net present value of that pension, assuming a discount rate of 1.5%, is $492,933.

4. What is a proper spending rate?

Retirees are often told replace 70% to 80% of their pre-retirement income in retirement and spend no more than 4% of their nest egg each year in retirement, Milevsky wrote. But thats not how things work in reality. In reality, retirees dont have a constant standard of living in retirement, he said. In reality, retirees have preferences. Some want to spend more earlier rather than later in retirement and some want to do the exact opposite.

And to figure out how much less or more you should spend each year in retirement you would turn Irving Fishers equation. Fisher, some are likely to recall, is the infamous professor at Yale University who said that stock prices are at a permanently high plateau right before the market crashed in October of 1929. But Fisher, according to Milevsky, is also the first person to properly formulate how rational consumers should adjust their consumption spending over time. He was the first to tell us how to properly accumulate and spend our next egg, Milevsky said. Fishers equation considers four factors: the real interest rate your nest egg is earning while it waits to be spent; your personal rate of patience or your subjective discount rate, the probability of surviving for one year, and your attitude to longevity uncertainty. Now we wont get too far into the weeds. Suffice to say Irvings equation will tell you how much to reduce or increase your spending in retirement given your preferences. Theres absolutely no reason why your planned consumption must be flat for the rest of your life, Milevsky wrote. Sure you can do that if you want, but that means youre depriving yourself early on in retirement. In other words, enjoy it while you can.

5. How much in risky stocks vs. safe cash?

What percent of your portfolio should you invest in stocks while in retirement? Well, when you want the answer to that question consider using Paul Samuelsons equation. Samuelson, the famous MIT professor, was the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1970, and gets credit for introducing an asset allocation equation thats relevant of your entire life cycle, not just retirement.

Samuelson, viewed by Milevsky and others as the greatest economic scholar of the late 20th century, introduced the notion that stocks dont become less risky over time, that there was no such thing as time diversification. And, he and his disciples including Boston University professor Zvi Bodie, claimed that the only safe asset was a risk-free, inflationadjusted government bond (TIPS and I-Bonds). Anything else carried risk, and that risk didnt disappear in the long run, or even in the very long run, Milevsky wrote. Samuelson argued that time alone was not an excuse to hold more stocks. Time did not diversify away risk. Time was not on your side. In fact, time was irrelevant, he said. According to Samuelson, the optimal amount of stocks vs. bonds was time-invariant. Now to get to how much stock you should own, you need to consider six factors: the amount of financial capital youve accumulated; the value of your human capital; your expected rate of return on your money; your expectations for the volatility of stocks; the risk-free rate of return; and your risk aversion. So, for instance, lets say you have $500,000 in financial capital and the value of your human capitalthe present value of your future earningsis $600,000. And lets say the risk-free rate of return is 1.5% and that stocks are expected to earn 6.5% with a variability of 20%. According to the formula, you ought to invest $458,333 in risky assets, or nearly 92% of your financial capital. What should those approaching retirement do? According to Milevsky, consider these tips: One, even if you are risk averse, if you invest too much in stocks and something goes wrong, you might not be able to recover. Two, if youre still working and can delay retirement, youre wealthier than you think, and you can afford to take on more risk. And three, volatility will determine optimal exposure and allocation to stocks, Milevsky wrote. (For his part, Milevsky predicts that structured equity products and other protected equity products and products that reduce downside risk will play a big role in optimal retirement portfolios.)

6. What is your financial legacy?

How much money do you want or plan to leave your loved ones? Is legacy important to you? If so, youve no doubt earmarked some funds or an account to accomplish this goal. According to Milevsky, this desire is to be commended. But is it financially affordable?

To find out, youll need to look at what life insurance can do for you, according to Milevsky. And to do that you need to look at the concept of human life value, a concept developed by Dr. Solomon Huebner. According to Milevsky, the human life value is the present value of all the wages, salary and income a breadwinner will earn over the course of his or her working life. And that value, which is in essence the human capital value, should be insured in much the same way property is insured, Milevsky wrote. The capitalized worth of earning power of a life is an economic asset, just as truly as property, Huebner once stated. Now when it comes to creating a legacy, one thing youll need to figure out is the present value of a sum of money your beneficiaries will receive at some random time in the future. Getting the answer to this number can help you determine plenty of things, among whether to use life insurance to fund your bequests. So, for instance, lets say you are 65 years old and have a life insurance policy with a death benefit of $100,000. Assuming a discount rate of 1.5%, and an average life expectancy, the present value of your legacyyour death benefitis $75,353. Knowing this number, if nothing else, puts a value on one very large payment received by beneficiaries only at death, wrote Milevsky.

7. Is my plan sustainable?
The one final unified equation that measures the sustainability of your retirement plan was developed by a Russian mathematician, Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov. The equation, according to Milevsky, takes into account your age, current asset allocation, pension income, longevity and everything else on your balance sheet. In short, Kolmogorovs equation answers this question: What is the probability your retirement plan is sustainable? Its a one-number summary, said Milevsky.

This equation, though it might not be in plain English, states the ruin probability multiplied by the instantaneous force of mortality must be exactly equal to the sum of three distinct terms, Milevsky wrote. Well spare you the details about the three terms and get to the gist of the matter. Lets say you are 70 years old, you have $300,000 in your nest egg with an expected rate of return of 6.5%, and you plan to spend $45,000 per year in retirement. Given those facts, you would have a 75.26% chance of running out of money before your die, according to Kolmogorovs equation. Reduce your spending to $20,000 and you would have just a 27.13% chance of running out of money before you die. So as you can see, the very practical application of this equation is this: You can adjust your numbers to decrease the odds of running out of money before you die. And since no one wants to run out of money or lifestyle, this equation can serve a very useful role in retirement planning. One final word According to Milevsky, there is much that is uncertain about retirement planning. But one thing is certain, he wrote. These seven equations and the science behind them will play a central role (in retirement planning) for many centuries to come. We couldnt agree more.