CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET Web-Based Training

Today everyone faces an overwhelming challenge to increase efficiency, effectiveness, and competitiveness. The only way to overcome this challenge and make individual dreams a reality is to make fundamental changes in the ways training/education is imparted to individuals. These changes are creating a metamorphosis within universities to find new ways to educate and keep students up-to-date. Delivering training via Internet is a key tools to meet all these requirements.

Brief Introduction to Internet & related topics is given below :

What is Internet?
The Internet is a collection of computer networks that can communicate with each other-a network of networks. A network, further, is a collection of interconnected, individually controlled computer through network; each computer user can communicate and share common resources, such as printers and storage space, with other users. When you connect to The Internet from office or home, your computer becomes a small part of this giant network. The word Internet is coined from the word Interconnection and Network. It refers to the services that can be reached using the interconnected networks. The definition of Internet may be different for each of undepending upon our requirements like it may be :

System through which you can pursue you education, getting a certificate, degree or diploma of your choice. A set of computers communicating over fiber optics, phone lines, satellite links and other media. A place where one can talk with friends and family. A place to get interesting games. An ocean of resources waiting to be mined. A place to do research for your thesis or a business presentation. An unlimited and as yet unexplored commercial opportunity. A worldwide support group for any problem or idea. A repository of professionals in all fields sharing information about their work.

Internet is a huge network of computer networks. Computers of all kinds constitute the Internet. It is an umbrella under which many different networks, small or big, freely exchange information. The average age of Internet users is 35 years. Nearly one-third in computer related field, one-fourth in education, one-fifth professional, one-tenth in management and one-seventh in other fields. To ensure the delivery of the data to the right computer, each computer on The Internet is given an address. It is identification in numbers or words that the protocols use to deliver data to the computers. This address scheme is known as The Domain Name System.

CHAPTER 2. HOW DOES INTERNET WORKS Working of the Internet:

In order to make the Internet work, The requirement is of 1. 2. A physical connection between the computer. A common language called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for the computers to communicate over the Internet. By using TCP/IP Protocol, all kinds of computers with different operating systems run on the Internet.

When you send a message across the Internet to a TCP divides the data into manageable units called packets and attaches to each packet the information necessary to reassemble the data and check for errors. IP then labels all the packets with a header containing the address of the destination and sends them on their way. Once the packets reach their destination, The computer at the receiving end removes The IP header and user the data that TCP attached to each packet to make sure none of the packets have been lost or damaged. The packets are then reassembled into The original message. If the computer discovers a damaged packet, it sends a message to the sending computer asking it to resent the packet.

Client/ Server Concept :

Client is the program/computer that requests for some information. Server is the program/computer that provides the requested information. Computers that store web pages are called web servers. There is nothing special about these computers, except that they have a full-time connection to the Internet and they run web server software. These are normally fast computers with a lot of disk space. You access pages in web servers by using a program called a browser. As soon as you tell your browser what web page you want to view, it goes to the web server that holds the page and retrieves it for you. The links contained in web pages can point to areas within the same page, to other pages residing on the same web server, or to pages sitting on a computer on the other side of the world. The term web site refers to a collection of one or more web pages created by one-person company or organisation on the web.

The relationship between Browsers and the Web Servers is called a Client/Servers relationship. The client (your browser) requests information from the server (The web server containing The requested information0 and the server delivers it. A web server can support one web site or many web sites.

Connection Requirements
1. Hardware Requirements : Apart from The monitor, keyboard and mouse, you have the following hardware requirements. Processor : Pentium Processor with 32 MB RAM 24 x or higher CD-ROM Drive 1 GB HDD Modem : 33.6 KBPS speed Modem 2. Software Requirements : Operating System : MS-WINDOWS 95/98 Browsers : Internet Explorer 4.0/Netscape Navigator 4.0

CHAPTER 3. WHAT IS WORD WIDE WEB World Wide Web :

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a vast collection of documents stored on Internet computers. The web refers to a specific kind Internet interfaces. The web documents contain links the lead to other web pages and they contain graphics, sound and so on, which open up new possibilities for presenting information. World Wide Web is considered one of the key milestones in Internet usage. The web made it possible for novices to use the Internet. WWW has changed the way information is accessed on the Internet since its inception. The web was invented in the early 1990s by Tim-Berner-Lee while working at CREAN, the European lab for Particle Physics at Geneva, Switzerland. It has grown very rapidly. Four years ago only around 1250 Web servers were online. Today there are over 10,00,000 Web servers. The idea behind the development of web was to provide easy access to information to provide the capability to move freely on the Internet. The World Wide Web is a system of media rich documents spread across the Internet, linked with each other through related topics. WWW documents can contain text, pictures, sound, video and more. WWW documents contain marked words or phrases called hypertext that act as links to other documents. When any hypertext is selected, The related topic or page is shown to the users. These elements are put together to create a web page and thus present information in a powerful way. Hypertext is the most powerful element that web page uses to provide users the power to move freely on the Internet. Hypertext is a combination of words or phrases that a user may select to jump to the document related to the selection Hypertext even allows a user to access a newsgroup or a talent session, of the page is designed accordingly. Hypertext allows a user to freely select any link without following any order of selection. WWW uses Hypertext Mark-up language to design a web documents. HTML defines whether a web document or some Internet resources should be activated when the user clicks on hypertext.

 The web is not linear The web is rich in media elements. The web is interactive. The web document is not linear. A user can click on any of the links and jump to the related document. The web document is visually powerful and is a feast for the eyes and ears. Web pages offer excellent interactivity. A web user can Fill in forms on-line Run programs Select options The WWW brings with it its own flavor of terms.

Web Server :
Web Server is a program and a computer clubbed into one entity which responds to the requests from web browsers for Internet resources.

Home Page :
Home page is the first hypertext document to be shown when a user follows a link to the web server.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) :

HyperText Transfer Protocol is the protocol used by the Web to transfer hypertext documents & other Internet resources.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL) :

Uniform resource Locator is a special scheme that tells the user exactly where a resource is located on the Internet. URL typically refers to the complete address of a resource located on a computer on the Internet. http://www.ignou.edu/: Protocol Host Domain To work with WWW, it is important to have a browser that allows fastest access to the information.

CHAPTER 4. BROWSING THE INTERNET Web Browser :

A web browser is a program that allows a user to display & interact with a hypertext document. Web browsers are of two types : 1) Text only Browser A text only browser such as Lynx allows you to visit web pages without showing art or page structure. Essentially you look at ASCII text on the screen. The advantage of a text-only browser is that it displays web pages very fast. This is because it need not transfer images, voice and other media that occupy large amount of memory. The two graphical browsers that are currently in use are Netscape Gold and Microsofts Internet Explorer. The graphical browsers and significantly slower than their text only counterparts since The multimedia files/graphics in these browsers often take a long time to download.

2)

Netscape Navigator :
Netscape Navigator is a WWW graphical browser. It is available for downloading free of cost at the site with the URL http://home.netscape.com.

Microsoft Internet Explorer :

Microsoft Internet Explorer is another popular browser of Internet other than Netscape Navigator of Netscape Communication inc. Internet Explorer has been developed by Microsoft Corporation, Redmond park, Washington, USA. This must also be available free of cost by downloading.

CHAPTER 5.

LET US CREATE NEW CONNECTION

HOW TO CONFIGURE & GET CONNECTED TO INTERNET WITH DIAL-UPCONNECTIONS? Here are 5 easy steps for getting connected to Internet with Dial up Connection. Step 1 : Step 2 : Step 3 : Step 4 : Step 5 : Install Dial-up Networking Install Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP TCP/IP Configuration Configuring Dial-up Networking Dialing in and getting connected

The screen of the desktop looks like this:

Step 1 : Install Dial-up Networking Verify that Dial-up Networking is installed : 1. Press the Star Button button on The desktop screen 2. Select Settings, then Control Panel. 3. Double-click The Add/Remove Programs icon. Select The Windows Setup tab, then click on The Communications option and press Details Make sure that The Dial-up Networking option is selected. Communication Menu

See the picture to see how it should look. If it is selected, proceed to Step 2. If Dial-up Networking is NOT selected (checked) : Select Dial-up Networking and click OK. Windows95 will attempt to install The needed drives, so make sure youve got your installation disks of CD handy. Once that is finished, proceed to Step 2.

Step 2 : Install Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP Verify that The Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP Protocol are installed : 1. Press the Start Button. 2. Select Settings, then Control Panel. 3. Double-click the Network icon. Youll see a dialog box like this. Network Menu :

Make sure the Configuration tab is selected. Both Dial-up Adapter and TCP/IP should be present. If theyre already, proceed to Step 3. Install Dial-Up Adapter : Hit The Add button, double Adapter, then scroll down the list until you can select Microsoft. Choose The Dial-Up Adapter and hit OK.

Install TCP/IP : Now your Network dialog box should contain both Dial-Up Adapter and TCP/IP. Select The adapter, click Properties, Bindings, and make sure The TCP/IP box is checked. Youre now ready to proceed to step 3. Step 3 : TCP/IP Configuration Go to the Control Panel and double-click The Network icon. You should get a dialog box like this. Where it says Primary Network Logon : choose Windows Logon from The drop-down list. Click on The TCP/IP protocol (highlighted in the picture) and press The Properties. Button. You should get The TCP/IP Properties box. There are six sections in this dialog box. Well deal with them in order. In each case, you can click on the section title to get a picture of The dialog box with The correct options selected. IP Address :

Select The Obtain an IP address automatically option.

Wins Configuration :

Select the Disable Wins Resolution option for now, you can enable it later when you want to run Peer to peer Networking. That is beyond The scope of this document, though. Gateway : No changes are needed from The default. It should be entirely blank. Bindings : By defaults The Client for Microsoft Networks option is checked. Uncheck it. If The Bindings window is blank, leave it alone.

Advanced : No changes are needed from The default. See The picture. DNS Configuration :

In The Host ; field enter your login name. In the Domain : field, enter vsnl.net.in. In the DNS Server Search Order field, enter The numbers based on your city. For example, Mumbai uses 202.54.1-30 and 202.43.1.18. Find out The correct IP numbers for your city through this list. Leave The Domain Suffix Search Order field blank. See the picture. Step 4 : Configurating Dial-up Networking Create a VSNL Phonebook entry : Open up My Computer from the desktop and double-click the Dial-Up Networking icon.

Double-click The Make New Connection icon.

This will walk you through The Make New Connection wizard. The first dialog box looks like this. Type in VSNL or whatever you want to call The icon (the title wont affect The type of connection). Your modem (which should have been configured when you installed Windows 95) should be shown in the Select a modem : area. Press the Configure button and youll get a dialog box that looks like this.

On The General tab, Crank up your modem speed to as fast as you think it will go. If you have 4 K modem, for example make the maximum speed 57000. If you have a 28.8 K modem, make it 115200. Do not, however select only connect at this speed. This will let your modem adjust as the connection needs.

Dont worry about The Connection tab, The defaults should be fine.

Next, select The Options tab. Check The Bring up terminal window after dialing box, as shown in this picture. Now hit The OK button.

Click The Next > button in the make new connection wizard. Enter in The phone number used to access VSNL. You dont need to put in an area code if its a local call.

Press The Finish button and your icon will be created. Your Dial-Up Networking folder should now look something like this.

Setting The Dial-Up Properties : Select your newly-created connection icon, press the right mouse button and choose Properties You should get a dialog box named whatever name you gave your icon, which looks something like this.

Press the Server Type button. Youll get the Server Types dialog box. It should look like this.

Type of Dial-Up Server should be set to PPP: Windows 95, Windows NT 3.5, Internet. In The advanced options, check The Log on to network and Enable software compression. Do not check Require encrypted password. In The Allowed Network protocols : options, check NetBEUI and TCP/IP. Do not check IPX/SPX Compatible. Hit The OK buttion in The remaining dialog box, and youre almost ready to dial ! Configuring Automatic redial on busy If you are interested in having your modem auto-redial VSNL if it gets a busy signal, then follow these instructions: From The Dial-Up Networking folder select the Connections menu Item, then The Settings option. From there, you can choose the number of times you would like your dial-up sessions to attempt a connection. Step 5 : Dialing in and getting connected Double-click your session icon that you recently made. Youll get The Connect to dialog, whih looks like this.

Press the Connect button and your modem should start dialing as shown below

You should see a Post Dialup Terminal Window appearing on left hand corner of the screen. It should show Username : prompt. Supply The username (as given by the ISP at the time of getting internet account) and press Enter. This username is something like smt@del2.vsnl.net.in Here Herschel is lets say The name of The user who has been given The account, del2 is The Server with which he gets an account, vsnl is the Internet Service Provider, net indicates a networking organisation and in indicates that all these are in India domain. Then a Password will show up and you will need to supply the password (as given by the ISP at The time of getting internet account) and press Enter. The Password is hidden and does not get displayed when typed; on the screen. Then a router prompt e.g gilvsb4.38> will appear and at this prompt you will have to type ppp and hit enter. You will see junk characters at that point you will have to either click on Continue or press [F7] Congratulations ! Yourre now connected to internet. You are now ready to surf any web site you wish now using the browser.

Chapter 6. Internet features

Internet Features Internet offers a variety of features A few of them are : 1. Email 2. News Groups 3. File Transfer Protocol. E-mail is the most widely used feature of The Internet. Using e-mail, a user can send and receive mail through computers to and from any Internet user . E-mail uses networks to transmit text, messages, audio and video clips. E-mail allows users to send a message to just one user or a group of users. Users can read, print, forward, answer or delete a message. E-mail is much cheaper and faster in comparison to other communication services. Each E-mail user is assigned a unique address, which is used by the e-mail network to deliver the message. A Student can use the E-mail to: 1. 2. 3. Send The queries to the Program Coordinator Send The Assignments Electronically by attaching them with the E-mail message. Receive The response & other details from the Program Coordinators.

Another interesting & ever-growing feature of Internet is News Groups. News Groups are huge, sorted collection of news and articles from all over the world; updated everyday NewsGroups are analogous to the real life newspaper but they offer much more. NewsGroups allow users to access a range of articles, from recreational to scientific. NewsGroup allow users to send feedback to authrors about their articles. Most NewsGroup are not commercial. While some charge a subscription fee. Internet offers FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP is a program using which a user can transfer data between computers on the Internet. FTP can send and receive data to and from any distant computer on the Internet to the users computer. FTP provides commands that allow users to manage files. The FTP applications allow The users to download files from computers connected to the Internet. Many such sites allow The users to access their files without the need of their acount. Telent is another popular feature available on the Internet. It is a program that allows one computer to connect to another computer, anywhere in the world.

What is have an E-mail Account ? E-mail implies Electronic Mail. The concept is in many ways similar to traditional postal service. Here an individual needs to have a personal address, commonoly known as Email account. On the Internet there are various sites which provide such a service free of cost. Here we will be explaining the procedure to use such a service through two sites i.e. www.hotmail.com Account through Hotmail 1. Open The browser 2. Go to The site http://www.hotmail.com by typing this address where the location needs to be typed on your browser 3. A screen similar to Figure 1 (below) will be displayed.

4.
5.

To create a new account, click Sign Up Here! button. This is displayed at bottom of The screen above fig. Subsequently an Acceptance From will be displayed. Go through it & click I Accept button. Enter all the required information like Login name, password, Retype The Password, First Name, Last Name, etc. Here Login Name & Password is an important information. The login name needs to be unique, else it will not be accepted. This ligin name will be a part of address. E.G.,

tanujchauhan (ligin name) and so The hotmail E-mail address will be tanujchauhan@hotmail.com. The password is for accessing your own account. This needs to be kept to yourself. Otherwise anybody having your password can access your account.

6.
7.

After filling up all the information in the Registration form, click The sign up button. If all the required information is filled up in the desired form, then a message is displayed congratulating the new user. Subsequently the user can access this account with The help of login name & password. The address of this email account will be login name@hotmail.com. A screen similar to figure 4 is displayed. The first mail will be from The hotmail staff. But in case some important information is not entered correctly or the login name entered is not unique or any other problem is encountered, then the relevant message is displayed. So the user needs to enter the required information again.

8.

Creating E-mail account through Yahoo 1. 2. 3. Open The browser Go to The site http://www.yahoo.com by typing this address in the location text box area. A screen similar to figure 5 (below) will be displayed.

4.

Click on the E-mail link and a screen similar to figure 6 is displayed.

5.

As a new account has to be made, click Im a new user! button. Subsequently an Acceptance form will be displayed as in (figure 7). Go through it & click I Accept button at the bottom.

6.

An Entry form, similar to Figure 8, is displayed. Enter all the required information like Yahoo mail name, Password, Retype the Password, first name, last name, etc. Here Yahoo mail name & Password is an important information. The Yahoo mail name needs to be unique, else it will not be accepted. This name will be a part of this email address. E.g. tanujchauhan (login name) and so The Yahoo email address will be tanujchauhan@yahoo.com. The password is for accessing your own account. This needs to be kept to yourself. Otherwise anybody having your password can access your account.

Figure 7. 8. After filling up all The information in the Registration Form, click the Submit this figure button. If all The required information is filled up in The desired form, then a screen is displayed welcoming The user with Yahoo mail name (figure 9). Subsequently The user can access account with The help of yahoo mail name & password. The address of this email account be login name@yahoo.com.

Figure 17.10 How to handle Incoming E-mails ?

After an Email acount is made, The user can access the incoming mails. For this following steps need to be undertaken :

1.
2.

3. 4. 5.

6.
Figure

Open The browser Go to The site www.hotmail.com by typing this address where The location needs to be typed on your browser. The Hotmail Screen will be displayed. Enter the login Name & Password at The specified locations. The password entered will not be displayed on screen, only * sign is displayed, so that nobody else gets to know your password If The Password related to The login name is displayed, so that you get access to your account. But if password is incorrect then a message is displayed that Login Failed & you can return to Hotmail Home Page by clicking on this link. From here The above procedure can be repeated. If you get access to the account, a screen similar to Figure 10 is displayed.

7.

On left side various buttons are provided for viewsing The Inbox, composing a message, entering the email addresses, etc. By default InBox option is activated which is displayed on right side of The screen. 8. InBox is The option through which incoming mails can be accessed. If this option is activated (either by default or by clicking on this button) then all The incoming mails are displayed on right side. The senders name of The incoming messages & The subject of all The incoming mails are displayed. 9. Any particular mail can be read by double clicking on that mail. Subsequently following screen is displayed (Figure 11). On top of The screen you can view. From : Indicating The Senders E-mail address To : Indicating The Receivers E-mail address Below this there are buttons like Reply, Reply All, Forward, Delete, Preview, Next, Close, After this you encounter a message Header Pane where can read The incoming mail sent to your E-mail account.